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ARTICLE 114 - TREASON

Who may commit treason? FILIPINO CITIZEN
Where may he commit treason? ANYWHERE
Are those who commit treason abroa crimina!!y !iab!e? YE"
Why is it that a Fi!i#ino citi$en may commit treason e%en i& abroa?
' (e&inition o& treason) conce#t o& a!!e*iance
What a!!e*iance is owe by a non'resient a!ien?
Why are #ena! !aws territoria!?
What is the territoria!ity #rinci#!e?
(oes this %io!ate the #rinci#!e o& territoria!ity? NO+ "ee Par+ ,- Art+ . o& the RPC /crimes committe a*ainst nationa! sec0rity an the !aw o& the nations) treason is a
crime a*ainst a nationa! sec0rity- there&ore it &a!!s within the e1ce#tions2
Where may an a!ien commit treason? On!y in the Phi!i##ines) he owes tem#orary a!!e*iance to the *o%t+ o& the Phi!+ in ret0rn &or #rotection he recei%es
What i& he was once a 3a#anese an then he becomes a nat0ra!i$e citi$en- may he sti!! be !iab!e &or treason? YE"+ There is no istinction mae in Art+ 445
"0##osin* 0rin* time o& war- a Chinese b0sinessman- who has been resiin* in the Phi!i##ines &or ten years- ecies to %isit China+ Whi!e there- he commits
treasono0s acts a*ainst the Phi!i##ines+ Is he !iab!e &or treason? "0##osin* 0rin* time o& war- a Chinese to0rist %isits the Phi!i##ines &or three ays+ On his thir
ay o& stay- he commits treasono0s acts a*ainst the Phi!i##ines+ Is he !iab!e &or treason?
How is treason committe?
(1) By levying war against the government
"ho0! there be an act0a! mi!itary enco0nter with the *o%t+ &orces? Not necessari!y
Can this be committe by 60st one #erson? NO) 0se o& the wor 7EN in e!ement 84
Is it necessary that this assemb!y o& men be arme? NO+ There is no 90a!i&ication in the !aw
"0##osin* the Phi!+ :o%t+ was at war with 3a#an+ We were a!! 0narme an we were isc0ssin* ways an means o& e&&ecti%e!y e!i%erin* the *o%t+ into the hans o&
&orei*n #ower+ Liab!e &or treason? YE"+ Com#!ie with e!ements o& !e%yin* war
(2) By adhering to the enemies and giving them aid
(0rin* the 3a#anese occ0#ation- certain Fi!i#inos were mo%in* aro0n- con%incin* the #eo#!e that the #rinci#!es o& the *o%t+ o& 3a#an are better than that &o!!owe by
the Phi!+ Treasono0s? NO+ there is on!y aherence in this case /aherin* to the enemies an *i%in* ai or com&ort m0st conc0r2
"0##ose that 0rin* the 3a#anese occ0#ation- yo0 were a merchant en*a*e in the se!!in* o& wea#ons an yo0 were ha%in* transactions with the 3a#anese+
Treasono0s? YE"+ Aherence to the enemy may be im#!ie by the nat0re o& the act committe+
"0##ose yo0 were en*a*e in a trans#ortation b0siness) 3a#anese hire yo0r b0ses to trans#ort their troo#s to another #ro%ince+ Liab!e? YE"+ It wi!! irect!y
stren*then the enemy;s troo#s
"0##ose yo0 were a rice merchant s0##!yin* 3a#anese with rice+ Liab!e? NO+ (oes not stren*then enemy) no aherence on yo0r #art
"0##osin*- 0rin* time o& war- a yo0n* Fi!i#ina &a!!s in !o%e with a 3a#anese so!ier+ Is she !iab!e &or treason? What i& she s0##!ies names o& *0erri!!a !eaers to
him?
"0##osin* a #ro&essor- 0rin* time o& war- !ect0res abo0t the a%anta*es o& ha%in* a *o%ernment simi!ar to the 3a#anese+ Is he !iab!e &or treason?
"0##osin* a c!ass- isc0ss an %o!0nteer to o i&&erent means to he!# the 3a#anese /i+e+ istrib0tion o& wea#ons- etc+2 Are the members !iab!e &or treason?
Conviction of Treason
(1) Confession of Guilt < #!ea o& *0i!ty
Prosec0tion nee not #resent e%ience b0t may #resent it on!y to show the #resence o& A::RA=ATIN: CIRC>7"TANCE?"
(2) Testion! of T"o #itnessses "it$ t$e sae overt act
WHY? @eca0se it carries with it #ena!ty o& eath an it is committe in abnorma! circ0mstance
Testimony o& two witnesses to two i&&erent acts is not eno0*h &or con%iction) testimony o& two witnesses m0st be creib!e an be!ie%e by the co0rt
Is it eno0*h that there be two witnesses? <(e#ensA i& testimony #oints to the same acts- it is eno0*h that there are on!y two witnesses
Is #roo& beyon reasonab!e o0bt /P@R(2 s0&&icient to con%ict the acc0se? NO+ There is &0rther re90irement o& two witnesses who sho0! testi&y on the same o%ert
act /treason is the on!y &e!ony in the entire RPC where P@R( is not s0&&icient2
E1tra60icia! con&ession is not s0&&icient to con%ict a #erson o& treason) con&ession m0st be mae in o#en co0rt
%rosecution of Treason
Witness 84A saw #ersona!!y the acc0se in the com#any o& a 3a#anese ma6or who went to the ho0se o& a *0erri!!a o&&icer) saw the acc0se #oint at the *0erri!!a- an
the !atter was tie an ra**e+
Witness 8.A was wa!Bin* in the &arm !ocate across the br*y+ ha!!) saw the 6ee# where the *0erri!!a o&&icer was) saw him bein* ra**e by the 3a#anese- a&ter which
they shot him+
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Is the .'witness r0!e com#!ie with? NO+
"0##ose the #rosec0tion #resente three witnesses b0t the co0rt *a%e creence on!y to one witness+ Ac90it or con%ict? Ac90it &or non'com#!iance with the .'
witness r0!e+
I& the common crimes were committe an was in any way connecte with the ob6ecti%es o& treason < !iabi!ity is se#arate
Acc0se was char*e with treason an 4C acts o& Bina##in* with ransomA #0r#ose o& ransom was to &inance their /treasono0s2 acti%ities+ Liabi!ity? Treason+
ARTICLE 11& - CONS%IRAC' TO CO((IT TREASON
ARTICLE 11) - (IS%RISION O* TREASON
How soon sho0! the isc!os0re be mae? Within a reasonab!e #erio which wi!! e#en on the 60*ement o& the 60*e
@y any #erson? NO+ re&er to e!ement 84
(oes this %io!ate the #rinci#!e o& *enera!ity? Yes- it %io!ates @>T this is an e1#ress e1ce#tion by #ro%ision o& the !aw
"0##osin*- acc0se is #rosec0te &or 7T) a!!e*e in the in&o that bein* a Fi!i#ino citi$en- he owes #ermanent a!!e*iance an ha%in* Bnow!e*e o& #ersons who
#er&orme acts w? the %iew o& o%erthrowin* the *o%t+- he sho0! ha%e isc!ose the same+ Liab!e? NO+ Dnow!e*e was a!reay abo0t treason /in the &irst manner2
an not mere cons#iracy
"0##osin*- acc0se is resient o& a city) has Bnow!e*e o& cons#iracy) re&0se to isc!ose the matter to the mayor?&isca! beca0se they are amon* the most corr0#t)
isc!ose the matter irect!y to the AFP Chie& o& "ta&&+ Liab!e &or 7T? NO+ E%en i& the matter was not isc!ose to the #erson?s s#eci&ie in the !aw- there was no
intent on the #art o& the acc0se not to isc!ose the in&o+
"0##osin* a witness sees a *ro0# o& men- a!! 0narme- isc0ssin* means to commit treasono0s acts a*ainst the *o%ernment+ He oes not isc!ose what he sees to
anyone+ Liab!e?
ARTICLE 11+ - ES%IONAGE
Where may es#iona*e in the &irst manner be committe /RPC2?
"0##ose that the >" onate armaments- etc+ to the Phi!+ :o%t+ to be 0se &or its war a*ainst 7a!aysia) arms were store in a wareho0se in N0e%a Eci6a) news#a#er
re#orter witho0t a0thority went insie the wareho0se to taBe #hotos o& the arms) was sti!! ,C meters away &rom the wareho0se when he was accoste+ Liab!e? YE"+
E!ements o& &irst manner o& committin* the crime were #resent
"0##osin*- a news#a#er man who was accoste to! the mi!itary o&&icers that he wante to taBe the #hotos o& the moern war&are that he rea in Remate /tab!oi2+
Liab!e? NO beca0se what he intens to obtain is not anymore con&ientia!) the matter has cease to be con&ientia! beca0se o& its #re%io0s #0b!ication
"0##osin*- yo0 c!imbe a tree to #hoto*ra#h con&ientia! in&ormation+ 7ay yo0 be he! !iab!e &or es#iona*e 0ner the RPC? No+ @0t yo0 may be !iab!e &or
%io!ation o& CA E4E+
7ay es#iona*e be committe in the Nationa! Library? In the @eneictine Abbey?
"0##osin* yo0 #ai the 6anitor to obtain con&ientia! in&ormation &or yo0+ Are yo0 !iab!e &or es#iona*e 0ner the RPC? How abo0t the 6anitor?
7ay es#iona*e in the secon manner be committe by a #ri%ate #erson /RPC2? No+
"0##osin* a hi*h ranBin* mi!itary o&&icer isc!oses con&ientia! matters to a bea0ty contestant &rom another nation+ Is he !iab!e &or es#iona*e? Yes+ The !aw oes
not istin*0ish &orei*n re#resentati%e+
ARTICLE 11, - INCITING TO #AR OR GI-ING (OTI-E *OR RE%RISALS
"0##osin* #rotesters b0rn the >" &!a* in &ront o& the >" embassy- are they !iab!e? (oes the act ha%e a tenency to #ro%oBe war a*ainst >"?
(oes the raisin* o& troo#s constit0te incitin* to war?
ARTICLE 11. - -IOLATION O* NE/TRALIT'
ARTICLE 120 - CORRES%ON1ENCE #IT2 2OSTILE CO/NTR'
"0##osin* 7a!aysia is at war with the Phi!i##ines+ I& a Fi!i#ina writes a !o%e !etter to a 7a!aysian sweetheart- is she !iab!e &or %io!ation o& Artic!e 4.C? Witho0t
#rohibition by the *o%ernment? With #rohibition by the *o%ernment? What i& the !etter contains the rawin* o& a heart on!y?
ARTICLE 121 - *LIG2T TO ENE('3S CO/NTR'
7ay this be committe by mere attem#t to &!ee? YE"
ARTICLE 122 - %IRAC' IN GENERAL AN1 (/TIN' ON T2E 2IG2 SEAS OR IN %2ILI%%INE #ATERS
In what way is #iracy 0ner the RPC i&&erent &rom #iracy 0ner P+(+ ,F.? Piracy 0ner the RPC i& committe by a stran*er) Piracy 0ner P( ,F. i& committe by
#assen*er or member o& the crew
Which #iracy &a!!s 0ner the !aw o& the nations?
What constit0tes hi*h seas? Phi!i##ine waters?
7ay #iracy be committe in the Pasi* Ri%er? Waters 0ner the 7enio!a @ri*e? LaBe in @0rnham ParB? F!oatin* resta0rant?
"0##osin* yo0 boare a motor boat an a #assen*er orere other #assen*ers to *i%e him their be!on*in*s+ Is he !iab!e &or #iracy?
What i& #ersons &rom another boat commit the act o& #iracy+ Which !aw wi!! a##!y- RPC or P+ (+ ,F.?
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"hi# &rom 7ani!a to Ceb0) whi!e waitin* &or the e#art0re o& the shi#- a #erson s0en!y boare the shi#- #ointe a Bni&e at yo0- emane that yo0 *i%e yo0r
be!on*in*s a&ter which- he *ot o&&+ Crime committe? Piracy 0ner RPC
What i& it was a!so a #assen*er o& the shi# who tooB yo0r be!on*in*s? Piracy 0ner P( ,F.
F!oatin* casino in 7ani!a @ay) whi!e yo0 were there- a #erson #ointe a re%o!%er at yo0 an emane that yo0 *i%e yo0r winnin*s+ Crime committe? <Common
robbery <&!oatin* casino is not within the e&inition o& a %esse!
RA )24& ANTI-2I5AC6ING LA#
Acts P0nishab!eA
(a) Aircraft of Phil. registry:
/42 chan*e in the co0rse OR estination)
/.2 sei$e or 0s0r# contro! thereo&
PAL &rom 7ani!a to (a%aoA acc0se com#e!!e the #i!ot to %eer the #!ane a !itt!e to ri*ht &or a co0#!e o& min0tes+ =io!ation? Yes <re&ers to a chan*e in the co0rse
Acc0se bribe the #i!ot to %eer the #!ane in e1chan*e &or money+ =io!ation? No ' there is no com#0!sion /what is #0nishe is the e!ement o& com#0!sion2
1efinition of in flightA &rom the moment e1terna! oors are c!ose &o!!owin* embarBation to the moment they are o#ene &or isembarBation
7ay a #!ane be consiere in &!i*ht when the e1terna! oors ha%e been c!ose b0t it is sti!! on the *ro0n beca0se o& en*ine #rob!ems? YE"+
(oors are a!reay c!ose- #assen*ers were a!reay on boar) b0t the #i!ot was sti!! waitin* &or instr0ctions &rom contro! tower) acc0se sei$e contro! o& the #!ane+
=io!ation? YE"
"0##ose the oors ha%e a!reay been o#ene b0t the #assen*ers ha%e not come o0t) acc0se sei$e contro! o& the #!ane+ =io!ation? NO+ P!ane has sei$e to be in
&!i*ht
A *ro0# o& sByi%ers on boar a Phi!+ #!ane abo0t to sta*e a sByi%in* e1hibition in L0neta) at a !atit0e o& abo0t 4,-CCC &t+- the oor o& the #!ane o#ene an the
sByi%ers 60m#e o0t) !ast #erson- instea o& 60m#in*- sei$e contro! o& the #!ane+ =io!ation? NO ' !e*a!!y s#eaBin*- the #!ane is no !on*er in &!i*ht- notwithstanin*
that it is act0a!!y &!yin*
(b) aircraft of foreign registry:
/42 !anin*)
/.2 sei$e or 0s0r# contro! thereo&
Is it necessary that acts be one whi!e the aircra&t is in &!i*ht? NO- the !aw is si!ent
3a#an air!ines- a&ter it has !ane- e1terna! oors were a!reay o#ene- acc0se bar*e into the #i!ot;s cocB#it an sei$e contro! o& the #!ane+ Liab!e? YE"
>ner the same &acts- i& #!ane i& o& Phi+ Re*istry- !iab!e? NO < no !on*er in &!i*ht
(c) other acts:
"hi##in*- !oain*- carryin* in any #assen*er aircra&t o#eratin* as a #0b!ic 0ti!ity w?in the Phi!i##ine any e1#!osi%e- &!ammab!e- corrosi%e- or #oisono0s s0bstance or
materia! /"ec+F2
A *ro0# o& st0ents chartere a PAL #assen*er #!ane &or their e1c!0si%e 0se &rom 7ani!a to Zamboan*a) on boar- they carrie with them bott!es o& cyanie an
se%era! sacBs o& ynamite+ Liab!e? YE"
"ame &acts b0t the #!ane was owne by one o& the st0ents+ Liab!e? NO < #!ane is not w?in the contem#!ation o& G#0b!ic 0ti!ityH
ARTICLE 124 - 7/ALI*IE1 %IRAC'
ARTICLE 124 - AR8ITRAR' 1ETENTION
7ay this be committe by ANY #0b!ic o&&icer? NO < on!y by those %este with a0thority
7ay this be committe by an o&&icer who arreste an etaine a #erson by %irt0e o& a warrant o& arrest iss0e by the co0rt? NO The moment there is a WOA- no
arbitrary etention can be committe
P0b!ic o&&icer !iab!e &or arbitrary etention may be one whoA has 0ty to maBe an arrest or etain) may recommen an arrest or etain) or may orer an arrest or
etain
A #ri%ate ini%i0a! may be a!so be !iab!e &or arbitrary etention i& he acts either as an accessory- accom#!ice- #rinci#a! by in0cement- or #rinci#a! by inis#ensab!e
coo#eration
Le*a! *ro0ns &or etention /42 committe the crime- /.2com#0!sory con&ine- /F2 %io!ent insanity
Instances when warrant!ess arrests are !aw&0!A
/42 has committe- is act0a!!y committin* or is attem#tin* to commit an o&&ense in his #resence
7ay a crime be committe in the #resence o& a #0b!ic o&&icer who is b!in? Yes+ (ea&? Yes+ @oth?
/.2 #ersona! Bnow!e*e o& the &acts that the #erson to be arreste act0a!!y committe the o&&ense
7ay a #erson be arreste base on s0s#icion? Is s0s#icion e90i%a!ent to act0a! Bnow!e*e?
"0##ose the acc0se stabbe I) there was a commotion a&ter which the acc0se &!e+ He was ho!in* a Bni&e an he was a!reay staine with b!oo+ He was bein*
chase by the #eo#!e+ A #o!ice o&&icer came+ "eein* what was ha##enin*- he arreste the acc0se+ Liab!e? NO <there is #ersona! Bnow!e*e o& the &acts that a crime
has been committe an the #erson bein* arreste was the one who committe it
"0##ose a crime o& robbery was committe+ A!! the !i*hts were on when it ha##ene+ The members o& the ho0seho! were ab!e to *i%e escri#tion o& the robbers to
the #o!ice+ Three ays !ater- the o&&icer saw one o& the #ersons who &itte the escri#tion *i%en so he arreste him+ =a!i? No+ There is no #robab!e ca0se to be!ie%e
that the #erson committe the crime) he on!y has hearsay Bnow!e*e
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"0##osin* a woman was a %ictim o& ra#e) to*ether with her #arents- she #roceee to the N@I to re#ort the crime+ "ince there were meia #resent- a tasB &orce was
or*ani$e+ The TF !earne ra#ist was in @aco!o+ They search an &o0n him+ There is no warrant o& arrest+ 7ay N@I tasB &orce arrest an etain him? NO+ They
on!y ha%e hearsay Bnow!e*e
/F2 arrest o& a #risoner who esca#e
ARTICLE 12& - 1ELA' IN T2E 1ELI-ER' O* 1ETAINE1 %ERSONS TO T2E %RO%ER 5/1ICIAL A/T2ORITIES
(istin*0ish &rom arbitrary etention
When oes etention in e!ay become i!!e*a!? >#on e1#iration o& the #erios s#eci&ie
Reason behin the !awA to #re%ent any ab0se that may be committe a*ainst the acc0se so that he can a%ai! o& any !e*a! ri*hts a%ai!ab!e to him+
To whom sho0! the e!i%ery be mae? Co0rts o& 30stice
Is e!i%ery to &isca! s0&&icient? No+ He oesn;t &orm #art o& 60icia! a0thority
7ay this be committe i& there is warrant o& arrest? NO+ E%en i& yo0 &ai! to e!i%er him as re90ire there is a!reay a case in co0rt+
I Bi!!e his nei*hbor in the co0rse o& their town &iesta+ There was a #o!ice o&&icer+ Po!ice o&&icer mae the arrest beca0se he saw the Bi!!in*+ Within what ho0rs
sho0! yo0 be e!i%ere? FE ho0rs
"0##osin* yo0 were on!y e!i%ere on the J
th
ay+ What crime is committe by the #o!ice o&&icer? =io!ation o& Art+ 4.,
What oes PO o i& he cannot e!i%er him so he may not be !iab!e? He sho0! re!ease him+
Ass0min* etention is a!reay i!!e*a! oes this a&&ect the %a!iity o& yo0r arrest? Yes+ (etention became i!!e*a!+
(oes i!!e*a! etention a&&ect yo0r crime? No+
ARTICLE 12) - 1ELA'ING RELEAS e
Is there a #erio #rescribe? Yes+ "ame as that #rescribe in Art 4.5A F < 4, ays) 4, ays < E months) E months or more
ARTICLE 12+ - E9%/LSION
7ay a Fi!i#ino be e1#e!!e &rom the Phi!i##ines? NO
Who can be e1#e!!e? ALIEN" on!y
Who can orer e1#0!sion? @0rea0 o& Immi*ration an (e#ortation to be a##ro%e by the O&&ice o& the Presient
Con%ict has a!reay ser%e the minim0m term o& his sentencean reay to be re!ease &or #aro!e) conition in his #aro!e &i1es his resience e%en a*ainst his wi!!+ Is
conition %a!i? YE"
"0##osin* the 7ayor o& City o& 7ani!a- in orer to sto# #rostit0tion he arreste an sent a!! #rostit0tes to @asi!an+ Is he !iab!e? Yes+
7ay an a!ien be e#orte by the @0rea0 o& Immi*ration witho0t %io!atin* Art 4.J? Yes beca0se the @0rea0 o& Immi*ration has the a0thority to o so+
7ay co0rt orer con%ict to chan*e the resience by %irt0e o& Probation Law? Yes+ There is a0thority o& !aw) co0rt by &ina! 60*ment+ How abo0t by %irt0e o&
I"LAW? (an*ero0s (r0*s Act? Yes to both+ Laws) *rantin* a0thority
ARTICLE 12, - -IOLATION O* 1O(ICILE
30icia! orer K search warrant
"earch WarrantA an orer in writin* iss0e in the name o& the Peo#!e o& the Phi!s- si*ne by a 60*e an irecte to a #eace o&&icer- commanin* him to search &or
#ersona! #ro#erty escribe therein an brin* it be&ore the co0rt
e!"isites: /42 #robab!e ca0se) /.2 &or one o&&ense /F2 to be etermine #ersona!!y by the 60*e /52 #artic0!ar escri#tion o& #!ace- #ersons an thin*s
E&&ect o& "W that was not !e*a!!y obtaineA thin*s sei$e wo0! be inamissib!e in e%ience
"0##ose N@I a*ents con0cte a s0r%ei!!ance o#erations &or . weeBs- a&ter which they were con%ince that there is a shab0 !ab in a certain com#o0n+ The a*ents
a##!ie &or the iss0ance o& "W &or %io!ation o& ((A an &or i!!e*a! #ossession o& &irearms+ Arme with the "W- the a*ents raie the !ab+ Is the "W iss0e by the
co0rt %a!i? NO'warrant was iss0e &or two o&&enses
Warrant was iss0e &or %io!ation o& ((A- when a*ents entere the com#o0n- they saw the wareho0se oor was o#en- thro0*h which they can see hi*h #owere
&irearms+ They sei$e s0ch &irearms+ 7ay these be amissib!e in e%ience? NO'not inc!0e in "W
"0##ose co0rt iss0e a "W &or the sei$0re o& e90i#ment 0se in the #ro0ction o& shab0) !ocation o& shab0 !ab is in a com#o0nA white ho0se- b!0e *ate+ =a!i? NO
< #!ace was not #artic0!ar!y escribe
"0##ose the "W was iss0e &or i!!e*a! #ossession o& &irearms- orerin* the o&&icers to sei$e hi*h'#owere &irearms in the cono 0nit o& the acc0se !ocate in the ,
th
&!oor) a*ents saw that there were se%era! 0nits in sai &!oor so they in90ire) raie the cono 0nit a&ter the in90iry+ =a!i? NO < #!ace not #artic0!ar!y escribe
"0##ose the co0rt iss0e a "W a*ainst the acc0se &or %io!ation o& the interna! re%en0e !aw- orerin* the sei$0re o& ALL oc0ments containe insie the . cabinets
in the o&&ice o& the acc0se) a*ents im#!emente the warrant) *ot a!! the oc0ments+ Prosec0tor on!y #resente those materia! an re!e%ant to the o&&ense+ =a!i? NO
< thin*s sei$e were not #artic0!ar!y escribe therein
N@I a*ents a##!ie &or "W a*ainst the ho0se sai to be a shab0 !ab+ It was a!most ,#m when thy arri%e at the o&&ice o& the 60*e) 60*e was in a h0rry so he
instr0cte the c!erB to recei%e the e%ience the a*ents may #resent in s0##ort o& their a##!ication- ra&t the orer an brin* it tot the 60*e+ E%erythin* was one by
the c!erB+ Orer was bro0*ht to the 60*e who si*ne it+ A*ents im#!emente the warrant+ =a!i? NO < #robab!e ca0se was not etermine #ersona!!y by the 60*e
4
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7ay 60*e e!e*ate s0ch 0ty? NO+ It is #ersona!+
2o" is violation of :oicile coitte:;
(1) by entering#
'we!!in*A a #!ace that satis&ies the re90isites o& omestic !i&e
Is it eno0*h that there is no consent? NO'entry m0st be a*ainst the wi!! o& the owner
Po!ice ma6or who is yo0r nei*hbo0r saw the oor o& yo0r ho0se s!i*ht!y o#ene) he entere yo0r ho0se+ =io!ation? NO
There was a si*n that sai G(o not enter at a!! timesH b0t the oor is s!i*ht!y o#ene+ =io!ation? YE"'there is e1#ress #rohibition
"0##ose the oor was !ocBe- which the #o!ice ma6or o#ene an he entere the ho0se+ Liab!e? YE" ' !ocBe oor is im#!ie #rohibition
"i*n says Gno tres#assin*H- #o!ice entere+ Liab!e? YE" < e1#ress #rohibition
(oor was o#en- si*n says G@eware o& o*sLH Po!ice entere+ Liab!e? NO+
"i*n says enter at yo0r own risB+ Po!ice entere+ Liab!e? NO+

(2) by searching#
is it necessary that the entry be one a*ainst the wi!! o& the owner? NO < it is s0&&icient that the entry is witho0t the consent o& the owner+
($) by ref"sing to leave#
' s0rre#titio0s entryA secret!y enterin* the ho0se
Po!ice entere the ho0se thro0*h the c!ose bacB oor which he o#ene+ Once insie- owner saw him an asBe him to !ea%e+ O&&icer !e&t+ Liab!e? YE"- 0ner the
&irst manner < c!ose oor constit0tes #rohibition
What cons0mmates the crime? Re&0sa! to !ea%e the #remises
"0##osin* a #o!ice o&&icer- with the intention o& searchin* the #remises o& yo0r ho0se- entere thro0*h the s!i*ht!y o#ene &ront oor witho0t yo0r consent+
Howe%er- be&ore he be*an his search- his attention was ca0*ht by the #ict0re o& a bea0ti&0! woman #oste on yo0r wa!!+ Whi!e he was intent!y starin* at the #ict0re-
yo0 catch him insie yo0r ho0se an orer him to !ea%e- which he immeiate!y oes+ Is he !iab!e &or %io!ation o& omici!e? No+ He is not !iab!e beca0se he i not
commit any o& the three acts 0ner Artic!e 4.M+ There is no im#!ie #rohibition beca0se the oor was s!i*ht!y o#ene) he i con0ct any search) he i not re&0se
to !ea%e the ho0se a&ter ha%in* been re90ire to o so+

ARTICLE 12. - SEARC2 #ARRANTS (ALICIO/SL' O8TAINE1< AN1 A8/SE IN T2E SER-ICE O* T2OSE LEGALL' O8TAINE1
Is #er60ry necessary in ma!icio0s!y obtainin* a search warrant?
What i& an i!!e*a! &irearm was act0a!!y &o0n base on a ma!icio0s!y obtaine search warrant &or i!!e*a! #ossession o& &irearm?
(anner of Coission
(1) malicio"sly obtaining
"0##ose yo0 ha%e a #ersistent s0itor whom yo0 on;t !iBe so yo0 re6ecte him+ He t0rne o0t to be an N@I o&&icer an he ens0e an a##!ication &or "W a*ainst yo0r
&ather &or Bee#in* &irearms in yo0 ho0se- which is not tr0e+ The warrant was iss0e+ What crime?s may he be !iab!e &or? Per60ry an #roc0rement o& "W w?o 60st
ca0se
"0##ose he came to yo0 an to! yo0 that 0n!ess yo0 answer him- he wi!! im#!ement the warrant+ In orer to sa%e yo0r &ather- yo0 answere him+ Is he !iab!e &or
#roc0rin* "W w?o 60st ca0se? YE"+ The crime is cons0mmate by the mere act o& obtainin* the "W) it nee not be im#!emente+
(2) ab"se in the service
(oes the !aw re90ire that &or ab0se to be committe- the "W m0st be !aw&0!!y obtaine? The warrant en6oys the #res0m#tion o& %a!iity since it was iss0e by the
co0rt+ I& the warrant t0rns o0t to be 0n!aw&0!!y iss0e- the a*ents wo0! on!y be !iab!e &or ma!icio0s!y obtainin* "W+
ARTICLE 140 - SEARC2ING 1O(ICILE #IT2O/T #ITNESSES
"0##osin* a raiin* team con0cte the search o& a we!!in* in the #resence o& two mais on!y+ Are the members o& the raiin* team !iab!e &or %io!ation o& Artic!e
4FC?
"0##osin* the rai was con0cte in the #resence o& two members o& the raiin* team who were a!so resients o& the same !oca!ity+ Are the members o& the raiin*
team !iab!e &or %io!ation o& Artic!e 4FC?
"0##osin* the rai was witnesse by the twon chi!ren resiin* in the ho0se who were both M years o!) may the members o& the raiin* team be !iab!e? Yes+ The
chi!ren are not %a!i witnesses+
ARTICLE 141 - %RO2I8ITION< INTERR/%TION< AN1 1ISSOL/TION O* %EACE*/L (EETING
2o" coitte:;
(1) by %rohibiting or by interr"%ting& w'o legal gro"nd& the holding of a %eacef"l meeting& or by dissolving the same
What constit0tiona! ri*ht is sa&e*0are? Ri*ht to #eace&0! assemb!y
(0rin* a ra!!y an whi!e certain #eo#!e were s#eaBin*- someboy threw an e1#!osi%e in the mi!e o& the crow+ 7ay the #o!ice !aw&0!!y is#erse the assemb!y?
YE" it has cease to be #eace&0!+
(2) By hindering any %erson from (oining any lawf"l association or from attending any of its meetings
"0##ose an o&&icer #re%ente yo0- thro0*h &orce or threat &rom 6oinin* the NPA+ Liab!e? No < what is contem#!ate is the 6oinin* o& a !aw&0! or*) NPA is not a
!aw&0! or*
($) By %rohibiting or hindering any %erson from addressing& either alone or together with others& any %etition to the a"thorities for the correction of ab"ses
or redress of grievances
What ri*ht is sa&e*0are? Ri*ht o& the #eo#!e to reress *rie%ances
&
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ARTICLE 142 - INTERR/%TION O* RELIGIO/S #ORS2I%
Committe on!y by #0b!ic o&&icers or em#!oyees
Is it necessary that the act be committe insie a #!ace o& re!i*io0s worshi#? NO+
Is it necessary that it be one in a ch0rch? No+ What is im#ortant is that what is interr0#te is a ceremony+
ARTICLE 144 - O**EN1ING T2E RELIGIO/S *EELINGS
Whose #oint o& %iew sho0! be consiere to etermine the act as notorio0s!y o&&ensi%e? The worshi##ers+
"0##osin* acc0se #!ace the stat0te o& the =ir*in 7ary in the a!tar an cho##e it in #ieces+ He c!aime that the =ir*in 7ary was on!y mae o& woo+ 7ay he be
!iab!e &or %io!ation o& Artic!e 4FF? Yes+
ARTICLE 144 - RE8ELLION OR INS/RRECTION
Can it be committe by on!y one #erson? NO+ It is a crime o& the masses
7anner o& con%ictionA #roo& beyon reasonab!e o0bt /.'witness r0!e is not necessary2
Is it necessary that they en*a*e the *o%ernment &orces in act0a! combat? NO+
"0##osin* common crimes are committe+ What crime is committe? I& the common crime was committe in &0rtherance o& the ob6ecti%es o& rebe!!ion- the
common crime is absorbe in the crime o& rebe!!ion
"0##osin* an NPA commaner ha an enco0nter in 7inoro+ They amb0she the mi!itary+ What crimes are committe? Rebe!!ion on!y+ 7ay they be #rosec0te
&or m0rer? No+ It is absorbe in rebe!!ion+
"0##osin* they ra#e the a0*hter o& the @aran*ay Ca#tain? Liab!e a!so &or ra#e as it is not connecte with any #o!itica! #0r#ose+
"0##osin* the NPA commaner amb0she the *o%ernor &or bein* corr0#t+ What crime is committe? Rebe!!ion
"0##ose an NPA asBe yo0 to encash some o& their checBs an to e!i%er them+ Liab!e? NO ' mere aherence to the enemy by *i%in* them ai or com&ort is not
#0nishab!e 0ner rebe!!ion
7embers o& the NPA Bina##e a Chinese merchant an emane a ransom+ >#on #ayment- the Chinese was re!ease an the ransom was *i%en to the o&&icers o&
the NPA &or its &inances+ Crime committe? Rebe!!ion on!y+
"0##ose the Bina##ers istrib0te the ransom amon* themse!%es+ Crime? Dina##in*
ARTICLE 144 - A CO/% 13ETAT
O&&enerA mi!itary- #o!ice- or #0b!ic o&&icer or em#!oyee
1ifference =et"een re=ellion an: cou>?
1. as to %ersons criminally liable:
Rebe!!ion < #0b!ic #ersons an #ri%ate #ersons
Co0# e etat < #0b!ic #ersons- mi!itary or #o!ice o&&icers
2. as to manner of commission:
Rebe!!ion < risin* #0b!ic!y an taBin* arms a*ainst the *o%ernment
Co0# e etat < swi&t attacB accom#anie by %io!enece- intimiation- threat- strate*y- or stea!th
$. as to %"r%ose:
Rebe!!ion < "ection 4F5
Co0# e etat < "ection 4F5'A
). target of the attac*:
Rebe!!ion < *o%ernment
Co0# e etat < a0thorities o& the Phi!i##ines- mi!itary cam#- insta!!ation- comm0nication networBs- #0b!ic 0ti!ities or other &aci!ities
7ay co0# ; etat be committe by one #erson? YE"+
ARTICLE 14& %ENALT' *OR RE8ELLION< INS/RRECTION< OR CO/% 13 ETAT
ARTICLE 14) CONS%IRAC' AN1 %RO%OSAL TO CO((IT CO/% 13 ETAT< INS/RRECTION< OR RE8ELLION
Cons>irac! to coit Cou> :e etat
"0##osin*- mi!itary o&&icers met o0tsie the Phi!i##ines an they a*ree an ecie to sei$e the #ower &rom the #resent aministration) 0#on arri%a!- they were
arreste an #rosec0te &or committin* cons#iracy to commit co0# e etat- are they !iab!e? NO- beca0se it was committe o0tsie Phi!i##ine territory) it cannot be
#rosec0te here beca0se it was not amon* the e1ce#tions #ro%ie &or in Artic!e o& the RPC /Cons#iracy to commit co0# e etat is a crime against public order2
ARTICLE 14+ 1ISLO'ALT' O* %/8LIC O**ICER OR E(%LO'EES
ARTICLE 14, INCITING TO RE8ELLION OR INS/RRECTION
"0##osin*- a member o& the NPA was *oin* aro0n recr0itin* members by incitin* them+ Crime committe? ebellion- beca0se one e!ement is missin*) that the
o&&ener oes not taBe arms a*ainst- or is not in o#en hosti!ity with the *o%ernment) o&&ener in this case was a!reay a member o& the NPA
"0##osin*- an orinary baran*ay !eaer who was &e 0# with the Arroyo aministration- thor0*h s#eeches- #ers0ae an con%ince #eo#!e to 6oin him in the &i*ht
a*ainst the *o%ernment- what crime was committe? +nciting to rebellion
"0##ose the a0ience be&ore whom he s#oBe were &ina!!y in0ce an #ers0ae by him to 6oin the mo%ement an o%erthrow the *o%ernment- what crime was
committe? ebellion- beca0se the #ersons in0ce wo0! be #rinci#a!s by irect #artici#ation) #erson who in0ce wo0! be a #rinci#a! by in0cement
)
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>sin* the same &acts- i& they were not con%ince- what crime was committe? +nciting to rebellion
ARTICLE 14. - SE1ITION @ 2O# CO((ITTE1
When is #0b!ic 0#risin* eeme to be t0m0!t0o0s? Artic!e 4EF < i& it is ca0se by more than three /F2 #ersons who are arme or are #ro%ie with means o& %io!ence
"0##osin*- ten /4C2 #ersons who are arme #0r#ose is to #re%ent the ho!in* o& a re&eren0m thro0*h &orce- etc+- are they !iab!e? NO- re&eren0m is i&&erent &rom
an e!ection
"0##osin*- se%era! members in the baran*ay- 0rin* the e!ctions- arme themse!%es an #roceee to the #recincts an #re%ente the e!ections o&&icers) ins#ectors-
etc+ &rom #er&ormin* their 0ties- what crime was committe? "eition- 0ner the 4
st
#0r#ose
>sin* the same &acts- b0t the o&&icers were #re%ente &rom #er&ormin* their 0ties 0rin* a re&eren0m- are they !iab!e &or seition? YE"- 0ner the .
n
#0r#ose
ARTICLE 140 - %ENALT' *OR SE1ITION
ARTICLE 141 - CONS%IRAC' TO CO((IT SE1ITION
ARTICLE 142 - INCITING TO SE1ITION
How committe?
/42 incitin* others to the accom#!ishment o& any o& the acts which constit0te seition by means o& s#eeches- #roc!amations- writin*s- emb!ems- etc+
/.2 0tterin* seitio0s wors or s#eeches which ten to ist0rb the #0b!ic #eace
' c!ear an #resent an*er r0!e
' an*ero0s tenency r0!e
/F2 writin*- #0b!ishin*- or circ0!atin* sc0rri!o0s !ibe!s a*ainst the *o%ernment or any o& the 0!y constit0te a0thorities thereo& which ten to ist0rb the #0b!ic #eace
"0##osin* I incite others to commit seition an they commit seition+ What crime may I be !iab!e &or? "eition &or #rinci#a! by in0cement beca0se "eition
was committe+
7ay the crime o& incitin* to seition be committe by mere si!ence? YE"- by Bnowin*!y concea!in* s0ch e%i! #ractices /one o& the ways o& committin* incitin* to
seition2
ARTICLE 144 - ACTS TEN1ING TO %RE-ENT T2E (EETING O* T2E ASSE(8L' AN1 SI(ILAR 8O1IES
ARTICLE 144 - 1IST/R8ANCE O* %ROCEE1INGS
7ay an acc0se #0t o0b!e 6eo#ary as a e&ense? No+ "e#arate #ower o& Con*ress+
ARTICLE 14& - -IOLATION O* %ARLIA(ENTAR' I((/NIT'
(1) By "sing force or intimidation
' #re%entin* a member &rom attenin* a meetin*
"0##osin*- there is an in%esti*ation in @asi!an to &in o0t how some members o& the Ab0 "ayya& were ab!e to esca#e) a mi!itary o&&icer ab0cte a member o& the
Con*ress who was a!ways taBin* an anta*onistic #osition a*ainst them- what crime was committe? 7ay the mi!itary o&&icer be he! &or Bina##in*? (i the sin*!e
act o& the mi!itary o&&icer *i%e rise to two /.2 &e!onies /Bina##in* an %io!ation o& #ar!iamentary imm0nity2? Crimes are CO7PLEIE( 0ner Artic!e 5M- 4
st
#art-
o& the RPC /when a sin*!e act constit0tes two or more *ra%e or !ess *ra%e &e!onies2
(2) By arresting or searching
"0##osin*- a con*ressman committe the crime o& homicie /#ena!ty is rec!0sion tem#ora!2 an he was arreste whi!e he was on his way to the session ha!! o&
Con*ress- was the arrest !aw&0!? YE"
"0##osin*- Con*ress was in session &or F months- startin* 30!y 4) the Con*ressman was arreste on A0*0st .M whi!e he was at home) #ena!ty &or the crime he
committe was , years- was the arrest !aw&0!? NO- re&er to the e&inition o& GsessionH
ARTICLE 14) - ILLEGAL ASSE(8LIES
*irst for of illeAal asse=l!
"0##osin*- there was a meetin* attene by se%era! #ersons- the #0r#ose o& which is to e%ise ways an means o& Bina##in*) not one o& those who attene the
meetin* was arme- is this i!!e*a! assemb!y? NO- a meetin*- to be i!!e*a!- m0st be attene by arme #ersons
"0##osin*- there were 4C #ersons- a!! arme- ha a meetin*- the #0r#ose o& which was to commit i!!e*a! !o**in*- !iab!e? NO- it is not an o&&ense #0nishab!e 0ner
the RPC
Secon: for of illeAal asse=l!
Is it necessary that they be arme? NO
Is it necessary that the members o& the a0ience be incite? YE"
ARTICLE 14+ - ILLEGAL ASSOCIATIONS
"0##osin*- a *ro0# &orme an association- Cheats >n!imite- the #0r#ose o& which is to e%ise ways an means to cheat witho0t bein* isco%ere- are they !iab!e?
YE"- contrary to #0b!ic mora!s
"0##osin*- by &orce- a &rien #re%ente yo0 &rom attenin* the meetin* o& cheats) is yo0r &rien !iab!e 0ner Artic!e 4F4? NO- association is 0n!aw&0!) what is
#rohibite in Artic!e 4F4 is #re%entin* someone &rom attenin* a meetin* o& a !aw&0! or*ani$ation
ARTICLE 14, - 1IRECT ASSA/LTS
+
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2o" coitte:;
(1) By em%loying force& intimidation...
' #0b!ic 0#risin* N t0m0!t0o0s N #o!itica! #0r#ose K "E(ITION
' &orce or intimiation N ob6ecti%es o& rebe!!ion or seition N #0b!ic 0#risin* < /min0s2 #0b!ic 0#risin* K (IRECT A""A>LT in the &irst &orm
(2) By attac*ing& by em%loying force...
"0##osin*- a *o%ernor who recommene his niece to be a member o& the sta&& o& the mayor b0t the #ositions were a!reay &i!!e hence she was not accommoate)
the *o%ernor went to the o&&ice o& the mayor where he in&!icte where he in&!icte &ist b!ows 0#on the mayor- what crime was committe by the *o%ernor?
>sin* the same &acts- s0##osin*- they met at a wein* an there- the *o%ernor assa0!te the mayor- what crime was committe? @y reason o& #ast #er&ormance o&
0ties
"0##osin*- in a crimina! case- the !awyer cross'e1amine the witness o& the other sie an #ractica!!y estroye his testimony) the other #arty waite &or the !awyer
o0tsie where they in&!icte harm on him- what crime was committe? ,irect Assa"lt- !awyers are consiere #ersons in a0thority- an he was attacBe by reason
o& the #er&ormance o& his o&&icia! 0ties as a !awyer
"0##osin* a #ro&essor was in the mi!e o& isc0ssin* !essons in c!ass when his nei*hbor- who ha a !on* time #ersona! *r0*e a*ainst him- thro0*h a stone at the
#ro&essor- which hit him on the hea an Bi!!e him+ 7ay the o&&ener be !iab!e &or irect assa0!t? YE"+ The Reason &or attacB immateria! i& one in the act0a!
#er&ormance i& 0ty
What i& the Bi!!in* was one whi!e the #ro&essor was wa!Bin* on his way home? No < there is no irect assa0!t+
What i& the nei*hbor was act0a!!y a &ormer st0ent an he Bi!!e the #ro&essor whi!e on his way home beca0se the !atter &ai!e him in c!ass+ 7ay the o&&ener be
!iab!e &or irect assa0!t? Yes < the attacB was one connecte with #er&ormance o& o&&icia! 0ty
7ay a #erson in a0thority be !iab!e &ro irect assa0!t committe a*ainst s0borinate? YE"+ O0a!i&ie assa0!t < It is an a**ra%atin* circ0mstance when an o&&ener s
a #0b!ic o&&icer?em#!oyee
"0##osin* a #ro%incia! *o%ernor %io!ate the tra&&ic r0!es an re*0!ations+ A tra&&ic en&orcer sto##e him an *a%e him a ticBet+ The *o%ernor *ot ma an shot the
tra&&ic en&orcer+ 7ay the *o%ernor be !iab!e &or irect assa0!t? YE"+ Position is immateria!+
ARTICLE 14. - IN1IRECT ASSA/LTS
Can on!y be committe in the occasion o& irect assa0!t
(oes ac90itta! in (A a!so mean an ac90itta! in IA? It e#ens on the *ro0n o& ac90itta!+ I& ac90itte beca0se the act oes not constit0te irect assa0!t it a!so means
the #erson sha!! be ac90itte &or inirect assa0!t) i& ac90itte &or reasons which are #ersona! on!y to the acc0se- it sha!! not mean ac90itta! in IA+ This inc!0es bein*
ac90itte beca0se o& insanity or minority+ I& ac90itte beca0se there is no *0i!t beyon reasonab!e o0bt- not ac90itte in IA+ This wo0! mean that there is a crime o&
(A howe%er *0i!t o& acc0se was not s0&&icient!y #ro%en
It is necessary that the o&&ener has Bnow!e*e that the #erson assa0!te is a #erson in a0thority or his a*ent? Yes+ Absence o& Bnow!e*e may constit0te a e&ense o&
*oo &aith
ARTICLE 1&0 - 1ISO8E1IENCE TO S/((ONS ISS/E1 8' T2E NATIONAL ASSE(8L'< ITS CO((ITTEES AN1 S/8CO((ITTEES< 8' T2E CONSTIT/TIONAL CO((ISSIONS< ITS CO((ITTEES<
S/8CO((ITTEES OR 1I-ISIONS
ARTICLE 1&1 - RESISTANCE AN1 1ISO8E1IENCE TO A %ERSON IN A/T2ORIT' OR T2E AGENTS O* S/C2 %ERSON
ARTICLE 1&2 - %ERSONS IN A/T2ORIT' AN1 AGENTS O* %ERSONS IN A/T2ORIT' @ #2O S2ALL 8E 1EE(E1 AS S/C2
%ersons in Aut$orit!
' irect!y %este with 60risiction
' E1am#!esA mayor- 60*e- con*ressman- members o& the boar o& irectors- teachers- aministrators /ean- rector- Cha#!ain2- !awyers i& in act0a!
#er&ormance o& #ro&essiona! 0ty or attacBe beca0se o& s0ch reason
AAent of >erson in aut$orit!
' not %este with 60risiction
' 0ty is the #rotection o& #ersons an #ro#erty
' maintenance o& #0b!ic orer
' E1am#!esA #o!iceman- baran*ay tano- members o& the mi!itary
ARTICLE 1&4 - T/(/LTS AN1 OT2ER 1IST/R8ANCES O* %/8LIC OR1ER
ARTICLE 1&4 - /NLA#*/L (EANS O* %/8LICATION AN1 /NLA#*/L /TTERANCES
2o" Coitte:
1
st
-anner:
Essence is #0b!ication o& &a!se news which ca0ses ama*e to the interest o& the state
"0##osin* I #0b!ishe that ha!& o& 7inanao 0ner contro! o& 7ILF+ @0t it is &a!se+ Wi!! I be !iab!e? Yes+ Pre60icia! to the interest o& the state
2
nd
-anner:
"0##osin* I mae a &i!m abo0t the !i&e o& Ab0 "abaya+ In the &i!m- he mae him a hero+ 7ay I be !iab!e? Yes+ Praisin*- 60sti&yin*- e1to!!in* an act #0nishe by
!aw
$
rd
-anner:
"0##osin* I #remat0re!y #0b!ishe a PIATCO Contract in%esti*ate by @!0e Ribbon Committee? 7ay I be !iab!e? Yes < he has no o&&icia! a0thority to #0b!ish
the contract
,
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ARTICLE 1&& - ALAR(S AN1 SCAN1ALS
Wi!! the &irin* o& a *0n be #0nishab!e? Yes- #ro%ie the *0n is not #ointe at any one in #artic0!ar+ I& #ointe at another- the crime is ischar*e o& &irearm or *ra%e
threat- #ro%ie there is no intent to Bi!!+ I& there is intent to Bi!!- the crime is either attem#te homicie?m0rer i& the wo0n is not morta!) &r0strate
homicie?m0rer i& the wo0n is morta!
ARTICLE 1&) - 1ELI-ER' %RISONERS *RO( 5AIL
"0##osin*- the one who esca#e is a etention #risoner- i& another #erson assists in the esca#e o& s0ch etention #risoner- is he !iab!e? YE"
"0##osin*- a yo0th&0! o&&ener was committe insie a re&ormatory instit0tion- an an o&&icer assiste in the esca#e o& s0ch yo0th&0! o&&ener- what crime was
committe? +nfidelity
"0##osin*- a 6ai! o&&icer whose 0ty is &rom Jam'J#m- then he assiste in the esca#e o& a #risoner at aro0n F#m- what crime was committe? +nfidelity
"0##osin*- 0sin* the #re%io0s case- he assiste in the esca#e at aro0n 4C#m- what crime was committe? ,elivering Prisoners from .ail- beca0se he is a!reay
o&&'0ty- an the #risoner is not anymore 0ner his c0stoy
ARTICLE 1&+ - E-ASION O* SER-ICE O* SENTENCE
"0##osin*- there is a #risoner a*ainst whom a 60*ment o& con%iction has been renere) he a##ea!e s0ch 60*ment to the CA- an whi!e #enin*- he esca#e- is
he !iab!e 0ner this artic!e? NO- the 60*ment o& con%iction is not yet &ina!
"0##ose a yo0th&0! o&&ener who is committe in a re&ormatory instit0tion esca#es+ What crime may he be #rosec0te &or? No crime- he is not yet con%icte by
&ina! 60*ment
Yo0th&0! o&&ener who is incorri*ib!e in a re&ormatory instit0tion+ The co0rt #rono0nce 60*ment+ He esca#e in @i!ibi+ 7ay he be !iab!e? Yes+
"0##osin* the acc0se is #rohibite to enter mani!a+ His mother *ets sicB in mani!a+ The acc0se went to 7ani!a+ Wi!! he be !iab!e? Yes+ What is the remey is
a%ai!ab!e to him to be ab!e to %isit his sicB mother 0rin* the ser%ice o& his sentence? E1ec0ti%e c!emency
ARTICLE 1&, - E-ASION O* SER-ICE O* SENTENCE ON T2E OCCASION O* 1ISOR1ERS< CON*LAGRATIONS< EART27/A6ES< OR OT2ER CALA(ITIES
Fai!0re to ret0rn 5M ho0rs within the #roc!amation K aition o& 4?, o& the 0ne1#ire term to the sentence) i& he ret0rne a e0ction o& 4?, o& the entire sentence
sha!! taBe #!ace
Acc0se m0st be a con%ict not a etention #risoner
ARTICLE 1&. - OT2ER CASES O* E-ASION O* SER-ICE O* SENTENCE (-IOLATION O* CON1ITIONAL %AR1ON)
"0##osin*- the acc0se was con%icte o& homicie an was sentence to a #ena!ty o& 4C years- a&ter E years- he was *rante a conitiona! #aron) . years a&ter- he
was &o0n *0i!ty o& &r0strate homicie+ 7ay the Presient orer his re'arrest e%en witho0t waitin* &or con%iction o& the secon crime? 7ay he sti!! be #rosec0te
se#arate!y &or %io!ation o& conitiona! #aron?
"0##osin*- acc0se was con%icte- sentence to 4C years) he a!reay ser%e &or M years- was *rante a conitiona! #aron therea&ter an it was e1#ress!y #ro%ie
that the con%ict sho0! obser%e the terms an conitions o& the conitiona! #aron &or J years) is the conition %a!i? YE"- the conitiona! #aron is in the nat0re o&
a #ri%ate contract between the Presient an the con%ict) the con%ict is &ree to acce#t or re6ect the o&&ere conitions o& the contract in the #aron
ARTICLE 1)0 @ 7/ASI-RECI1I-IS(
"0##osin* the acc0se was con%icte o& attem#te ra#e) whi!e ser%in* his sentence- he committe an was &o0n *0i!ty o& i!!e*a! #ossession o& shab0- is he a 90asi'
recii%ist? NO- the secon o&&ense committe by him was a %io!ation o& a s#ecia! !aw) to be !iab!e- the secon crime m0st be a &e!ony
"0##osin*- acc0se was a!reay ser%in* sentence &or %io!ation o& a s#ecia! !aw- whi!e ser%in* the same- he attem#te to taBe the !i&e o& his co'#risoner- is he !iab!e?
YE"- the &irst o&&ense nee not be a &e!ony
ARTICLE 1)1 - CO/NTER*EITING T2E GREAT SEAL O* T2E GO-ERN(ENT O* T2E %2ILI%%INE ISLAN1S< *ORGING T2E SIGNAT/RE OR STA(% O* T2E C2IE* E9EC/TI-E
ARTICLE 1)2 - /SING *ORGE1 SIGNAT/RE OR CO/NTER*EIT SEAL OR STA(%
"0##osin*- the acc0se has a #enin* shi#ment- which is Be#t by the c0stoms an cannot be re!ease beca0se o& &ai!0re to com#!ete the #ayment o& c0stoms 0ties)
asBe his &rien &rom 7a!acanan* to *et an enorsement &rom the Presient) his &rien &or*e the Presient;s si*nat0re an *a%e the enorsement to the acc0se)
shi#ment was then re!ease+ Can the acc0se be he! !iab!e 0ner this Artic!e? NO- there was no Bnow!e*e on his #art that the si*nat0re o& the Presient on the
enorsement was &or*e
Is this an act o& accessory? Yes b0t i& acc0se is #0nishe as #rinci#a! o& Artic!e 4E. he is not an accessory o& Artic!e 4E4+
ARTICLE 1)4 - (A6ING AN1 I(%ORTING AN1 /TTERING *ALSE COINS
ARTICLE 1)4 - (/TILATION O* COINS
Is mere #ossession o& co0nter&eite coins with Bnow!e*e maBe one !iab!e? No- there m0st be act0a! 0tterin* an intent
ARTICLE 1)& - SELLING O* *ALSE OR (/TILATE1 COIN< #IT2O/T CONNI-ANCE
ARTICLE 1)) - *ORGING TREAS/R' OR 8AN6 NOTES OR OT2ER 1OC/(ENTS %A'A8LE TO 8EARERB I(%ORTING< AN1 /TTERING S/C2 *ALSE OR *ORGE1 NOTES AN1 1OC/(ENTS
What may be the s0b6ect o& &or*ery? (oes this inc!0e treas0ry or circ0!ar notes iss0e by a &orei*n banB be s0b6ect? How abo0t those iss0e by the Phi!i##ines?
ARTICLE 1)+ CO/NTER*EITING< I(%ORTING< AN1 /TTERING INSTR/(ENTS NOT %A'A8LE TO 8EARER
ARTICLE 1), ILLEGAL %OSSESSION AN1 T2E /SE O* *ALSE TREAS/R' OR 8AN6 NOTES AN1 OT2ER INSTR/(ENTS O* CRE1IT
"0##osin* I 0se &a!se banB note to #ay &or his the *roceries) he i not Bnow that it is &aBe- may he be !iab!e &or #ossession?
What is the #res0m#tion? Acc0se is the a0thor o& the &or*ery when he is &o0n in #ossession o& &a!se treas0ry notes- etc+ It is #res0me there is intention to 0tter+
ARTICLE 1). - 2O# *ORGER' IS CO((ITTE1
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"0##osin* I was in the #ossession o& a swee#staBes ticBet+ On!y the !ast n0mber is i&&erent &rom the winnin* combination so he chan*e it an #resente it as the
winnin* ticBet+ 7ay I be he! !iab!e?
How wo0! yo0 c!assi&y the !ottery ticBet- is it #ayab!e to bearer or orer? It is #ayab!e to bearer
ARTICLE 1+0 - *ALSI*ICATION O* LEGISLATI-E 1OC/(ENTS
ARTICLE 1+1 - *ALSI*ICATION 8' %/8LIC O**ICER< E(%LO'EE OR NOTAR' OR ECCLESIASTICAL (INISTER
(i&&erentiate Artic!e 4JC &rom Artic!e 4J4A (etermine the nat0re o& the oc0ment &a!si&ie- i& it is !e*is!ati%e re*ar!ess o& o&&ener it is 0ner Art 4JC+ I& it is not
!e*is!ati%e an &a!si&ie by a #0b!ic o&&icer who taBes a%anta*e o& his #osition?o&&ice it &a!!s 0ner Art 4J4+
An ecc!esiastica! minister is !iab!e on!y when the &a!si&ication a&&ects ci%i! stat0s o& #ersons an not ones re!i*ion
>ner &o0rth manner commission- the entry &a!si&ie m0st be a &act not an o#inion
"0##osin* a #risoner was arreste on 3an0ary .- .CC4 b0t the arrestin* o&&icer &ai!e to e!i%er within FE ho0rs to #ro#er a0thorities- th0s maBin* him !iab!e 0ner
Artic!e 4.,+ To a%oi bein* re#rimane- the o&&icer chan*e the ate o& arrest to 3an0ary F- .CC. < ate o& t0rno%er+ Is he !iab!e 0ner the &i&th manner o&
commission? YE"+ (ate is essentia!+
What i& the ate o& arrest was on 3an0ary .- .CC4 an the #risoner was e!i%ere on 3an0ary F- .CC4+ The o&&icer #!ace the ate as 3an0ary ,- .CC4 as ate o& arrest+
Is he !iab!e 0ner the &i&th manner o& commission? NO+ (ate was not essentia!+
"0##osin* the "ecretary o& PRC is in char*e with Bee#in* the *raes o& boar e1aminees+ "he chan*e the *rae o& one e1aminee &rom J4 to JJ+ 7ay she be !iab!e
0ner the si1th manner o& commission? Yes+
"0##osin* the Loca! Ci%i! Re*istrar iss0e a birth certi&icate to show yo0 were born ear!ier so I can r0n &or mayor+ Is the LCR !iab!e? Yes+
ARTICLE 1+2 - *ALSI*ICATION 8' %RI-ATE IN1I-I1/ALS AN1 T2E /SE O* *ALSI*IE1 1OC/(ENTS
7ay there be a crime o& esta&a thro0*h &a!si&ication o& #0b!ic- o&&icia! or commercia! oc0ments? Yes+ There is no com#!e1 crime o& esta&a thro0*h &a!si&ication o& a
#ri%ate oc0ment since both ha%e the same e!ement < ama*e+ (etermine which crime was &irst committe by the acc0se+ The &irst crime committe is his &irst
!iabi!ity+
"0##osin* I 0se a &a!si&ie oc0ment in an aministrati%e #roceein*? What crime may he be !iab!e &or? >se o& &a!si&ie oc0ments &or other transaction
What i& he was a##!yin* &or a !oan in a banB- an he 0se a &a!se oc0ment- what crime may he be !iab!e &or? >se o& &a!si&ie oc0ments &or other transaction
ARTICLE 1+4 - *ALSI*ICATION O* #IRELESS< CA8LE< TELEGRA%2< AN1 TELE%2ONE (ESSAGES< AN1 /SE O* SAI1 *ALSI*IE1 (ESSAGE
ARTICLE 1+4 - *ALSE (E1ICAL CERTI*ICATES< CERTI*ICATE O* (ERIT OR SER-ICE< AN1 T2E LI6E
"0##osin* A asBe his &ather- a octor- to a meica! certi&icate to e1c0se him &rom c!asses+ The &ather iss0e the certi&icate statin* that I was reco%erin* &rom &e%er
an ha to rest &or three ays when in &act- I was ne%er i!!+ Who may be !iab!e 0ner Artic!e 4J5? The &ather+
What i& it was I;s mother who iss0e mother the certi&icate- who is !iab!e? The mother+
"0##osin* I #resente it to his #ro&essor+ 7ay he be !iab!e &or the commission o& a crime? Yes he is !iab!e 0ner Artic!e 4J, 0sin* &a!se certi&icates+
"0##osin* I wante to a##!y &or a #osition in a com#any- which re90ires at !east se%en years o& worB e1#erience+ I on!y ha two years o& worB e1#erience so he
asBe a &ormer s0#erior to iss0e a certi&icate statin* that he has ha 4C years o& worB e1#erience+ 7ay his s0#erior be !iab!e? Yes &or iss0in* a &a!se certi&icate o&
ser%ice
ARTICLE 1+& - /SING *ALSE CERTI*ICATES
ARTICLE 1+) - (AN/*ACT/RING AN1 %OSSESSION O* INSTR/(ENTS OR I(%LE(ENTS *OR *ALSI*ICATION
"0##osin* a rai in the ho0se o& E+ The raiin* team con&iscate an e90i#ment 0se in the maBin* o& &a!si&ie Phi!i##ine money+ 7ay E be !iab!e &or #ossession?
No- there m0st be intent to 0se+
ARTICLE 1++ - /S/R%ATION O* A/T2ORIT'
In 0s0r#ation o& a0thority- is it necessary to act0a!!y #er&orm the 0ty? NO
"0##osin* the acc0se was in a #arty an he wante to im#ress a *ir!+ He intro0ce yo0rse!& as a PNP o&&icer+ 7ay he be !iab!e? YE"+
"0##osin* A went to a Chinese "tore+ He intro0ce himse!& as an a*ent &rom @IR when in &act he was not+ He c!aime that he wante to ins#ect the store;s booB
o& acco0nts+ What crime is committe? >s0r#ation o& A0thority+
What i& the owner accee an A was ab!e to ins#ect the booB o& acco0nts+ What is A;s crimina! !iabi!ity? >s0r#ation o& o&&icia! &0nction
"0##osin* an 77(A tra&&ic en&orcer was s0s#ene &or E months+ (0rin* his s0s#ension- he contin0e to wear his 0ni&orm an irecte tra&&ic in a ma6or
intersection+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? >s0r#ation o& o&&icia! &0nction
ARTICLE 1+, - /SING *ICTITIO/S NA(E AN1 CONCEALING TR/E NA(E
"0##osin* I to! Y he is sin*!e so that he can co0rt the !atter+ Y !ater isco%ere that I is marrie+ Liabi!ity? Is one;s stat0s an essentia! #art o& his ientity?
ARTICLE 1+. - ILLEGAL /SE O* /NI*OR(S OR INSIGNIA
"0##osin* a PNP o&&icer who was ismisse &rom ser%ice wore his 0ni&orm an went to a #0b!ic &0nction+ 7ay he be !iab!e? Yes+ He is no !on*er a0thori$e to
wear the 0ni&orm+
"0##osin* P went to a whore ho0se+ He went to a room with many *ir!s wearin* i&&erent 0ni&orms inc!0in* those o& a n0n- a n0rse- a st0ent- an a &ire &i*hter+
7ay the *ir!s be !iab!e? Yes+
ARTICLE 1,0 - *ALSE TESTI(ON' AGAINST A 1E*EN1ANT
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"0##osin* C &a!se!y testi&ie in a crimina! case a*ainst his nei*hbor+ Testimony was not *i%en creence+ 7ay he sti!! be !iab!e &or Artic!e 4MC? Yes+ What the !aw
#0nishes is the mere act o& *i%in* &a!se testimony in a case+ Whether it is be!ie%e by the co0rt or not is immateria! as it has the tenency to e*rae the
aministration o& 60stice an mis!ea 60stice+
ARTICLE 1,1 - *ALSE TESTI(ON' *A-ORA8LE TO T2E 1E*EN1ANT
"0##osin* 7 was a e&enant in a crimina! case+ He &a!se!y testi&ie in co0rt in his &a%or+ 7ay he be #rosec0te &or &a!se testimony in &a%orab!e to the e&enant?
Yes - whi!e he has the ri*ht to testi&y in his beha!&- this ri*ht o not carry with it the ri*ht to testi&y &a!se!y+
ARTICLE 1,2 - *ALSE TESTI(ON' IN CI-IL CASES
ARTICLE 1,4 - *ALSE TESTI(ON' IN OT2ER CASES AN1 %ER5/R' IN SOLE(N A**IR(ATION
"0##ose a #erson ie+ The heirs cannot a*ree e1tra60icia!!y+ In the co0rse o& the 60icia! sett!ement- one o& the heirs testi&ie &a!se!y+ Is he !iab!e? Yes+ The
60icia! sett!ement is neither a crimina! nor ci%i! case
"0##osin* a *0arianshi# #roceein* is #enin* in co0rt+ In orer that this be a##ro%e- I testi&ie &a!se!y in his &a%or+ Is a *0arianshi# #roceein* a ci%i! case?
No+ It is a s#ecia! #roceein*+ What crime is he !iab!e &or? Per60ry
"0##osin* an em#!oyee &i!es an i!!e*a! ismissa! #roceein*+ He e1ec0te a &a!se a&&ia%it+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? Per60ry
7ay #er60ry be committe thr0 ne*!i*ence- im#r0ence? No+ There m0st be a wi!&0! an e!iberate assertion o& &a!sehoo
Is *oo &aith a e&ense? Yes+ Assertion m0st be e!iberate or intentiona!
"0##osin* I neee to #resent ri%er;s !icense &or his a##!ication+ He e1ec0te an a&&ia%it o& !oss which state that his !icense *ot !ost when wa!!et was snatche+
Tr0th is !icense was con&iscate &or a tra&&ic %io!ation+ What crime is he !iab!e &or? Per60ry
What is a materia! matter? It is the main &act which is the s0b6ect o& the in90iry or any circ0mstance which tens to #ro%e that &act- or any &act or circ0mstance which
tens to corroborate or stren*then the testimony re!ati%e to the s0b6ect o& in90iry- or which !e*itimate!y a&&ects the creit o& any witness who testi&ies
"0##osin* : an @ a##!ie &or a marria*e !icense+ @ state in his a##!ication that he was sin*!e when tr0th was marrie b0t !e*a!!y se#arate &rom his e1'wi&e+
Ass0min* the a##!ication was sworn be&ore an a0thori$e o&&icer+ Is @ !iab!e &or #er60ry? Yes+ His stat0s is materia! matter
What i& @ inicate that he is FC years o! when in tr0th he is 5, years o!+ Is he !iab!e &or #er60ry? No- a*e is not a materia! matter since in either case @ is sti!!
ca#acitate to contract marria*e+
What i& @ inicate that he is .4 years o! when in tr0th he is on!y 4J years o!+ Is he !iab!e &or #er60ry? Yes- a*e is a materia! matter beca0se he oe not #ossess
!e*a! ca#acity to contract marria*e
"0##osin* a&ter &inishin* !aw- I a##!ie to taBe the bar be&ore the "C+ He sai he was ne%er con%icte tr0th is he was #re%io0s!y con%icte o& the&t+ Is #er60ry
committe? Yes- materia! matter+
Wi!! a &a!se statement o& an o#inion 0ner oath maBe acc0se !iab!e &or #er60ry+ No
"0##osin* a woman was in%o!%e in case o& immora!ity+ In the co0rse o& in%esti*ation she &a!se!y testi&ie 0ner oath that she is sin*!e when in &act she was a!reay
marrie+ Is she !iab!e &or #er60ry? No+ Not materia! matter+ "tat0s oes not ha%e a !e*a! e&&ect in immora!ity char*e
"0##osin* H was co0rtin* his o&&icemate- W+ "he s0s#ects he is marrie an has a wi&e in the #ro%ince+ H e1ec0tes an a&&ia%it 0ner oath statin* he is sin*!e b0t
the tr0th is was a!reay marrie &or &i%e years+ H *i%es it to W a!tho0*h she ne%er asBe him to s0bmit s0ch+ 7ay H be !iab!e &or #er60ry? Yes+ It is not necessary
that the e1ec0te a&&ia%it is re90ire by !aw+ It is eno0*h that it is a0thori$e by !aw+
ARTICLE 1,4 - O**ERING *ALSE TESTI(ON' IN E-I1ENCE
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
RA .1)& 1ANGERO/S 1R/GS ACT O* 2002
(i&&erence between 1anAerous 1ruAs (11) an Controlle: %recursors an: Essential C$eicals (C%CEC)
P0nishab!e ActsA
1. +m%ortation (,, and /P'0/)
mere cons#iracy or attem#t is #0nishab!e
#ersons !iab!eA mana*er- or*ani$er- &inancier- #rotector?co!er
2. 1ale& 2rading& Administration& ,is%ensation& ,elivery& ,istrib"tion and 2rans%ortation (,, and /P'0/)
mere cons#iracy or attem#t is #0nishab!e
#ersons !iab!eA mana*er- or*ani$er- &inancier- #rotector?co!er- broBer
7a1 Pena!tyA
'minors?menta!!y inca#acitate #ersons 0se as co0riers or
messen*ers)
'%ictim is minor?menta!!y inca#acitate)
'#ro1imate ca0se o& eath is ((?CP?EC)
'committe w?in 4CCm &rom schoo!
$. -aintenance of ,en& ,ive or esort (,, and /P'0/)
mere cons#iracy or attem#t is #0nishab!e
#ersons !iab!eA /same as 42
(aD %enalt!?
'(( is so!?aministere to minor
'#ro1imate ca0se o& eath is ((
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Escheat /!e*a! #roceein* &or &or&eit0re o& #ri%ate #ro#erty in &a%o0r o& the "tate2
). 0m%loyment in and 3isiting ,en& ,ive or esort (,, and /P'0/)
4. +llegal -an"fact"re (,, and /P'0/)
mere cons#iracy or attem#t is #0nishab!e
#ersons !iab!eA /same as 42
Pres0m#tionA #resence o& CP?EC or Lab E90i#ment is prima facie #roo& o& man0&act0re
(aD %enalt!?
' committe w? he!# o& minors
' committe w?in 4CCm resientia!- b0siness- schoo! or ch0rch #remises
' em#!oyment o& a!ien- #0b!ic o&&icer- chemica! en*ineer or #ractitioner
' !ab is #rotecte by booby tra#s
' !ab is concea!e w? !e*itimate b0siness o#erations
5. +llegal /hemical ,iversion (/P'0/)
6. -an"fact"re',elivery of 0!"i%ment& +nstr"ment& A%%arat"s or other Para%hernalia (,, and /P'0/)
(aD %enalt!? minor?menta!!y inca#acitate is 0se to e!i%er
7. Possession of ,angero"s ,r"gs (,,)
8. Possession of 0!"i%ment& +nstr"ment& etc. (,,)
intene &or cons0min*- in*estin*- or intro0ction to the h0man boy o& s0bstance
#res0m#tionA #ossession sha!! be prima facie e%ience that #ossessor has intro0ce into his boy the (( an sha!! be #res0me to ha%e %io!ate
"ection 4,
19. Possession d"ring Parties& 1ocial :atherings& -eetings or in the %ro;imate com%any of at least 2 Persons (,,)
11. Possession of 0!"i%ment& +nstr"ment& etc. d"ring Parties& 1ocial :atherings& etc. (,,)
12. <se of ,angero"s ,r"gs (1ection 14)
4
st
a##rehensionA E months rehabi!itation
.
n
a##rehensionA E years an 4 ay to 4. years
Not a##!icab!e i& o&&ener is a!so &o0n to ha%e in his #ossession s0ch 90antity o& any r0*) in s0ch a case- #ro%ision o& "ection 44 sha!! a##!y
(is90a!i&ie &rom Probation Law
1$. /"ltivation and /"lt"re of Plants classified as ,angero"s ,r"gs or 1o"rces thereof
mere cons#iracy or attem#t is #0nishab!e
#ersons !iab!eA same
1). =ail"re to -aintain or >ee% ecords of 2ransactions
(,, and /P'0/)
Recors o& sa!es- is#ositions- etc+ o& ((?CP?EC
14. <nnecessary Prescri%tion (,,)
15. <nlawf"l Prescri%tion (,,)
16. -isa%%ro%riation& -isa%%lication or =ail"re to Acco"nt
(,, and /P'0/)
sei$e- con&iscate- or s0rrenere ((- #!ants- e90i#ment- #rocees an #ro#erty
become #ro#erty o& the "tate
17. Benefiting from Proceeds (,,)
18. eceiving =inancial or -aterial /ontrib"tions from Persons fo"nd :"ilty of 2raffic*ing ,angero"s ,r"gs (,,)
29. Planting 0vidence
21. /onsenting or >nowingly 2olerating any 3iolation of ,,A
a##!ies to #0b!ic o&&icers
22. /onsenting or 2olerating <se of 3ehicle or 0!"i%ment
as an instr0ment &or commission o& %io!ation o& ((A
2$. 3iolating "les or eg"lations +ss"ed by ,,B
2). +ss"ance of =alse or =ra"d"lent ,angero"s ,r"gs 2est es"lt
24. 3iolation of /onfidentiality "le
%o!0ntary s0bmission #ro*ram

25. =ail"re or ef"sal to A%%ear as ?itness for any 3iolation of ,,A
26. ,elay or B"ngling in the Prosec"tion of ,r"g elated /ases
F0namenta! Conce#ts
No %lea-=arAaininA Rule
' &or any #erson char*e with the %io!ation o& ((A 0ner
any #ro%ision
Non a>>lica=ilit! of t$e %ro=ation La"
' &or r0* #0shers an r0* tra&&icBers
Influence of 1anAerous 1ruAs :urinA coission of anot$er crie
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' 90a!i&yin* a**ra%atin* circ0mstance /chan*es the nat0re
o& the crime2
%u=lic Officials foun: Auilt! of violation of 11A
'7a1im0m Pena!ty is a!ways im#ose
'no amo0nt o& orinary miti*atin* circ0mstance wi!! o&&set
/!ower2 #ena!ty
Imm0nity &rom Crimina! Prosec0tion an P0nishment
:oes not re&er to a!! #ro%isions o& the ((A
ReEuireents?
1) Person %io!ate "ections J /em#!oyment in en2) 44 /Possession o& ((2) 4. /Possession o& Para#herna!ia2) 45 /Possession o&
Para#herna!ia 0rin* #arties2) 4, /0se o& ((2) an 4P /0n!aw&0! #rescri#tion2
2) He %o!0ntari!y *i%es in&ormation abo0t any o& the &o!!owin* %io!ationsA "ection 5 /Im#ortation2) , /"a!e- etc+2) E /7aintenance o&
(en2) M /7an0&act0re2) 4C /7an0&act0re o& E90i#ment2) 4F /Possession o& (( 0rin* Party2) 4E /C0!ti%ation or C0!t0re2) or any act
i& committe by a synicate
4) He wi!!in*!y testi&ies a*ainst #ersons who %io!ate abo%e #ro%isions
4) In&ormation?testimony m0st com#!y with the && conitionsA
a2 it is necessary &or con%iction
b2 it is not yet in the #ossession o& the "tate
c2 it can be s0bstantia!!y corroborate on its materia! #oints
2 in&ormant has not yet been con%icte o& a crime in%o!%in* mora! t0r#it0e e1ce#t when no other e%ience is a%ai!ab!e
e2 in&ormant sha!! strict!y com#!y with conition im#ose by the "tate
&2 In&ormant oes not a##ear to be the most *0i!ty
*2 No irect e%ience a%ai!ab!e to state e1ce#t testimony o& in&ormant
Terination of Iunit!
1) I& in&ormation?testimony is &a!se- ma!icio0s- or mae on!y to harass or #re60ice the acc0se
2) &ai!0re or re&0sa! to testi&y w?o 60st ca0se
4) %io!ation o& conition o& imm0nity
Effects of Terination of Iunit!
'imm0nity sha!! cease an in&ormant sha!! be #rosec0te &or the
crime committe an cite &or contem#t
"0bmission o& (r0* (e#enent to Con&inement?Treatment or Rehabi!itation
re&ers on!y to use of 11 un:er Section 1&
(r0* e#enent may either s0bmit %o!0ntari!y or com#0!sori!y
-oluntar! Su=ission
a2 a##!ication with the ((@ by r0* e#enent- #arents- s#o0se or any re!ati%e w?in 5
th
ci%i! e*ree o& consan*0inity or
a&&inity
b2 ((@ &i!es #etition in co0rt
c2 Co0rt iss0es e1amination o& r0* e#enent
2 I& #ositi%e- co0rt iss0es orer &or rehabi!itation in a centerA not !ess than E months b0t not more than 4 year
e2 Fina! ischar*e o& r0* e#enent &rom the center
ischar*e sha!! e1em#t him &rom crimina! #rosec0tion or !iabi!ity 0ner "ection 4,
Pro%ieA 42 he com#!ie with re*0!ations o& the center- @oar- an a&ter'care an &o!!ow'0# treatment /at !east 4M months2) /.2 he has ne%er been
char*e or con%icte &or any o&&ense 0ner the ((A- RPC- or any s#ecia! !aw) F2 he has no recor o& esca#e or i& he has esca#e- he s0rreners
within one weeB &rom ate o& esca#e) an 52 he #oses no an*er to himse!&- to his &ami!y- or to the comm0nity+
Q (r0* e#enent who is not rehabi!itate a&ter .
n
con&inement an
0#on recommenation o& the @oar sha!! be char*e 0ner "ection 4,) i& con%icte- he sha!! be *i%en &0!! creit &or his stay in con&inement
Q 30icia! an meica! recors o& r0* e#enents 0ner ="P sha!!
be con&ientia! an sha!! not be 0se a*ainst him &or any #0r#ose
e1ce#t to etermine how many times he has %o!0ntari!y s0bmitte
himse!& &or the #ro*ram
Co>ulsor! Su=ission
1) dr"g de%endent who ref"ses to s"bmit himself to 31P
a2 #etition is &i!e by ((@ in RTC
b2 RTC con0cts a hearin*
c2 Orer by the co0rt &or e1amination o& r0* e#enent by at !east . #hysicians
' i& #hysicians conc!0e that he is not a r0* e#enent- ((@ sha!! orer his re!ease
' i& either #hysician &ins him e#enent on r0*s- co0rt wi!! consier a!! other e%ience
' i& co0rt &ins him a r0* e#enent- co0rt sha!! orer his commitment
2) in the co"rse of hearing a case& one of the %arties is fo"nd to be a
dr"g de%endent
a2 #erson is char*e w? o&&ense #0nishab!e by im#risonment o& !ess than E years an 4 ay an is &o0n by co0rt to be a r0* e#enent
b2 @oar &i!es #etition in RTC &or con&inement in Center
c2 Hearin* is con0cte by the co0rt
2 I& RTC &ins him a r0* e#enent- it sha!! iss0e an orer &or commitment
e2 I& rehabi!itate as certi&ie- he sha!! be ret0rne to the co0rt &or ischar*e &rom the center
&2 Contin0ation o& his #rosec0tion) i& &o0n *0i!ty- his commitment in Center sha!! be creite in &0!!
*2 I& he is #rosec0te 0ner "ection 4,- an is not a recii%ist- #ena!ty is eeme ser%e in center 0#on his re!ease an 0#on certi&ication by the @oar an the center
Q Perio o& #rescri#tion o& o&&ense char*e sha!! be s0s#ene whi!e
14
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he is con&ine in rehab
Q 30icia! an meica! recors o& r0* e#enents 0ner C"P or those
char*e &or %io!ation o& "ection 4, sha!! be con&ientia! an sha!! not be 0se a*ainst him &or any #0r#ose) recors o& r0* e#enents who are not rehabi!itate or who
esca#e an i not s0rrener sha!! be &orware to the co0rt who sha!! etermine their 0se
Sus>ension of Sentence
&or &irst'time minor o&&eners abo%e 4, years o& a*e b0t not o%er 4M years
ConitionsA
a2 has not been #re%io0s!y con%icte o& %io!ation o& ((A- RPC- or other s#ecia! !aws
b2 has not been #re%io0s!y committe to a center or care o& a (OH accreite #hysician
c2 @oar &a%orab!y recommens s0s#ension o& sentence
Re#0b!ic Act PF55 s0#ersees the #ro%isions o& the ((A
4, years an be!owA e1em#te &rom crimina! !iabi!ity) whi!e not crimina!!y !iab!e- minor sha!! be s0b6ecte to inter%ention #ro*rams
abo%e 4, an 0ner 4MA &in o0t i& minor acte w? or w?o iscernment
re&orme minor can eny that he was char*e with a crime or con%icte thereo& /60sti&ie misre#resentation) not !iab!e &or #er60ry or &a!si&ication2
Q The (O3 sha!! Bee# a con&ientia! recor o& #roceein*s on
s0s#ension o& sentence an sha!! not be 0se &or any #0r#ose other
than to etermine whether or not #erson acc0se is a &irst'time
minor o&&ener
1is>osition of Confiscate:< SeiFe:< or Surren:ere: 11< etcG
42 Physica! in%entory an #hoto*ra#h
'in #resence o& co0nse! o& acc0se- re#resentati%e &rom the
meia- (O3- an e!ecte #0b!ic o&&icia! who sha!! si*n a co#y o&
the in%entory
.2 Items s0bmitte w?in .5 ho0rs to P(EA Forensic Laboratory &or 90a!itati%e an 90antitati%e e1amination
F2 Certi&ication o& res0!ts w?in .5 ho0rs
'i& time is not s0&&icient- #artia! certi&ication may be iss0e) &0!!
certi&ication w?in ne1t .5 ho0rs
52 Fi!in* o& crimina! case in co0rt
,2 Oc0!ar ins#ection by co0rt w?in J. ho0rs &rom &i!in*
E2 Within ne1t .5 ho0rs- b0rnin* or estroyin* o& items
'in #resence o& acc0se or his co0nse!- re#resentati%e &rom the
meia- (O3- ci%i! society- an any e!ecte #0b!ic o&&icia!
J2 "worn certi&ication o& b0rnin* is iss0e by the @oar
M2 "0bmission to the co0rt o& certi&icate
P2 A&ter #rom0!*ation o& 60*ment- the re#resentati%e sam#!e with !ea%e o& co0rt /a##ro%a!2 sha!! be t0rne o%er to the P(EA w?c sha!! estroy the same w?in
.5 ho0rs &rom recei#t) co0rt is in&orme o& termination o& the case
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
%1 1)02 @ ANTI-GA(8LING LA#
7ay the ins#ector be crimina!!y !iab!e? NO
In any o& the *ames s#eci&ie- is it necessary that there be bets in%o!%in* money or other ob6ect?
"#orts) mere act o& #!ayin* them- #0nishab!e? NO
Con:uctor < #erson who mana*es or carries on the *amb!in* *ame or scheme
(aintainer < #erson who sets 0# an &0rnishes the means with which to carry on the *amb!in* *ame or scheme
"0##osin*- yo0 are the owner o& a boat- an there is *amb!in* *oin* on- are yo0 !iab!e? +t de%ends- i& yo0 can #ro%e that yo0 ha%e NO Bnow!e*e o& s0ch *amb!in*
taBin* #!ace- NOT !iab!e- otherwise- yo0 are !iab!e+
"0##osin*- in a certain ma!!- &or e%ery #0rchase worth P4CC- yo0 wi!! be entit!e to a ticBet &or a ra&&!e- #ri$e o& which is 7@- is it !ottery?
(o yo0 *et the &0!! %a!0e o& the money? YE"
Is the #ri$e mere!y incienta!? YE"
ARTICLE 200 - GRA-E SCAN1AL
How committe?
"0##osin*- the act was committe in the #ri%acy o& one;s room- is it *ra%e scana!? NO- beca0se the 5
th
e!ement is missin* /that the act com#!aine o& be
committe in a #0b!ic #!ace or within the #0b!ic Bnow!e*e or %iew2
ARTICLE 201 - I((ORAL 1OCTRINES< O8SCENE %/8LICATIONS AN1 E92I8ITIONS AN1 IN1ECENT S2O#S
Who are !iab!e?
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TE"T OF O@"CENITY < whether the tenency o& the matter char*e as obscene is to e#ra%e or corr0#t those whose mins are o#en to s0ch immora! in&!0ence an
into whose hans s0ch a #0b!ication may &a!!- an whether or not s0ch #0b!ication or act shocBs the orinary an common sense o& men as an inecency
TE"T OF O@"CENITY OF N>(E PICT>RE" < whether the moti%e o& the #ict0re- as inicate by it is #0re or im#0re- or whether it is nat0ra!!y ca!c0!ate to e1cite
im#0re ima*inations+
7ERE n0ity in #ict0res or #aintin*s is NOT obscenity
ARTICLE 202 - -AGRANTS AN1 %ROSTIT/TES
Who are %a*rants?
/42 Any #erson ha%in* no a##arent means o& s0bsistence- who has the #hysica! abi!ity to worB an who ne*!ects to a##!y himse!&?herse!& to some !aw&0! ca!!in*
' Gbat0*anH
/.2 Any #erson &o0n !oiterin* abo0t #0b!ic or semi'#0b!ic b0i!in*s or #!aces- or tram#!in* or wanerin* abo0t the co0ntry or the streets witho0t %isib!e means
o& s0##ort
"0##osin*- I is an ab!e'boie man- a!most a!ways seen in #0b!ic #!aces) means o& s0##ort is thro0*h his mother who is a !a0nrywoman- is he a %a*rant?
YE"
"0##osin*- the mother is em#!oye- an can #ro%ie &or the s0##ort o& her son- is I sti!! a %a*rant? YE"
/F2 Any i!e or isso!0te #erson who !o*es in ho0ses o& i!!'&ame) r0&&ians or #im#s- an those who habit0a!!y associate with #rostit0tes
/52 Any #erson who- not bein* inc!0e in the #ro%isions o& other artic!es o& this Coe- sha!! be &o0n !oiterin* in any inhabite or 0ninhabite #!ace be!on*in*
to another witho0t any !aw&0! or 60sti&iab!e #0r#ose
/,2 Prostit0tes
7ay a woman who has been in the #rostit0tion b0siness &or the !ast .C years sti!! remain a %ir*in? YE"- the definition of %rostit"tes < women who- &or
money or #ro&it- habit0a!!y in0!*e to se10a! interco0rse OR !asci%io0s con0ct
A man cannot be a #rostit0te &rom the !e*a! #oint o& %iew- instea he is !iab!e as a #rinci#a! by inis#ensib!e coo#eration
"0##osin*- a woman en*a*es in se10a! interco0rse at !east two times a weeB- an oes not asB her c0stomers &or money- is she a #rostit0te? NO
"0##osin*- a woman en*a*es in se10a! interco0rse once a year- an asBs &or money- is she a #rostit0te? NO- there is no e!ement o& habit0a!ity
"0##osin*- it was one with on!y one man b0t re*0!ar!y- is she a #rostit0te? YE"
"0##osin*- it was one with a man &or E months- 0rin* those acts- the man i not #ay a!tho0*h he Be#t on #romisin* to *i%e her money+ 7ay the woman be
consiere a #rostit0te? Yes+
Is it necessary that money is act0a!!y recei%e? No+
"0##osin* &or e%ery se10a! act- the woman was *i%en 6ewe!!ery- may she be consiere as a #rostit0te? Yes ' the act was sti!! one &or #ro&it
"0##osin* a s90a con0cte a rai in a ho0se in @inono Bnown to be a #rostit0tion ho0se) raiers o#ene a c0bic!e an &o0n a woman ha%in* se10a! interco0rse
with a man+ The s90a a##rehene the woman+ Is she !iab!e? No < e!ement o& habit0a!ity was not estab!ishe+
>ner the same &acts- what i& there was #roo& that the woman has been en*a*e in se10a! interco0rse with i&&erent men &or money or #ro&it+ Wi!! she be !iab!e?
Yes+ Wi!! the man be crimina!!y !iab!e? Yes < as #rinci#a! by inis#ensab!e coo#eration+
ARTICLE 204 #2O ARE %/8LIC O**ICERS
Any #erson who- by irect #ro%ision o& the !aw- #o#0!ar e!ection- or a##ointment by com#etent a0thority- sha!! taBe #art in the #er&ormance o& #0b!ic &0nctions in the
*o%ernment o& the Phi!i##ines- or sha!! #er&orm in sai *o%ernment or any o& its branches- #0b!ic 0ties as an em#!oyee- a*ent- or s0borinate o&&icia!- o& any ranB or
c!ass+
"0##osin* the City :o%ernment o& 7ani!a entere into a contract with IYI Cor#+ to maintain the c!ean!iness o& the city ha!! o& 7ani!a+ The contract #ro%ie that
the cor#+ wo0! e#!oy its men to c!ean the #remises o& the b0i!in*+ Are these #eo#!e e#!oye by IYI Cor#+ consiere #0b!ic o&&icers? NO+
Is their worB a #0b!ic &0nction? Yes+
Are they a##ointe by the city *o%ernment itse!&? NO < which means they o not &a!! 0ner any o& the F ways by which a #erson can be consiere a #0b!ic o&&icer
ARTICLE 204 6NO#INGL' REN1ERING /N5/ST 5/1G(ENT
ARTICLE 20& 5/1G(ENT REN1ERE1 T2RO/G2 NEGLIGENCE
Wi!! any e*ree o& ne*!i*ence maBe the 60*e !iab!e? No < the ne*!i*ence m0st be ine1c0sab!e+
ARTICLE 20) /N5/ST INTERLOC/TOR' OR1ER
ARTICLE 20+ (ALICIO/S 1ELA' IN T2E A1(INISTRATION O* 5/STICE
ARTICLE 20, %ROSEC/TION O* O**ENSES< NEGLIGENCE AN1 TOLERANCE
(anner of Coission?
(1) malicio"sly refraining from instit"ting %rosec"tion against violators of the law
Who may commit? P0b!ic o&&icer who has the 0ty to #rosec0te o&&ener
7ay this be committe ne*!i*ent!y? No+
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(2) malicio"sly tolerating the commission of offenses
"0##osin* a sm0**!er- Bnowin* that an i!!e*a! shi#ment wi!! be 0n!oae- ta!Be to a #o!ice o&&icer an to! him not to assi*n any men in the area where the
shi#ment wo0! be 0n!oae an where it wo0! #ass whi!e bein* trans#orte- to which the #o!ice a*ree+ 7ay the #o!ice o&&icer be !iab!e? Yes+
ARTICLE 20. - 8ETRA'AL O* TR/ST 8' AN ATTORNE' OR SOLICITOR
ARTICLE 210 - 1IRECT 8RI8ER'
(anner of Coission
(1) By agreeing to %erform& or by %erforming& in consideration of any offer& %romise& gift or %resent an act constit"ting a crime& in connection with the
%erformance of official d"ties.
What cons0mmates the crime? 7ERE A:REE7ENT to *i%e a *i&t- etc+ an to o the act /between the bribe'*i%er an the o&&icer2
Is it necessary that the o&&icer act0a!!y recei%es the *i&t? NO
Is it necessary that the act constit0tin* the crime to be committe be act0a!!y one by the o&&icer? NO
"0##osin*- the bribe'*i%er #romise the o&&icer a *i&t- b0t a&ter he *ot what he wante- he i not *i%e the *i%e anymore- !iab!e &or irect bribery? YE"
"0##ose in one case- there was an e1tensi%e cross'e1am one by the o##osin* co0nse!) the testimony o& the witness &or the #rosec0tion came to a #oint that it was
ama*in* the theory o& his own case an 0n!ess correcte- the #rosec0tion wo0! !ose the case) the !awyer &or the #rosec0tion asBe the steno*ra#her to chan*e
certain #ortions o& the transcri#t- an he wo0! *i%e him P,C-CCC) he a*ree that the chan*e transcri#t m0st be reay within a weeB) the transcri#t was a!reay
a%ai!ab!e b0t be&ore it co0! be *i%en to the !awyer- he was arreste by N@I a*ents+ Liab!e? YE"- beca0se mere a*reement is eno0*h to constit0te the crime o&
irect bribery
What i& the steno*ra#her act0a!!y chan*e the transcri#t an hane it to the !awyer b0t the !atter ha no eno0*h cash an 60st sai he; be comin* bacB+ 7ay the
steno*ra#her be crimina!!y !iab!e? What crime?s? Yes+ The steno*ra#her is !iab!e &or irect bribery an &a!si&ication+
What i& the !awyer ne%er came bacB? Is the steno*ra#her sti!! !iab!e? YE"
What i& the !awyer came bacB an *a%e a checB which was !ater ishonore &or !acB o& &0ns+ "ti!! !iab!e? Yes+
"0##osin* I a##roache a 60*e an to! him that i& he co0! rener a ecision &a%orab!e to him /I2- he wi!! *i%e him two ni*hts with a se1y ancer o& his choice)
the ecision was renere in &a%or o& I b0t he was not ab!e to #ro0ce the #romise ancers+ 7ay the 60*e be !iab!e? IT (EPEN(" < i& 0rin* tria!- there is
ins0&&icient e%ience &rom I b0t the ecision was sti!! renere in his &a%or- the 60*e may be !iab!e &or 0n60st 60*ment 0ner Artic!e .C5+
(2) By acce%ting a gift in consideration of the e;ec"tion of an act& which does not constit"te a crime& in connection with the %erformance of his official d"ty.
What cons0mmates the crime? Acce#tance < mere a*reement to acce#t the bribe oes not constit0te a crime
"0##osin* I- who was &r0strate by the !on* !ine in *ettin* his ri%er;s !icense- *a%e one o& the em#!oyees o& LTO P,CC #esos to a!!ow him to *et ahea o& the
!ine+ The LTO em#!oyee acce#te the amo0nt b0t 60st the same- he i not a!!ow I to *et ahea o& the others+ 7ay the LTO em#!oyee sti!! be !iab!e &or irect
bribery? @01 < the bribe was a!reay acce#te
What i& I mere!y #romise to *i%e the LTO em#!oyee P,CC+ The em#!oyee a*ree+ I was ab!e to *et ahea in the !ine an his !icense was re!ease+ It t0rns o0t that
I oes not ha%e the money+ He to! the LTO em#!oyee that he wo0! 60st ret0rn to #ay him b0t he ne%er i+ Is the LTO em#!oyee !iab!e? No+
($) By agreeing to refrain& or by refraining from doing something which it its his official d"ty to do& in consideration of a gift or %romise.
What cons0mmates the crime? 7ere A*reement+
"0##osin* A was a##!yin* &or a ri%er;s !icense an he was s0##ose to taBe a written e1am+ He #!ace money in the rawer o& the e1aminer so the !atter a*ree to
taBe the e1am &or A+ Is the e1aminer !iab!e? @01+
What i& A #asse the written e1ams b0t he ha to wait &or the res0!ts be&ore taBin* the #ractica! e1am+ He i not want to wait so he ro##e P4CCC in the
e1aminer;s rawer+ The !atter immeiate!y to! A to #rocee to the #ractica! e1am+ Liab!e? @01+
"0##osin* a sm0**!er ta!Be to the chie& o& #o!ice at the time the shi# wi!! be 0n!oain* his i!!e*a! *oos+ He to! the chie& that he wi!! *i%e him a !ar*e amo0nt o&
money i& he wi!! re&rain &rom e#!oyin* his men at the #ier+ The chie& a*ree an i not e#!oy his men+ Is the chie& o& #o!ice !iab!e &or irect bribery? @01 <
0ner the &irst manner o& commission) re&rainin* &rom e#!oyin* his men is a!reay a crime in itse!& /Artic!e .CM ere!iction o& 0ty2
Who e!se may be !iab!e &or irect bribery?
/a2 #ri%ate #ersons who cons#ire with the o&&icers
/b2 accessories an accom#!ices
/c2 #rinci#a! by inis#ensab!e coo#eration
Q No #rinci#a! by in0cement < they &a!! 0ner Artic!e .4. corr0#tion o& #0b!ic o&&icia!s
ARTICLE 211 - IN1IRECT 8RI8ER'
"0##osin* I is the owner o& a ta1i com#any an he *a%e a car to the new!y a##ointe LTFR@ chairman+ The chairman acce#te+ Is he !iab!e? @01+
When a #0b!ic o&&icer is #rosec0te &or either irect bribery or inirect bribery- may he !iBewise be #rosec0te &or %io!ation o& RA FC4P? @01+
ARTICLE 211 - A 7/ALI*IE1 8RI8ER'
ARTICLE 212 - CORR/%TION O* %/8LIC O**ICIALS
%1 +4. - GRANTING I((/NIT' TO GI-ER O* 8RI8E
Con:itions for Arant of iunit! to a "itness?
/42 his testimony m0st re&er to cons0mmate %io!ations
/.2 his testimony m0st be necessary &or the con%iction o& the acc0se
/F2 his testimony m0st not yet be in the #ossession o& the state
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/52 his testimony may be corroborate on its materia! #oints
/,2 witness has not been con%icte o& a crime in%o!%in* mora! t0r#it0e
"0##osin* a witness testi&ie a*ainst a #0b!ic o&&icer an a%ai!e o& this imm0nity+ A&ter oin* so- he re&0se to contin0e testi&yin*+ What is the !e*a! e&&ect?
Imm0nity wi!! no !on*er attach+ 7ay the witness be inc!0e in the in&ormation an be #rosec0te? @01+
"0##osin* he testi&ie b0t the testimony was &a!se+ Le*a! e&&ect? Imm0nity wi!! not attach) witness may be #rosec0te
What i& he testi&ie b0t the co0rt isre*are his testimony an ac90itte the o&&icer- is the witness sti!! imm0ne? No < the testimony m0st be necessary &or
con%iction+
ARTICLE 214 - *RA/1S AGAINST T2E %/8LIC TREAS/R' AN1 SI(ILAR O**ENSES
(anner of Coission?
(1) by entering into an agreement with any interested %arty or s%ec"lator or ma*ing "se of any other scheme to defra"d the government& in dealing with any
%erson with regard to f"rnishing s"%%lies& the ma*ing of contracts& or the ad("stment or settlement of acco"nts relating to %"blic %ro%erty or f"nds
"0##osin* the (OH a##ro#riate P4CC7 &or meicine to be istrib0te) instea o& the meicine s#eci&ie- in conni%ance with the o&&icer- the man0&act0rer
istrib0te on!y meicine o& in&erior 90a!ity+ Liab!e? @01+
"0##osin* a contract was e1ec0te between (PWH an a #ri%ate contractor) (PWH #0rchase 4CC tr0cBs o& *ra%e!- .CC tr0cBs o& san- an ,CCC ba*s o& cement+
(PWH #ai the contractor the corres#onin* amo0nt &or the materia!s b0t in conni%ance with the o&&icer- the contractor e!i%ere on!y 4C tr0cBs o& *ra%e!- 4C
tr0cBs o& san- an 4CCC ba*s o& cement+ Liab!e? @01+ Liab!e &or %io!ation o& RA FC4P? @01+
(2) by demanding& directly or indirectly& the %ayment of s"ms different from or larger than those a"thoriAed by law in the collection of ta;es& licenses& fees&
and other im%osts
"0##osin* an o&&icia! asBe a Chinese merchant to #ay &or PJCC tho0san e!in90ency ta1es when in &act on!y P,CC tho0san is to be #ai+ Liab!e? @01 <
emane a !ar*er s0m than that a0thori$e by !aw
What i& he asBe &or the #ayment o& on!y P.CC tho0san+ "ti!! !iab!e? @01 < emane #ayment i&&erent &rom that a0thori$e by !aw
($) by failing vol"ntarily to iss"e a recei%t& as %rovided by law& for any s"m of money collected by him officially& in the collection of ta;es& licenses& fees& and
other im%osts
/52 by collecting or receiving& directly or indirectly& by way of %ayment or otherwise& things or ob(ects of a nat"re different from that %rovided by law& in the
collection of ta;es& licenses. =ees& and other im%osts
ARTICLE 214 - OT2ER *RA/1S
ARTICLE 21& - %RO2I8ITE1 TRANSACTIONS
"0##osin* an RTC 60*e- whose 60risiction is the nationa! ca#ita! 60icia! re*ion- #0rchase stocBs in Orti*as+ Liab!e? @01+
What i& the RTC 60*e #0rchase stocBs in Ceb0+ Liab!e? No+
ARTICLE 21) - %RO2I8ITE1 INTEREST
"0##osin* a minor was hos#ita!i$e an his *0arian ha to se!! some o& the #ro#erties+ With the a##ro%a! o& the co0rt- the *0arian so! a #ro#erty to a com#any
where he is a ma6ority stocBho!er+ Liab!e? @01+
"0##osin* the re*iona! irector o& the (ENR ha to a##ro%e !o**in* concessions+ An a##!ication by a com#any where his wi&e is a ma6ority stocBho!er was
a##ro%e+ Liab!e? @01 < there is inirect bene&it
What i& there was a #re'n0#tia! a*reement between them- sti!! !iab!e? Not anymore+
ARTICLE 21+ - (AL-ERSATION
Who may commit? P0b!ic o&&icers
Any #0b!ic o&&icer? No+
Is it eno0*h that he has the #hysica! char*e o& the &0n or #ro#erty to be he! !iab!e? No < he m0st be an acco0ntab!e #0b!ic o&&icer
"0##osin* the (irector o& 7ani!a Zoo has a $oo caretaBer who worBs &or him+ The !atter so! the anima!s in the $oo+ Is the caretaBer !iab!e &or ma!%ersation? No <
he on!y has 90a!i&ie char*e o%er the anima!s+ In this case- the (irector o& the 7ani!a Zoo is the acco0ntab!e o&&icer+
"0##osin* a %an was orere con&iscate &or ha%in* been 0se in the commission o& a certain crime+ Howe%er- the c0stoian so! the car+ Is he !iab!e &or
ma!%ersation? @01 < the car has become #0b!ic #ro#erty a!reay+
"0##osin* the car was 0se in the trans#ortin* o& shab0+ >#on con%iction o& the acc0se- the car was &or&eite+ The P(EA chair so! the car+ What crime may he be
!iab!e &or? =io!ation o& the (an*ero0s (r0*s Act
"0##osin* heroin was con&iscate) P(EA a*ents so! the #rohibite r0* to other+ Crime? =io!ation o& (an*ero0s (r0*s Act+
"0##osin* a "WAT member was *i%en a moern assa0!t ri&!e to be 0se in the #er&ormance o& his 6ob+ He committe irre*0!arities- &or which he was ismisse+ He
was orere to ret0rn the ri&!e b0t he re&0se an instea so! it+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? 7a!%ersation < e%en tho0*h he has been ismisse- he is sti!!
consiere an acco0ntab!e o&&icer+
The #ro#erty c0stoian o& (PWH &or the constr0ction o& roas !et the e90i#ment an materia!s i!e+ As a conse90ence o& which- the resients *ot ho! o& the same+
What crime may the #ro#erty c0stoian be !iab!e &or? 7a!%ersation thro0*h ne*!i*ence?abanonment
"0##osin* there was a eman mae to an acco0ntab!e #0b!ic o&&icer to #ay within 4C ays) 4C ays ha !a#se b0t he sti!! &ai!e to acco0nt &or the shorta*e+
Liab!e? @01 < the #res0m#tion a##!ies
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What i& there has been a crimina! case &i!e a*ainst the o&&icer) therea&ter- he ret0rne the amo0nt he misa##ro#riate+ "ti!! !iab!e? @01- b0t the ret0rn miti*ates the
!iabi!ity /crimina! !iabi!ity attaches the moment a!! the e!ements are #resent an cannot be e1tin*0ishe by the ret0rn o& the ma!%erse money- which is not one o&
the *ro0ns &or e1tin*0ishment o& crimina! !iabi!ity #ro%ie &or 0ner Artic!e MP2
ARTICLE 21, - *AIL/RE O* ACCO/NTA8LE O**ICER TO REN1ER ACCO/NTS
Is eman necessary? No < as !on* as there is a !aw re90irin* the o&&icer to rener acco0nts
ARTICLE 21. - *AIL/RE O* A RES%ONSI8LE %/8LIC O**ICER TO REN1ER ACCO/NTS 8E*ORE LEA-ING T2E CO/NTR'
ARTICLE 220 - ILLEGAL /SE O* %/8LIC */N1S OR %RO%ERT'
What constit0tes the crime o& technica! ma!%ersation? The &act that the o&&icer a##!ies the #0b!ic &0ns or #ro#erty to a #0b!ic 0se other than that &or which s0ch
&0n or #ro#erty has been a##ro#riate by !aw or orinance
ARTICLE 221 - *AIL/RE TO (A6E 1ELI-ER' O* %/8LIC */N1S OR %RO%ERT'
"0##osin* the AFP iss0e a checB to a s0##!ier b0t the isb0rsin* o&&icer re&0se to e!i%er the checB+ Liab!e? @01 < 0ner the &irst manner /&ai!in* to maBe
#ayment by a #0b!ic o&&icer who is 0ner ob!i*ation to maBe s0ch #ayment &rom the *o%ernment &0ns in his #ossession2
ARTICLE 222 - O**ICERS INCL/1E1 IN T2E %RECE1ING %RO-ISIONS
ARTICLE 224 - CONNI-ING #IT2 OR CONSENTING TO E-ASION
"0##osin* there is a #risoner who re90este i& he co0! *o home sine his ho0se is 60st near the 6ai!+ The o&&icer consente+ Is the o&&icer !iab!e? @01+
ARTICLE 224 - E-ASION T2RO/G2 NEGLIGENCE
ARTICLE 22& - ESCA%E O* %RISONER /N1ER T2E C/STO1' O* A %ERSON NOT A %/8LIC O**ICER
ARTICLE 22) - RE(O-AL< CONCEAL(ENT< OR 1ESTR/CTION O* 1OC/(ENTS
The remo%a! sho0! be &or an i!!icit #0r#ose
"0##osin* the b0i!in* where the RTC is- is !eaBin*+ The steno*ra#her remo%es the #a#ers?oc0ments to sa%e them+ Is he !iab!e? No+
In concea!ment an estr0ction- the mere act o& it is #0nishab!e) !acB o& i!!icit #0r#ose or i!!e*a! moti%e is not a %a!i e&ense
"0##osin* there are se%era! b!anB a##!ication &orms in the (PWH o&&ice+ One ay- a #ersonne! set it on &ire+ Is he !iab!e &or in&ie!ity? No < &orms are not
oc0ments
"0##osin* 0rin* tria!- #rosec0tion #resente P4CC tho0san which were 0se in an entra#ment o#eration+ It was Be#t as e%ience+ One ay- the c!erB ran o0t o&
cash so he *ot P.C tho0san &rom the e1hibit+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? In&ie!ity o& oc0ments+ The money bi!!s #artaBe the nat0re o& a oc0ment which
was 0se to #ro%e the &act o& the entra#ment an bribery /not to be 0se &or isb0rsin*2+
ARTICLE 22+ - O**ICER 8REA6ING SEAL
ARTICLE 22, - O%ENING O* CLOSE1 1OC/(ENTS
ARTICLE 22. - RE-ELATION O* SECRETS 8' AN O**ICER
ARTICLE 240 - %/8LIC O**ICER RE-EALING SECRETS O* %RI-ATE IN1I-I1/ALS
"0##osin* an em#!oyee o& the @IR isc!ose yo0r income to another em#!oyee+ Is he !iab!e? @01 < a #erson;s income is his secret
ARTICLE 241 - O%EN 1ISO8E1IENCE
ARTICLE 242 - 1ISO8E1IENCE TO OR1ER O* S/%ERIOR O**ICER< #2EN SAI1 OR1ER #AS S/S%EN1E1 8' IN*ERIOR O**ICER
ARTICLE 244 - RE*/SAL O* ASSISTANCE
"0##ose there was no eman- may the o&&icer to whom the assistance was e1#ecte be !iab!e &or re&0sa!? NO < (eman m0st be mae) it is necessary beca0se
witho0t eman- there can be no re&0sa!
ARTICLE 244 - RE*/SAL TO 1ISC2ARGE ELECTI-E O**ICE
ARTICLE 24& - (ALTREAT(ENT O* %RISONERS
Who are the #risoners contem#!ate? Prisoners /by &ina! 60*ment2 an etention #risoners
7ay it be committe by any #0b!ic o&&icer? NO < on!y those who ha%e irect char*e o& the #risoners or etention #risoners
(anner of Coission?
(1) by overdoing himself in the correction and handling of a %risoner or detention %risoner "nder his charge either (a) by im%osition of %"nishments no a"thoriAed
by the reg"lations& or (b) by inflicting s"ch %"nishments in a cr"el h"miliating manner
"0##osin* a etention #risoner was bein* s0s#ecte o& ha%in* been in%o!%e in Bina##in*) one o& the #o!icemen in&!icte in60ries an the etention #risoner
s0&&ere morta! wo0ns- which mi*ht ha%e ca0se his eath were it not &or the time!y meica! assistance+ What crime?s may the #o!ice o&&icer be !iab!e &or?
7a!treatment o& #risoners an &r0strate homicie+ The o&&enses are to be treate as se#arate crimes by %irt0e o& the #ro%ision which states Gin aition to any other
!iabi!ity &or #hysica! in60ries or ama*e ca0seRH
(2) by maltreating s"ch %risoner t e;tort a confession or to obtain some information from the %risoner
ARTICLE 24) - ANTICI%ATION O* 1/TIES O* A %/8LIC O**ICE
ARTICLE 24+ - %ROLONGING %ER*OR(ANCE O* 1/TIES AN1 %O#ERS
ARTICLE 24, - A8AN1ON(ENT O* O**ICE OR %OSITION
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ARTICLE 24. - /S/R%ATION O* LEGISLATI-E %O#ERS
ARTICLE 240 - /S/R%ATION O* E9EC/TI-E */NCTIONS
ARTICLE 241 - /S/R%ATION O* 5/1ICIAL */NCTIONS
ARTICLE 242 - 1ISO8E'ING RE7/EST *OR 1IS7/ALI*ICATION
ARTICLE 244 - OR1ERS OR RE7/ESTS 8' E9EC/TI-E O**ICERS TO AN' 5/1ICIAL A/T2ORIT'
What is the #0r#ose o& this #ro%ision? To #re%ent e1ec0ti%e o&&icers &rom in&!0encin* 60icia! a0thorities
"0##osin* the (e#0ty E1ec0ti%e "ecretary has a connection with a stron* #o!itica! !eaer who has a #enin* case be&ore a 60*e+ The (e#0ty "ec+ #re#ares a !etter
aresse to the 60*e- which states that any !e*a! assistance *i%en to the #o!itica! !eaer wi!! be a##reciate+ Is the (e#0ty "ec+ !iab!e? NO+ There was no orer- no
s0**estion- to the 60*e on what to o+
ARTICLE 244 - /NLA#*/L A%%OINT(ENTS
ARTICLE 24& - A8/SES AGAINST C2ASTIT'
A*ainst who may it committe? Women on!y+
"0##osin* a &ema!e #0b!ic o&&icer mae a%ances to a ma!e #risoner+ 7ay she be !iab!e? >ner the RPC- she may not be !iab!e b0t she may be he! !iab!e &or
%io!ation o& the Anti'*ra&t an Corr0#t Practices Act+
"0##osin* a 60*e sai that he wi!! rener a ecision in &a%or o& a woman with a #enin* case be&ore her #ro%ie that she wo0! be his sweetheart+ Liab!e? NO <
the #ro#osa! is neither inecent nor immora! /e%en i& the 60*e is marrie2
The term wife in the thir manner is mis#!ace+ The thir manner is in re&erence to the secon manner o& commission+ A woman in c0stoy cannot ha%e a Gwi&e+H
"0##osin* a 60*e in%ites a woman intereste with a #enin* case be&ore him- ta!B to him in a mote!+ Is he !iab!e? No+ The in%itation is neither inecent nor
immora!+ The in%itation is mere!y &or them to ta!B+
"0##osin*- 0ner the same &acts- he in%ites her to be his G!o%er+H The #0b!ic o&&icer is a!reay marrie+ Is he !iab!e? No+ !o%in* is neither immora! nor inecent+
"0##osin* a waren an a woman etainee- both sin*!e- &a!! in !o%e an ha%e a re!ationshi#- which res0!te in the !atter;s #re*nancy+ Is waren !iab!e? @01+ "e10a!
interco0rse o0tsie o& marria*e is immora!+
ARTICLE 24) - %ARRICI1E
Who may be the o&&ene #arty? Le*itimate or i!!e*itimate &ather- mother or chi!) !e*itimate other ascenant or other escenant) !e*itimate s#o0se
"0##osin* an i!!e*itimate *ranson Bi!!e his *ran&ather+ Crime committe? 70rer or homicie- as the case may be
"#o0ses inc!0e those with e&ecti%e or &!awe marria*es+ Pres0m#tion o& %a!iity o& marria*e a##!ies 0nti! it is terminate by &ina! 60icia! ec!aration+
"0##osin* H an W were marrie) at the time o& their marria*e+ W was a minor whose consent was obtaine thro0*h &orce+ A&ter three years- W Bi!!e H+ What
crime i W commit? Parricie+ There is a #res0m#tion o& %a!iity o& marria*e+
H an W- both Fi!i#inos- were marrie in Hon* Don* witho0t a %a!i marria*e !icense+ When they went home to the Phi!i##ines- W Bi!!e H+ What crime may W
be !iab!e &or? Parricie+
W &i!e a case &or the ec!aration o& n0!!ity o& her marria*e to H+ 30*ment was renere b0t H a##ea!e the case+ Whi!e a##ea! was #enin*- W Bi!!e H+ Crime
committe? Parricie+
"0##osin* the 60*ment has a!reay become &ina! when W Bi!!e H+ Crime? Homicie or m0rer- as the case may be+
ARTICLE 24+ - 1EAT2 OR %2'SICAL IN5/RIES IN*LICTE1 /N1ER E9CE%TIONAL CIRC/(STANCES
"0##osin* H s0r#rise W in the act o& interco0rse with another man+ H &ire his *0n at the two o& them) W was hit b0t accorin* to the octor- the in60ries W
s0staine were on!y !ess serio0s ones+ Liab!e? No+
When sho0! the Bi!!in* or the in&!iction o& in60ries taBe #!ace? In the act or immeiate!y therea&ter+
When H came home one ni*ht- he saw a man- wearin* on!y 0nerwear- 60m# o0t o& the winow o& H;s room+ Con%ince that the man has ha se10a! interco0rse his
wi&e- H ran a&ter him an Bi!!s him+ Can he a%ai! o& the bene&its o& Artic!e .5F? NO < Bi!!in* sho0! be committe a&ter ha%in* one;s s#o0se in the act o& se10a!
interco0rse with another+
H saw W an her #aramo0r both naBe) H shot them+ Can he a%ai! o& the bene&its o& Artic!e .5F? No+ He i not see them in the act o& se10a! interco0rse+
H saw W naBe with P) both were oin* !asci%io0s acts #re#aratory to the interco0rse) H shot them both+ 7ay H a%ai! o& the bene&its 0ner Artic!e .F5? No+
What oes Gimmeiate!y therea&ter meanH? The isco%ery- the esca#e- the #0rs0it- an the Bi!!in* sho0! a!! &orm #art o& a sin*!e act) there sho0! be no interr0#tion
"0##osin* H a!reay has a s0s#icion o& W;s in&ie!ity so he to! her that he was *oin* to the #ro%ince &or a weeB when in &act- he was not+ H !e&t home- waite &or
an ho0r an ret0rne+ H then saw W an P in the act o& interco0rse+ H went to the Bitchen to !ooB &or a Bni&e b0t he co0!n;t &in any) he remembere that he has a
re%o!%er in the nei*hbor;s ho0se so he went there+ When he *ot his *0n- P was a!reay #!ayin* bi!!iars at a nearby #!ace+ H shot P ea+ Is H entit!e to bene&its?
@01+ The eath o& P is sti!! the #ro1imate res0!t o& the o0tra*e o& H- who ca0*ht him ha%in* se10a! interco0rse with his wi&e+
H s0r#rise W in the act with P) H shot P an the b0!!et a!so hit the ho0seboy who was #ee#in* thro0*h a s!i*ht!y o#ene winow+ 7ay H be he! !iab!e &or the
in60ries s0staine by or e%en the eath o& the ho0seboy? @01+ Artic!e .5J is sti!! a &e!ony beca0se it #ro%ies a #ena!ty+ As s0ch- H is !iab!e &or the irect- nat0ra!-
an !o*ica! conse90ences o& his act #0rs0ant to Artic!e 5 o& the RPC+
ARTICLE 24, - (/R1ER
In the absence o& 90a!i&ie a**ra%atin* circ0mstance /OAC2- how wo0! yo0 c!assi&y the Bi!!in* o& a #erson? Homicie+
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"0##osin* on!y a *eneric a**ra%atin* circ0mstance /:AC2 is #resent- how wo0! yo0 c!assi&y the Bi!!in* o& a #erson? Homicie+
7ualifie: AAAravatinA Circustance vG Generic AAAravatinA Circustance
/42 OAC < cannot be o&&set by any miti*atin* circ0mstance
:AC < may be o&&set by an orinary miti*atin* circ0mstance
/.2 OAC < chan*es the nat0re o& the crime
:AC < oes not chan*e the nat0re o& the crime) on!y increases the #ena!ty by #erio
/F2 OAC ' m0st be a!!e*e in the in&ormation
:AC < nee not be a!!e*e as !on* as it is #ro%en 0rin* the tria!
I& a OAC is not a!!e*e b0t the #rosec0tion intro0ce a witness or #resente e%ience #ro%in* the e1istence o& s0ch OAC to which the e&ense co0nse! i not
ob6ect- an s0ch OAC was act0a!!y #ro%en- it sti!! oes not chan*e the nat0re o& the crime b0t on!y increases the #ena!ty+
I& a #erson was Bi!!e an the acc0se was 0ner the in&!0ence o& !i90or- what crime may he be !iab!e &or? Homicie+ Into1ication is an a!ternati%e circ0mstance+
What i& the acc0se was 0ner the in&!0ence o& a #rohibite r0*- what crime may he be !iab!e &or? 70rer < in&!0ence o& r0*s in the commission o& a crime is
consiere a OAC 0ner "ection ., o& the (an*ero0s (r0*s Act+
ARTICLE 24. - 2O(ICI1E
ARTICLE 2&0 - %ENALT' *OR *R/STRATE1 %ARRICI1E< (/R1ER OR 2O(ICI1E
ARTICLE 2&1 - 1EAT2 CA/SE1 IN A T/(/LT/O/S A**RA'
"0##osin* the #erson who *a%e the &ata! b!ow was ienti&ie- what crime is committe? Homicie or m0rer- as the case may be) the sit0ation is no !on*er
contem#!ate 0ner Artic!e .,4+
ARTICLE 2&2 - %2'SICAL IN5/RIES IN*LICTE1 IN A T/(/LT/O/S A**RA'
"0##osin* the #erson who in&!icte the #hysica! in60ries can be ienti&ie- what crime may he be !iab!e &or? Physica! in60ries- e#enin* on the nat0re o& the
in60ries in&!icte+
ARTICLE 2&4 - GI-ING ASSISTANCE TO S/ICI1E
ARTICLE 2&4 - 1ISC2ARGE O* *IREAR(S
"0##osin* the acc0se aime his *0n at the ho0se o& his nei*hbor- is he !iab!e &or ischar*e o& &irearms? No- he is on!y !iab!e &or a!arms an scana!s+
"0##osin* C aime his *0n at A- b0t at the time it was ischar*e - it was no !on*er aime t A+ Crime committe? I!!e*a! ischar*e+
ARTICLE 2&& - IN*ANTICI1E
"0##osin* a stran*er Bi!!e a two'ay o! chi! with the 0se o& #oison+ Crime? In&anticie+
"0##osin* a mother Bi!!e her two'ay o! chi!+ Crime? In&anticie
ARTICLE 2&) - INTENTIONAL A8ORTION
ARTICLE 2&+ - /NINTENTIONAL A8ORTION
7ay there be a crime o& 0nintentiona! abortion thro0*h recB!ess im#r0ence? No+ The %io!ence e1erte a*ainst the #re*nant woman m0st be intentiona!+
"0##osin* a 6ee#ney ri%er who was ri%in* recB!ess!y- hit a #re*nant woman+ The im#act threw the woman se%era! meters away- as a res0!t o& which- she s0&&ere
an abortion+ Crime? At most- #hysica! in60ries+ The %io!ence e1erte was not intene+
ARTICLE 2&, - A8ORTION %RACTICE1 8' T2E #O(AN 2ERSEL* OR 8' 2ER %ARENTS
Any miti*atin* circ0mstance? @01- i& the #0r#ose was to concea! ishonor) on!y the #re*nant woman is entit!e to a%ai! o& s0ch miti*atin* circ0mstance+
ARTICLE 2&. - A8ORTION %RACTICE1 8' A %2'SICIAN OR (I1#I*E AN1 1IS%ENSING O* A8ORTI-ES
ARTICLE 2)0 - RES%ONSI8ILIT' O* %ARTICI%ANTS IN A 1/EL
"0##osin* in the co0rse o& the 0e!- no one was in60re or harme- may the combatants sti!! be !iab!e? @01- 0ner the thir manner +o& commission o& 0e!A by
maBin* a combat a!tho0*h no #hysica! in60ries ha%e been in&!icte+
What i& one o& the combatants was serio0s!y in60re b0t s0r%i%e- may he sti!! be !iab!e &or 0e!? @01+
ARTICLE 2)1 - C2ALLENGING TO A 1/EL
ARTICLE 2)2 - (/TILATION
As istin*0ishe &rom #hysica! in60ries- in m0ti!ation- there is an intention to e#ri%e the o&&ene #arty o& the 0se o& any #art his boy
(i&&erentiate m0ti!ation &rom attem#te?&r0strate #arricie- in&anticie- homicie or m0rer+ In the m0ti!ation- there is mere!y an intent to e#ri%e the o&&ene #arty
o& the 0se o& any #art o& his boy) in P7HI- there is an intent to Bi!!
ARTICLE 2)4 - SERIO/S %2'SICAL IN5/RIES
(anner of coission?
/42 by wo0nin*
/.2 by beatin*
/F2 by assa0!tin*
/52 by aministerin* in60rio0s s0bstance /Art+ .E52
(i&&erentiate "PI &rom &r0strate #arricie- in&anticie- homicie or m0rer+ In "PI- whi!e the in60ry in&!icte may be morta! or s0&&icient to ca0se the eath o& a
#erson- i& there is no intention to Bi!!- the crime wi!! remain "PL) in &r0strate P7HI- there is an intent to Bi!!
ARTICLE 2)4 - A1(INISTERING IN5/RIO/S S/8STANCES OR 8E-ERAGES
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ARTICLE 2)& - LESS SERIO/S %2'SICAL IN5/RIES
ARTICLE 2)) - SLIG2T %2'SICAL IN5/RIES AN1 (ALTREAT(ENT
RA .2)2 - ANTI--IOLENCE AGAINST #O(EN AN1 T2EIR C2IL1REN ACT
(e&ine se10a!- #sycho!o*ica!- #hysica!- an economic ab0se+
(e&ine sta!Bin*+
(e&ine @attere Woman "ynrome+ (oes it ha%e the same e&&ect as a 60sti&yin* circ0mstance?
Who are the women #rotecte by the !aw?
"0##osin* the o&&ener an the woman were on!y #hone #a!s an ha ne%er met each other in #erson+ 7ay the man be !iab!e 0ner this !aw? No+ They %ictim an
o&&ener i not ha%e a Gatin* re!ationshi#+H
"0##osin* that the %ictim was a #rostit0te who ha se10a! interco0rse with the o&&ener &or the &irst time+ 7ay the o&&ener be !iab!e 0ner the !aw? @01+ There is
se10a! re!ationshi# between them+
RA Anti-2aFinA La"
What is ha$in*? How is it committe?
Who are the #ersons !iab!e an what are their !iabi!ities?
Which #hysica!- menta!- an #sycho!o*ica! tests or trainin* o& the AFP- PNP- P7A- an CAT are not consiere as ha$in*? Those a##ro%e by the NAPOLCO7
an "ecretary o& Nationa! (e&ense+
What #hysica! in60ries are contem#!ate 0ner this stat0te? Those en0merate 0ner the RPC /serio0s- !ess serio0s an s!i*ht #hysica! in60ries2+ Abortion is not
inc!0e+
ARTICLE 2))-A TO 2))-1 RA%E
How is ra#e c!assi&ie? As a #0b!ic crime+ /ra#e can be #rosec0te e o&&icio- w?c means a0thorities can initiate the &i!in* o& the com#!aint2
(anner of coission?
/42 se10a! act /carna! Bnow!e*e o& a woman by a man2
Is it s0&&icient that a man has carna! Bnow!e*e o& a woman? NO < it m0st be accom#anie or attene by any o& the circ0mstances en0merate
7ay a woman be crimina!!y !iab!e &or ra#e 0ner the &irst manner?
' As #rinci#a! by in0cement? @01+
' As #rinci#a! by inis#ensab!e coo#eration? @01+
' As #rinci#a! by irect #artici#ation? @01+ ONLY i& there is cons#iracy
' As an accom#!ice or accessory? @01+
Attenant circ0mstancesA
/a2 thro0*h &orce- threat or intimiation
Is it necessary &or the crime to be cons0mmate that there be &0!! #enetration? No < #artia! is s0&&icient
In the e%ent that &orce was 0se- what e*ree o& resistance m0st be #0t 0# by the o&&ene #arty? "ame as i& she was e&enin* her !i&e
"0##osin* the woman i not o&&er any resistance) she was sim#!y re!0ctant+ Is the man !iab!e? No+
/b2 when the o&&ene #arty is e#ri%e o& reason or is otherwise 0nconscio0s
"0##osin* the o&&ene #arty was as!ee#+ When she woBe 0#- she saw a man on to# o& her an she 60st !et him be+ Is the man sti!! !iab!e? It e#ens+ I& there was
a!reay #enetration be&ore she woBe 0#- the man wo0! be !iab!e since the woman;s resistance is 0nnecessary consierin* the crime ha a!reay been
cons0mmate) i& there was no #enetration yet an the woman i not resist- there is no ra#e+
"0##osin* a tab!et- which has the e&&ect o& aro0sin* a woman se10a!!y- was secret!y ro##e by a man into his ate;s rinB+ A&ter the e&&ect BicBs in- he in%ites her
to his #!ace an has se10a! interco0rse with her+ Is he !iab!e? No+ There were no attenant circ0mstances #resent+ The woman was sim#!y mae to !oosen her
inhibitions
/c2 by means o& &ra00!ent machination or *ra%e ab0se o& a0thority
Is it necessary that there be &orce- threat- or intimiation? No+
7ay the o&&ener sti!! be !iab!e e%en i& there is consent o& the woman? @01+
Fra00!ent machinations inc!0e #romise to marria*e in orer to sec0re a woman;s consent to se10a! interco0rse
"0##osin* thro0*h a #romise o& marria*e- A a*ree to ha%e se10a! interco0rse with her boy&rien) b0t when she became #re*nant- he isa##eare+ Crime
committe? Ra#e+
"0##osin* a man ha se10a! interco0rse with the a0*hter o& his common'!aw wi&e+ The *ir! is 4P years o!+ Is he !iab!e? @01+ There is *ra%e ab0se o& a0thority+
A!so a##!ies to #ro&essor ha%in* se10a! interco0rse with st0ent- *0arian with war- ao#tin* &ather with his ao#te a0*hter+
/2 when the o&&ene #arty is 0ner 4. years o! or is emente
I& %ictim is a minor- the char*e o& ra#e is a!ways accom#anie by %io!ation o& R+ A+ JE4C
"0##osin* a *ir! worBe as a #rostit0te who a*ree to ha%e se10a! interco0rse with the acc0se in e1chan*e &or a certain amo0nt o& money+ "he was 44 years-
44months- an .P ays o! at the time o& the commission o& the o&&ense+ 7ay the acc0se be he! !iab!e &or ra#e? @01 < re*ar!ess o& the consent o& the o&&ene
#arty- se10a! interco0rse with a chi! 0ner 4. years o! is a!ways ra#e+
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/.2 se10a! assa0!t
How committe? @y insertin* one;s #enis into another;s mo0th or ana! ori&ice or by insertin* any instr0ment or ob6ect into the *enita! or ana! ori&ice o& another
#erson) both m0st be attene by any o& the circ0mstances en0merate in the &irst manner
7ay the o&&ene #arty be ma!e? @01+
"0##osin* in a ra#e case- there is one #rinci#a! by irect #artici#ation an . #rinci#a!s by inis#ensab!e coo#eration+ The #rinci#a! by irect #artici#ation marries
the %ictim+ Who bene&its &rom the #aron #ro%ie by the !aw? The #rinci#a! by irect #artici#ation+ (oes the #aron e1ten to his co'acc0se? R+ A+ MF,F is si!ent+
There is no o&&icia! inter#retation by the "0#reme Co0rt+
ARTICLE 2)+ - 6I1NA%%ING AN1 SERIO/S ILLEGAL 1ETENTION
Is it necessary that there be #hysica! e#ri%ation o& !iberty &or a #erson to be consiere etaine? No+
"0##osin* a #erson was etaine in a b0i!in*) he was &ree to roam aro0n b0t o&&eners i not a!!ow him to *o o0t o& the b0i!in*;s #remises+ (etention? @01+
"0##osin* he was a!!owe to *o o0t b0t he chose to stay insie the b0i!in* &or sec0rity #0r#oses+ (etention? No+
Attenant circ0mstancesA
/a2 i& the etention !asts &or more than three ays
"0##osin* the o&&ene #arty is etaine &or on!y one ay b0t is a minor+ Dina##in*? @01 < this wo0! &a!! 0ner the 5
th
circ0mstance
"0##osin* the o&&ene #arty is 5, years o! an is a baran*ay tano+ He was etaine &or two ays+ Dina##in*? @01 < this wo0! &a!! 0ner the 5
th
circ0mstance
/b2 when the etention is committe by sim0!atin* #0b!ic a0thority
/c2 when serio0s #hysica! in60ries are in&!icte or threats to Bi!! o&&ene #arty are mae
"0##osin* the in&!iction o& #hysica! in60ries was on!y incienta!- may o&&eners sti!! be !iab!e? @01 < the !aw oes not maBe istinction as to whether the in60ries
were in&!icte intentiona!!y or accienta!!y+
/2 when the %ictim is a minor- a &ema!e- or a #0b!ic o&&icer
Dina##in* &or ransom
' What oes ransom mean? Ransom is money- #rice or consieration #ai or emane &or reem#tion o& a ca#t0re #erson or #ersons) a #ayment that re!eases one
&rom ca#ti%ity
"0##osin* A was co0rtin* @- &ema!e &rien- b0t she ne*!ecte his #ro#osa!s+ A Bina##e @;s sister) the conition &or her re!ease was &or @ to a*ree to become A;s
*ir!&rien+ @ a*ree an A re!ease her sister+ What crime i A commit? Dina##in* &or ransom
Is the crime o& *ra%e threats absorbe in Bina##in*? @01+
"0##osin* A owes I P,C-CCC) A cannot #ay so I Bina##e his mother an wo0! on!y re!ease her i& A #ays his ebt+ What crime may I be !iab!e &or?
Dina##in* &or ransom+ Notwithstanin* the &act that the amo0nt asBe o& is !e*a!!y 0e to I? @01+
A borrowe a car &rom I b0t re&0se to ret0rn it so I Bina##e A;s brother) the car was ret0rne an the brother was re!ease+ What crime i I commit?
Dina##in* &or ransom ' the car was consiere ransom+
"0##osin* A Bina##e I an bro0*ht him to Ca%ite+ On the same ni*ht- A was Bi!!e+ Crime committe? 70rer < there was no inication o& A;s intention to
etain I+ Bina##in* was on!y incienta!+
"0##osin* I was Bina##e an was bro0*ht to La*0na+ Ransom was emane b0t not &orthcomin* so I was Bi!!e+ Crime committe? "#ecia! com#!e1 crime o&
Bina##in* with homicie
ARTICLE 2). - /NLA#*/L ARREST
"0##osin* A saw @ in the act o& committin* the&t so he arreste @+ A Be#t him &or .'F ho0rs a&ter which- he bro0*ht @ to the #ro#er a0thorities+ Is a !iab!e? No ' the
arrest &a!!s 0ner %a!i warrant!ess arrests
"0##osin* a #o!ice o&&icer has been s0s#ectin* that his ho0seboy has been stea!in* the 6ewe!!ery o& his wi&e so he tooB the ho0seboy into c0stoy an bro0*ht him
to the m0nici#a! ha!! &or #ro#er action+ Liab!e? @01 b0t &or the crime o& arbitrary etention since the o&&ener is a #0b!ic o&&icer+
What i& there was a!reay an orer &or the s0s#ension o& the #o!ice o&&icer at the time he arreste his ho0seboy+ "ti!! !iab!e? @01- this time &or 0n!aw&0! arrest+
"0##osin* I s0s#ecte that his mai has been taBin* the 6ewe!!ery o& his mother so I tooB his mai to the #o!ice+ Liab!e? @01+ There is on!y mere s0s#icion+
Arrest is not a %a!i warrant!ess arrest+
ARTICLE 2+0 - 6I1NA%%ING AN1 *AIL/RE TO RET/RN A (INOR
7ay the #arents be crimina!!y !iab!e &or this crime? @01- i& they are se#arate an one o& them &ai!s to ret0rn the chi! to the other;s c0stoy
"0##osin* H an W were !e*a!!y se#arate) c0stoy o& the chi! &rom 7onay'Friay is with W whi!e it was with H 0rin* the weeBens+ One weeBen- H bro0*ht
the chi! to the #ro%ince- an a&ter &i%e ays- they sti!! ha not ret0rne+ Is H !iab!e? @01+
"0##osin* in a 60icia! #roceein*- the mother was e#ri%e o& the c0stoy o& her chi!ren which was *rante to the ("W(+ The mother tooB her chi!ren an i
not a!!ow ("W( to taBe them+ Liab!e?
ARTICLE 2+1 - IN1/CING A (INOR TO A8AN1ON 2IS 2O(E
"0##osin* the acc0se assemb!e some minors in the #ro%ince an to! them abo0t 7ani!a+ The minors were mesmeri$e by his stories o& the !i&e in the city+ That
e%enin*- when the acc0se was abo0t to !ea%e &or 7ani!a- he saw three minors who wante to *o with him+ He tooB them with him to 7ani!a+ Liab!e? No+
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"0##osin* the acc0se #ers0ae the minors to *o with him to 7ani!a with the #romise o& *i%in* them !0crati%e 6obs+ The minors went with the acc0se+ Liab!e?
@01+
ARTICLE 2+2 - SLA-ER'
ARTICLE 2+4 - E9%LOITATION O* C2IL1 LA8OR
ARTICLE 2+4 - SER-ICES REN1ERE1 /N1ER CO(%/LSION IN %A'(ENT O* 1E8T
ARTICLE 2+& - A8AN1ON(ENT O* %ERSONS IN 1ANGER AN1 A8AN1ON(ENT O* ONE3S O#N -ICTI(
(anner of coission?
/42 by &ai!in* to rener assistance to any #erson whom the o&&ener &ins in an 0ninhabite #!ace wo0ne or in an*er o& yin*
"0##osin* the #erson I &o0n i not ha%e a wo0n b0t 60st &ainte an !ost conscio0sness) I i not *i%e him any assistance+ Liab!e? No+
What i& he was 0nconscio0s beca0se o& star%ation- is I !iab!e i& he i not rener assistance? @01+
/.2 by &ai!in* to he!# or rener assistance to another whom the o&&ener has accienta!!y wo0ne or in60re
"0##osin* I intentiona!!y in60re someboy in an iso!ate #!ace an !e&t him there+ Is I !iab!e? No+
/F2 by &ai!in* to e!i%er a chi!- 0ner J years o& a*e- whom the o&&ener has &o0n abanone to the a0thorities or to his &ami!y- or by &ai!in* to taBe him to a
sa&e #!ace
Is it necessary that the minor be wo0ne? No- b0t the minor m0st be &o0n in an 0nsa&e #!ace+
ARTICLE 2+) - A8AN1ONING A (INOR
The #0r#ose o& abanonment is to a%oi the ob!i*ation o& taBin* care o& s0ch minor
ARTICLE 2++ - A8AN1ON(ENT O* (INOR 8' %ERSON ENTR/STE1 #IT2 2IS C/STO1'B IN1I**ERENCE O* %ARENTS
In ini&&erence o& #arents- may the #arents a!so be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& RA JE4C/Anti'Chi! Ab0se Law2? @01+
ARTICLE 2+, - E9%LOITATION O* (INORS
ARTICLE 2+. - A11ITIONAL %ENALTIES *OR OT2ER O**ENSES
ARTICLE 2,0 - 7/ALI*IE1 TRES%ASS TO 1#ELLING
"0##osin* the o&&ener was a #0b!ic o&&icer+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? =io!ation o& omici!e+
"0##osin* the bacB oor was o#en- acc0se entere thro0*h the sai oor+ The owner saw him an to! him to !ea%e b0t he i not+ Liab!e? No+ Entry was not
a*ainst the wi!! o& the owner+
%ossi=le :efenses in tres>ass to :"ellinA?
/42 #0r#ose was to #re%ent harm on the acc0se- the owner o& the we!!in*- or thir #erson
/.2 #0r#ose is to rener some ser%ice to h0manity or 60stice
/F2 #!ace is a ca&S- ta%ern- inn- an other #0b!ic ho0se- whi!e the same is o#en
ARTICLE 2,1 - OT2ER *OR(S O* TRES%ASS
ARTICLE 2,2 - GRA-E T2REATS
"0##osin* the threat was mae an it was re!aye to the #erson a&ter three ho0rs+ Is o&&ener sti!! !iab!e? @01+
I& the threat was 0se as a means to commit another crime- the threat is absorbe in s0ch crime+
ARTICLE 2,4 - LIG2T T2REATS
"0##osin* I mae the &o!!owin* threat to YA
' GI& yo0 on;t !en me yo0r booB- I wi!! be &orce to cheat+H What crime may I be !iab!e &or? Li*ht threats
' GI& yo0 on;t a!!ow me to cheat- I wi!! taBe yo0r booB an se!! it+H What crime may I be !iab!e &or? :ra%e threats
' GI& yo0 on;t !en me yo0r booB- I not #ay my ebt+H What crime may I be !iab!e &or? Li*ht threats
ARTICLE 2,4 - 8ON1 *OR GOO1 8E2A-IOR
ARTICLE 2,& - OT2ER LIG2T T2REATS
ARTICLE 2,) - GRA-E COERCIONS
"0##osin* a #o!ice o&&icer- thro0*h %io!ence- #re%ente I &rom 6oinin* the NPA+ 7ay the #o!ice o&&icer be !iab!e? No < the #o!ice o&&icer is 60sti&ie+
"e%era! arme men s0rro0ne the &arm in a certain area+ @eca0se o& their &ear- the &armers i not *o o0t o& their ho0se to har%est #a!ay+ What crime may the
arme men be !iab!e &or? :ra%e threats+
"0##osin* A boare a ta1i an the ta1i bro0*ht yo0 somewhere es#ite yo0r e&&orts to sto# the ri%er+ Liab!e? No+
ARTICLE 2,+ - LIG2T COERCIONS
"0##osin* the #0r#ose o& the sei$0re by o&&ener was to se!! the #ro#erties sei$e an not to a##!y to the ebt+ Crime committe? Robbery < there was intent to *ain
/ass0min* there was %io!ence in the sei$0re2
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(istin*0ish &rom ser%ices renere 0ner com#0!sion o& ebt 0ner Artic!e .J5+ >ner Artic!e .J5- s0##ose I is inebte to A b0t he cannot #ay+ A asBe I to worB
as a 6anitor in his o&&ice as #ayment &or his ebt+ Liab!e? No < he m0st ha%e been mae to worB as a ho0seho! ser%ant or &ar !aborer+
ARTICLE 2,, H ARTICLE 2,.
Artic!es .MM an .MP are now co%ere by the #ro%isions o& the Labor Coe+
RO88ER'
"0##osin* a #erson was i%este o& his ce!! #hone+ As the robbers were &!eein*- they were in t0rn- i%este o& the ce!! #hone they tooB &rom yo0+ Are the robbers
!iab!e? @01+
When the thin* taBen is a motor %ehic!e- crime committe is a!ways carna##in*- whether it was taBen with or witho0t &orce- %io!ence- etc+ What is essentia! is the
s0b6ect matter o& the crime+ "ame is tr0e with %io!ation o& Anti'catt!e r0st!in* !aw+ The s0b6ect taBen is !ar*e catt!e+
"0##osin* A sto!e a car with 6ewe!!ery an money insie+ What crime is he !iab!e &or? Carna##in*+
"0##osin* an o&&ener has taBen #ossession o& the ob6ect b0t o&&ene #arty &o0*ht bacB an was ab!e to retrie%e his sto!en #ro#erty+ Is o&&ener sti!! !iab!e? @01+
The crime is cons0mmate by the mere act o& taBin*+ It is not necessary that o&&ener has ha s0&&icient time to is#ose o& the ob6ect or #ro#erty+ Its ret0rn oes not
#rec!0e the e1istence o& robbery+
"0##osin* yo0 threaten another #erson to retrie%e yo0r #ersona! #ro#erty+ Are yo0 !iab!e &or robbery? No+ There is no intent to *ain+
RO88ER' #IT2 -IOLENCE AGAINST OR INTI(I1ATION O* %ERSONS?
"0##osin* A- @- an C wante to rob the wea!thiest &ami!y in the baran*ay+ On their way to the ho0se- they saw one o& its resients an Bi!!e him in orer there
wi!! be no o##osition 0rin* the robbery+ They then #roceee to the ho0se an robbe it+ What crime are they !iab!e &or? Robbery with homicie+
"0##osin* 0rin* a robbery a shoot'o0t ens0es between the robbers an the son o& the owner o& the ho0se+ One o& the robbers is Bi!!e+ What crime are they !iab!e
&or? Robbery with homicie+ "o !on* as a #erson is Bi!!e by reason or on occasion o& the robbery+
"0##osin* that whi!e &!eein*- robbers saw a #erson who witnesse the crime an Bi!!e him+ Crime? Robbery with homicie+
I& 0rin* the robbery- a #o!icemen res#one an was Bi!!e 0rin* the shoot'o0t+ What crime are the robbers !iab!e &or? Robbery with homicie+
"0##osin* robbers esca#e an #o!icemen were ab!e to catch 0# with them in another #ro%ince+ (0rin* the shoot'o0t- one robber was Bi!!e whi!e two #o!icemen
were in60re+ What crime are they !iab!e &or? Robbery with homicie an #hysica! in60ries+
Homicie is *i%en a *eneric meanin*) it contem#!ates #arricie- m0rer- an in&anticie+
"0##osin* a robber accienta!!y #0!!e the tri**er o& his *0n an Bi!!e another robber who was his son+ Crime committe? Robbery with homicie) not #arricie+
"0##osin* a mai was ho*tie an Bi!!e by robbers+ Crime? Robbery with homicie e%en i& there is treachery+
"0##osin* a robber ste##e on a two'ay o! chi! instant!y Bi!!in* the !atter+ Crime? Robbery with homicie) not in&anticie+
(istin*0ish robbery &rom irect briberyA In both- there is intimiation+ I& threat o& #rosec0tion was 0se to maBe a #erson #art &rom his money an #erson act0a!!y
committe a crime an was intimiate to #art with his money < there is bribery+ Howe%er- i& char*es were mere!y concocte- the crime committe is robbery+
"0##osin* there is a resta0rant which was ins#ecte by sanitary o&&icers an therea&ter a %io!ation o& c!ean!iness orinance was isco%ere+ The sanitation o&&icers
intimiate the Chinese owner with threats o& !e*a! cases an asBe &or P,C-CCC in e1chan*e &or their si!ence+ Chinese owner *i%es them the sai amo0nt+ What
crime are the sanitation o&&icers !iab!e &or? (irect @ribery+
>ner the same &acts- i& there is act0a!!y no %io!ation o& c!ean!iness orinance an threats o& #rosec0tion are base on concocte &acts- the crime committe by the
sanitary o&&icers is robbery+
"0##osin* &i%e robbers a*ree to commit crime o& robbery o& @anB I on!y+ The banB mana*er was shot ea by one o& the robbers+ Who is?are !iab!e &or the Bi!!in*
o& the banB mana*er? A!! members o& the ban sha!! be e90a!!y !iab!e as #rinci#a!s+ >n!ess- bein* #resent in the scene o& the crime- they attem#te to #re%ent the
Bi!!in* or assa0!t o& another #erson by their co'robber /e1ce#t i& there is an a*reement to Bi!! a!! those who *et in their way+2
"0##osin* A- @- an C cons#ire to rob the ho0se o& I) C tooB a woman o0t o& the ho0se an ra#e her+ Liabi!ity? A an @ < robbery on!y) C < robbery with ra#e+
A an @ were not #resent when C ra#e the woman so they were not in the #osition to #re%ent C &rom committin* the ra#e+
RO88ER' #IT2 *ORCE /%ON T2INGS?
"0##osin* a man s!ashes the ba* o& a #asser'by an taBes her ce!! #hone an wa!!et+ What crime is committe? The&t+ The 0se o& &orce 0#on thin*s m0st be 0se as
a means to *ain entry to a b0i!in* or ho0se+
"0##osin* a #art o& the ho0se was set on &ire by the acc0se in orer to i%ert the attention o& the ho0seho! members whi!e his co'acc0se robbe the ho0se+ Crime
committe? Robbery with arson+
"0##osin* a&ter a robbery was committe in a #0b!ic b0s- the %ehic!e was set on &ire+ Is the crime committe a s#ecia! com#!e1 crime o& robbery with arson? No+
the robbery was a!reay cons0mmate when the b0s was set on &ire+
T$e conce>t of :e>en:encies @
"0##osin* there is a ho0se) a6acent to it is a *rocery an there is a oor connectin* the two+ The o&&ener estroys the oor o& the *rocery an enters thr0 the
connectin* oor an robbe the ho0se+ Liab!e? @01+ Robbery with &orce 0#on thin*s+

(anner of coission?
1) in an inhabited ho"se& %"blic b"ilding& or edifice devoted to worshi%
a2 0n!aw&0! entry /e&&ecte thro0*h o#enin* not mae &or entrance2
"0##osin* o&&ener entere thro0*h the winow o& a ho0se an sto!e %a!0ab!es+ Crime committe? Robbery+
"0##osin* owners 0se the winow &or enterin* the ho0se+ O&&ener entere thro0*h the winow an sto!e %a!0ab!es+ Crime committe? The&t+ I& o&&ener entere
thro0*h the oor the crime committe is robbery+
24
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"0##osin* the o&&ener- a&ter breaBin* the winow- GreachesH &or %a!0ab!es insie the ho0se+ Crime committe? The&t+ Force 0#on thin*s was not 0se as a means
to enter the ho0se+
"0##osin* acc0se broBe the winow o& a car an tooB %a!0ab!es within his arm;s reach+ Crime committe? The&t+
"0##osin* there is a wareho0se+ Acc0se entere thro0*h the s!ie o#enin* an tooB ,C ca%ans o& rice+ Crime committe? Robbery+ There is 0n!aw&0! entry
b2 breaBin* oor /e1terna!2- wa!!- winow- roo&- &!oor
"0##osin* acc0se entere thro0*h the oor o& a ho0se+ A&ter taBin* %a!0ab!es- o&&ener breaBs the winow in orer to esca#e+ Crime committe? The&t+ The
winow was not broBen to e&&ect entrance
"0##osin* a car#ort is enc!ose with a *ate+ Acc0se broBe the *ate an tooB the %ehic!e insie the car#ort+ Crime committe? Carna##in*+ I& o&&eners tooB
%a!0ab!es insie- the crime is robbery+
"0##osin* o&&ener tooB the sto!en car to a nearby street- remo%e its stereo an &!e !ea%in* the car behin+ Crime committe? Carna##in*+ There is materia!
#ossession o& the car
c2 thro0*h the 0se o& #icB!ocBs or &a!se Beys
PicB!ocBA 0se so!e!y &or the commission o& the crime) mere #ossession is #0nishab!e+
Fa!se BeyA inc!0es a *en0ine Bey sto!en &rom owner

"0##osin* A 0se a &a!se Bey to o#en the oor o& their nei*hbor;s ho0se) when he o#ene the oor- he saw a motorcyc!e in the sa!a an tooB it+ What crime may A
be !iab!e &or? Carna##in*
2 by sim0!atin* or #retenin* to be a #0b!ic a0thority
"0##osin* a 7era!co !ineman asBe #ermission to con0ct e!ectrica! ins#ection insie yo0r ho0se+ >#on entry- he taBes yo0r #ro#erty+ It t0rns o0t- he was mere!y
#0r#ortin* himse!& to be 7era!ce !ineman+ Is he !iab!e &or robbery? No+ A 7era!co !ineman is not a #erson in a0thority+
e2 0se o& &ictitio0s name
"0##osin* I #retene to be a !on* !ost re!ati%e to *ain yo0r #ermission to s!ee# in yo0r ho0se &or the ni*ht+ Once insie- he taBes yo0r %a!0ab!e items+ Crime
committe? The&t+ There is no 0se o& &ictitio0s name+
&2 by breaBin* oor /interna!2- warrobe- chest- !ocBe or sea!e &0rnit0re or rece#tac!e
"0##osin* a h0sban an wi&e !ocBe the oor o& the master;s beroom when they !e&t &or worB+ The o&&ener broBe the oor an tooB the co0#!e;s 6ewe!!ery+
Crime commite? Robbery+
"0##osin* the oor o& the master;s beroom was not c!ose+ O&&ener entere an tooB a !ocBe 6ewe!!ery bo1+ He then estroye the !ocB an tooB the %a!0ab!es+
Crime committe? Robbery+
"0##osin* the sai 6ewe!!ery bo1 is not !ocBe or sea!e b0t mere!y c!ose+ The o&&ener- thinBin* it was !ocBe- estroye the bo1 an tooB the 6ewe!!ery+ Crime
committe? The&t+
*2 by remo%in* or taBin* away s0ch locked or sealed &0rnit0re- chest- rece#tac!e to be broBen or &orce o#en o0tsie the #!ace o& robbery
"0##osin* the o&&ener tooB a sea!e 6ewe!!ery bo1 &rom an inhabite ho0se an bro0*ht it o0tsie an broBe it o#en+ What crime i he commit? Robbery+ I& what
he broBe o0tsie the inhabite ho0se was a c!ose 6ewe!!ery bo1- what crime i he commit? The&t+
"0##osin* o&&ener tooB a sea!e 6ewe!!ery bo1 &rom an inhabite ho0se with the intention to breaB it o0tsie+ Howe%er- the son o& the owner catches him with the
bo1 whi!e he was on his way o0t+ Crime committe? Cons0mmate robbery+ The bo1 nee not be broBen+ The crime is cons0mmate by the mere act o& taBin*+
2) in an "ninhabited ho"se or %"blic b"ilding
a2 0n!aw&0! entry /e&&ecte thro0*h o#enin* not mae &or entrance2
b2 breaBin* oor /e1terna!2- wa!!- winow- roo&- &!oor
c2 thro0*h the 0se o& #icB!ocBs or &a!se Beys
2 by breaBin* oor /interna!2- warrobe- chest- sealed or closed &0rnit0re or rece#tac!e
"0##osin* the o&&ener breaBs o#en a !ocBe rece#tac!e &rom an 0ninhabite ho0se+ Crime committe? The&t+ I& the rece#tac!e was sea!e or c!ose- the crime
committe is robbery with &orce 0#on thin*s+
"0##osin* a #asser'by saw a !ocBe 6ewe!!ery bo1 insie a #arBe car+ He breaBs the winow o& the car an taBes the 6ewe!!ery bo1 home where he #!anne to &orce
it o#en+ Crime committe? The&t+
e2 by remo%in* or taBin* away s0ch sea!e or c!ose &0rnit0re- chest- rece#tac!e to be broBen or &orce o#en o0tsie the #!ace o& robbery
ARTICLE 410 - 7/ALI*IE1 T2E*T
When the&t is committe by a omestic ser%ant) or act is committe with *ra%e ab0se o& con&ience) or taBin* o& cocon0t &rom a cocon0t &arm or #!antation) or taBin*
o& &ish &rom a &ish#on or &ishery+
%1 1)12 - ANTI-*ENCING LA#
Can be #rosec0te conc0rrent!y with the&t or robbery 0ner the RPC
FenceA any #erson who b0ys- se!!s- ac90ires- #ossesses- Bee#s- concea!s- or is#oses o& sto!en items /s0b6ect o& robbery an the&t2 an Bnows that s0ch items were
sto!en+
P0rchasin* 0n!icense car #arts may maBe the b0yer !iab!e &or %io!ation o& the Anti'Fencin* Law+ The se!!er is re90ire to ac90ire !icense be&ore se!!in* s0ch secon'
han items+
2&
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%1 &42 - ANTI-%IRAC' AN1 ANTI-2IG2#A' RO88ER' LA#
I& a crime o& robbery is committe on the streets- or on any hi*hway- roa- or bri*e iniscriminate!y < it is hi*hway robbery 0ner P+ (+ ,F.+ I& it is committe
thro0*h a so!itary act- the crime is sim#!e robbery on!y+
"0##osin* o&&eners roe a b0s an- whi!e it was tra%e!!in* a!on* E("A- i%este the other #assen*ers o& their %a!0ab!es+ Crime committe? "im#!e robbery on!y+
Act is so!itary+

O&&ener bene&itin* &rom the #rocees o& crime committe #0nishab!e 0ner P+(+ ,F. is #0nishe as a co'#rinci#a!+
ARTICLE 41& - S#IN1LING
T$eft vG Estafa
' THEFT K 7ateria! Possession N 7isa##ro#riation
' E"TAFA K 30riica! Possession N 7ateria! Possession N 7isa##ro#riation
' NO CRI7E /on!y ci%i! !iabi!ity2 K Ownershi# N 30riica! Possession N 7ateria! Possession N 7isa##ro#riation
7ateria! Possession /7P2A there is on!y act0a!- #hysica! #ossession o& the #ro#erty) owner has better ri*ht than #ossessor) a!so ca!!e #hysica! #ossession
30riica! Possession /3P2A is #resent when #ossession arises &rom !aw&0! transactions either by a contract o& a*reement- e1#resse or im#!ie- written or %erba!) or by
%irt0e o& a #ro%ision o& the !aw
Ownershi# o& #ro#ertyA There is ownershi# when there is no more ob!i*ation to ret0rn e1act!y the same #ro#erty *i%en or !ent to the acc0se) ownershi# is
trans&erre to him
"0##osin* a #ro&essor owns a crimina! !aw booB+ A "t0ent a##roaches him an borrows the booB Bnowin* it contains #ersona! notations by the #ro&essor+ The
#ro&essor !ens the booB 0nti! 7arch 4J+
Is there 7P? @01+

Is there 3P? @01- base on the %erba! a*reement /there is a contract2
(oes the st0ent ha%e a better ri*ht o%er the booB than the #ro&essor? @01+ There is !aw&0! trans&er o& #ossession base on the contract+
"0##osin* the &o!!owin* ay- the #ro&essor asBs &or the booB+ 7ay the st0ent re&0se to ret0rn it? @01+ "t0ent has better ri*ht o%er it+
"0##osin* on 7arch 4J- the #ro&essor asBs &or the booB b0t st0ent te!!s him that he co0! no !on*er ret0rn it beca0se he so! it to another st0ent+ What crime is
committe? Esta&a+ /7P N 3P N 7is2
"0##osin* a #ro&essor asBs his st0ent to brin* the booB to his o&&ice in 7aBati+ "t0ent taBes the booB to Recto instea an se!!s it to a booBstore+ What crime is
committe? THEFT+ /7P N 7is2 There is no 3P since there is no a*reement nor contract between them to *i%e st0ent better ri*ht o%er the booB+
"0##osin* a&ter an ho0r- the #ro&essor chan*es his min asBs the st0ent &or the ret0rn o& the booB+ 7ay he o so? @01+ The #ro&essor sti!! has better ri*ht o%er the
booB an may asB &or its ret0rn at any time+ On!y 7P was *i%en to the st0ent+
In orinary cases o& the&t- #ro#erty is taBen+ In esta&a- with ab0se o& con&ience- #ro#erty is %o!0ntari!y !ent or *i%en to the o&&ener+
"0##osin* the #ro&essor !ens his booB to his st0ent an asBs abo0t what wi!! ha##en i& the !atter cannot ret0rn the booB+ The st0ent s0**ests that i& he !oses the
booB he wi!! *i%e the #ro&essor the !atest eition o& the booB to taBe its #!ace+ The #ro&essor a*rees+
Is st0ent bo0n to ret0rn the e1act same booB? No+
7P? @01+ 3P? @01+ Ownershi#? @01 < st0ent is no !on*er ob!i*e to ret0rn the borrowe item+
"0##osin* the st0ent so! the booB+ What crime i he commit? No crime+ He is ci%i!!y !iab!e on!y+
"0##osin* A borrows his nei*hbor;s biBe &or &i%e ays+ On the si1th ay- A is 0nab!e to ret0rn the biBe beca0se he so! it to another #erson+ What crime may A be
!iab!e &or? Esta&a+ /7P N 3P N 7is2
I& A was mere!y asBe by his nei*hbor to brin* the biBe to a sho# &or re#air- b0t A se!!s it instea- what crime may A be !iab!e &or? The&t /7P N 7is2
I& A was to! to ret0rn the biBe on the si1th ay &rom the ay it was borrowe b0t both he an the nei*hbor a*ree that i& it cannot be ret0rne- A wi!! *i%e his
nei*hbor a new biBe instea- what crime may A be !iab!e &or i& he misa##ro#riates the biBe? No crime+ @0t A is ci%i!!y !iab!e+
"0##osin* " has been Bee#in* a 4-CCC #eso bi!! in his wa!!et &or ., years+ : borrows the bi!!+ 30st to be s0re that : ret0rns the e1act bi!!- " iss0es a recei#t which
states the seria! n0mber o& the bi!!+ : &ai!s to ret0rn the bi!! an s#ens it &or himse!&+ What crime? Esta&a+ /7P N 3P N 7is2
"0##osin* : borrows P,CC &rom "+ " *i%e the st0ent 4-CCC #esos instr0ctin* the st0ent to ha%e it enominate to two P,CC bi!!s- taBe one o& the bi!!s an ret0rn
the other to him+ : ne%er ret0rns the P,CC+ What crime may he be !iab!e &or? The&t+ /7P N 7is2
: borrows a P4-CCC bi!! &rom "- s0b6ect to the conition that i& in case it cannot be ret0rne- : wi!! *i%e " twice the amo0nt #!0s interest instea+ " a*rees+ I& :
misa##ro#riates the amo0nt borrowe- what crime may he be !iab!e &or? No crime+ There is ownershi# a!reay+
"0##osin* F a##roaches Y to borrow the !atter;s car an to 0se it as a bria! %ehic!e &or his co0sin;s wein*+ Y !ens it to be ret0rne on 7onay+ I& F oes not
ret0rn the car an se!!s it to another #erson- what crime is he !iab!e &or? Esta&a+ /7P N 3P N 7is2
"0##osin* Y !ens his car to F with the a*reement to ret0rn it on the ay a&ter the wein*+ @oth a*ree that i& the car was not ret0rne- F wi!! *i%e a better an
newer moe! instea+ I& F misa##ro#riates the car- what crime is he !iab!e &or? No crime+ Ownershi# was a!reay *i%en since F was not ob!i*e to ret0rn the same
car to Y+
"0##osin* P *i%es his car Beys to his ri%er an instr0cts him to &i!! 0# his car with *as+ (ri%er ne%er ret0rns an se!!s the car to his &rien+ What crime may the
ri%er be !iab!e &or? Carna##in*+ "0b6ect o& the&t is a motor %ehic!e /7P N 7is2
What Bin o& #ossession oes a banB te!!er ha%e o%er the money e#osite by the banB;s c!ients? 7ateria! #ossession on!y+
2)
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"0##osin* banB te!!er taBes the money e#osite by a c!ient+ What crime may the te!!er be !iab!e &or? O0a!i&ie The&t+ The crime o& the&t is committe with ab0se o&
con&ience+
"0##osin* the acc0se- a #0b!ic o&&icer in char*e o& #0rchasin* s0##!ies- was *i%en the money to #0rchase hi*h 90a!ity rice) he mae an a*reement with the
s0##!ier o& to #ro%ie &or ,C sacBs o& rice at ha!& the #rice+ Crime committe? Fra0s a*ainst the #0b!ic treas0ry 0ner Artic!e .4F+
"0##osin* a schoo! asBs &or e#osit in case o& breaBa*es+ At the en o& the schoo! year- the st0ent asBs &or the e#osit ar*0in* that no breaBa*es occ0rre+ The
schoo! re&0ses to ret0rn the amo0nt e#osite+ 7ay the schoo! be !iab!e &or esta&a? No+ The schoo! is not bo0n to ret0rn the e1act money bi!!s #ai by the st0ent+
Ownershi# is trans&erre to the schoo!+
"0##osin* a sa!es re#resentati%e o& an a##!iance com#any a##roache I as a #ros#ecti%e c0stomer- e1#!aine the bene&its o& the a##!iance he was se!!in*+ Not
con%ince- he *a%e I a tria! #erio o& one weeB- a&ter which- i& the #ro0ct is not ret0rne- it wo0! be consiere so!+ I no !on*er ret0rne the #ro0ct beca0se
he ha so! it to another+ Was there misa##ro#riation? @01+ @0t co0! I be !iab!e &or esta&a? No+
I& a #artic0!ar #ro#erty is *i%en to another thro0*h a contract o& e#osit an e#ository misa##ro#riates it an cannot ret0rn the same- the e#ository is !iab!e &or
esta&a+
"0##osin* a com#any was bo0n to e!i%er a #acBa*e to I b0t the #acBa*e was e!i%ere to 7 instea+ It t0rns o0t- 7 an I ha the same name+ 7 taBes
#ossession o& the #ro#erty in tr0st &or the tr0e owner /base on the #ro%ision o& the !aw2+ I& 7 misa##ro#riates the contents o& the #acBa*e- is he !iab!e &or esta&a?
@01+
Con%ersionA is#osin* o& #ro#erty an actin* as i& one is the owner o& a #ro#erty) actin* in %io!ation o& a conition a*ree or im#ose 0#on+ (etermine i& there is a
%io!ation o& the terms an conitions by the a*ent a*ainst the #rinci#a!+ I& there is- con%ersion e1ists beca0se the a*ent acte beyon a0thority *i%en to him+

"0##osin* when the #ieces o& 6ewe!!ery were *i%en to I+ he was mere!y instr0cte by Y to se!! it within FC ays- an i& not so!- to ret0rn the same+ I so! the
items on creit+ Was the sa!e on creit within the sco#e o& the a0thority o& I? @01+ 7ay he be !iab!e &or esta&a? No+
What i& instea o& se!!in* it- I *a%e the 6ewe!!ery to a s0b'a*ent who so! it to Z- who co0! not #ay+ Is I !iab!e &or esta&a? No ' there was no e1#ress #rohibition
&or I to *i%e the items to a s0b'a*ent) i& there is an e1#ress #rohibition- I is !iab!e &or esta&a beca0se there wo0! be con%ersion in that case+
"0##osin* A owns a 6ewe!!ery worth P4CC-CCC+ A *i%es it to @ &or the !atter to se!! it at a #rice !ess than 4CCD+ They a*ree that i& @ s0ccees- he sha!! recei%e 4CT
commission+ @ *oes to C an asBs him to se!! the #ro#erty on the same conition with a commission o& ,T+ C oes not se!! the 6ewe!!ery an Bee#s it &or himse!&+
7ay @ be !iab!e &or esta&a? No+ Owner *a%e the 6ewe!!ery to the a*ent &or the !atter to se!! it+ The a*ent in t0rn *i%es it to a s0b'a*ent a!so &or the 6ewe!!ery to be
so!+ There&ore- the a*ent- @- acte within a0thority *i%en to him by the owner+ There is no con%ersion+
>ner the same &acts b0t A te!!s @ that he is #rohibite &rom *i%in* it to a s0b'a*ent+ @ *i%es it to a s0b'a*ent who misa##ro#riates the 6ewe!!ery+ 7ay @ be !iab!e
&or esta&a? @01+ @ acte beyon the a0thority *i%en to him+ There is con%ersion committe by @
A te!!s @ to se!! the 6ewe!!ery base on cash basis b0t @ se!!s the 6ewe!!ery on insta!ment basis to his o&&icemate+ A&ter &ew ays- the o&&icemate !oses her 6ob an
co0! no !on*er #ay the insta!ments a*ree 0#on+ Is @ !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ There is con%ersion+ @ acte in %io!ation o& #rior a*reement+
"0##osin* an im#orter recei%es *oos in tr0st+ The ownershi# o& the *oos remains with the banB who &0!!y #ai s0ch *oos+ The im#orter is bo0n to #ay the banB
the #rocees o& the sa!e o& the *oos or to ret0rn the same to the banB+ I& im#orter &ai!s to #ay the banB an to ret0rn the *oos- is he !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ The
im#orter is *0i!ty o& esta&a by misa##ro#riation+
Esta&a cannot be committe by a #artner in a #artnershi#) by a co'owner or by a 6oint owner o& a #ro#erty+ Howe%er- i& #artner- 6oint owner- or co'owner
misa##ro#riates #ro#erty which is a!reay se#arate or *i%en to a thir #erson or entire!y to the other #artner- the misa##ro#riator may be he! !iab!e &or esta&a+
"0##osin* (- a #artner to a b0siness- was tasBe to #ay ta1es &or the b0siness+ Istea o& #ayin* the ta1es- ( 0se the money to #!ay in the casino an !ost a!! o& it+
7ay ( be !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ The money was misa##ro#riate+ It was *i%en &or a s#eci&ic #0r#ose+
"0##osin* the aministrator o& the estate o& ecease L- misa##ro#riate certain #ro#erties o& L+ 7ay L be !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ The #ro#erty was *i%en to him in
tr0st+
"0##osin* A #awne his ce!! #hone b0t the #awnsho# i not ret0rn the item e%en a&ter A;s reem#tion o& the same+ 7ay the #awnsho# be !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+
The ce!! #hone was *i%en to them in tr0st+
No%ation o& the contract or ob!i*ationA Is no%ation a *ro0n to e1tin*0ish crimina! !iabi!ity? No+ The *ro0ns &or the e1tin*0ishment o& crimina! !iabi!ity are
en0merate in Artic!e MP o& the RPC+ No%ation is not one o& the *ro0ns state therein+ 7oreo%er- no%ation is a chan*e or amenment o& terms or conitions a*ree
0#on by the #arties who are #ri%ate ini%i0a!s+ It is not within the #ower o& #ri%ate ini%i0a!s to e1tin*0ish crimina! !iabi!ity+
"0##osin* A@C Cor#+ em#!oys co!!ection a*ents aro0n the co0ntry who are ob!i*e to co!!ect amo0nts within their 60risiction &or the com#any+ A@C Cor# has a
#o!icy that co!!ections are to be remitte within FC ays &rom co!!ection+ 3- a Ceb0 co!!ectin* a*ent- co!!ecte P,CC-CCC on (ecember 4- .CCM *i%in* him 0nti!
(ecember F4 to remit the amo0nt co!!ecte+
"0##osin* one ni*ht- 3 #!aye in the casino with his *ir!&rien an her &ami!y+ In the co0rse o& their stay- 3 !ost the entire amo0nt+ Ass0min* it was (ecember 4C-
.CCM- is 3 !iab!e &or esta&a? No+ There is no ob!i*ation 0nti! (ecember F4+
"0##osin* that on (ecember F4- 3 &ai!e to remit the amo0nt- is he !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ 3 was ho!in* the amo0nt in tr0st an he a!reay has the ob!i*ation to
ret0rn it to its ri*ht&0! owner+
"0##osin* a&ter (ecember F4- the com#any *i%es 3 a eman !etter &or the money *i%in* him &i%e ays to t0rn it o%er+ On 3an0ary ,- 3 mae no #ayment+ Two ays
!ater- 3 e1ec0tes a #romissory note to ass0rin* #ayment o& the amo0nt thro0*h month!y insta!ments+ The #resient acce#ts the conition+ A&ter three months- 3
e&a0!ts in #ayment+ 7ay 3 be char*e o& esta&a? @01+ The crimina! !iabi!ity o& 3 has a!reay attache since his ob!i*ation to #ay arose on (ecember F4+ There is a
#res0m#tion o& misa##ro#riation when he &ai!e to remit the amo0nt co!!ecte+ E%en i& the #romissory note was a %a!i no%ation o& his initia! ob!i*ation- this oes
not bear any e&&ect to his crimina! !iabi!ity+
"0##osin* on (ecember .F- 3 went to 7ani!a an con&esse to the #resient o& A@C Cor# that he ha misa##ro#riate the money+ 3 asBe &or &or*i%eness an
s0**este that he wi!! re#ay the amo0nt thro0*h sa!ary e0ction e%ery month+ On the same ay- 3 si*ns a #romissory note #re#are by the com#any;s !awyer- 0#on
the a##ro%a! o& the #resient+ A&ter two months- 3 was &ire an co0! no !on*er #ay the ba!ance+ 7ay the com#any char*e 3 with esta&a? No+ There was no crime
since the ob!i*ation oes not arise 0nti! (ecember F4+ The #romissory note e1ec0te on (ecember .F is a %a!i no%ation o& the initia! ob!i*ation+ "ince there is no
ob!i*ation- there is no esta&a committe+ It oes not e1tin*0ish crimina! !iabi!ity beca0se there is no crimina! !iabi!ity to s#eaB o&+
2+
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Postatin* o& the checB sho0! be #rior to or sim0!taneo0s with the contractin* o& the ob!i*ation+ I& it is iss0e in #ayment o& a #re'e1istin* ebt- there is on!y ci%i!
!iabi!ity+
"0##osin* one a&ternoon- E #0rchases *rocery items worth P4C-CCC &rom =+ "ince E oes not ha%e eno0*h cash at that time- he iss0es a checB in #ayment o& the
items bo0*ht+ = a*rees an a!!ows E to taBe the *rocery items home+ I& the checB bo0nce- may E be !iab!e &or esta&a? @01+ The checB was iss0e sim0!taneo0s!y
with the contractin* o& the ebt+
"0##osin* be&ore the checB was encashe- E taBes it bacB an iss0es a i&&erent checB+ When the !ater checB was encashe- it t0rne o0t that the acco0nt i not
ha%e s0&&icient &0ns+ 7ay E be !iab!e &or esta&a? No+ The !ater checB was iss0e &or #ayment o& a #re'e1istin* ebt+ 7ay E be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? @01+
Infi:elit! in t$e custo:! of >a>ers vG estafa
' In in&ie!ity- the o&&ener m0st be a #0b!ic o&&icer in char*e with the c0stoy o& oc0ments remo%e- concea!e or estroye) in esta&a- the crime may be committe by
any #erson+ In in&ie!ity- the intent to e&ra0 is not neee whi!e in esta&a- the act m0st be one with intent to e&ra0+
"0##osin* a c!ient estroys the oc0ments o& a banB to concea! &act o& the e1istence o& a !oan+ What crime is he !iab!e &or? Esta&a+ There is intent to e&ra0+
8ATAS %A(8ANSA 8LGG 22 - ANTI-8O/NCING C2EC6S LA#
:oo &aith an honest intention are not e&enses in a #rosec0tion &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..+ since it &o!!ows *enera! #rinci#!es o& ma!0m #rohibit0m) it oes not #0nish
a #erson &or non'#ayment o& contract0a! ebt b0t &or iss0in* a b0m checB) it was enacte to #rotect the interest o& #eo#!e in checBs as a s0bstit0te &or money) a
worth!ess checB is etrimenta! i& #!ace in circ0!ation
(anner of Coission
(1) -a*ing or drawing and iss"ing any chec* to a%%ly on acco"nt or for val"e (-a*er& iss"er& drawer are %"nished b"t endorser is notB the coCcons%irators are
also liable)

1
st
ReEuisite < #erson iss0es- maBes or raws checB in #ayment o& acco0nt or &or %a!0e
' E%en i& checB is iss0e as a *0arantee &or the ob!i*ation o& another or on!y as co!!atera! or sec0rity &or the monetary ob!i*ation o& another- the iss0er is sti!! !iab!e 0ner
@+P+ ..
"0##osin* A iss0es a checB to @- antici#atin* that in the &o!!owin* weeB- &0ns were comin* in &rom #ayments to be mae by his other c!ients+ The checB is
#ostate &or the &o!!owin* weeB+ When @ encashe the checB- it was ishonore &or !acB o& &0ns+ A sets 0# *oo &aith as a e&ense an honest be!ie& that his other
c!ients wo0! be #ayin* him in the amo0nt that wo0! s0&&ice #ayment o& his ob!i*ation on time+ Is A !iab!e &or %io!atin* @+P+ ..? @01+
"0##osin* A iss0e a checB as e%ience o& a !on* time a*reement with @+ On the bacB o& the checB- A inicate that the checB is not intene &or #ayment b0t
mere!y to e%ience an e1istin* ob!i*ation+ I& the checB bo0nces- may A be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? No+ The checB is not iss0e as #ayment o& ob!i*ation or
&or %a!0e+
2
n:
ReEuisite < checB is ishono0re by the banB &or !acB o& &0ns- ins0&&iciency o& &0ns- or that acco0nt is c!ose
I& the checB is ishonore &or any other reason- there is no %io!ation o& @+P+ ..- #ro%ie that the acco0nt o& the iss0er ha s0&&icient &0ns
"0##osin* at the time A iss0e a checB &or P4CC-CCC- he ha P.CC-CCC in the banB+ @e&ore the #resentation o& the checB- A *a%e notice to the banB to sto# #ayment
beca0se the #ayee i not com#!y with his ob!i*ation+ 7ay A be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ .. i& the checB is ishonore by the banB? No+ A ha s0&&icient &0ns
an reason &or the ishonor was the sto# #ayment notice+
"0##osin* A i not ha%e eno0*h money to #ay the ebt an he Bnew o& the ins0&&iciency o& the &0n+ 7ay he be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? @01+ The checB
wo0! ha%e been ishonore 60st the same &or ins0&&iciency o& &0ns+
4
r:
ReEuisite < Payee or ho!er *i%es notice o& ishonor an emans the %a!0e o& the checB
A %erba! eman is not acce#tab!e) there sho0! be a &orma!- written eman o& #ayment
4
t$
ReEuisite < the maBer- rawer- or iss0er- ha%in* seen the notice o& ishonor or eman o& #ayment- &ai!s to #ay the amo0nt o& the checB within &i%e banBin* ays
A!! o& the re90isites m0st conc0r
Wi!! the mere iss0ance o& a b0m checB maBe a #erson !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? No+ Iss0ance o& a worth!ess checB is not a crime+
Wi!! the ishonor by the banB o& the checB maBe the iss0er !iab!e? No+
Is the mere e%ience o& notice s0&&icient? No+ There m0st be e%ience o& recei#t o& the notice o& ishono0r or eman o& #ayment+
>#on recei#t o& the notice o& ishonor- is iss0er a!reay !iab!e? No+ He is sti!! *i%en &i%e banBin* ays to #ay+ Fai!0re to #ay a&ter s0ch #erio wi!! maBe the #erson
!iab!e+ A&ter s0ch #erio- #res0m#tion o& Bnow!e*e o& the ins0&&iciency o& &0ns on the #art o& the acc0se sets in+
(2) =ail"re to maintain s"fficient f"nds to cover the val"e of the chec* in the event the chec* is %resented for %ayment
@+P+ .. *i%es the iss0er the ob!i*ation to maintain in his acco0nt s0&&icient %a!0e to co%er the amo0nt o& the checB iss0e &or a #erio o& PC ays co0nte &rom the
ate a##earin* on the checB /ate o& iss0ance+2
"0##osin* A iss0es a checB an at that time- A ha more than eno0*h &0ns to co%er the %a!0e o& the checB+ @e&ore the PC'ay #erio e!a#se- A withrew the
amo0nt s0&&icient to co%er the %a!0e o& the checB+ 7ay he be !iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? @01+
"0##osin* @ #resente to the banB a checB iss0e to him by A beyon PC ays &rom the ate o& iss0ance+ The checB was ishonore &or !acB o& &0ns+ 7ay he be
!iab!e &or %io!ation o& @+P+ ..? Accorin* to a ecision o& the "0#reme Co0rt < @01 the iss0er is sti!! !iab!e+
The !aw re90ires banBs an &inancia! instit0tions to inicate on the &ace o& the checB or on its bacB- the reason &or ishonorin* the same+
Is it necessary to ha%e a testimony &rom a banB em#!oyee to bacB 0# the c!aim o& #res0m#tion o& Bnow!e*e? No+ I& the re90isites conc0r- there is a!reay a #rima
&acie e%ience o& %io!ation o& @+P+ ..+
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Pena!ty is a &ine twice the amo0nt o& the %a!0e o& the checB b0t not e1ceein* P.CC-CCC or im#risonment o& one year or both+ "C iss0e a circ0!ar instr0ctin* !ower
co0rts to im#ose on!y the #ena!ty o& a &ine+ This is o beca0se 0n!ess the acc0se is a b!atant %io!ator o& @+P+ ..- the co0rt ao#ts a !ibera! %iew a*ainst the acc0se+
ARTICLE 41) - OT2ER *OR(S O* S#IN1LING
"0##osin* A r0ns o0t o& cash so he #!e*es his ce!! #hone to @ &or P,-CCC+ Their a*reement was &or A to #ay bacB the amo0nt within FC ays an &or @ to ret0rn
the ce!! #hone+ A&ter a weeB- @ !ea%es the ce!! #hone on his tab!e+ A sees it !yin* aro0n so he taBes it+ Is A !iab!e? @01+ A is !iab!e &or other &orms o& swin!in*
0ner Artic!e F4E+ At the time o& the taBin*- @- by %irt0e o& the a*reement- has the !aw&0! #ossession o& the ce!! #hone e%en i& A is the owner+ The taBin* is
wron*&0!+
ARTICLE 420 - ARSON
"0##osin* I- with intent to Bi!!- intentiona!!y b0rne T to eath what crime i I commit? 70rer+
"0##osin* N b0rne the boy o& O+ O was a!reay ea+ What crime? Arson+
ARTICLE 42+ - #2O ARE LIA8LE *OR (ALICIO/S (ISC2IE*
It cannot be committe ne*!i*ent!y) it m0st be e!iberate+
ARTICLE 442 - %ERSONS E9E(%T *RO( CRI(INAL LIA8ILIT'
A##!ies on!y when the crime o& either the&t- esta&a- or ma!icio0s mischie& is committe or m0t0a!!y ca0se byA
42 s#o0ses- ascenants or escenants- or re!ati%es by a&&inity within the same !ine
.2 wiowe s#o0se with res#ect to the #ro#erty o& ecease s#o0sebe&ore the same has been istrib0te
F2 brothers- sisters- brothers'in'!aw an sisters'in'!aw who are !i%in* to*ether
"0##osin* A;s brother'in'!aw !oses his ce!! #hone to a snatcher+ One weeB a&ter- he &ins it in A;s #ossession+ The brother'in'!aw char*es A with %io!ation o& the
Anti'Fencin* Law+ Ass0min* that A !i%es with his brother'in'!aw- wi!! the case #ros#er? @01+ A is not e1em#t &rom crimina! !iabi!ity 0ner Artic!e FF.+ It a##!ies
on!y when crime committe is the&t- esta&a- or ma!icio0s mischie&+
CRI(ES AGAINST C2ASTIT'
Pri%ate crimes ' can be initiate by the o&&ene #arty on!y or by his #arents- *ran#arents- or *0arians i& o&&ene #arty is inca#acitate+
"0##osin* a 4P year o! woman re&0ses to &i!e a case o& acts o& !asci%io0sness+ Her &ather si*ns the com#!aint+ 7ay the co0rt taBe 60risiction o& the case? No+ The
%ictim is a!reay !e*a!!y ca#acitate+ "0##osin* the woman is on!y 4C years o!? @01- the co0rt may taBe co*ni$ance o& the case+
ARTICLE 444 - #2O ARE G/ILT' O* A1/LTER'
Is committe by a marrie woman ha%in* se10a! interco0rse with a man not her h0sban AN( by the man Bnowin* her to be marrie
7arria*e contem#!ate may ha%e e&ects b0t there m0st not be a 60icia! ec!aration o& n0!!ity or ecree o& ann0!ment iss0e by the co0rt
Is the #resentation o& an eyewitness necessary to #ro%e the se10a! interco0rse? No+ Presentation o& e%ience o& o##ort0nity to ha%e se10a! interco0rse between the
acc0se is s0&&icient
"0##osin* the #rosec0tion #resente e%ience that W- a marrie woman- an D- her nei*hbor- checBe'in to a mote! room at 4ACC #+m+ an checBe'o0t at
4CACC#+m+ Is the e%ience eno0*h to warrant con%iction &or a0!tery? @01+
ARTICLE 444 - CONC/8INAGE
A sin*!e act o& se10a! interco0rse between a marrie man an a woman not his wi&e is not #0nishab!e+ "e10a! interco0rse is #0nishab!e 0ner any o& the &o!!owin*
circ0mstancesA
42 maintainin* a conc0bine or mistress in the con60*a! home or we!!in*
.2 cohabitation in any other #!ace /!i%in* to*ether as h0sban an wi&e2
F2 se10a! interco0rse with another woman 0ner scana!o0s circ0mstances /o#en to #0b!ic2
ARTICLE 44) - ACTS O* LASCI-IO/SNESS
Ha there been se10a! interco0rse- the o&&ener wo0! be !iab!e &or ra#e
ARTICLE 44+ - 7/ALI*IE1 SE1/CTION
"e0ctionA act o& se10a! interco0rse
I& both e!ements o& R+ A+ MF,F an 90a!i&ie se0ction are #resent- acc0se may be char*e o& the hi*her crime /ra#e2) i& %ictim is be!ow 4M- acc0se may be char*e
o& %io!ation o& R+ A+ JE4C+
"0##osin*- a hi*h schoo! teacher &e!! in !o%e with a 4J'year o! &ema!e st0ent an the st0ent &e!! in !o%e with him a!so+ The st0ent becomes #re*nant with her
an the teacher;s chi!+ What crime may the teacher be char*e with? Ra#e thro0*h *ra%e ab0se o& a0thority an %io!ation o& R+A+ JE4C+
ARTICLE 44, - SI(%LE SE1/CTION
The o&&ene #arty may not be #rostit0te) woman has to be o& *oo re#0tation
Committe by means o& eceit ' this inc!0es a &a!se #romise o& marria*e+
ARTICLE 44. - CONSENTE1 ACTS O* LASCI-IO/SNESS
Ha there been se10a! interco0rse- the man wo0! be !iab!e &or 90a!i&ie se0ction or sim#!e se0ction
ARTICLE 442 - *ORCI8LE A81/CTION
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TaBin* o& a woman a*ainst her wi!! with the #resence o& !ew esi*ns or !asci%io0s intent) a*e o& o&&ene #arty is immateria!
I& there is no !ew esi*n- the crime committe is Bina##in*) !ew esi*n can on!y be #ro%en by the act0a! #hysica! acts o& the o&&ener
ARTICLE 444 - CONSENTE1 A81/CTION
=ictim is a woman o%er 4. years o! an 0ner 4M an is a %ir*in) she is taBen with her consent
A!so Bnown in orinary #ar!ance as tanan
ARTICLE 44. - 8IGA('
Contractin* a s0bse90ent marria*e be&ore the 4
st
marria*e is isso!%e
The o&&ener wi!! not inc0r crimina! !iabi!ity i& there is a 60icia! ecree o& isso!0tion o& &irst marria*e or 60icia! ec!aration o& #res0m#tion o& eath
ARTICLE 4&1 - %RE(AT/RE (ARRIAGE
Can be committe on!y by woman who contracts marria*e within FC4 ays a&ter the eath o& her h0sban or se#aration &rom the same) or be&ore *i%in* birth i& she is
#re*nant- at the time o& her h0sban;s eath
The reason &or the #ro%ision is to #re%ent o0bt&0! #aternity
ARTICLE 4&. - SLAN1ER 8' 1EE1
The i&&erence o& s!aner by ee &rom acts o& !asci%io0sness is that in the !atter- there is #resence o& !ew esi*n+ This e#ens 0#on the circ0mstance o& time- #!ace-
or manner o& commission
"0##osin* C wante to taBe re%en*e a*ainst his o&&icemate Z &or a #ranB she committe a*ainst him+ In the #resence o& their other co'worBers- C con&ronte Z an
*rabbe her breasts+ What crime may C be !iab!e &or? "!aner by ee+ There is no !ew esi*n+ C on!y wante to embarrass Z+
40