Postgres 4.1

PostgreSQL
Equipo de Desarrollo PostgreSQL
Editado por
Thomas Lockhart
PostgreSQL

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( " x ,82R)* w4x , v ] R x '( +y]#
% +w *2 x )*$,8G2R ?
R )* x v |w k4 x )*
,8? G kkR,8-
$E v u G)*,8G
RO x " Rk
x R x|v
Notas
u(v (' RA"2W

v
v '(RA" -
R v v ~ K-G v $ H"R
v '(R)*
(v '(RA"ke v v ,8)
(v '(RA"ke v x( )* v ,.)
(v '(RA"ke v 2, v G " " H -'()* v '(R)*
(v )*Z eo x( )* v ,8)
(v '(RA"'(W v ,. v E-
G v gf"R?
v
v
v )*Z

I
x ?e.2 v
u v '(RhHk v "!# v H)*'( x ,H"24 x GOK
u8u(v
u v
u(v
u(v
u(v
u(v
u(v
)*R?

I4 ,86e
v
'(RhHk v "!# v H)*'( x ,H"24 ,8
)*R? ,86e
v
)*R? ,8-
'($Ohe ) x v ,.R,8' v
'(RhHk v
v " ,." 2G" RR
v '()
'(RhHk v x v " k$H G v '(R)*
'(RhH x
v GO v ,8) x k" - v '(R)*
Captulo 2. Sintaxis SQL

x o ,.,8 x o x $"+
x O$ "!# v
H!]#*)* x x ,. x I x W $ v ( x IG2R],8)* $O 8 G .
=i]$Gv ")*"G2 x +)*{G,8|,.G )* x R v2 2R+R)*
&G)*& x G2R,8 j5G x & ,8
|,8R & x ,8 )*| R &R
$2 x ,8 x G v
Palabras Clave
H!]# x # . . X] OG x

I
x x x x ,. ,8 ,. v
x x ]88 Z,8 | x ,. ,8 x R x

x ,8,8 x G"R v ],8
Z8 4(8 ,. ? x ,8

q x ,8R+,. x R"R x x x 2 x ,8 ,8 ,8G x G
$O v
R
)*)* x R] x
,8 x R x R"R x o x
=RGH!]# "!]# x

=R v
x )* x o G x R x eR x x G x
x R)*)* x
$,. x ,8)* x H x I+ x R x ]o|,8,86,8+ x
2RG v
w4x( O)*$,. x ],8
k "!]# "!]# x O (] 8o8
] ! $
v
Palabras clave reservadas

H!]# "!# x x 8 8&=X] ]88 ,. G x G2R x )* x ,8)*
x R ,8 x
,. + x R (G x )* x G x G,8K,8
x "!# v R
GR x ,8
$ ,. x G,8 x )*)*,8,. x v x
,8 :|$
&,8
x x GO)*R | x )*q R&,8)*
x
x x ,82q x GO)*R qG
Go ,8 ) x v x
,8 2 v
Sugerencia: Cualquier cadena puede ser especificada como un identificador si va entre
doble comillas (como esa). Se debe tener cuidado desde tanto un identificador ser
sensible a las maysculas / minsculas y contendr espacios en blanco u otro caracteres
especiales.
#&
x +$
G+G2GO
(| R
x 2 x K|
$+ "!#
x q"!#
RG x )*R +o2G|R
R q,. ) x x x R ,.$
G
ABORT ANALYZE
BINARY
CLUSTER CONSTRAINT COPY
DO
EXPLAIN EXTEND
LISTEN LOAD LOCK
MOVE
NEW NONE NOTIFY
RESET
SETOF SHOW
UNLISTEN UNTIL
VACUUM VERBOSE
#
x Rqq
q ]o x )*{ x $OGqG2GO
G
H!]# e"!]# eGO)*R
]{ x x ,.)*eG G ,. ) x
x ,8)* x R ,. G
CASE COALESCE CROSS CURRENT CURRENT_USER
DEC DECIMAL
ELSE END
FALSE FOREIGN
GLOBAL GROUP
LOCAL
NULLIF NUMERIC
ORDER
POSITION PRECISION
SESSION_USER
TABLE THEN TRANSACTION TRUE
USER
WHEN
#
x Rqq
q ]oR)*{ x x $OGqG2GO
G
H!]# "!]#
ADD ALL ALTER AND ANY AS ASC
BEGIN BETWEEN BOTH BY
CASCADE CAST CHAR CHARACTER CHECK CLOSE
COLLATE COLUMN COMMIT CONSTRAINT CREATE
CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURSOR
DECLARE DEFAULT DELETE DESC DISTINCT DROP
EXECUTE EXISTS EXTRACT
FETCH FLOAT FOR FROM FULL
GRANT
HAVING
IN INNER INSERT INTERVAL INTO IS
JOIN
LEADING LEFT LIKE LOCAL
NAMES NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NO NOT NULL
ON OR OUTER
PARTIAL PRIMARY PRIVILEGES PROCEDURE PUBLIC
REFERENCES REVOKE RIGHT ROLLBACK
SELECT SET SUBSTRING
TO TRAILING TRIM
UNION UNIQUE UPDATE USING
VALUES VARCHAR VARYING VIEW
WHERE WITH WORK
#]
x R$ "!# x
x $OG,.$
x
x
x
x
R
&G]H ,8)* )* 8, RO$ ,. x )*? x ,8 x
length
CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER_LENGTH
#2 x R$K?

$Z "!]# "!]# x x $
G?,8
+G
2RG x ,8)* x )** R*R ,8 x )e x x R
R x $
? x R
?
BOOLEAN DOUBLE FLOAT INT INTEGER INTERVAL REAL SMALLINT
# x R$
G,8
G2GO
G R x "!]# "!]# yx
x $O
,8 x v '(,8 ] y 2 x e]
k x 2RG2 x )*)* x
o,8OR o (v ]2GO x + (+ x Z
Nota: Algunas de estas palabras clave representan funciones en SQL92. Estas funciones
estn definidas en Postgres,pero el interprete no considera los nombre como palabras
clave y las permite en otros contextos.
ALLOCATE ARE ASSERTION AT AUTHORIZATION AVG

BIT BIT_LENGTH
CASCADED CATALOG COLLATION CONNECT CONNECTION
CONTINUE CONVERT CORRESPONDING COUNT
DATE DEALLOCATE DEC DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR
DIAGNOSTICS DISCONNECT DOMAIN
ESCAPE EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC EXTERNAL
FIRST FOUND
GET GO GOTO
IDENTITY INDICATOR INPUT INTERSECT
LAST LOWER
MAX MIN MODULE
OCTET_LENGTH OPEN OUTPUT OVERLAPS
PREPARE PRESERVE
ROWS
SCHEMA SECTION SESSION SIZE SOME
SQL SQLCODE SQLERROR SQLSTATE SUM SYSTEM_USER
TEMPORARY TRANSLATE TRANSLATION
UNKNOWN UPPER USAGE
VALUE
WHENEVER WRITE
Palabras clave no-reservadas

H!]# "!# R x x 8 8?OX] 8 ]88 '(,8''(
q,8OG k)*G x x ] x
'(o x q k'(,.'$k x R GO v
o x x x x
,. $,8 x ( x
Ik)*{ x 2 $+,8)* x R ,8
G v R
R x ]$OG,.$ ,8 x ,8 x ])*2)*G2R,.,8 x v x
,8 :G2R|+,8
q x 2,8)* x )*q ,. ) x $ v
#
x ]$O,8
x
R
x 2 x $
,8
x
K
| "!]# x "!]#
ACCESS AFTER AGGREGATE
BACKWARD BEFORE
CACHE CREATEDB CREATEUSER CYCLE
DATABASE DELIMITERS
EACH ENCODING EXCLUSIVE
FORWARD FUNCTION
HANDLER
INCREMENT INDEX INHERITS INSENSITIVE INSTEAD ISNULL
LANCOMPILER LOCATION
MAXVALUE MINVALUE MODE
NOCREATEDB NOCREATEUSER NOTHING NOTNULL
OIDS OPERATOR
PASSWORD PROCEDURAL
RECIPE RENAME RETURNS ROW RULE
SEQUENCE SERIAL SHARE START STATEMENT STDIN STDOUT
TRUSTED
VALID VERSION
#
x $O,8
x
Gq R
x OG,8

| "!]# H!]#
ABSOLUTE ACTION
CONSTRAINTS
DAY DEFERRABLE DEFERRED
HOUR
IMMEDIATE INITIALLY INSENSITIVE ISOLATION
KEY
LANGUAGE LEVEL
MATCH MINUTE MONTH
NEXT
OF ONLY OPTION
PENDANT PRIOR PRIVILEGES
READ RELATIVE RESTRICT
SCROLL SECOND
TIME TIMESTAMP TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE TRIGGER
YEAR
ZONE
# x Gq,8

x GO
G $)*
{ x x $OG,8
x
$2 "!# "!]#
COMMITTED SERIALIZABLE TYPE
#+2 x R$
G,8
x
x R o"!# H!]# x x
,8 x x x ,82 x R

ADA
C CATALOG_NAME CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG CHARACTER_SET_NAME
CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA CLASS_ORIGIN COBOL COLLATION_CATALOG
COLLATION_NAME COLLATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_NAME
COMMAND_FUNCTION CONDITION_NUMBER
CONNECTION_NAME CONSTRAINT_CATALOG CONSTRAINT_NAME
CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA CURSOR_NAME
DATA DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_CODE DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
FORTRAN
LENGTH
MESSAGE_LENGTH MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH MORE MUMPS
NAME NULLABLE NUMBER
PAD PASCAL PLI
REPEATABLE RETURNED_LENGTH RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH

RETURNED_SQLSTATE ROW_COUNT
SCALE SCHEMA_NAME SERVER_NAME SPACE SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
TABLE_NAME
UNCOMMITTED UNNAMED
Comentarios
&G? x
x
2G,. x ., ROK +,8,8GZ,8 x
x
'( x x v % )*{ x q2OR o q$Oq v
- This is a standard SQL comment
// And this is another supported comment style, like C++
%"$)*
{ x OR)*
q q,8)* x $O$H v
/* multi
line
comment
*/
Nombres
x )* x "!]#*G x ],8 x ,8 ,8O$,GG x )*{GO,8)* x +

% #( ,8)* x x yo x ,.$O,8Ro x )*{GO,8 v ,8 %
# x * (G x ?)*)* x R )* x $q?G)* %
# ,.$)*
O,8)* x y #define x ,"H,8- x H x ,8
". v ' v
H G
K Ro,8 x ,.)* x ,8,8R$ ${,8 v
x x ,8 x R? x )* G x ,8 x R x G,8,8R]| x x
,8)* ] e,8)* v OI)* x )* e$,8)* x
,8 x R x o,8,8R x e
q,.)*eq,8)*GO x y m R, v 2 x
q{, x ,8 v
Constantes
kRG O $ 8

,8 x $2 x R? x %)*G
],8)* x R v # x x Ro)*{ x G x ,8 ,8 ,. x x R
,8R",8
o x G x R,8 x )* G,. G k x ])* x Rk)* ,. x v
#&,8 x R x G)*,8+q ,8O x )*+I5$|,8 x 2R x RG",8|ROR x
)*| x v
Constantes tipo Cadenas

S
8=88 x 2G,. x ,.$& ,.$OG,8G ww )* $?,8)*|)*
4HnK" v Esto es una cadena !]# )*R
,.)*)* G
x G2Ro x ,8 x x e,8 x R,8 x y ,8)*])*
$,. x G4 v
v x k,8)*)*k G x R],8 (

Diannes horse
x ,8 x $O4XoHK. vhv Dianne\s horse v x ,8 x ,8 x ROO x x
,8 x x
,8 x R,8o ,8 x eO$ v #],8,8. x )*)*
$)*
{ x
x x ,8 & x q,.$ x o.,8 x ,. x ROq \tab v
Constantes tipo Entero

S
8 .q4 8 x x ,8,8,. x R w4w x x R ,8)* v #
O x
]
G$ ]
x uG G $ u$ G(v R

x x 2R)*
])*
x '( v
,8
e x G)* G e2G],8 ,8 $O x R x x
x R,8 x ,8 x "!]# x x ,8 x GH
int8 4000000000 - string style
4000000000::int8 - Postgres (historical) style
Constantes tipo Punto Flotante

p
84 + 8
,. x x x R ( x x Ry ,8)* x k
,8)*H x R,8 x ,8 x R ,8o,8 x H
x O)*RZ
{dig}.{dig} [e [+-] {dig}]
x dig x )* v )* 2 x ,. x dig o x *)*

v ]R e x ,8 |,8)*)* x )* x {+ G2 {
A D(G2,8 x v x G" x x R x )* x R x ] x ])* x ] x 2GOR u(v.
'( x x % x ,.$OG,8q x ,8 x q,.$ x v
x ,8 x 2R x R x R x Z $o v +G,. ,8
,8R)* x R x x R,8 x ,8 x q q"!]# x R,8 x
float4 1.23 - string style
1.23::float4 - Postgres (historical) style
Constantes Postgres de tipos definido por el usuario

x ,8 x 2R x Re x R k 2 x $ x $
x * 2

x x ,8 x
type string
string::type
CAST string AS type
?
q x R ,8 x k,8)*y x k R x ,8 x GO x
*)* type v $ eo x k,8 x x R e x ,8 v #R
q)*RO x '(k)*qG eo
o,8 x 2RR Gq2G x
,8Rqq )*,8)* x v
Constantes de tipo Array

S
8 .Z c i ,8
RG x ,8 &R&OG
,8 x x
G+ ,.$ x $G, v )*R x GO ,. $
?,. x x oOGGG x
{val1delimval2delim}
x delim GoG G)*$ e)*,8 x $ x ,. pg_type v O

R,8 x R G,8,8&,.)* v x RG)* ,8 x 2R x R $O

{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}
,8 x x G| | )* x x G2 x qO$ ,8 x 2R x R& O
x v
x G)* x R* x x $Z G * R x )*,8o )*R
O$)*k
e2Ge2e$OeGRG)*] )*qG ,8 x G,.R
,8+ x x ,. x ,.$ v
Campos y Columnas
Campos
x 8] +,8
?RO R x ,8 $ o x x

")* x
")*$
,8)* x
,8)*
x R ,.$ r% x ,8e x x ., ( R $q$q x R x 8,
)*R,.$)* x v # x x $q x x x x v
x ,8 ? qo x ,8,8 x x $ v
x ,8 ? qo x ,8,8 x O v
x ,8 ? ,8)* x x R x ,8,8 x|v
x ,8 ? ,8)* x v
O)* x( )*,8 x R,8)*,8 x R

Xs. t. gt 4B v
G)*yk x y x R x )* x Rk,8)* x x x ,8k Ry R abstime v
#| x ,8 & x ,8,8 x G&,8)* x |2 x
R v #&RO x 2$,.,8 x
x x ,8 x ,8)* x qG)* x u v
Columnas
x ] q,8 x 2R
q q O)(
instance{.composite_field}.field [number]
x instance x R ,8 x q,.$2,. x ,8 )*| x R x q,8)* x ,8
,8 x x x ,.$ k,82 v x )*

O$
G x

x x ,8 x R k o,8 x +G
x ,8 ,8 H
o$
Kq,.$ + % v= | %e x .,.G x x
)* $,.,8 x )* x &&
| x x ,. x O x
,8 $
| G,8OG,8 x H!]# v composite_field x ,8)* o x k o,8)*
q") x +
2 ,8
,.$)* ,8,8 x x RO R+
,.$2HG
G$?%,8)*,8)* v x )* x field x ,8)* x )*
$2 o2%)*,8
" .,8,. x v " field qR array x R x ,8
x +,8 x number x ,8(G)* x G,. ,8k ( v " x k2 x ,8
x %)* x R x ,8+2

x R +)* x R G$O v
Operadores

GGO$ G x x Z 2 2 x "!]# v
o GO$ .G x ,8 x 2 R . . Gv qRo q
x ( ,8 x )* x )*OI,8 R,8 x
R,8 pg_operator ,8 v #{ x R x k$

)* x Rq | x x v
Expresiones
H!]# GO)*R V ORO x O)*$+ R x $

$ v # x x
,8 x R x .q4
r 8 8 )*$q $ x ,8 x q p
= R x
)*| x( )*,8 x v
x oG". x + x o q| x G
(
,8 x x
RO R
a_expr binary_operator a_expr
a_expr right_unary_operator
left_unary_operator a_expr
)*G
x x ,8 x
x G
G,8 x
2'()*'($ ,8 x x RyR R v #R,8

x & & x ,8R$)* x .& x & x( I x &
.,8'(2 I e x $Oo
G I v # x R,8,8 x Gq'($ x
o 2R x $,8 x G v
Parmetros
x Z8] K& 2 x ,8 x $O) x x x ,8 x "!# v %,.$)* x G2R
?G x ,8 x G,.$O,8 x x 8, x H!]# v # )*,. x $O{ x

$number
OI)*,. x )*o x ,. x x ,. x
$,8)*
dept
CREATE FUNCTION dept (name)

RETURNS dept
AS select * from
dept where name=$1
LANGUAGE sql;
Expresiones Funcionales
x u V T8vp
= 8 | x )* x x ,8 x G
H"!]# o?2 +
)* x R+ x R{ x R
function (a_expr [, a_expr ... ] )
OI)*H
x Ro,8,8 oo,. O q H x )*$ ?
sqrt(emp.salary)
Expresiones de Agregacin
x "V T8*$w \(8T8 . x R,8,8 x x x ,8 x ,8 x

{q 2G,8,. x $o,8 x v x x ,8 x $
,8 x ,.
)&%G x R + x
| q ,.)* )*)* q x R v
#o x $"+ oG" x ,8 x +o x
aggregate_name expression
# expression
aggregate_name #
w
w %
aggregate_name "%
expression
c
x
aggregate_name
x aggregate_name ,8 x
)*
x
x
x x
x x x
x R x H
expression
,8 $
?
,. R o2
o x
G
,8 x|v
#O)*GO )*q ". x
G,8 x )*q
G
,8 x qRO${G& R $
$ x "G2 x

x
x x v #e x )*
)*&oO)*GOG ##G& ,8 v #oR,.GO )*o)*q
G,. x
e e x ,. x
2R x R x e x x v #&%)*
)*)*oq
$,. x $O,8 x $ | x RO x ,. x
x
x 5$ x ]2,8 ,8 x
Z,8 ,8] x R
x GO$)* x ]%RH
o,8 x ,8 x R v
(OI)*8,. x x

|G x %)*Gq$$ $Z & x R52,. x u G

x %)* e x R x 4u*x G x 5,8 x R 2R x ,8 u G
G
x %)*] q x R$ x x u(v
Lista Objetivo
x S ] x 2R]
{ x R",8 q x G
x k
)*G)* x RO$ +,8)* x R
)*(
a_expr [ AS result_attname ]
x result_attname G x )* GZR R

'( *,8 x )*
$

"R x ,.$2 ] x x R x ,8 ,8 $, x|v " rex
x
x x
x x
xx )*

sult_attname R
R ,.G a_expr G,8 *
RO R?,8 2 )*,8)*y x )* ,8)** R v "*2
x )* ]& G,.R] x +2
| x v
a_expr
Calificadores
xe=8 y=8 8,8 x 22R x ,8
G x %)*G ,.$ 2 ,8 x ,8 $
,8
%

x ,.$ 2 x a_expr
kG$?%,8)* x
x x ,8 v
boolean
2k?,. x I x Wy
Lista From
# S
Mp K G x ]] V 8 v G,8)* v K. x
) + G2R )*(
[ class_reference ] instance_variable
{, [ class_ref ] instance_variable... }
x class_reference G+ )*

class_name [ * ]
#K x )* x x )*q$OGo x R x ,82O x

,8
] x ,8 x class_reference v x $)*
{ x G
] x 2R x ,8
x
e ,8o
x I o,8 x ,8 $o x
RGO$ q '( x ,8oG,. ,8 x ] x R2,84wx v
Captulo 3. Data Types

,.|R'(q x Ro+
G
x v
R
'($,8'+ +x R R
$
R* O v ])*y x
|RR
| x '( ^z{
i"|^z}|z ,.)*)* x e G2,8 k'(G v
w4x '(,8 x RZ $"'( k x ,8R x k( ,8 H!]#*2R x (,8)*
x ,82 x o2 8 x v ")*+ZR,. x G,.RoRo"!]#
,8)*$kR v"w4x R'(,82G2( RR] x "!]# x $$)*
,8Rk x x $
R
v x R'(o R x R
'(
q

x
)*R v k
R
+R'( x
" ,8'k x x e,8
R'($'(
q2GGO$"2I )*R$2 ,8'|'(q $ x )*qR v
m)~m)gtb84ra$bkmmqJab

Postgres Type
x
SQL92 or SQL3 Type

,8 x
,8R x
? x x
,8'(K x
,.'($O,= x
x R',8'(,8G
x
w
O xqx k-
'( .2
,.,8 x x
,8 x ? k'( )*

G"$,. x )*, &LO $
O
R x
x x )*R'
,8 x
,82 x
R x 4 x x )*
w
2 xox R-
'( .2
x G *Rk4 x
2 x x
x
R x R
G
x(x IR x q x x
x o
)* x ( x x
H,8 x ,8
"$,. x )*, &LOO
O
x x e,8 e
G)*G,
$'k x x
,8
,8,
G
R
.,8)*
G,.)*$4

R

q, x
x
x
x
x
x

)* x
x )*,
G'
2)*$ x
x x R
G
,8)* $
x )*GO,8h
Description
Postgres Type
x
SQL92 or SQL3 Type

x

R)*
R)* x
R)*)*

,8'( x
R)*
x R

R)*$)*R'k)*q$ x
,.'($O,=
O x x
Description
)*RO, x x x
,. e)*G,'k x

x
x
? ? x x x
,8 x ,.
R)*q $
x R)*q x
$
"R)*
x
R',.'O$,.R
x
Nota: The cidr and inet types are designed to handle any IP type but only ipv4 is handled
in the current implementation. Everything here that talks about ipv4 will apply to ipv6 in a
future release.
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
{cf8st
f^t
fb8mfb

x )*
Postgres Function
,. x
SQL92 Constant
GG n x ^n
R)*n x ^n
R)*)*n x ^n
,8
,8 O
,8 O
x R R
x R)*
x R)*R)*
Description
x )*q x ,8 O x

x
R ,8 x R x 2$,.R x
R)*q ,8 O x
x ,8R x
R x eR)*q ,8 x
RO x 2$,.R x
R
+'( G .'( x ~ ] GG)* x vwx x "!]#
,8 x( O)* x ,8GH 2R x R(OR x q "!# $k R v R'( '*k

(H!]# ,.)* x ,88R'(|&2)*,8 R'(+2R x k'(,8']|$,. x
x k'(,8''( x
R'( '
x 2R x ( v k x )*-

G R ,8 x( O)R'( R W65"'(k
R'(G2R x x RG4
?2 q,8$ x q,8 G x (-
x x RR'() v
& '( x | x x ,8 x ,8 x x y*R'( v v
x R

GO& x x x x )* )*I,8'(,8- x v ")* '(R& x
x ,.R x v v $ R x x e)* R,8 x x ) x R)*GOI,8'(,8-
x
x '( x RR )*
x G",8 R x G v x )*e2G)*2 G")*'(
x )*,R 2)*q RqR
G)*$ x R x
v
'($)* R'( x x k x ,.R x & x x
v %'(GR'(G2
x x ,8R x )*o.,. x k'( x ,8)* RR'(qO x x v
Nota: The original Postgres v4.2 code received from Berkeley rounded all double precision floating point results to six digits for output. Starting with v6.1, floating point numbers
are allowed to retain most of the intrinsic precision of the type (typically 15 digits for
doubles, 6 digits for 4-byte floats). Other types with underlying floating point fields (e.g.
geometric types) carry similar precision.
Numeric Types
)*,q,8 x 2 Z R? x 4 x R

GO x x y
'(R
R]
x x x )* v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
|kcd*arsB
ab
Numeric Type
Storage
.,8)*

O$

x
x
G
G

x

x )*,

O$

R
Description
2GI,8 G
,8 x
?:,82 x
?:,82 x
,8 x
H,8'(,8
"G ,8 x
GO
O x

"G ,8 x
2GI,8 G
,8 x
w x ?
,8 x ,8
Range
x )*

G,.)*$$,.G
u G,.)H,8

uG G R
uG $
HI u G,.)*$
,8
x )*
R uG G
%'( x )*GO,'(

Z+ 8, O x x yR'()*,GORO x x ,8
x v ?RQ 8 8
l` x p
= c .lZ8=8? )q x( O)*R x|v
%'( x )* x
x )* x ,.Z x ,.)*2
?'( v
The Serial Type

%'(+R
Z,8,82|+,8 x R ,8R k ) R'( x ,8)*
x x vKw HZ,8 R,8G& x
x R+ x R OG vwx R'(,. x
)*)* x R x ,8 x
CREATE TABLE tablename (colname SERIAL);
G

x (R,8 x
CREATE SEQUENCE tablename_colname_seq;
CREATE TABLE tablename
(colname INT4 DEFAULT nextval(tablename_colname_seq);

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX tablename_colname_key on tablename (colname);
Atencin
The implicit sequence created for the serial type will not be automatically removed when the table is dropped.
w )*,8(G
x ,8+2 x '(qH x R)*,8 k'( x
R
,8 x R x x *q v "
R'( k x *,8)*)* x ,8 G x
k-
K
DROP TABLE tablename;
%'(
x ,.k)* x x '( R x R,8 y x k`kz
plz|^z v
Monetary Type
Obsolete Type: The money is now obsolete. Use numeric or decimal instead.
%'()* x &H,8 x ,8k' ,8)*" x

G x RR x|v
w4 R
,8)* ekR'H# ] #e'( x (' q)* x R
q2'( 2qR'(o)*
x RO,8 x
x R x x O8)=v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
t
fa$4m$rBab
Monetary Type
)* x
Storage

Description
,8 x
Range
u $ G(v R
uG v
x )*,k,8'(q)* x R$ x '( * K v
Character Types
H!]# x G&k]O)*O],8'(,8GO,8'( x k$,8'( v R

| OR&'(G
kR
G2 x R x Ry'(k)*
x GO$G"+(k'(,8' x -,8'(q x

x ?)*( ,8. e x R'(q2$ R'( G v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
m$rm8IarBab
Character Type
Storage
Recommendation Description
,8'(
,8'(K x
Character Type
u
R
x
R
Storage
"!]# 4 ,8)*R
H!]# 8, )*R
Recommendation Description
R"

,8'( x

R
x
R
~ ,8'(,.
H!]# ,.)*R
" x q,8'(,.R

x
R' x
Z x R'
?$OG4 x
R'k'
)*
%'(q x '(G x

R',8'(,8G| v %'( x )*o x '( x
x R'( k'e,8&R
x G x $ x $)* vHw
x Z x x ]'( x vGw no x
R'q,8 x x $ ,8'(

'( G x ,8 x % # v %'(|&

,8)*R)* x k)*
,8'( x
x R $2 v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
a8sImQm$rm8arBa
Character Type
x )*
Storage
Description
G
%'(k,.'($O,8R
x R x
Date/Time Types
R
"!]# +R'(
"!#e $ x e)*qR v
m)~m)gtb84raR ^ kma6Wsd*aB
a$b
Type
R)*)*
x RO
G
G
R)*
Description
Rq,8 x R x x

' R x eR)*
&R)*q x R
& $q,8 x $ x x
x R
Rq,8 x R x x
x R)* '(q
G
Storage
$uq~
Earliest
u$ u
Latest Resolution
u
G
u $$
G
$uq~
u G u *
) ,
G
u

G
$ G v
v
Nota: To ensure compatibility to earlier versions of PostgreSQL we also continue to provide datetime (equivalent to timestamp) and timespan (equivalent to interval). The types
abstime and reltime are lower precision types which are used internally. You are discouraged from using any of these types in new applications and move any old ones over when
appropriate. Any or all of these type might disappear in a future release.
u )*,
u )*,
Date/Time Input
e x R)** x k,8,8R x ) x x )*R& x ,8 x w
,8)*$."!#,8)*R
GR x x '( v %'( GO x )* x '
x y x x |,8 x )* R'( R x R*,8 y'(
?'(
x ROG v %'(],8)*)* x SET DateStyle TO US SET DateSty,8 R'(
x 1)* x '* $ 3 R'(,8)*)* x SET
le TO NonEuropean
2Go'(
x H1 * ])* x ' 3(v %'( O)*GR'(
DateStyle TO European
G v
HG X a" 8 q R'(],82 x $
"R)* x x R'(]
,8 x R)*q x v
G)*)*'(Z x R]R)* x x G q] x ,82G x 2 x
G2
-
G"
2R x
v
date
%'( k x q x ?'(q v
m)~m)gtb84raR ^ kmaqifc
Example
x $O u G
u u
u u $
u u $
u u u $
u v G
u u
G u
u v G
G
x $O ~
Description
x )*

w u )*R$ GO
]5$ $
u x x )*
x 5$ e$
u x )*
g5$G x K u x x )*
G& x
G
w u R)* x '$ $
w u R)* x '$
G& x
G
x
'(,.)*)* x
m)~m)gtb84raR ^ tfl~~ra)sImst
fb
Month

,8.)*
E
x $O

x
Abbreviations

G,
G
x

x
Month
,8'

)*
,.R
G
)*G
Abbreviations

,.
"$"
Nota: The month May has no explicit abbreviation, for obvious reasons.
m)~m)gtb8
ra) ^ km)t
Haa)kl~~ra)s4m$Ist
fb
Day
x
x
%H
x G2
%'( 2 G
O G
R
Abbreviation
H x
x
%H $%" G

%'( %'( R%'(

H$
time
%'( k x )*q x R v
m)~m)Xg$tb84raR ^ sd*aifc
Example
(v G

G
G
Description
w u
w u
w u
w u
")*
")* u
")* $
")*
")*

G
G
5 x R ,8(

5$ x (' |)* (O u

$
$
timestamp
?$ x '()*G2R)*R

,8 x q ],. x ,8R x R x $ x R)*
k x R x $
BC G x x &R)*k$ x v HG v
AD
%'(
1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00
*$ R)*R)*
?k'(,8' w ,8)* x v
w4x R x ?'(k G
)*
January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST
v
m)~m)gtb8
ra) ^ sdya9|t
faoifc
Time Zone
"%

$
Description
,8
w
w
w
,"R x E %)*

u R ?H%
u R ?"%
u R "%
interval
x GO
|,8 x ,8 k'R'( k x x R
Quantity Unit [Quantity Unit...] [Direction]
@ Quantity Unit [Direction]
k'(
Quantity vhvhv -1 0 1 2 vhvAv 5 Unit second minute hour day week month
century millenium8$
G x & ? ' x R65 Direcyear decade
x
,.
ago &G)* v
tion
Special values
%'( k x "!#4,8)*R x ,8 x ,8 x 2G o)* x q'(
,8 x x $R
CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP v
R
"!]# OR
H,8H,8 x x R ,8 x x x ,8 v
m)~m)gtb8
rabi ^ a8smG(km$4as4d*aMtfb8mfb
Constant
,8 OW x
,8'
x(x
I x(x
Description

x
x ,8 x )*G E
u u u $ x ) )*

#R?'( x R'(&
R)*
OR'( x '(
)*G
Constant
Description
x

x
R G
R)*O
(
w G
x R
x R x 2$,.R x R)*
x '(
x '(R)*O
x
'(R

k'( x '(
x current G GGO)*R'(

|ZG
v "q
qk x "R now x )H,8R x v ,. O
8U k x (R CURRENT_TIMESTAMP$k'(,8'k x (R now v

now
Date/Time Output
R )*R,. x R x R'( 2R w u G"!#k w4x .RO x
R
$ x )* x $ x R'( zkma)\a v %'(q $
+'( w )* v
m)~m)gtb8
ra) ^ kma6Ksd*aMkcccab
nw n
n "!]#n
n2RG6n
Style Specification
w u R x
%H x 2R

x 2R

Description
n GO)* x n
x $R

Example
u u u
u u u
eG, u
"%
u$(v u v u
u
u$(v H%
uou
G uv "%
%'(* q R'(y $e x )*k ,8 y x '( ReR)**$O x
,8,8 x ,.k''(q$
)*G
%'(y"!]#'( x x x x x x R|k'(,8' GO)* x G
k'(R'()* x R' k k,8
v HGkR
"%)* wx '(
'(+R x R ,8| x ROGR x x
v
m)~m)gtb8
ra) ^ kmakrnarHtf
a$fIst
fb
Style Specification
E x
Example
u$ u u
u G u(v
%
u u u $u
v $ "%
x GO
R -
|-R'( x O)*$",8'( x R&-

,8 x
G
GO| x
vw4xkw *
) q'q R (--
week

century

[ Quantity Units [ ... ] ] [ Days ] Hours:Minutes [ ago ]
%'($2GGO$H$
|R R ,8
'(q$ x ,.q HR)*R
G
0 % '( %"% #y x x )*

)*R?2R v
0 %'( %"% # x x )*
$OR v
0 zkz} z H!]#,8)*) x
x $OG *k'(,8-

x ,8Rk x R
x $O *
R'( x x ye x x
v
Time Zones
R
"!]# x $R,8)*$kR'"!]#
x R x R,.$+ v
x
x
kGGR.R'("!# $ ]'(? )* R|

)*R
? x ,8$ v
%Hk]
G)*H
0 '(
'e'( RR x '(
x ,8R )* x HR'()*,8 x
v
0 %'(q
)*q$ x ,8 |,8 x R x ( x R& R 2G ) %"]% v
%)*] x x '((kO ,. x '( x e)*G x x e x G2q,8R kR'y R$
kR)*o2 x ,8oR'( R ()*$OR'( ''(oR'e $
'(
x
)*
x $OG v
%"y ER'(k R ,8 ("!]#,8RR)*k$ x x k' x
)*R
Gk'(,8',8 x R x
R' R x )*G( x )*,8?R)* q x
,8 x R x x x k R|)* v8 OR'(RR)*$ x q
)R'(q x
x x
R))* x ,.$R x '( x ,.,. x '( x
'(
2$ x
)*q x R'(,8 k'(
v
R
"!]# x kR)*y$ x ) '(* x
x x 2R)
RRG xu $ x x Go'(R
,. )* x "
R)* v
R k '( x $ R )* R,8 x x x
2
x $ k%)*o4% v
+ R x R)*$R x R x x x GO+]% ?$ x R- x x
x k,8'G x %
)* % v %)*G,8 x
G R,.$R)*e x '( RH
O

x x RR'(,8 x x R x '( x ,. x R'(
Z)*
x v
%'($2GGO$H$
|R R ,8
'(qR)*q x q'(

0 % '(q% x
x ) x
O$ eR'(q,8-
x e G,.R x 2R)*G&R
|R'(q
)*q x v
0 %'( % x x )* x
o2G'(,8 x 2G yk x y)* x
x( O)*$ x RR'(q,8-
x x ,8 x(x ,8 x|v
0 %'(q"!#,8)*)* x z+iz#^|^z RR'(q)q x &R'( xv
w4 x x $ R)* x o2,8 G (R'()* x ,8) % x )*|2G)*
x k v
Nota: If the compiler option USE_AUSTRALIAN_RULES is set then EST refers to Australia
Eastern Std Time, which has an offset of +10:00 hours from UTC.
Internals
R
"!]#* x G + $
"),8,8 R x v %'(Gk'(
R'( x ,.
o ,8,8o ,8 x ?",.$,. R x x R+)*,8 x '( x]uG~ R ( x
'( R $ x R'(q2 )* x R'((R'(q x 'k R'(q? $(v $
v
,8 x x x R'( u R',8 x R Oy)*$-
x GG x yG x & x
,8 x x x
'kO x
,8 x x o R
HR)*q'( x G v
Boolean Type
R
+ R+'(o"!# x R
v
,8 x '(
q x q x k$
Gn nn n v '( RXn x - x x n. x )*)* x G x x
R
x "!# 5 ]##& x R ,8

R R v ,. x x x ] x x
x G x ". x $$
|
RRo
,.)*Rqk''(+R
v
2G u O v
m)~m)gtb8
rab+tt
am$fB
a
State
Output
%HW
nhn

n n
Input
% ]
+nnRn 4n)nn)n6n
nu n
#"Rn n4n nn x n)n x jn
n n
Geometric Types
)*,R
GG x k )* x x $&2?GI,8 v %'()* x $)* x $
$R'(q x O)*+'(
$2 ? R'(qR'( v
m)~m)gtb8
rab+jkat
d*arsB
a$b
Geometric Type
x
x
Storage
Representation

G'
u

G'

x
x
R
x
R
hA

,8,

h hP

R

G
R
x
R
h
4 u
4 u
u
u
h
h
h
h
u h h
u h h
u A4 h
u vhvhv
u h u vhvhv D
u h u hv vhv
Description
x x 2,8
wx(x o x
x Rq x o2G
)* x
,8R x $&
e')*
R
x
x '

x )*
,8 e$'
,.,. x ? x

O ,8'2GZ Z x ,.R x
x yR
G
kG O)
O )*,q
O$ x ,8'k|2,8 x x R x R x x R)* x x x R2G,.R x v
Point
x R $'( x )* x HRk )* x 2 x x ,8-

G)*G,R v
x ( G,. e x R'( k x x
( x ,
x ,
where
x
y
y )
y
is the x-axis coordinate as a floating point number
is the y-axis coordinate as a floating point number
Line Segment
# x )* x R $.2 x G | x R v
+,8 G x '( k x 2 x R
( ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) )
( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 )
x1 , y1
,
x2 , y2
where
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are the endpoints of the segment
Box
~ "| x e+ x R k'(,8'kRq,8 x '(q v
G,. e x R'( k x x R
( ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) )
( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 )
x1 , y1
,
x2 , y2
where
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are opposite corners
~ " R x *R'(

'(k ,8 x
x
x R $ '(qk&
x v
x R v %'(,8 x

R'(
'(,8 x
( x G'(,.
o$ x x ReR

2 v R'(,8 x R'(q,8 x
x R)* x ) R'(q x
Path
'(].2 x
,8 x(x G,.R R] x v ',8 x K x Ek'(R'(
O+ x + x R x '(2G x ,8 x(x G,.R x K,8 Kk'(kR'( 2+ x
( x q,8 x(x G,.R v2 x ,8R x popen(p) x pclose(p) R ,8
R'k x ,8 H x x ,8 x isopen(p) x isclosed(p)
2G,8G'(q x o
GO v
R',8 e x R'( k x x R
( ( x1 , y1 ) , ... , ( xn , yn ) )
[ ( x1 , y1 ) , ... , ( xn , yn ) ]
( x1 , y1 ) , ... , ( xn , yn )
( x1 , y1
, ... ,
xn , yn )
x1 , y1
, ... ,
xn , yn
where
(x1,y1),...,(xn,yn) are points 1 through n
a leading "[" indicates an open path
a leading "(" indicates a closed path
'(&
2 x ' O2 x R v= RR'(|
2 x |OZ] (v u 2G
)* &R'(k'(,8'e'($ e x o x x '(G2K,8 ?" x x R
,8 x & R'( x )* x R2('( x R'(2 x R kG *,82 x x
'( v %Z'(]
R xy x ,8R x upgradepath o Re,8 x GO'(q )* x
G ) (v u G v
Polygon

x k. x R R] x v
x ]
2'
$k,. x

x &e,. R'(2
&]R R G x R * x '(
'(G x &
( x G v

x +2G,. 2 x '( k x x
( ( x1 , y1 ) , ... , (
( x1 , y1 ) , ... , (
( x1 , y1
, ... ,
x1 , y1
, ... ,
where
(x1,y1),...,(xn,yn)
xn
xn
xn
xn
,
,
,
,
yn ) )
yn )
yn )
yn
are points 1 through n

x o R ? x '( O x R v. '(2RGGO x Ok (v u
2G O)*
x k'(,8' '( x yG x x '(G2|R'(2q "
&,. x G2G'(
+,8 x R G ,8 x $ x '(G2 v %'(
x x ,.R x
Z2 o,. x
H x )* x G
) : (v u Rupgradepoly
v
Circle
,8|. x R e,8 x R? x ( x eo v

,8,8,8 e x R'( k x x R
< ( x
( ( x
( x
x
,
,
,
,
y ) , r >
y ) , r )
y ) , r
y
, r
where
(x,y) is the center of the circle
r is the radius of the circle
,8| 2 x '( 2 x R v
IP Version 4 Networks and Host Addresses
%'(k,8 2RG x GkO-G,. x w wx G)* x R x

x RR x|v %'( x |R
o'( x x k-
x w x R x x y)*

OG x x G x RR x .2 x ()*q'(2%
w e . v
m)~m)gtb8
rab.i+aGrb8st
f#oBab
IPV4 Type
CIDR
,8
$O
Storage
w x Rk-
Description
x

O$

x R+ x '(R
%'(,8 qR'( w x Rk- v %'( )* qG,. x ,.$2 x GkO-

k'( x.x.x.x o'( x Rk-y x /y R'( x )* R x R'(
x x.x.x.x/y
"
v

w
R)*)*R ,8,8 R x 2 )* x ) R'(k o,8
x )* x
R/y
) ,.G|'($++R x y x ,8 k$G+$ '(,8R] x R'(
x v
k)*qG")*
m)~m)gtb8
rab.iB
abzmd*Iab
CIDR Input
u v u v u
u v u
u vu
u
u v u(v
u v u(v
u vu
u
Range
Z w w
,.-
Z w w
,.-
CIDR Displayed
u v uG v u
u v uG v
u v u u
u v u$
u v uv
u v u(v
u v u uG
u
inet
%'(k x GR
k G x '( x x & '( x( O)*$ x '(
x ,8 x y'( w x |R'(|| x|v R'(|
k x |R*2R
w yx Rk-2
k'( '(,. R v %'( x |)*ZRR'(,8 R
,.G|'(+R'( x R'('(|,8 x x x G v" x ,8 x G"+,'(

O |)* x + '( v
%'( x )* R'( x ,8 x x.x.x.x/y k'(G x.x.x.x x x R x ('(
x y '( x )
G q x '( x R)*- v$w R'( /y OZ ? R
&q$
v x R'(
x
x G e ( /32 v %'(kR'(qR
/32
/y $O( (
x
|o'(('(2(qI
R '(O v
Captulo 4. Operadores
,.+GO |+ x G x v
R
,8 x x
xx %)* +? + . v ? .? x
,8K x GZ,8R
G2R)* pg_operator v x RO x pg_operator
x ,8
x )* ,8 )* x k
)*)* x RG(O$ +,8 w
R x v
O
R $
x R| H ,. x ,8 x ,8 x 2RO x

1MGG 3
SELECT oprleft, oprright, oprresult, oprcode
FROM pg_operator WHERE oprname = ||;
oprleft|oprright|oprresult|oprcode
-----+-----+------+----25|
25|
25|textcat
1042|
1042|
1042|textcat
1043|
1043|
1043|textcat
(3 rows)
# O G x x

,8| x x )*o &
)* Z
select * from emp where salary < 40000;
R)* x O G x )*e

O$ . G,.RG)* x v x ,8o x o
x ,8 x )*)* x R x

x R '(o$2E
select * from emp where int4lt(salary, 40000);
psql
x x ,8)* x nn q)*&G v
Lexical Precedence
#+ + x x x o,8. x ,8o

o,8 ,8 q x R GH2G v #q)*$
eO$ GR x x y)*)*y,8. x ,8*2 x ,8

v R
$,.GG,8)*)* x ,8] x R v ?OI)*$| | x
I
R x x x ,8. x ,8 x R
+? G
x ?
O
I
O v
m)~m)g)krnafnaotarm$nt
rab
ra8ana$f.smna8ra8sIafa)
Elemento
w
k
h
AD
Precedencia
Descripcin
,8 x ,8|"!#

8, x
R
)*R |

G

Elemento
Precedencia
Descripcin

G
GG,8'(

G
GG,.'(
$

$

G
x /
)*$ G+

)* x x $O
R)* x ,8 x ,8
x x ,8,8 x
,8)* x x

)* ,8,8 x 2
,. x $ 2R,8,. x
G2q% #"
G2 ##
R( % ##
x R
+ x +
I&)*G)*
,. x R x x
,. x ,8 x ,8o R
G2 k x

x
$,. x
x R,8,. x ,8
x x ,.
w ]
##
% ##
IR + )*+O$ .
w4
~ (%
# w
I
,8'(
,8'(

G

G
%

Operadores generales
#] .)*

? x x xx %)*G R] R
x R
q x R x )*{,8+'(R R
")* v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
ka$rmt
rb
Operador
O
I
l
I
I
O
GG
@@ O
ff
Descripcin
x ?
}
x ? $ }
}
w
}
$
}
?
}
x ,8 x o x

% w4
)*
Utilizacin
u
u
O
u lI
u O u
I u
I
O u
n2R4n[GG-n"!#gn
@U@ O
n,.8h)*,h'()*hngff
n / ,. / n
Operador
@ ff
fx
@f
@ fx
Descripcin

,8)*
x ,8 x ,8q
G
2 x 2qq)*
,"")* x
x ,8 x ,84G

2 x 2qq)*
,"")* x
,8 x ,8 q
2 x 2qq)*
,"")* x
,8 x ,8 G q
2 x 2qq)*
,"")* x
Utilizacin
8,
8,
8,
8,
n ,8n@ ffn / / n

n'()6n+f#n v x'()* v xn
n'()6n+fxHn v x%'()*$ v x"n

n'()6nJ@ f#n v x%'()*$ v xn
n'()6nJ@ fxn v x
) v xn
Operadores numricos
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
ka$rmntrab+fcd*rs8tb
Operador
@@
/
/
x
5
e
G8
G G.
Descripcin
,8R
,8HO$

%H x ,8
,.$,. x
" )*
G

x
x x ,.$,. xkx R
#
R)* x R O$
? R
x x ,8,8 x
o,8
o,i%,8
Utilizacin
@
@U@
/
9
/(v
x

(v
5 v
e (v
v e(v
G8 (v
GG8 v
Operadores geomtricos
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
ka$rmntrab+atdyrs8t
b
Operador
Descripcin
Utilizacin
Operador
%"O x ,8 x
%H x 2$,. x
,8 (?"R,8 x
Descripcin
,8 (?"R,8 x
wx ,8,8 x
% )*G] x x

x
x )*$")*
)
mlm
m
mI
6I
l

IlI
I
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}8cG
eo e
}rG
}rGG
e
ee
Utilizacin
n h u u nEh
n v nWh x
n h u u nEh
n v nWh x
n4 $ h u u 4 nWh 9x
n v nWh x
n $ h G4 nWh k
n v nWh x
n4 u A u h u u n
n4 u u h u h u n
n u h u A4 u n
n nE x )
n4 $ h G4 nWh
H2 GO x q}
n h u u nEh ,8IMm[m
n4 $ h G4 nWh ,8R
" x q?
n4 $ h u u 4 nWh ,8Rm

G}
n4 $ h G4 nWh ,8R
" x q?
n4 $ h 4 nWh ,8RmI
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n4 $ h G4 nWh ,8R
x ,8o x
n u nEh ,86,. &6I
n4 $ u nEh ,86,8
o o }
n u nEh ,86,. &l
n4 $ u nEh ,86,8
Ro I] }
n u nWh ,8,8
n4 u nEh ,86,8
o G,8'(q }
n4 u nEA ,.6,8 IlI
n4 $ u nEh ,86,8
Ro x ,8)* }
n4 u nEh ,.6,8 QP
n4 $ u nEh ,86,8
wx GO,8o22 GO x
n4 u G h u G nWh }
n4 h $ A nEh ,=RR5
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n u nE x }.
n nE x
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n4 $ h u 4 nWh }8cG
n4 $ h u G4 nWh
x
(
x
x
#
R e ,8,8 G ,8 een h u nEh G'
+
,8}
n u nE x }rG
n nE x
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n u G h u nEh }rGG
n4 u G h u nEA 2G
x x x
n u u nW x Re
n4 $ nEh ,86,8
x R
e9en u $ nEh ,8,8
Operador
fO
Descripcin
,8
Utilizacin
n
n4 u
h u
u h
u nEh

G4 nWh
x QfO
x
Operadores de intervalos de tiempo
R x R& )*R x RO

& x G
|& R
")*
x ] x G2ReR x x R y,.)*]])*])* x v k

O$ .OqR v
m)~m)gtb84ra$b
ka$rmntrab+naqs4far"
m$4tb+naosadyt
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O
l
I
O
I
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O
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l
G
fO
}gI
Descripcin
wx
])* x &
}
4w x R$)* x
$

}
wx
x
$H
}
w4x R$
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wx
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& }
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}
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? x x GO

)*
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,8
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x
}
Utilizacin
Operadores IP V4 CIDR
m)~m)gtb84ra$bika$rmnt
ra$bie[Mik`
Operador
Descripcin
x ?

x ? $
w
H
Utilizacine
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
nu
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v u
v uG
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
nEh ,8
nEh ,.
nEA ,. M
O
nEh ,.
nWh ,8 KO
nEh ,.
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I
O
I
lI
l
l
O
IlI
IlI
O
Descripcin
Utilizacine
nu
nu
$

nu
nu

nu
nu
2Ro,8 x x x
nu
nu
Ro,8 x R x x + $ n u

nu
x x
nu
nu
x R x q

nu
nu
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v u
v uG
v u
v uG
v uG
v uG
v u
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v uv
v u(v
v u(v
vu
vu
vu
vu
v u(v
vu
vu
nEh ,8 I
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nEh ,.
nWh ,8 I
nEh ,.
nWh ,8 MlI
nEh ,.
nEh ,8 l
nEh ,8
nEh ,8 l
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nEh ,8
nEh ,. IlI
nEh ,.
nEh ,8 IlI
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nEh ,8
Operdores IP V4 INET
m)~m)gtb84ra$bika$rntrab+ie[oi|^z
Operador
O
O
I
O
I
lI
l
l
O
IlI
IlI
O
Descripcin
x ?

Utilizacin
nu
nu
x ? $
nu
nu
w
H
nu
nu
?

nu
nu
$

nu
nu

nu
nu
2Ro,8 x x x
nu
nu
Ro,8 x R x |
$ n u
nu
x x
nu
nu
x R x q
nu
nu
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v u
v uG
v u
v uG
v u
v uG
v u
v uG
v u
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v uG
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
v u(v
vu
vu
vu
vu
v u(v
vu
vu
nEh x
nEh x
nEA x
O
nEh x
nWh x cO
nEh x
nEh x I
O
nEh x
nWh x I
nEh x
nEh x lI
nEh x
nEh x l
nEh x G
nEA x l
O
nEh x G
nEh x IlI
nEh x
nEh x GIlI
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nEh x G
Captulo 5. Funciones
,.$ x ,8 x G x x x v
x x q)* ,8'(qq $,8 x GO x
v x ,8 x x
x ],8 ,8 x ,8
$)*
x R x x RO${G O$ G x
,8)*GO v
RR,8 x

x G v x x ,. x
q ,. )* x
Funciones SQL
1 x ,. x qH!]# 3 x 8, x ,8,8 x G x qR x ?"!]# R x x

$"|
$ x 8, x
x
x )*)* x $,8)2) x
x
v
,8
m)~m)g){cf8st
fa$b ^
Funciones
#
list
Retorna
x #

input #
w
4
# # input value

" k
expr expr
%k expr A vhvhv D
#(H expr
Descripcion
R x

x
o
G x
o)*
]# x
]
#
input O value
Ejemplo

#
r"4P

c2
## 4w )n n
c1
R x o.2 x Hk k c1 O

u %k n)*,8'Bn
q)*
,8)% oG GO
#"dn x )*R,.'Bn

Funciones Matemticas
m)~m)g){cf8st
fa$b mad&s8mb
Funciones
I$
Retorna

k h
R x

Descripcion
)* x 2 x
x x
,8 ,8
)* x x
x )*
x x
,8 ,8
,8 x
x
o x RR

Ejemplo
v $
x
k v uv
x
x
R $
Funciones
x
Retorna
x R
GO
x
String Functions
H!]# x
2 x RO

,'($R" v
$
Descripcion
8, x
ORq x x R
o x RR x
,. x
q x x R
R x qq x G
Ejemplo

x G
GO v G
x ,8 x + R],8 x x R"|G,. ,8 v x |2 x )*G)* x $

x 8, x G
2R
G+#+| %"R]2OR $OH!]# x 8, '(
m)~m)g) ^ RMrsfv{
cf.stfb
Funciones
,8'( x '( x x
,8'(,
x
RK x '(RO x
Retorna
Descripcion
x
IR G"R
x
I G
Ejemplo
kORO x
2R x
,8 x
qG
)* x %,8 $
$)*,8 x oR)*(
HR
,.$o2,8 x
x G"R
,8 ,8
RO x R"R
,8 ,8
O,8,8G|
x G"R
kGOn% n
,.RR x '( x x
2R x 4RO x x
x
x
2R x
x
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x
x
RO)*A G x QGERO x Q
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v x 2 x
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GqORR"R
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Funciones
,8'(4R$
Retorna
,8'(
Descripcion
Ejemplo
8, x
ORq x G"R ,8'(OnRO x n
R,8'(
Funciones
,8'(4
G,.'($
Retorna
x R,.$4R
R
RRh x hR
R
RO)*R"RhR"
R
R"R2RhR

IRh x RhG"
G"
)*Rh

,8'(
G"Rh x Ahh x hD R"

R"R,8'(
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R"RG,8'(
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RIR"R )*hR
R"

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,8'(

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., x
q x

,'(o,8'(
O)*GOoGo
,8 qq
)*%,.
G x ,8O$,.REG
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q
x
R
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R"R
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,8 ,8
x ,8,8GE
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x
R
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R"R
G"RO$
,8 ,8
,8 x
Rq,8'(R
R"
,8 x
Rq$,8'(Z
RR"
,8 x GORq,8'(,8
o x
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,8'(O
G,8'(
n
,8'(Z x n
x ,8n'()*6n
n'(?n n}8}in
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2R x n'(R'Bn nn
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ROn'(HR'(n
G"Rn,8'(RO x n
G"RW,.'($
n
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,8'( v
Funciones de Fecha/Hora
# x ,. x ,8'(("kGk x ,. x I x R k'(O)* x ]$O

)* x ?
O+$
"%)* v
m)~m)gkma6Wsdya9{cf8s4tfb
Funciones
Retorna
Descripcion
Ejemplo
Funciones
Descripcion
,8 x
qq2R)*
Ejemplo
R)* x
G
$R)*h GR)*
)*+
(
n x ^n n u
u nWh $R)*
RR)*R)*
R)*
,8 x
ORq)q R
RR)*
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*
RR)* R
R)*
,8 x
q R
RR)*
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Retorna
)*
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RORRh RR)*
R
)*n x ^nEh G)*
R
)*nR nWh R
,8 x
ORq $R)*
G)*G n u $
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R=n ^n n x #nWh GR)*

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x R)*

x )* x }
x
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x '( x }
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Rn x L
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x '( x }
R)*)*G2 x
G)*
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R)* x
x Gn
'(nWh )*G x
R)*n
'(nWh )*G x
)*G2 x n
'( O6nEh G)*
Ok x ,8 x date_part x date_trunc(]

)* x x 2G9
G4n
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M ,8 n,. x nB)* x )&n:)*,8 x n)*,8,8 x n v date_part
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,.'Bn$OG x $( x Z
u 4$O $R)* nG,8'Bn x &G
RR
o2G
x RO x ,8 O 4K
)*G2 x
Funciones de Formato
Author: Written by Karel Zak 1 on 2000-01-24.
# x ,8 x G )*kG x x k,8 x I x '(O$)* x $],8 x

OR
| RR
G HR)* x $$ x )*, qR )*R ,8 x

R )*G 2 $R
|
x v
m)~m)g){cf8st
fa$b+na{
trd*mt
Funciones
R ,8'( RR)*

R"
Retorna
R"
R,8'()*G2R)* R "

R"
R,8'( x $R

Descripcion
Ejemplo
,8 x GOR x )*,

x
,8 x
qRO x
RR)*
,8'( u (v
n $ gn
RR)*n ,
$ u nRn x
|+| k^n
R\n ,
$ n)n x
|+| n
R)*)* n
, G nRn] x
|+| n
8, x GORq RR)*

x
R ,8'(n x ^nEh $R)*
nk u w Hn
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o x
nk u w Hn
x
x
x
,8
q " ,8'( u Rn n
o x
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R
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R,8'(
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R,8'( x )*,.
R"
R $R)*R
R"
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,. x
qRO x
x )*,
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n)n G n
O + x ,. x )*RGH2G

x
)* x R] O)*$,8 v
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rdymscrabmrmonmasdya4tXmr" arb8sfg
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k
u
k
w
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(' H

'( H
)* x R
u u $
u u
Format-picture
"
"H
||
|+|
|+
|
%
x R'
)* x '

x
)* x
+

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$2$
x ,8'( G
)*$
R ,8 x ,8)*
)*+
%R)* R H(
%)*
R H$(
%R)* R H$(
x )*
q,8)*R G)*G2 G
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(
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)* x $

x )* x H

x )* x H x( GO&

)*
,. x )* $

)*,8R v %'(
% $ %(% w
% $ %(Ro,8
x x ,8,8 xkx
| 2$ v 2$
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)*,8 v
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x
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x '
%
%
x R'
H
nonH 2$ ,8)* Qoo"OI)*vnooHkoo" w ooHn

nwn( x q,8)*2$ x R,8 v "

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G"Z,8'( R
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e
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&R x (,8 x x %)*G
,8 ,8 q x x
x G o,8 x x ,8
,8)* $] x ,8 x
x ,8 ,8
x R ,8)*
O$ Z q )*
R x o
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R
x x
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R x o
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$
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w
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x R ,8)*H o,8

$O Z q + 2q,8
R x oG x )* x x ,8 x
,8 ,8 o x %)*Q
x o x )*| x ,8 x
,8 ,8 o x %)*QP 2R
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x x
x o x )")* x x
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x ,8 x
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u x u ex 5$(R x o x $
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v

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$ (R,8'( u Rn w G n ,8
12
v ,8 x )*q Hn w nH G x Mn n x ,8q x q
o&)*
n n v
m)~m)g)ztXmr" afa)ady:t
b8g
Input
R,8'( x k n]$.k u w "n

R,8'( x k n .$ u w $gn
R,8'(
v u 4n v $ n
R,8'(
v u 4n v $ n
R,8'( v u n v n
R,8'( u Rn v n
R,8'( u Rn $ v n
Output
Tuesday
, 05:39:18
Tuesday, 05:39:18
-.10
-.1
0.1
0012.0
0012
Input
R,8'( n n
R,8'(
4n n
R,8'( n o n
R,8'( u )n n
R,8'( u )n $ n
R,8'( u v )n $ v $ n
R,8'( u v )n $ $ n
R,8'( u v n G n
R,8'(
4n )n
R,8'(
4n w n
R,8'( n w n
R,8'( n# n
R,8'( n n
R,8'(
4n n
R,8'(
4n n
R,8'(
4n n
R,8'( n# $ n
R,8'( n | n
R,8'( n | n
R,8'( (v n | n
R,8'( n 'Bn
R,8'( n x )*G n
R,8'( v )nK: ,8)*K G
R ,8)*K v $ n
R,8'( u R n G n
R,8'( u v n n
R,8'( u v $ ) n $ n
Output
485
-485
4 8 5
1,485
1 485
148.500
148,500
3 148,500
485-
485-
485
+485
+485
-485
4-85
<485>
DM 485
CDLXXXV
CDLXXXV
V
482nd
Good number: 485
Pre-decimal: 485 Postdecimal: .800
12000
12400
125
Funciones Geomtricas
#)*{,8 x RH""" x GHR'( x x *,8,8o x x x
x
,8 x I x x ,. x x
|$ v
m)~m)XgR{cf8st
fa$bjkatd*Irs8mb
Funciones
Retorna
Descripcion
Ejemplo
Funciones
.
Retorna
$
Descripcion
.,.,8

,8,.
"h
,8 x R4
x
,8 x
x ROG,.,8 x
,8 x
,8 x R GHGIR
,8 x R4,8,
x
,8 x HGRG
)*GI,8,8
$
)*R G,8,8

)*G
ROn4 v En h ,8,
'('(

$)*(
,8H ('
,8 x
'(R n4 h u u Wn h
,8 R'

,8O$ }
,.
n h u u h nE '
x '

R}
2
x nA6 h u u h D nEh R'
x '(

x I x x '(n

u u I nEA 2G
)* x
x '($'

x RR
,82G4$'
R'
,8 x
RqR'
,8

x nA6 h u u h DnEh R'
x h
x
x ,8,8 x
x Rn
u u I nEA 2G
n4 h
h nWh
x R'
x
x %)* q x
x R'
R'
,8 x
RqR'
x
q GG,.R x

Ejemplo
Gn $ h u u En h
Gn $ v En A ,.,8
"n h u u n n v v h n
,8 x
ROn4 h u Wn
,8 x
ROn4 v nEh ,8,
x '(n4 h u u h En h '
x nAh u u h $ D nEh R'

x n4 h u u h nEh R'
Funciones
4,8,
Retorna

Descripcion
k R'(4

R)*('( x
H,8,8
Ejemplo

n v En h ,.,8
k R'( n h u u Wn h
m)~m)g){cf8st
fabnao8t
f
arb.sfnaqstbjkat
d*rs8t
b
Funciones
",8,
Retorna
" x h x

,8 x
Rq x
,8 x
"
x

8, x
R
x ]
,8 x
n h u u h En h
x
,8,.GI
,8,8
,. x
qq,.,8
,8
,8n h u u En h
,8,.GI x h
,8,8
,8 x GORqo,8,8
,8
,8n G nEh x v
4

,8 x
Rq x
n4
u u I nEA

4 x Rh x

,. x
qo
R'( x
x
,. x
qo'
x ,8,.
x
,8 x
qo x R
,8 x
x Rn v nWh ,.,8
x h
x
., x
qo x R
x GO ,8,8 x
x
x
x
,8 x R x
x n
u u I nEA 2G
n h nEh 2G

x 4

x
,. x
q x
,8 xku x

x n h u u I nEA

Descripcion
8, x GORq,8,8
,8 x
Ejemplo
n v Wn h ,8,8
n G nEh x n u u nWh x
2G
n
u nW x n u nEh x
R'(n h u u h Wn
x
x n $ h u u h En h

x
Funciones

x 4,8,8
Retorna
x
Descripcion
Ejemplo

x npts ,8,8

x
,8 x GORo x
x u n v En h ,8,
npts

x 4'

x
,8 x
qq x
x n h u u h nEh $'
8, x
Ro
x
,8 xku x

x n v En ,8,.
m)~m)g){cf8st
fabnao.c(ms $m8s
fjkat
d*rs8m
Funciones
Descripcion
G2R'
I (v uq )
Ejemplo

.OR
x x
,8 x
Rq v u

x

K

n G h u u A En h
x
O ($'(R'
'
,8 x
v u
R'

G
R'(n u u u nEh R'
O

x

x
,8 x GORq
v u

x

G

n u u En h
x
Descripcion
Ejemplo
'(R'
Retorna
'

R'(n u u u En h R'
Funciones PostgresIP V4
m)~m)g){cf8st
fab8tb.rab8i[
Funciones
$ ,8,8
Retorna
$ ,8 x
G"
'(2R x
R
G"
8, x R
o

,8, x ,8 8, n u v u$ v uv n
,8)*G"R
,8 x R
o

,8, x ,8 ,8 n u v u$ v uv n
,8)*G"R
o G,.,8 x
'(2,.)*R
'( Rn u v u v u(v n
Notas
Funciones
)*- x ,.
Retorna
x
Descripcion
8, ,8 q x
x G)*-
Ejemplo
)*- x x
x
,8,8 o x R
x G)*-
)*
- x n u v u v u
v n
x R)*-
x G
R"
,8 x o x )2- x R

,8)*G"R
)* - n u v u v uv n
)*
- x n u v u v u
v n
u(v )*Z --

eo =v R,8 v ,8
Captulo 6. Conversin de tipos

#?,8 x "!# x G x R x ,8 x $ )* x R x G
)*,8 G x RR
Rq x x )*)*kG"G2 x|v R
o]
x ,8 ($OG$ $
x ,. x x
x G x G+R v
x )* ,8'(q,8 x $O x x ,8R],8)* x + R G)*,8 x )*k
,8 x
x R v " x )*,8 x
x )*,8$ R
& G
,8G?G2 R ? x ,8 x v R Z x I $
x x )* x ,8 x
x R V$O
,8 yG] x x ,8,. x k])*,8 x )*,8 x x ,. x ] ,. x
2 x
o x 2R
G v O R$2,8,8 x ,8 x x R x
] G

x |
)* R x )* x( )*,8 x R
,8 ,82 x ,8 x O$ |GO)*R v
# )* &R x )* GGoOR)*G"$,.R 2$
o,8 x
x )*,.Ro qR v
Conceptos generales
H!]# x x I,8 x x x ,8 x oO

v ,8 R x o,8
x ] $
] R)* x ,8)*e],8)*,8)*2)* 2$ v
x x )* R x 2
o)* ,.'(*)*$o x *"

)*)* x ,8 x ~ v ?] x Rq)* $+G
O,8 x
ZR
x Z x G x x O)
x Z
$2R x R+)*OIZ
x
x )*'( ,8
GO)*R x .2 x ,8 x R x R)*$,.$
x ,8 x G2 )*)*)* x o ,.G ,8 x R+ x 2 $O v
H x $ ? ,8 ,8o)* x {G",8 x ,. x ,8,.R x
)* x R" x GG2,8 x x )*]$K],.$ v #e)*Oe k
x x ,. x
x ,8 x $ x )* v ( x
I] x
,8 x "!]#GO)*RG,. ,8 x )*| R,. x ,8 x $ v )*,8 x )*G& 2$
2R
Go x ,8?H x $ GH,8)* x ,8,8 v &OI)*o,8 x R(
tgl=> SELECT text Origin AS "Label", point (0,0) AS "Value";
Label |Value
----+--Origin|(0,0)
(1 row)
x ,8 x $ ]G"

R x v "" x R x ]|,8 ,8 x R x ,8
GR x - x x Z$2 x q x ,8)* x R v x R +G
+R,8)*
,8O)*$ x R v
ke,. R,8 x R ,8,8 x x )* x Ro x H!]#,8 G
x R x $

$+ ,. x
2 x qR+ x H x $

O)*RqR x G". x G ,. x . o x )* x ,8)*
,. x O$ . )* x R v
#)* (+ x ,. x
O x H)*q R+ +,. x . ? x
,. x I x x ,. x v #$)* x ,8 x q x x x e)*
)*
,8 G2?*,8 $
,8 x RG2G,. ,8? x GR y$
,. x + x G x GG)* v
,8
x
x
GIR
+ q,8 x R
x o G,.$O,= x H!]# w " % x o $ + x ,8 x R x x R v
#] x x ,8 x Ry G2GI
,8 x
?$
,. ) x + HGRG
w " % v
x R+ kw
]G *
R ( x k ,8, x kw H# % x
G,.Gq,.)*y x % x ,8,8 x R x R ,8 ) x $2]R ,8 k,8 2 k"
# % G
x =R R +,8 x
OR o x ,8 x I x R x )* v
,8'(q oo ,8 x
O x R x o x ,8 x
x ,8 x x ,8

x x
2R)* x ,8 x GGO . v kk$

|'(G R,8 x ZG
+,8 x GO x $O| x )*OI+$Z,8 x
x ,8 x
R x R+ x $ H!]# ,8)*)* x R x G
GO v
x ( ,8 x x ,. x
R o x ,8 x ,8 x

x oR)* x x
)* x ,8)* oO x $)* x )*)*
)* x x v H,8 x ],. x ,8 x ],8 )*
,8ORGo x x ,8 x ],8 x GO x
2G G x (
k)* x v 2Rk2)* O)*$,. x ? x (? GoO$q
2 $ o,8 x x ok x ,8 )*R x kR x
?)*)*+,8,8K,8+ )* x oR x 2 x v
x $ R
] x
,8 ,8 x $)*I 2R)*o
,8 x ,8Rq,8,8 || x Z"!# v k,8 x ,.],8G
+ x
x RO x x )O,8)*, x v q,8R,. x ",8,. x
o 2G4 ( x R x x KR &G
,8 $OG|)*q
x R]o,8 x $ v ]K I x +q K K
G" x )
G x
x $ & x
,8 x
,8 x x x eG 2 $O x
O,. x x Q% x ,82 ,8 x
)* x ROq
q
R x x $OoR x q 2 eGO x )* q
x x v
# x )*

R x x q ,8 x ,8 x e x ,8R]
xe ,8+ qG)* x +
$ x $)*
,. x
,8 x x R,.$O xe $,.)* x x x R x $( 2 $O x
,8K,8 x|v
Guidelines
%" ,8 x GO x oRG2R x ( x x x R GO
x ,.
0 #,. x
2 x )*,.R x k GO x x G x x ,.] x $ x x R
)* ,8 v
0 #& x |ZH O$ |,8 &H x G x ] x ,8 x ,8)* x
RqO$ x $R $ | x x ? x R |I
q v
x R o x ,8 x R)*,8 2R x
x &,. x

R 2G)* x +( + RH2k2],8 x GO x
x G,.G2$O v
0 #qRo x q x eG2R x ,8 x v e x 2RG
x R x q x o x( )*,8 x q+,8 x x RKRo q
,8
,8 ,8 OR x k$,8 x )*,8$2$ x
x ,8 x G x x x ,8$ v
0 G
GO'(+ x ,.] G x $ OI,8 R+2 x ],8 x 2 R x
x ,8G2R,. x
2 x )*,8k v kG2R)* x x ,8 x 2 RG2Rk x
,8 x 2R qq
G2R x $G 2 x x ,8o,. x GGGO

x 8, x 2 )*G)*k] x

x +k x G x ,8 x ,8 x
x
x(x G., G2$O| x ] ,8 x R v
,8 x )* x G( x k,8 x x O)*)* x
x k,. x
2 x )*,8
$O x x ,8 x x x ,8( k x x x ,8 x ,.R,. x
]
)* x R,8,8Z x $ q x
x ,8 x x
G x x ,8)* x q,. x
2 x )*,8 x x ,8 x x R
v
Operadores
Procedimiento de conversin
karm$ntr&naoa)mIcm8sf
u(vwx ,8,8 x x ,8o x I q,8R x G,8R
] )*R v
v "( x
)* x Rk x GO$ + x k x - x x x x ,8 )*

q+ )*)*
q]
)* x v
vw4x
R )* x Hk ,8 x I 2R"$,.R,8 x x |,8
x qq{H)*)*o
|,. x )* R
v HH]'($ x x ,8| x GOR

)* x R x G$OH x $ & 2qq v

v ~ 2,8oG)*R&=R v
v
,8 x R +O$ .,8 x GH)*)* x )* v
v "2'( x O$ x ] x ]
2G O$ x o x ?GR x O$ v
, v R ZGO$ .Z,8 x ZR RZ)*$G",8Z | v $
x '(I G,8R+Ro2 x Ro v "
G x
,. x R$ GR G v
v "$% x )* x q x RO +?K x - x x K,8G
?,8 x R
x ,.)*G x x )*,.
RO x

G)*R,.
2G4 x v "'(
x q)*,8 ,8R$2)*| x R x ]ZG" 2 $O x
x GOZ
o,8,8 x ,8O,8R x G G ,. q x )+2R v
H*G2R x R x k,8R$ x R x ,8$2 x *
,. ) x x R q )* x RoK x - x x v
v ,8]G(,8 x Rk,. x q=R Gq R)*G",8R
=R R x
K ,8 ,8R |,. ) x
v "$

)*| x ,8 x $ x G x x x x x ,8|2
x q x
v
Ejemplos
Operador exponente
Hk'( x G" x x R x k x (,8R

R)*]
)* x v
G")* x $ $2 x q x x ,8" x
)*&$ )* x R& x G". x R
,8 x
tgl=> select 2 ^ 3 AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)
R)* x GO"( x ('(,8 x ,8 x

x R)*GO
,8 x R+

x Rq
tgl=> select float8(2) ^ float8(3) AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)

tgl=> select 2.0 ^ 3.0 AS "Exp";
Exp
-8
(1 row)
Nota: Esta ultima forma es la que tiene menos sobrecarga, ya que no se llama a funciones para hacer un conversin implcita de tipo. Esto no es una ventaja para pequeas
consultas, pero puede tener un gran impacto en el rendimiento de consultas que abarquen muchas tablas.
Concatenacin de cadenas
x ]2 x Ro)* R x RO$

=R$,8 x o$ x )*{,.,.)*e,8 x
,8)*OIG"R x v #,8 x x )*{,.$,. x * x G2,8 ,82 x
I 2R &,8 x +GO |,8 x G x v
x )* x R x ,8 ,.$
tgl=> SELECT text abc || def AS "Text and Unknown";
Text and Unknown
----------abcdef
(1 row)
x R,8GH x ()*oH2R% x ? x ,8H ?R
x )
|
)* x v H"R )* " x GO G
? x R
],.)* v
x ,8 x ,8 x ,8 x R+ x G2G,8 ,8G

tgl=> SELECT abc || def AS "Unspecified";
Unspecified
------abcdef
(1 row)
x ,8'( x x x R x ,.

R. x '( x ,8 ,.$
R x ,8 x v G)* x GOG
x $ & ,. x R

,8 x G G+ x
qR +
)* x |2 x x )*{,8 v

HKR GK Zo$+,8 x | x )*{,.GG"R$oq,. x v
Nota: Si un usuario define un nuevo tipo y define un operador || para trabajar con el,
entonces esta consulta tal como esta escrita no tendr xito. El analizador tendra ahora
tipos candidatos de dos categoras, y no podra decidir cual de ellos usar.
Factorial
OI)*] 2Ro x x GG2 x G R v %"OG ,8 x )* x G$H ,8R
+ x o+ x R v ,8Ro +GO .Z +ZR x )* x R
x ] x ,8R"
R)* x x R,8)*k v "G,.o x
)* x R x )*{GO,8 x x 2RGq x R x R],8 x GORG2R$ )* x Rk x x R
qoG$ $,. x ,8R v
tgl=> select (4.3 !);
?column?
----24
(1 row)
Nota: Por supuesto, esto conduce a un resultado matemticamente sospechoso, debido
a que en principio el factorial de un nmero no entero no est definido. De cualquier
modo, el papel de una base de datos no es ensear matemticas, sino ms bien ser
una herramienta para manipular datos. Si un usuario decide obtener en factorial de un
nmero real, Postgres intentar hacerlo.
Funciones
zmcm8s
fnaocf8sf
u(v~ 2,8o x x R qG",8Rq x ,8R
] 2R)*, v
v~ 2,8oo)*R| x v
v ,8 x 2R R x ,8 x &,8 x )*2) x )*,8 x ")*)*
x %)* qH )* x v
v "'( x x ,. x x $ RZ x + x
2G,8 x GOR 2$ ,. x ZH+R x ] x ,8 x
v
, v k $ x ,8 x ,8 x I 2R)*G",8k] v
]R 2 x '(I ,.RR2 x R] v "(

x ,8 x R oG2RqH G,8 x GOR v
v "",8
q +$ )* x R& x 2 x ] ,8 x ,8 ,8
,8Z
)* x Z + x ,8 x x ,.$OZ,8)* x x
)*,.$RO x
G)*G, x v HH'($ x )*$,. ,8RG
)* x x +G OH ,8o x |

G,.,8 x ,8,8 x k 2G+ ,8 2 x R x )*2R v "
2]'( x ,8R x x ,8& x GK] ,8 ) x
x q
q x RGO q ,8 x ,8 v
v ,8?,8 x $*,8 x ?=R R R)*G",8RZ,. ZI 2RG
K] q,8 ,8G
q ,8 ) x G2 x R v HH'($
)* x ,8 x R2 x '($ x x x x R x ,8+q ,8 x v
Ejemplos
Funcin factorial
H'( x x ,8 x ,8O$& x x |,8R, v

G2RZ$

x R+,8 x $,8 x
x )*R,.$)* x
)* x ] x o
x
tgl=> select int4fac(int2 4);
int4fac
----24
(1 row)
G '(,8'( x )* ]&GH x ?

tgl=> select int4fac(int4(int2 4));
int4fac
----24
(1 row)
Funcin substring
k x ,8 x substr ,8G x , v " x )* x x
H )* x R8$ R
x (v
H)* ,8 x x ,. x x R o,.$ x oR2 x ,8 ,8RRR R
,8R)* x Rq,8 x 9% x ,8 x ,. x ,. x Rq RZ
tgl=> select substr(1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)
Hq,8 x & G,. (o,8)*]R

,8'(G,8)* Z x ,.$2]
x
x oR$ x x ,.GG x Z x x ,8 x
o$RR=
tgl=> select substr(varchar 1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)

qGRO x O) H x $ ?(
tgl=> select substr(text(varchar 1234), 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)
Nota: Hay algunas estrategias en el analizador para optimizar la relacin entre los tipos
char, varchar y text. En este caso, la funcin substr es llamada directamente con una
cadena varchar en vez de hacer una llamada para realizar una conversin explcita.
R6j?9Bi?j^??)&)Xj^^?Bh))g)BR??))j-?BBh)9XB??QM+
tgl=> select substr(1234, 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)
"4?&BM6Mh4ihX&
tgl=> select substr(text(1234), 3);
substr
---34
(1 row)
Resultados de consultas
)J)XL)c)X\)
B X^6\6M+)XlX^4"4?h)
B g BX6)?l?BBh9XB?H?9+"6?jd?4ih4&B)j?vg"6?R
B J "6?h)L?J#l?jBhhhj\&J?XB)$d)"iBR$4i?Rw)
ij&B?jB?hKBjBXM?BBhBXjB)rBBi?j&v6\6[?Q?B?
ijg?&lBj&"$+?[$?j)"&4Bj6J?&"[+B&"$
?vj6BQ^Bh"lijL??B?h
Ejemplos
Almacenamiento de varchar
)X)ij?&B8X?))J8Xj&&c)"XB)\)?6??BhijB6?^)6
"6?)BQh?BMjh)&Bv)X
tgl=> CREATE TABLE vv (v varchar(4));
CREATE
tgl=> INSERT INTO vv SELECT abc || def;
INSERT 392905 1
tgl=> select * from vv;
v
--abcd
(1 row)
Consultas UNION
[ijB6"Xi?j

)?L? 4iBh[#iRB^2&)j??2[B)
?j?6?Bhr^L"4?h)

)J)XL
B &J46?j
h?jr6L?4B?X)hj?r4?h)B
B
B?hX)r"6?h)M?rX?)6?
)r6\h)?)4h??r?&
i?R6? Q?X?&B9M"6?h)J
Ejemplos
Tipos sin especificar
tgl=> SELECT text a AS "Text" UNION SELECT b;
Text
--a
b
(2 rows)
UNION simple
tgl=> SELECT 1.2 AS Float8 UNION SELECT 1;
Float8
---1
1.2
(2 rows)
UNION transpuesto
jh?j4
6^j)Rh6h)6$M?jrh?$?M?&X?)6M8
!
"
tgl=> SELECT 1 AS "All integers"

tgl-> UNION SELECT 2.2::float4
tgl-> UNION SELECT 3.3;
All integers
-------1
2
3
(3 rows)
lBl6)hl)?hB)?lB)BR??))jr$#?l6r6X
&%w&hj'%h?dB")(
j"d46#4&)?# i?J?#Q?v XB?XQ"X?l6)Q J)B)?))j +*
XR??r&jg26v&w% &hj$
% ?^X)B^B)X&jBv6?4iX?j&)"2B
R?,
tgl=> CREATE TABLE ff (f float);
CREATE
tgl=> INSERT INTO ff
tgl-> SELECT 1
tgl-> UNION SELECT 2.2::float4
tgl-> UNION SELECT 3.3;
INSERT 0 3
tgl=> SELECT f AS "Floating point" from ff;
Floating point
----------1
2.20000004768372
3.3
(3 rows)
-
Captulo 7. Indices and Keys
B44M)"[?&R??#4
#4BB)BXv)h)6v4j&RBi . B6Bj?v4)(
BdR?Xj?&B$i?)6$Rh?h60/^B?X)"64 )r)??iR?jB$?#"J.(
?l4?4
B)"j?Rl6
/^??"6?K??1 /^$&)BX6?BXv)hl)B
?B6?jLh?&r)"?BX")6^?dhB"6BXjB?B?X

/^l j&rjB?B?i4r&R4B4
2d)X2)$5)JB76?Qj9Bd?B4&)"8JX?4 )lX?& B)&98
Xj?& &) )?6&B)Q))6jX?)4j)hi?R ;: 4)hjX?)62?26 h
6X?8hB[j)h$896& j[)?X?)?B4 3 j+)&?4["?B4
jC (Q?Bh4
/^j? 6^hB
X?)69 8JhB?[j)jMX?)6[?Bi?4
Xj&)?j cih?B9 jj ( hQ?Bint4_ops
44 < Bv)?-4RjX?)6?BvR) (
"j?hM4RjHX?)6 jKB)c4?#
>X@ ?XX)$ 5))#?B4Q?B jhB["6?j-l6 (iB4BX?j
2=3 j

)J??#8jB9&j")h?hr26?B?2X?)6 + B6BX?jB)c?B?i4$X)d
68jR?#)6)Xi46
8)2)6dj)j
BR) /Lj?Bj&)??^"?"
6j&M)B6&)h?^hQ)?QB4 hQhBM)6)h
243
6h"["jc?2"4Jh4Q)B B)6C)XX6[&hB[ j6XBR?B?X B

"H)XX6&4Bj?-)2?&?4&Bh)?jlB B&)&(c)MB?&(XBX"BX9h4
B"4)XX6&hBd?&?4&Bhr6RB)"^h46?BA2h&)&BUrRR?6??
)??B C BB)6#)XX6
&4Bj ?$R#?&?&4B)h?j ?D /L?& BU??B)BRB?B
EQ&Bh?ChBQ)??B&[6C6?4? &?B?X)hQB)H)?-jhB6Q)Xi4&hB
)"??^B)&?MRB ^Bj-BRc9hL9j?&?)4?j?X)??^)$?c[X)6
/L?hB
K+)&?R6h)?rB)6L)XX6&4Bj6
/^??-XjB?M6?B&"v?B?i49? 6X)G
/^BB
B 6h"2h?&?)F
)8?B+dRh?h??Bcj?#?dMij&)?6^6?B8jBMH JI
& IK; K) LK& L
)hd? j6" @ Bd?h4iBX
j &i?R6QJ?B?XQ B
D /L4 hB ?B)
X)?48box
Xj"?BR8M /^Bh )?O
Nj)h?B
j?B
+Xh?Bl" bigbox_ops
j?B &?h???X)h?B-)??jB)B 6)Xh?j c4?) (
F
Nj)?BM (j?BJXj"?B)4
chBM4?d
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6JB?B?X4jdB9)hMhB)B?vMX&)"4L))?B6B?B )?înt42_ops
?
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B??1
SELECT am.amname AS acc_name,
opc.opcname AS ops_name,
opr.oprname AS ops_comp
FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop,
pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr
f
WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid AND

amop.amopclaid = opc.oid AND
amop.amopopr = opr.oid
ORDER BY acc_name, ops_name, ops_comp
Keys
Author: Written by Herouth Maoz 1 This originally appeared on the Users Mailing List on
1998-03-02 in response to the question: "What is the difference between PRIMARY KEY
and UNIQUE constraints?".
Subject: Re: [QUESTIONS] PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE

Whats the difference between:
PRIMARY KEY(fields,...) and
UNIQUE (fields,...)
- Is this an alias?
- If PRIMARY KEY is already unique, then why
is there another kind of key named UNIQUE?
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COLUMNS ~ cols
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Partial Indices
Author: This is from a reply to a question on the e-mail list by Paul M. Aoki 2 on 1998-0811.
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BC 6X$ C XD l f-.f ^l"iM
Notas
-
B B 4j&Sj&)? jB ) ?
B ) 16YS $ '6?4 &*
Captulo 8. Matrices
Nota: Este debe convertirse en una captulo sobre el comportamiento de los matrices.
Voluntarios? - thomas 1998-01-12
6h"r&?99?)h?hj$Bl?B6h)BX?[6R#B?j$X&^B[&)h?
&???&4B6?)Rr?B?8h2cR?Rg? 4li"46$&)h?i4KrX)??JY(
[?Bi?Bv?jB?jJK6)? ' )M??6hRH6^6RJ?&4lX"&j
BX?)6XL&)h?X?j
)6
CREATE TABLE SAL_EMP (
name
text,
pay_by_quarter int4[],
schedule
text[][]);
ijB6?)?X")$BMX?)6

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B)&+Bl&)h?lB??&4B?jB)B9h?^ [)MeMe))4+24"6Bhl4
6)?)?2?&6))4&?)2lB&)??&B6?cB))$h?l 5)j6XB?
XR"J4iBhvB)?^4&)B)c4&?) l : Bj[B)X&j)?BO
ab @c])8
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?4B6\K6hB 4&
?"iBM?6?B)?rM6M???)M)M?B?X?)??))H6"X)

INSERT INTO SAL_EMP

VALUES (Bill,
{10000, 10000, 10000, 10000},
{{"meeting", "lunch"}, {}});
INSERT INTO SAL_EMP
VALUES (Carol,
{20000, 25000, 25000, 25000},
{{"talk", "consult"}, {"meeting"}});
r4ih 6"???Rv?QXcc4Bi?j&RB&4Ri?j)6)[&B1Q)[?)
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"6d?j[Bj&4[^?jl&?R2Xl)j[iR&?R"C4CH6B Y (
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SELECT name
FROM SAL_EMP
WHERE SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[1] ~\
SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[2];
+----+
|name |
+----+
|Carol |
+----+
6??4BMXjB?h9"XMjRljh"iiH?&6"jj
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-
SELECT SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[3] FROM SAL_EMP;
+----------+
|pay_by_quarter |
+----------+
|10000
|
+----------+
|25000
|
+----------+
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?&"jr)#?)?96&RB

SELECT SAL_EMP.schedule[1:2][1:1]
FROM SAL_EMP
WHERE SAL_EMP.name = Bill;
+-------------+
|schedule
|
+-------------+
|{{"meeting"},{""}} |
+-------------+
Captulo 9. Herencia
XBh?Bl?R$iR?)?4$9?4h)j$2j
"i&jMj$X?)6 C lX?)6
R&Y48X?) ^)h)?&capitals
BhR?X?)6
B44H
capitals
CREATE TABLE cities

name
population
altitude
);
(
text,
float,
int
cities
- (in ft)
CREATE TABLE capitals (

state
char(2)
) INHERITS (cities);
"") "$hj2?j[)?j2B)&4
6X)jBB^?B6h)BX?L
j?)?jB+)??hBM?9X?)6 capitals9 j?J8j )?QB)&Mr+h+L
)hlBR?[ jh4)X)cities
BR :l

?jB?h#cR?4? H h?l)h?h
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Njh)B
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h?Bl )h?hLh)j6)hv&6Q
6R)K^hBX ; capitals
j6"2Bî?RB4")B?B^ )?)
h)HX?)66lBXjB?h$B)X4 4BX?)BhlhR?)H?B6)BX?)
B
X?)6X&v9j)?)?Bh)BX?)6r4XB?B4
Nota: En realidad, la jerarqua de la herencia es un grfico dirigido y acclico.
h4&??26??Bh9ijB6?[BXBh2h)r?)
X?)r6?h))
2B2)?hY(
d\ PP ?4&)
SELECT name, altitude
FROM cities
WHERE altitude > 500;
+-------+-------+
|name
| altitude |
+-------+-------+
|Las Vegas | 2174
|
+-------+-------+
|Mariposa | 1953
|
+-------+-------+

h"d?Rg)vBXjB)
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?R?26RB^46)?X)??)R)2^C)?h?BX?&^? PP ?4B?
XB6?96$ #?,
SELECT c.name, c.altitude

FROM cities* c
WHERE c.altitude > 500;
lM??Q6??Bh@
+-------+-------+
|name
| altitude |
+-------+-------+
|Las Vegas | 2174
|
+-------+-------+
-)
|Mariposa | 1953
+-------+-------+
|Madison
| 845
+-------+-------+
|
|
)#g4&$l6)$
?B?il[?lXB6?l24??R)696"
j)?)2X?)626cities
4 jM6\&Q??^?2\)")#8B44BX? <r cities
XB)
M?)r"B4
[c&
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)R)9 #gXj&j"6RXj&484 1,X
Captulo 10. Multi-Version Concurrency Control (Control de

la Concurrencia Multi Versin)
?hY (w6? jBX"BX Bh" r MB8 XB?X))B))B8)Q&\)
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B"j"X?jB)v?9??&Bh)X?^) jh4
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Introduccin
?"iBi?^?8&)j$ #?8h"26?6h&)2)698Rj98R ?j

)L4XjB"jLXjBi"BX?) j6"l&)B?4Bd?#XB6?64Bi?L?l)hjQ
&?Q&?h?c46?j 9 6Q6?B?KXM&?4B)ijB6?9B9)6)h?RX)
)B6)XX?L9B[?&)d?$Rj
B2)"XdR\
X))iXJX&86c
?4&&))6c6? 4BMX4B^-6)#)X)?2)j28B) jMh
6L?lv?Qh)c)XX?j&c4v)h?BXjB?6hB[&6rX)6)jMJ
?M)Xh)??Ri?j8$h)B6)XX?XjBX"Bh48?M&?6&?M$)h6"jjX?1 (
B)BlXC [$XC ?H?XXg)MX)M66?L?9)6)h
(
2?ci?R?"4Bi?94B"&??6?#^c&j?82?j^r24#?j?M
j r F ?)vdBXc?h& ?4ihR$d)hQBCBh) X& N?X
Xd???c)$9?[6X?h29)h$L96h2&j^?l?4XlBBX
?49?6X?hM?4X?BBX9?49??X
:
Aislamiento transaccional
6)c) :
9
k BriR"B??4Kr)?6?)&?Bh9hRBRiX?jB)l & (
X?vr"-BXB
4Q6hB?jHvX4BBh"
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lB)B6)XX?8?$)h6X?jJ-BhRBRiX?jBQ44RJ)4BQX6)
?X)BQ"J??4
[B^h)B6)Xi?j ?Q8?)j9"?)&4BQB)M#?<#?&BXB
MB)^6?Q&j?iRjBhRBRiX?jLX6)
?X{%w)Bh)6&%
lBQhRBRiX?j&c4?c[v\Xh)$BvijB6?)4cj??BLXj)hh#[(
?)lL6)?6)XCBdijB?X?j 8M 4#BXB#^hRv?)v
R?6)XL?XB?i?jLB)^?Q?B6)RJHhM)B6)Xi?j^X6)
jX)h"^B?c4?2R??R&?BLdX"6jB?Bh)XX?B4M626i?#&)
)\

\^)
)X\&)\Qi)
Lectura "sucia"
Lectura no
repetible
Lectura
"fantasma"
-)
Lectura "sucia"
XhBX6)
Xhi6)
Xh"h??
???)R?

j ??
^v6??
8Qj??
8Qj6??
Lectura no
repetible
j 6??
j??
8j??
^j??
Lectura
"fantasma"
j 6??
j??
j6??
8Qj6??
6h"j "4i?XX6)B??R??R&?BQ4?R??)?
Nivel de lectura cursada
?{?X)4BB?B9)?6?)&?4BLjX84
6h" )B^Bvh)& (
6)Xi?jC6^h4ihL4C68B???^XB6?dj?c)h[XR[RB[8?
XB6?X&BR)lBBXM
B)hw
%w6X?jl %JB?X)&?jQhRBRiX?jBX& (
X"iBX6)jRB?Mh4XX?jd?XB6?h
BBv?4c4?QJ
BijB6?&?4B)M[\XQB4i?R4X? )u
^ gj
) \}@ u 4hv6?B^)Xh)??RljBvh)B6)iX?j
XBX4B9Bî6))+BhBX?[6Bv)B6)XX?d[?BhBhl)XhR??)6
?M6)wM?hMh)B6)XX?Q$X6l)" ' 8X)6[)"44?Mh)B6)C (
X?L69MJjXK2X)&?)K?[? 9 LX)6M6X66c?9?
j)@ #?l+?hj
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6$"h4ih)
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M [?lXjB?h i ?lB4c2?j?[?l6)h?)XM?[XB?X?jBj6
)X)??4)v))v&)"XJ)M4H)Xh)??))B)

4BQ4&i4BQv?M"6?)BMl?v\Xi?j
0 \ $
X ij&B
XB6?RBBQM)8R 46)j)B6)XX?B4XjBX"Bh
Nivel de aislamiento serializable
8XUg XC ?X"j"6?jBd4KB?K&R2)?hQR??)?B hRB)XX?jB) ; )B

BLhRBRiX?jC6hL KB?K4?)??R)?B?LXc?hd6?8?jl)h2X6)
)Bh9Q?8)B6)XX?ij&?BX BBXLQBK)hj26X?j2BK?j[X)&?
)B6)XX?B4vXjBi"BhlX6)jQ)BhL?#hXX?j L?#)B6)XX? j[?
RBj4h9B?c4c&?[?2\Xi?j#9hRB)XX?jB
4#6?+ij&^6c?)$h)B6)iX?1 (
B 44^\X))^4)j)R^6?)8?)HXBX"B4&Bh
-Bd?d4c4?^j9BLijB6?LRB?d\XX?j8BLX?)X?j

u ^
) +
}MO)u B6h[6?B8)X)??)42jBlh)& (
6)Xi?j ijBX"4BlBdX6))g?4Bh)B6)iX?j&vh)hQ[)X)??)R
4h
?Q6)QQv?jh)B6)XX? 6vX6l#)" ; X)6#lQ)"i?)& (
6)Xi?jQ6v"ji4$iR&?R?8? ; 4-X)6vB8h)B6)XX?
XBX4B6i6)B)B6)XX?^6?)??))?$6))MXj^j&B66\

ERROR:
Cant serialize access due to concurrent update
jB&h)B6)XX?j 6?)??))?dBJd&j?i)[?R8X)&?)48[h)
)B6)XX?B44J) rM?hRBRiX?jL64?)??R)?B)9&4)
Nota: Tenga en cuenta que los resultados de la ejecucin de SELECT o INSERT (con
una consulta) no se vern afectados por transacciones concurrentes.
--
Bloqueos y tablas
6h"M"Xl)?j&jl?j&RlijB"j?)$)Xi4dXBX4BvQ?j
)h&h)?) C: ?BM[4hjM&jjM[?j#?j)?" 6h")h&(
?X)&4Bv)BhMv?\XX?vBX?)4i?jBc&?Bh)vj"j96"j(
X?B)
J)M46)jrj?)r)??X)X?B4 9 j$?j
&jj$M?8+i4
) : iX6 B" C 6cR??8^)B6)XX?86)B?4B^B)6?M)X?j
?h)B6)iX?j
: 4&$M?4Xh)&Y L6962X&Rh?X?LdX?6?9)2XjB"j?))X4l (
6H
?Xh& 6X?
?)K)B)K
R?RKvh\Xj&)? $ hr
h
6jB8&)"XBM?B&4?)h)&Bh6) $M8?v #[Q)XhR??)
Bloqueos a nivel de tabla
XX6 B4" jC6

l&jQ?Q)??l)h&R?X)&Bh6j)?RM6)Q?4B
ijB6?)) J 6"v??d6hv?4Q6) [Ld^B)d\XR
BX?))6?j
N?Xj
Xj : Xi46 +X?? C 6
j&
:
/
W 1
BR" j+6
: ??8_
\}MO u \, _ )9X?))X?jB
ROW SHARE MODE

N?Xj
XjL?j
&jj +X?6?c C6 : XX6 X?6? j+6
B^Xj&
IN
/
W 1
X?6? j+6
vR?" u ^
X \,X )M4i?R4X?B4
IN ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE

)" W M / + X?? C6 X ?6?c C6Q : C(
Bji9Xjd?j
&jj B)" jC 6 B
i4 +X?? jC 6
c)" j C6
)Q4i?R4X?B4
#)?4" \u"$^ )\, _
IN SHARE
MODE
N?X X ?^&jj W M/ +X?? C 6 B)" W M/ +X?? C6
h Xj&
C6
X?6? j+ 6v : Xi4 +X?? j
c)" W M / +X?? C6
Qh& \, _ R4X?)w)X?B4
IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE
-f
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Nota: Slo AccessExclusiveLock bloquea la declaracin SELECT (sin FOR UPDATE).
Bloqueos a nivel de fila

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Chequeos de consistencia de datos en el nivel de aplicacin
cd^?)[?X)[ j6"[B?jR?l)h6J? hB i4Bd4B?c4

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Nota: Antes de la versin 6.5 Postgres usaba bloqueos de lectura, as que la consideracin anterior es tambin vlida cuando actualice a 6.5 (o superior) desde versiones
anteriores de Postgres.
Notas
B &)?U cR?S6 "
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Captulo 11. Configurando su entorno

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$ PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH
$ export PATH
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BLB.profile
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Captulo 12. Administracin de una Base de Datos

Nota: Actualmente esta seccin es una copia disfrazada del tutorial. Ser necesario ampliarla. - thomas 1998-01-12
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Creacin de Bases de Datos
))6)j6X")4B"[ j6"ij8gXj&)B i"))\Ri;\)=

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createdb

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)&?

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ij&)Bj64X?

% createdb mibd
QJ)MhBHg&?6&"6?)v4B"l
psql
6i?
* CREATE DATABASE mibd;
B ?4B&4
????BX6)?J)&X"4vB)6#)h6Kc4&r6??Bh

&B66\@
% createdb mibd
WARN:user "your username" is not allowed to create/destroy databases
createdb: database creation failed on mibd.
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Ubicaciones Alternativas de las Bases de Datos
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A * :1: M)?h)HXjB?jBrij^h)r)?)?i

Nota: En versiones antiguas de Postgres, tambin se permita el uso de nombres absolutos de fichero para especificar diferentes locales de almacenamiento. Aunque es
preferible el uso de variables de estado ya que da mayor flexibilidad al administrador local para gestionar el espacio en disco, tambin es posible usar caminos absolutos para
especificar ubicaciones alternativas. La Gua del Administrador discute como activar esta
funcionalidad.
$R)B4v6?)&[?B?)X)??$X)&?B#)?)?v[6)
)B9?M)44^)gB)j)?Bj
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9\&?^h?B9B)?j
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jM j6" J j6?j$ (
&BhR6?9Y #?BX&)c6)6X?
% initlocation $PGDATA2
Creating Postgres database system directory /alt/postgres/data
Creating Postgres database system directory /alt/postgres/data/base
)2X"4Bl)699)j$4#)"2)?&)XB)&?4B8)?hB)h?c
)?-M?MY#?BMij&)Bj6)M4g??Bhij&)BU
A * :1:l
% createdb -D PGDATA2 mibd
QJ)MB)XH?v&?6&)h?H
psql
4X?
* CREATE DATABASE mibd WITH LOCATION = PGDATA2;
RB2h?B
+????2BX6)?2)
i"4)J)6-$)j6$R??Bh&4BhM
% createdb mibd
WARN:user "your username" is not allowed to create/destroy databases
j 4?jX)4??B8+?6M8&jj?9)6M)hrB8?4B)j?R)6?j#)
Bh)K84v6X??H86?"Xj?j6)c4?6??c@
% createdb -D /alt/postgres/data mibd
ERROR: Unable to create database directory /alt/postgres/data/base/mydb
Acceso a una Base de Datos
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2
% psql mibd
46)?)lX^j6??4BM&4B6\@
Welcome to the POSTGRESQL interactive sql monitor:
Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms of POSTGRESQL
type \? for help on slash commands
type \q to quit
type \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
You are currently connected to the database: mibd
mibd=>
6#9 #?&j??B?X#4
&jB?jQ?6iXB&#4X??l? k
"6jB
Bh"#v)"QQhR6hdQ&)Bh?BQ&B?hc < jR&
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h4&?jJ
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mibd=> \h
lB#L4&?BdL?B"jX?[6QXjB6?h)v
XBhB?v)j4?jH 6"6X??B
)"i#dh)\K8)6)9
mibd=> \g
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^X&)gBdB4i4?h[BX&RB&gM
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9Rh?MLic"+?)&
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mibd=> \i miFichero
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psql
Q"i6)HlB?+R6X?
mibd=> \q
B)??))[?vB)$"44-6^6B?+$Xj&)Bj R$j"jij&)Bj

lpsql
6?c6X?o &?BhR\XhQ6 ?j94?j k 6v4l6)??"<(
&Bh84Ri?# ?)BX&6)X?jBh)?)j"9B)2Y#?B4)6 ; j&Bh)?[QB
Y#?B4?B?X)îj
9 jQ?vM)R)XM6) ?)j))B)6hg
?2Y #?B262?BjR l )2ij&Bh)?$)?)
Y #B)r8Bh"BlY #B26
{
& .
Privilegios para Bases de Datos
Privilegios para Tablas

*
Destruccin de una Base de Datos
6 [HR&?B?6)jM^?^)68^)hjl&J4h"??LRB
6??BhMX&RBo[B?)
% dropdb mibd
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Captulo 13. Almacenamiento en disco

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Captulo 14. Instrucciones SQL

6Ll?#?B&)X?j ^"\"4Bi?L)d?)l?B6"XX?l k 6j))l
6h"

ABORT
Nombre
ABORT
M?)B6)XX?^^X
Synopsis
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
Inputs
^jB
Outputs
ROLLBACK
4BhM4c4?l64rXj&?h)QXjL4?h
NOTICE: ROLLBACK: no transaction in progress ROLLBACK
jBvB)h)c)XX?jBr48X6Q)Xh)?&Bh
Descripcion
6B)XM?[)B6)XX?L#X6^X)2hR$?)
Rih??))X?jB
BXB)
jH?9hRB)XX?jL6R86X)h)B) 9 hXj&)BQ4r?4B?XQ4LXj&jh)&?Bh)
X&)B \X\ k p) Q6M"6Bj?)&4BMj))jBB?6j?iR
XX
Notas
lh???X \O$
)Mh&?B)H?hjR&BB9)B6)Xi?j
Utilizacion
))jh)Kj?j
X)&?
ABORT WORK;
Compatibilidad

SQL92
69X&)Bd4Bl+B6?j 6h" k "64B2r))jB$B?6h?X) \

44jij&)B k p) ?)?Bh
_ \
MODIFICAR GRUPO
Nombre
MODIFICAR GRUPO
: B)?-6)?jM8"??&?B)-6)?j"
Synopsis
MODIFICAR GRUPO nombre AADIR USUARIO nombre de usuario [, ... ]
MODIFICAR GRUPO nombre ELIMINAR USUARIO nombre de usuario [, ... ]
Entradas
nombre
jB&"Mg"Q9&j?X)
nombre de usuario
l6)?c)M6KB)?jv4??&?B)jr4" H
?jr8+?6?
Resultados
MODIFICAR GRUPO
y
4BhM"X??B6?McR?)X?j8Mij"X
jB&"$(
Descripcin
6
6)
X)&?)4+ BR?6R?j$"2[??&?c)(
?^" 6 ?v?r)&?B?6)j")6)j86)K69j"
: B)?6)?[JvB[X"$66)?
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[ ]_^ `\]X^`L)??&?B)K
"
O$M$\ }\
Forma de uso
: B)?K6)?jr9^"U
MODIFICIAR GRUPO personal AADIR USUARIO karl, john
??&?B)Kd6)?vML"

MODIFICAR GRUPO trabajadores ELIMINAR USUARIO beth
Compatibilidad
SQL92
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?Mj" $M$\}\
k )p)$ XBXJ[
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MODIFICAR TABLA
Nombre
MODIFICAR TABLA
j?)irM?)&j?X)i?jBrh)?)
Synopsis
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla [ * ]
AADIR [ COLUMNA ] columna tipo
MODIFICAR [ COLUMNA ] columna { SET DEFAULT valor | DROP DEFAULT }
RENOMBRAR [ COLUMNA ] columna A nueva columna
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla
RENOMBRAR A nueva tabla
y;
Entradas
tabla
jB&"M^h)?+?6BhM)M&j?X)?
columna
^&"MB9ij?&B9BQ9+?64B
tipo

??B4c9Xj?&B
nueva columna
^QBj&"M)MB9X?&B99+?hBh
nueva tabla
^QBj&"M)M?9R?
Resultados
MODIFICAR
4BhM"X??B?Mij?&B2Q?h)?M6MB"Bj&)
ERROR
4BhM"X??B6?M)?v?9X?&B9BvjLcR??)
Descripcin
O$M$\ , _ X)&?[?v4B?X?j9Bvh)?l4?64B + ["4

B )$B9B4cX?&B9?)?M)Bv?&?6&96?Bh)?MXAADIR
]_cc
COLUMNA
lo c J dj"
?L4&?h^jB24??&?B)9?v)?"[J
COLUMNA
iih #?&ij?MODIFICAR
&B 8
h6&
&?j8)?j4jvXhC6? 6&R??X)4&?)
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j?B2B?B^2?RjijB4B?jM4
?9R?M)X)B 9 * 6M&jj?9h)?9?9Xj?&B[J&RBXj&?6&8?J
R& Bv46) rM6hMij&)Bv6\XR
l6hd4H4X"4j4hh)?)jKX)&?)Kd64&
Notas
B)?RMX?)
&6)jK?M6&?h?
COLUMNA
$$6??4BvBj&$
Bh)??B?i$?Mj"Q4rh4Xh)6$6j
6
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?)"B)^?\)") #64BMXj&
SELECCIONAR nueva columna DESDE SuperClase*
B#BX?BR)&J"v?)6X?)4B))&J"?LR?Lv6vBXBh)
8?96"X?)6
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jB?jH)?"4KjPONER
2&VALORES
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[6DEFECTO
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6?64&B[6&?? ' F

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`X Bw$ @ ?4BM&)r?Bj&)X?L?)B"4Bi?R66Bh
* ?' #R9 \
,X )lBv6i?Ji?j&)R&??l9?jMR&Bh)?Y (
j
Moda de uso
) B)?KB9Xj?&B9?J :WXFm: W B9h)?&
MODIFICAR TABLA distribuidores AADIR COLUMNA direcciones VARCHAR(30);
)"Bj&)KB9X?&B94?64BM
MODIFICAR TABLA distribuidores RENOMBRAR COLUMNA direcciones A ciudad;
)"Bj&)KB9R?+?hBh@
MODIFICAR TABLA distribuidores RENOMBRA A proveedores;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
["
6hv)6&?vXj&?v+XX?j9lBLjjhv?jc;(
COLUMNA
?"4vj9AADIR
XC
?&?)X?jB6-ij&C6L4??X &RQ)? 1 L"
MODIFICAR
4h^6&?6?c^X&?4
COLUMNA
k pR 46X?X2)?B)$X))X?4$R?iB)?4$) O$M$\ O, _ j"< (
BMBQ4h)^j)@ #??"XR&Bjjh))j j6" k

yR
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla AADIR definicin de limitacin de tabla

MODIFICAR TABLA tabla ELIMINAR LIMITACION limitacin { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
: B)?rd??&?B)
BQ??&?h)X? lh)?vXj&#BQ??&?h)X? [ij&";(
i?jBg?&?)X?jB?X)g8???)X?j#9"4d4h;B) + )9X")H8??&?B)B
??&?)X?j
B?X)4X"4[??&?B)
#B?X
B?Xj4"64ih?)&Bh
X]_cc
a b [cdM < RQX)&?)$j)X?)6vv??&?h)X?jB9B4i4?h"X")$&"X4)
?
)?)cQj"jr))&4"jR?9_
]Xc clo cd"4

jh4&?)J)??&?B)HiR?????)X?jd48B9h)?
distribuidores
CREAR TABLA temp COMO SELECCIONAR * DESDE distribuidores;

ELIMINAR TABLA distribuidores;
CREAR TABLA distribuidores COMO SELECCIONAR * DESDE temp;
ELIMINAR TABLA temp;
MODIFICAR TABLA tabla ELIMINAR [ COLUMNA ] columna { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
??&?B)B
X?&B$B
h)? j?4B&4BXRr4??&?B)B
Xj?&)
?6hBh?9R?M6K"X"RQ"4iRgR&
CREAR TABLA temp COMO SELECCIONAR did, ciudad DESDE distribuidores;
ELIMINAR TABLA distribuidores;
CREAR TABLA distribuidores (
did
DECIMAL(3) DEFAULT 1,
name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
);
INSERTAR DENTRO distribuidores SELECCIONAR * DESDE temp;
ELIMINAT TABLA temp;
)2X?)6?)l)L"Bj&)MX?&B)lR?R[j+4B?jBl)
k pR BQ?Rr"jc4

j6" k
MODIFICAR USUARIO
Nombre
MODIFICAR USUARIO
j?X)K??Bj&Ri?jd?XBh96)?
Synopsis
MODIFICAR USUARIO nombre de usuario
[ WITH PASSWORD palabra clave ]
[ CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB ] [ CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER ]
[ VALID UNTIL abstime ]
Entradas
nombre de usuario
jB&"Mg6)?QXh)??)^6&j?X)j
palabra clave
B9)?)w9X?)MM46)M4^69XBh
FWX:F*[
FWX:F*[
6h)9X?)6?)B ?X)Ri?RQ 6)?)X4R49vRj
g 6M64i?X FWX:*[ j6)?QjMB?6"?))6)j
l6)B! W_:*[ 69B?4[2#)?8?[iR)6?)&X"))6r
)j
FWX:F W
FWX:F
W
6)X?)6?)h&?B)&6J6)?d6hv)h?))Lli"4rBjM6(

?jX&?6& ' hMjX?^B)X$4KR&))+)?l84")?l<(
)6)-j4Bi?&9j)?)"6?Xi?jB)XX6
abstime
QXBQiji?jB)?&4B?Bj)4?v?)?)wX?)lv4hv6R?
J?)w
Resultados
MODIFICAR USUARIO
4BhM"X??B6?M&?X)X?jdXj"Xh
ERROR: MODIFICAR USUARIO: usuario "nombre de usuario" no existe
B66\
r"j"X??96)+6)?96X?X)2B2+?6
l?)6rr)h
yR
Descripcin
O@$\ \$ 6$J)X)&?)-?j)h?j?MXBhM$86;(

?# j6" k
j?&6"6)?&vB8)6)j94vX)&?)Y(
???j
4iBRMiRi?)dM)?R4
X?)MXL69j" l"?B)?&4B?j
R?jr6j?Q4^X)&?)-d"j?)?Ri?)
l6)$_
]Xc o]zo]_a^ RX"4 B&6)?
[ ]_^ `@c)])??&?B)
^6)?
Modo de uso
)&?)-?9R?)X?)c^6R?U

MODIFICAR USUARIO davide CON PALABRA CLAVE hu8jmn3;
)&?)-?9)??4ML6)?vB)6M?XB

MODIFICAR USUARIO manuel VALIDO HASTA 31 En 2030;
)&?)
?)??vl)?#BRh?XB)64i?X)BdQ)h?))X?j
+?4[R?j?99 r )Q ppq 6)B?9)jB[Bj)?99h?B Bj
&)M1 U

MODIFICAR USUARIO chris VALIDO HASTA 4 May 12:00:00 1998 +1;
)KL6)?Q?9X)4X?)di"R-hj)?jrQB)r)6)j

*
MODIFICAR USUARIO miriam CREATEUSER CREATEDB;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^B)#"4 $M$\ \$
R?jrM??&?&4B)X?j
k pRB< h)B)$\?8B?X?
BEGIN
Nombre
BEGIN
&?4B)B9)B6)XX?^^&jQ4BX)B)
Synopsis
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
y-
Inputs
EO W v
W_:
:u

R?)RX?)jX?BR? ^Qh?B^Xh
Outputs
BEGIN
6v?B?KXMB9B4cM)B6)Xi?j^B6?QXj&B))
NOTICE: BEGIN: already a transaction in progress
hQ?B?iMMB9)B6)XX?86h^""6 ' Mh)B6)XX?jL48i6QB

cMR 46R
Descripcion
-4ih 6" k \X?))B6)XX?B44lX)r@?X)iR h)&?Qi1(
BX?#ij&R
)Rhjij&&?D^4j"j96?6&R9v)6vv)j6 < j)9R?)w)6
X)26)L96)?dh4ih)84Jj?[)B6)XX?LXj&&?K62\X(
L?&??X?)&4B8)B)HK6)h6H?d\XX?8+?jR8h"&j
\X8C"j??)C 6 ?B?X?dB^)B6)Xi?j 86)?&C&j BX)iB (
jj j?jM46)j26)?jM46[&Xj&)B
[\X))
BLhRBRiX?jB?X^B)68 4??X?h&_
^}aK& ]_^ @ QX
hrJ&RjQ?8\< (
XX?j . jM46)j&&jd4BiRB)^6l\Xh)&&XBd&))?jjj"l?
)B6)XX?^6R' gXj&&?"?"B2)Xh?c?46?B?X)?2 F 8M?6X l
\XX?L&???46)j
B"9B2hRBRiX?jdh)&?d
"?9)
?XB6?64Bi2X)BQ6MX)&?)8&XB)rh)?)"?)X?jB)4
jh" k W_: *

B?
&R??R&?B jQ6h ?R8)B6)XX?B^4
r}r
0* jjB9?)$XjB?h)Bh"89?lhRBRiX?j#6?^h?B2#XBhl?j
X)&?2XjB6??R2RB9Q?^h4iX?jCQ?8XB6? J : -6B2h???))

_\ \X$ uX$

\$X _ \66 )
)2XjB6?)[4-h?
$ 6HB4i46?)2R??R&?B&8hRBRiX?jB2&)9?"6 J
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:
:[0 6?hB) XB?j8X)&?jXB6j??)j8)BhL#?
)B6)XX?lBhXj&?BX
"4?&Bh)B4Hr?$\Xi?jQ+?&J6) * r
8B9h)B6)XX?^6?)??)4?
H?#)B6)XX?6h#XB6jh?R j6" k )6Rw#dh)v?)l)XR??)< (
X?B[6R BXB)96HB 8B?BBL84??)2? 6 )2hRB)XX?jB2h?BC?
"J?44h)BR :
* )h&i)ijB6?hBh))?6?)Q)?
Notas
4&?)6$ ^lXh )M?Bj&Ri?j8)&??R6j"$?jvh)?)H)BhB

)B6)XX?
lh???X_
^}a _
] ^ @ QXh)4&?BRBhRB)XX?j
W
y;f
Utilizacion
)X&4B))Kc2h)B6)Xi?j^6)?
BEGIN WORK;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
#B)#B?BX&RB
^
B4hB6? [?Bhv j6" k r
$ 4??X?h^ k p) 8g?[?B?i?Ri?j9B[)B6)Xi?j#6?4&"26h2?&??iv^4
4&?B)vvijLL4h) \O$ QXj \X\
Nota: Muchos sistemas de bases de datos relacionales ofrecen una caracteristica de
autocommit como una comodidad.

X?j?Q)?R
h???))l)v?"iBh"jj?hj k &Y(
kl4d)?6) )BEGIN
^L6dX?)6)i4"6d8?)l)B6)XX?B[6)B?X)
XRBvh)6?))??X)X?jB)6M)j
k pR R&?^4?" W
:
:l
J)M4H4B?jM)?6?)&?4BvM)B6)C (
X?^j4 46
CLOSE
Nombre
CLOSE
?^Xj
Synopsis
CLOSE cursor
Inputs
cursor
jB&"Mî6K)?vXR
C y
Outputs
CLOSE
4BhM4c4?l64X6Hi4)l+?j6)&Bh
NOTICE PerformPortalClose: portal "cursor" not found
h9)?hM6M6j
cursor
B6hX?)vQ9B6?QX)
Descripcion
??4l?"X"6^)6X?)X&&Xj
)? * 62l6QX<(
)B KXjhcB6&?4 j)X?B4266??Bh[ 4 [ X6jM?
6HX4)BXRBvBQcM4HB4i4?h)
l&X?jl?&??i?hM\Xh)dJ)lX)vXjR?4hLi)B#BQh)B6)XX?j4
4&?B)Mj \O$ v \)_ \
\
Notas
6h"vBCh?B# 6R dXj ) 4??X?hM8- i6[dXjB6?

)?lX)BlrX?)4 lh???ig6R ^\ RX?)w)KdXj
Utilizacion
HgX6j??)Bj&&
CLOSE liahona;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
\
4hh)?&BhMX&J)??MXj k p)B
CLUSTER
Nombre
CLUSTER
jj"i?jB)?6Q)?&)XB6\)")li6h?Bc)j6c?
Cl
Synopsis
CLUSTER indexname ON table
Entradas
Nombre del indice
jB&"M^?B?X
table
jB&"MB9h)?
Salidas
CLUSTER
j)")&?4BvB?)Q+?h6)&Bh
ERROR: relation ~ tablerelation_number
inherits "table"
M1"uMU{Mu1C''+XH {9'g;1' )90;)+'H)D +$U;'99)

+$+'M"uMU{M
ERROR: Relation table does not exist!
M1"uMU{M; ''C $<F;HX'Y'+FMX+X' F$,' '+

''$F9 ',+<$9,+,U' 'CMtu1U\M
Descripccion
)6)Bj6
&)B9 jh4
)"?[X?)664i?X)j
)"jR?&))&Bhd ?B?Xd64i?X)
B?XddBR
1 ?table
indexname
6?Q4B?vM
classname
B)lBX?)66M)")46?X)&BhM"jBB))6)Bj8??Bj&Ri?j
-?B?X J K)"R&?B&4[6)h?X Cj)2R?))6c&?BhR[^?^X?)68
)X)??4))+?jiR&?j$B^6&R")j ^2B)X2B?B&?BhB^9&)BhB
)R-B)-?B6h)BX?)K9h?))X)??R) w RB?"X4))?)
&)B)?&Bhh4ih)BQ4jij&)BvB
\
Notas
9R?[Rih)?&Bh62X)92Blh)?94&)ij#4j"L?B?Xg9(
$624B&l[6 Bj&"2??B) j
46[)RBjj?"&?6jXBXY(
jrvh"?B?XMJ?"8X)Bl6M\X4R")&?4BQX?64?B
8?j
X)6^M)XXBrMB9??B)j?))?)hj4&4BM4B"lMB?R)R
"4&)X)v?j9Rj4?R-v?h)?BM?&jh)Bh R ? Rj

?4B4BBX?v[)XXl)?Bj)h&)[vjhj6jdB)L&?B?X[2?

)R4BX?)R4gv \ )
vh"&?R94CH \ )
[)L4[C?jliRj[C?jl^h???))[
?B?Xl)v4hRr&iBR??B4)MlBR?Rj#&B?X)?j$[&?B?Xv?c
&???49??BRX?)Qij?BX? \
))v"QB?B?X
?Bh?X4hh)d)?B)vd?6X$)#??&#??B&X ?#Xj?Bi?4
j)$?R$h)$??B)2X?BX?4")?i&Bh[4h[#?[&?6&v)?B[
jR?R)Bj)Bv)Xi4j?6XQRi4?)Bv?MijB6?
m )ljr&)B4R))J)-)j H MJ?&4Xj8gX&RB \

"jBBl?vh)?lj??B)JXj&?vj"B)X?jB?B?i[[64i?4 . hv4
6J?4B$lR?R-RB"r?)??B)-6
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6i)B64)?R)?$h)?
#j"#2?B?i4gL6BB?jRB9?lh)?l46v6"iB))?)BhR4h)4
)?B)rR?)h?)6RM6hM&8B)B2)?B9M?6X"XB4)iR??B
&? + 6"?4BlBvX)XBg"^?v&)j?Q[Bvh)?v)B[BdX)[
?X)XB
vh&)BR)")K)hjrh???))
SELECT columnlist INTO TABLE newtable
FROM table ORDER BY columnlist
??)94Xj?89j"BR6?d 6"rd?2X?)6?V WX* W C)9B)X

X?BX???j
?B?X4+94
&XB8&))J?))h6j"B)j 9* 6
#?&)?#?\)-h???)
, _
)#"Bj&)2Xj&
?8)?8?\)c 4i"i)MX)??4?B?X J KB?X&"?4&^42B6QXB6temp
)
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*d+ * 9)B4#)4?)B4 F
?26)?J"9?2&)j?l?j
)h9B)86?j4B)B6)6M???Rj?B?XM+?6Bh
Nota de traductor: Un ndice agrupado es aquel que llegado al final de su rbol b-tree
no contiene un puntero a una pgina de disco en la que est la tupla, sino la propia tupla.
Utilizacion
")&?BhQ?"?)X?j8&?))6)Bj^d)h?hQ6)?)?
:
CLUSTER emp_ind ON emp;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^QBRQB?Bd4h)hv?B6\ \
4 k p)B
COMMIT
Nombre
COMMIT
)??R?h)B6)XX?^)Xh)
Synopsis
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
Inputs
EO W v
W_:
:u

R?)Mi?RcX?jB) ^Qh?BM4 4ih
Outputs
COMMIT
4BhM4c4?l6?9h)B6)iX?j86M")??49ij^+?
NOTICE: COMMIT: no transaction in progress
jBvB)h)c)XX?jBr48""6
Description
")??)? )B6)XX? )X) M j^?j8iR&?^"4??))j8jv? )&(
6)Xi?j 6jC???428?)2h)2h)B6)XX?B46J 68))Bh?)^6XB6) 6 K6
"X$B9iR?MM?)?B
\O$
Notes
)KJ)?))KX?)E W v W_: : F

6 Q&)6?)2?Bj&R?)64[4
6Hj&?h?)
l6\
]X^ M Q_hR)RHBh)B6)Xi?j

C
Usage
)B)XKjj
?jrX)&?jr4&)B4B4J
COMMIT WORK;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
k pR 6?844i?X?)j
&)6
&BhX&R??
COMMIT
COMMIT WORK
H H?&)6)jh)Y(
COPY
Nombre
COPY
j?9)hj4B"XB"jrQ)?)
Synopsis
COPY [ BINARY ] table [ WITH OIDS ]
FROM { filename | stdin }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS delimiter ]
[ WITH NULL AS null string ]
COPY [ BINARY ] table [ WITH OIDS ]
TO { filename | stdout }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS delimiter ]
[ WITH NULL AS null string ]
Inputs

:W
R&?24BX&j)&?4B^&)h82X)&j6gjR)B[jj?)hj
)?&)XB)6v?6MX&v4\hr?BR?j6)^?)KXj&hh
table
jB&"MB9h)?M4?6hB

*[
EO
m

j?9j?Bh?X)Kj4h4?BhBoB?X
* c)X)?
filename
"9)6j?4Lj)lB?2giB4"Q4B)Q6)??
stdin
JX?X?9B)c?4BM^XBXhQh&?B)
stdout
JX?X?9R??îjBXQQh&?c)
delimiter
X)Xh??&?h?riR&4B)Q6)??
null print
lB
X)iB
)""4iBh)J)?j") r cR?Bc4 4ihU
r)966?)6&(
RK))jBB?h?X) 9 "i?H\&?j)B9iRB\N
^
)C#?
Nota: En una copia de entrada, cualquier dato que coincida con esta cadena ser
almacenado como un valor NULL, por lo que debera asegurarse de usar la misma
cadena que us para la copia de salida-
Outputs
COPY
X?96MXj&?hQ6)?6)Xh?)&Bh

ERROR: reason
X?9)??lj?9)4L?B?X)48j&B66\M"
Descripcin
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6l4JBl?hJ6? J6v6X?i
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Notes
stdin
?j9RjM)
stdout
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h4jH?B)?4Q?)
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Sugerencia: No confunda COPY con la instruccin \copy de psql.
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File Formats
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Binary Format
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?B?h&)h?hM 8+?)$&R?X
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Usage
J6??4BQ\&?dX?QBh)?QQ?6)??v6)B)hj6)B#BQRQ?X)
X&v??&?h)jX)&U

COPY country TO stdout USING DELIMITERS |;
)X?R)hdXB"[B?[?M)?%ijBM%+
COPY country FROM /usr1/proj/bray/sql/country_data;
lR) #B&h4&?d[)hRXj)l6rXj?)jvBvh)?l6

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AFGHANISTAN
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006
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\0
\0
\0 \0 \0 027
\0 \0 \0
A
N
I
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\0 \0 006 \0
B
A
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\0 006 \0 \0
E
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A
\n
\0 001 \0 \0
\0 \f \0 \0
\0 \0 \0 001
F \0 \0 017
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Compatibility
SQL92
^Q4?6h?96B4Bi? \
4 k 7p)B
C f
CREATE AGGREGATE
Nombre
CREATE AGGREGATE
BMB9BBX?^M)")
Synopsis
CREATE AGGREGATE name [ AS ] ( BASETYPE = data_type
[ , SFUNC1 = sfunc1, STYPE1 = sfunc1_return_type ]
[ , SFUNC2 = sfunc2, STYPE2 = sfunc2_return_type ]
[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
[ , INITCOND1 = initial_condition1 ]
[ , INITCOND2 = initial_condition2 ] )
Entradas
name

jB&"M?M BX?jd)44Q9X"i)
data_type
j?v)hQB)&4B)g6jjMj6M BX?jd)44
sfunc1
MBX?86h)[h)BX??j8$B??R&)6$)X)X)&[BvB?
6^?LX?&BBh &Bdc)?4?Lh?
ij&QJ?&H)"&Bl4X)&JvXj&6Bv)"sfunc1_return_type
&4B
sfunc1_return_type
j?v?v?J?&4BX?jd)BX??j
sfunc2
MBX?86h)[h)BX??j8$B??R&)6$)X)X)&[BvB?
X
M?9X?&B2j? l j&9B2cR?)?M?
)"&BhlB?iQ?B9)?)?$j&?6sfunc2_return_type
&?
sfunc2_return_type
?v?hvj?M4B9BX?^Mh)BX??j
ffunc
vBX?
B)J??)&)v)XBh?$hM?X)&j2BhR 6hv&(
i?j["4i??cj-)"&Bh?j-h?j
sfunc1_return_type sfunc2_return_type
initial_condition1
jc)?jK?B?i)j)Mj)"&4Bl?9?&BX?^MhRBi?6?j
y
initial_condition2
jc)?jK?B?i)jj)"&4BlM?6B9Bi?j^hRBi?6?j
Outputs
CREATE
4BhM4c4?l64Xj&)BvMXj&?h6)?)Xh?)&4B
Description
4&?h9[#6)?8^")&4hB?lBX?B;(
??) 6h"49B?B&B4cRBX?B42Q)44 : ?BR2BX?jB9
)i)R8h?2RQXj&
4h)^?6jB??2
min(int4)
avg(float8)
?l?h?X?j)6 X 2Bd
Bh?
86[B4X6?[BvBX?2)"<(
B&6Q"j"X?B)cQ6)6Q-Xj&)B \
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) u )
"J"6?jB)?RrX))6h$ #?6?X)6)B)
lB
BX?l)"KJ"4?BB)6
h4-BX?B46jKBX?B4Krh),
(
X??j^M6h)

\u u
sfunc1
sfunc2
sfunc1( internal-state1, next-data_item ) --> next-internal-state1 sfunc2( internalstate2 ) --> next-internal-state2
QB9BX?LB)gMX)?X?j
ffunc
ffunc(internal-state1, internal-state2) --> aggregate-value
6h"X"vB)6hQjM)?)?h&j)?4?))) #Bij&
)
&)BhB"6?RJj?B4&)?H6)jKXj&[)"&BhjHJtemp1
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6B4?J
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column_value
sfunc1_return_type
v
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2 -)"&Bh9R
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)X)Bi?j^h)BX??j 9 6)664i?X)Q)?&)XB)Q8?)6$)h
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Notes
l6 \ u
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Compatibilidad
SQL92
\u! u
\
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7
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4HB4hB6?j)?Bh

4 k p)B
6h"^2+?h
?j"
CREATE DATABASE
Nombre
CREATE DATABASE
"B9B4cM)M)h
Synopsis
CREATE DATABASE name [ WITH LOCATION = dbpath ]
Inputs
name

MB&"M?)6)jrMi"4)
dbpath
lc[?X)X?#)?4BR?2)[)&)i4B?[B[R9)hj$6?h&
)"6B?j K&))?4BMJ6??
Jj?&)
Outputs
CREATE DATABASE
4BhM4c4?l6?9j"86MX&J?MR?6)Xj?R&B
ERROR: user username is not allowed to create/drop databases
#4Bl4
c??4?4JX?) W_:*[ )i"4v)6Q#)j
m
_]Xc oO
] wo]_a^
ERROR: createdb: database "name" already exists
hQjX"6jB9)6)j??)&)
name
+?6
ERROR: Single quotes are not allowed in database names.

ERROR: Single quotes are not allowed in database paths.
BL&XjB4BrX&???)6?&? . 6hd
v)69[)j
?&"6i?B??$)name
?jdbpath
rX)B$6B?gX"48g?"Xh?[?MR
)h4)8\XR6M&jv4"
ERROR: The path xxx is invalid.
Bv)??)8&))h^ci1(
[J)B?j4BX)&?B^6X?iR
& ' &"4?M"M?Bhj\vldbpath
)6"6$$?)?4?4BjB
?MB9BXBv""BX?4?6h
ERROR: createdb: May not be called in a transaction block.
h?BLBh)c)XX?jd?4Q4??X?h# \XX? B J L??)&R2

H ?&4vBMh&?B)?9)B6)Xi?j
\u7u,X
ERROR: Unable to create database directory xxx.

ERROR: Could not initialize database directory.
hj&B66\v6h)&&)M?&"?)X?jB)jMXj ?BX?Bh94&?6j6j"[
?"6h?[r)j6i?BX?Bh6)X?94Q)?6ij4Qj"jH"?4&)Kv+6?6h<(
&M
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hBH)XX6v9??jX)??))X?j^6X?iR
Description
X4QBQBQ)6ll)j 6" k
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/usr/local/pgsql/data
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olly=> create database lusiadas;
)MX"4B9B)6)h^^)"9)?hB)h?c
~/private_db
$ mkdir private_db
$ initlocation ~/private_db
Creating Postgres database system directory /home/olly/private_db/base
$ psql olly
Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
(Please type \copyright to see the distribution terms of PostgreSQL.)
Type \h
\?
\q
\g
olly=>
for help with SQL commands,

for help on internal slash commands,
to quit,
or terminate with semicolon to execute query.
CREATE DATABASE elsewhere WITH LOCATION = /home/olly/private_db;
CREATE DATABASE
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^#4?6hlX&RB \u"u, _
k 4h)B)-4 \
_ ^)O
k p)B. JXj&)Bd?)?Bhv
CREATE FUNCTION
Nombre
CREATE FUNCTION
Br9B./ BXh?
Synopsis
CREATE FUNCTION name ( [ ftype [, ...] ] )
RETURNS rtype
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
AS definition
LANGUAGE langname
CREATE FUNCTION name ( [ ftype [, ...] ] )

RETURNS rtype
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
AS obj_file , link_symbol
LANGUAGE C
Inputs
name

BMB)&MjB9BX?j^vX4)
ftype
B[)2h9j- BXh?R"&Bh +
B2?B-h$&)L9)62jrij&?
6gjrX)4
?B?X)h$hB)B2cih?&RiXJ$)"&Bh$-R?&(
c)?d6Xd)opaque
XB)
rtype
BM48)hMh H
BMhBh&)4i?L)rMRRXj&?

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: 8jh?B)gJ?XjB?Bj&)?j8)jchBBih?jBR4LKj?&?R)?j H
B
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?B?X)4HB)jhB
iscachable
BXh?l)Y /^)K"hB-Br6)&r"6iscachable
?/^Bv?v
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4rBj)h)4?jM 6$jjB4' /^?6?Bj&R?j#Bj?"6h?^"6B
?d?hrR)&44H??6h l BMj?&?R6

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iscachable
v. (\)?)hX)?jjBhBMBX?j
definition
: 6h?BvB?BvB BXh?&8RhB&4)B?BQBj8B$?)B)
c&)l
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"XBR?RB)
obj_file link_symbol
B?Hj hB Qi?R
?H68 jB)&?X)??M(??&6 ?)B)$BX?jB
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^
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B9B)&?X)??^?R)?2j4\X)B obj_file
?$hB[j4h4iDB ??&L
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langname
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plname
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Outputs
CREATE
B?
?r"4BL?BcMij&&)B#Xj&?4r6XX6??
Description
)??1 /^ jh44r^"?hr[ BXh?/^?hvR)46

6B?XRB?r4H?r"44#)BM1/^BHBBMBX?j
\u|M\X$
Notes
4 4h8B9XB)4?dB
`X B" @ `w BC [ X
U)dhB?B j6"
?
Bih?BHhBK?B&)h?L/^??BhB)gBX?jB
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6h")??1 /^HBXh?
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47
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)""6j?dvBMXj"4iB)&?X)??Q??, 6#j4\X
: BXh?LX)BBjB"h86cB)?
@ \X$
Usage
vi"4hM6?&? k BX?jX

CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4

AS SELECT 1 AS RESULT
LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT one() AS answer;
answer
---1
B?Q4)&J?^X")h[ BX?j CX)???BCdjBLj #6(6")h 6B)"

??R ' B?rJ)h?X?)-jh?BX)?X?)4MiB4+6v??B)Bd"4B W ?JhBXBC6
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CREATE FUNCTION ean_checkdigit(bpchar, bpchar) RETURNS bool

AS /usr1/proj/bray/sql/funcs.so LANGUAGE c;
CREATE TABLE product (
id
char(8) PRIMARY KEY,
eanprefix char(8) CHECK (eanprefix ~ [0-9]{2}-[0-9]{5})
REFERENCES brandname(ean_prefix),
eancode
char(6) CHECK (eancode ~ [0-9]{6}),
CONSTRAINT ean
CHECK (ean_checkdigit(eanprefix, eancode))
);
B?$+)&?X")h$[BX?jBRJj$9XB6?4/^4#hB26B
lXj&?+)BhBl?BhBRJlj?B < B[ BXh? ?M?&?&Bh dQB(
&?X)???j)4\XHhB)w
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"Ch4)B j?j)?B?vc)cj?)? BdBih?j BR&L?Qj?)
?cB4ijB# BhB LX?)6?^hB k 4B?h?

CREATE FUNCTION point(complex) RETURNS point

AS /home/bernie/pgsql/lib/complex.so, complex_to_point
LANGUAGE c;
B 4iR?)h?^jJhBMBih?^?
Point * complex_to_point (Complex *z)
{
Point *p;
p = (Point *) palloc(sizeof(Point));
p->x = z->x;
p->y = z->y;
return p;
}
Compatibility
SQL92
?
\u7@ \X$
jh4r?)B)+4B?j
SQL/PSM
Nota: PSM stands for Persistent Stored Modules. It is a procedural language and it was
originally hoped that PSM would be ratified as an official standard by late 1996. As of
mid-1998, this has not yet happened, but it is hoped that PSM will eventually become a
standard.
k r \u7M\X$ B)rhBM??1/^?B86B)0

CREATE FUNCTION name
( [ [ IN | OUT | INOUT ] type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS rtype
LANGUAGE langname
ESPECIFIC routine
SQL-statement
CREATE GROUP
Nombre
CREATE GROUP
"L"QB4c
Synopsis
CREATE GROUP name
[ WITH
[ SYSID gid ]
[ USER username [, ...] ] ]
-
Entradas
name

gid
jB&"Mg"
L696)d)d4??9B&4? 4" j6(

dX?)6?
" k j"SYSID
QB 9 gQ6hX?)?94jX?jB)
#X)6^2B^44iX)4cB&"^? 4c"g2)6?BR[B&4"L&Rj
R?B)v&)B+&4)B B
username
[BQ??68[?6)?j9Q?BX??
)B4?BX??j
^4"
4" ; j6)??4B Q+?h?
Salidas
CREATE GROUP
4BhM44?l6?&"M?9j"8h&?B9X^+?
Descripcion
&?
X4-"[Bl4Q?)

)h ' B6?h??
j)&?B?6hRJ)9?Bj&)X?B
j"68M"
)9"4[9R&(
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[]X^`\]_^7`
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FWX:F A W
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"i)^"JQ)X?

CREATE GROUP staff
"i)^"JQX^&?"j
CREATE GROUP marketing WITH USER jonathan, david
;f
Compatibilidad
SQL92
?)44X?X)X?jB k p) Bd+?62?v?B6"XX?c \)u"\ + Jij&(

Xl? W j?
6?&??)H)jijBXhQ"j

CREATE INDEX
Nombre
CREATE INDEX
jB6"?#?c?iM64iBR?
Synopsis
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX nombre_indice ON tabla
[ USING nombre_acceso ] ( columna [ nombre_operador] [, ...] )
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX nombre_indice ON tabla
[ USING nombre_acceso ] ( nombre_funcion( r">columnale> [, ... ]) nombre_operador )
Entradas
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CREATE
j&B66h?v64 #?B?XM6B9X")BQXj7+?h
ERROR: Cannot create index: index_name already exists.
"6BM6M4"jK6j?&j??X"4 #B?X
Description
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nombre_indice
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tabla
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Sugerencia: Los ndices se utilizan principalmente para incrementar el rendimiento de

una base de datos. Sin embargo, un uso inapropiado de los ndices dar lugar a una
base de datos ms lenta.
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SELECT am.amname AS acc_name,

opc.opcname AS ops_name,
opr.oprname AS ops_comp
FROM pg_am am, pg_amop amop,
pg_opclass opc, pg_operator opr
WHERE amop.amopid = am.oid AND
amop.amopclaid = opc.oid AND
amop.amopopr = opr.oid
ORDER BY acc_name, ops_name, ops_comp
Usage
)X4)-#?B?XM^gX)&
ttulo
^?h)?
pelculas
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ndice_ttulo

ON pelculas (ttulo);
Compatibilidad.
SQL92
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*
6"
CREATE LANGUAGE
Nombre
CREATE LANGUAGE
BMLB4cv?B6\M)BX?jB
Synopsis
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE langname
HANDLER call_handler
LANCOMPILER comment
Entradas
W
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CREATE
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ERROR: PL handler function funcname() doesnt exist
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W 4#?R?9R?
pg_language
Table
= pg_language
+-----------------+-----------------+-----+
|
Field
|
Type
+-----------------+-----------------+-----+
| lanname
| name
| lancompiler
| text
+-----------------+-----------------+-----+
| Length|
|
|
32 |
var |
lanname |lancompiler
-----+--------internal|n/a
lisp
|/usr/ucb/liszt
C
|/bin/cc
sql
|postgres
"
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#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
"executor/spi.h"
"commands/trigger.h"
"utils/elog.h"
"fmgr.h"
/* for FmgrValues struct */
"access/heapam.h"
"utils/syscache.h"
"catalog/pg_proc.h"
"catalog/pg_type.h"
Datum
plsample_call_handler(
Oid
prooid,
int
pronargs,
FmgrValues
*proargs,
bool
*isNull)
{
Datum
retval;
TriggerData
*trigdata;
lm^n
if (CurrentTriggerData == NULL) {
/*
* Llamado como una funcin
*/
retval = ...
} else {
/*
* Llamado como un procedimiento "trigger"
*/
trigdata = CurrentTriggerData;
CurrentTriggerData = NULL;
retval = ...
}
*isNull = false;
return retval;
}

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CREATE FUNCTION plsample_call_handler () RETURNS opaque
AS /usr/local/pgsql/lib/plsample.so
LANGUAGE C;
CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE plsample
HANDLER plsample_call_handler
LANCOMPILER PL/Sample;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
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aVhhLVhj$;+ N 4Z
CREATE OPERATOR
Nombre
CREATE OPERATOR
lm
$']+-$g#+j+-#$;d 2_24.0$'3=^1243)1$g#GC#3?,/2
Synopsis
CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name
[, LEFTARG = type1 ] [, RIGHTARG = type2 ]
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
[, HASHES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] )
Entradas
name
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func_name
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type1
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type2
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neg_op
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res_proc
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left_sort_op
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right_sort_op
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lm^
Salidas
CREATE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&42.$'3?123)$'Ga793J$912_792+h',/F82Z
Description
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name
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i &)2.$'3?123
!#,/$'3?f724(*I4,/name
+-^79,/+j1$&/2EGC,/A4#,/$'+-F$k
c 9H w"k
Nota: No se permite ningn caracter alfabtico en un nombre de operador. Esto permite a Postgres analizar la entrada SQL en elementos sin requerir espacion entre cada
elemento.
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(*$'+-F$k
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MYBOXES.description

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lm
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NOT MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box

MYBOXES.description !== "0,0,1,1"::box

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GC#(,/+-,/GKF3=^124GGC2&/(*$'+-F$V.3?_#+*2.$'3?123w1$L,/A4#&/11R T1$;I4$'3=+*3J$;W$;3,/3=GC$VV24.0$'c
3=^1243J$9Gw(*$;+-243Jc8!#$g.^3=&/24GwF8,/.2Gw1$&/H.3?F8$Q,/e!#,/$'3J1gT%1$'3J$97:-H3J$'GC.$'7F8,/d;(*$'+-F8$4Z
,2F83?Gf$'GCF83?F$'A,/^GH1$_#+-,/+GC24+724+-GC,/1$'3?1Gg.3?7F8,/7GCRM24GCFA3J$'Gf79^(*I4,/3=%$;&2.F,/c
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7#^+-12#+2.$'3?123VGC$'*1$']+-,/12Z \LW8243?F8#+-1(*$'+-F$'R)&/72(*#+-,/11,/+-d $;GKF,/A^1243?
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MYBOXES.description

"0,0,1,1"::box
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1$%,/+-GKF+-7,/GL$'+
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e^+-12"w
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lm^

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R;RRTb(*#&/F,/.&/,/7Q$'&3J$;GK#&/F12H.23$;&F(*-2H1$w&/X3J$'&/^79,/+V.3?X24I4F$'+-$'3$;&1$;GK$;12
+-#(*$'3J2V1$g,/+-GKF+-7,/Ga$'GCF8,/(*^12)Z
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$'+-d#$'&/FGa$;+h$'&79(*.#F2E1$'&F(*-2V$'GC.$'3?12Z
f1,/W8$'3J$9+-7,/f$'+-F3J$&/HW8#+-79,/+
my_procedure_1 (MYBOXES.description, "0,0,1,1"::box)
TE$;&42.$;3=123

MYBOXES.description === "0,0,1,1"::box
$'GH!4#$'M24GCFA3J$'Gf,/+-F8$'+-F"24.0F8,/(*,/e3624.$;3=^1243J$9GbT*.#$;1$_1$'7,/1,/3Q#F,/&/,/e36#++-1,/79$E.^c
3=%3J$;GKF3=,/+ A,/3$;&$;GK.^79,/21$EI4GK!4#$'1"79#^+-12.3$'7$'+24.$;3=1243J$9GZ ,/+$'(*I43JA2R+-2
GC$g,/+-F8$'+-FL24.F,/(*,/e3UW8#+-7,/2+-$'GCR T%GK2+$?B$;79#F1Ga(*$'1,/^+-F8$gW8#$'3?eHI43J#F8-ZC\L1$'(*GCR&/G
W8#+-79,/2+-$'Ga.#$'1$;+"F8$'+-$;3>7#&/!#,/$'3)+-(*$'3J2_1$g3JA#(*$;+-F82G (*,/$'+-F83?Ga!#$g&/2GX2.$'3?12c
3J$'G $'GCF8+"3J$;GKF3?,/+-A,/12Gwg#+-2%2E12GZ
Notes
a$;];3=GC$&w7./F#&/2GC24I43J$2.$'3?123?$9G"$'+&/G"v|?s-}?4VX|??} |_tYL.3?(*G",/+-c
W8243?(*7,/4+ ZSa$']'3?GC$LEhhhw h.3?_I423=3?3w2.$'3?123?$9G1$']+-,/12Gf.23X$'&
#GK#^3=,/2V1$g#+-fI4GC$1$1F82GZ
Utilizacin Usage
i &GK,A#,/$'+-F$H792(*+-12"1$;]+-$#++-#$'d2%2.$'3?1238R3J$;'c8,/A4#&/11R.3?f$;&F,/.2"1$g1F2
V Z
CREATE OPERATOR === (
LEFTARG = box,
RIGHTARG = box,
PROCEDURE = area_equal_procedure,
COMMUTATOR = ===,
NEGATOR = !==,
RESTRICT = area_restriction_procedure,
JOIN = area_join_procedure,
HASHES,
SORT1 = <,
SORT2 = <
);
lx
Compatibility
SQL92
w hwah,/GhM2GCF8A43J$'G"$'F8$;+-GC,/24+ Z :-$;3J$,/G%+-26wahw h

GCF8F$'(*$'+-F,/+ 4Z
CREATE RULE
Nombre
CREATE RULE
$']+-$g#+-H+-#$;d g3J$'A&/
Synopsis
CREATE RULE name AS ON event
TO object [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ INSTEAD ] [ action | NOTHING ]
Inputs
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$&/g3?$;A&/gf73?$;3JZ
event
i d $;+-F8$g.#$;1$GC$'3
object
I;BD$'7F-.#$;1$GC$'3
select update delete
table
table column
insert
condition
PQ#&/!#,/$'3?H7&/#GC#&/ N h

2
.#$;1$'+h.3J$97$'3>$;+&/#A43>1$
i i Z
new
#+-Ld3?,/I4&/$f1$H,/+-GKF+-7,/ ?J CG ,/$'(*.3J$f
!#$b#current
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$'+ N XZ
action
P6#&/!#,/$;3=L7&/#GC#&/ N XZ

2
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3=,/I4&/$1$,/+-GKF+-7,/ ?J CG ,/$'(*new
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Salidas
CREATE
$;+-GKÂ$1$'d#&/F8$gGC,&/f3J$'A4&/f$'G 73?$;1g72+h',/F82Z
Description
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d,/GKFG 1$gF8Î4&/GZ
i &'GK,A+-,/]712b1$a#+-Q3J$'A4&/X$'G!4#$Q7#+-12g#+-6,/+-GCF+-7,/Q,/+-1,/d ,/1#^&$;G)77$'10,/1R7F8#c
&/,/e1;R ,/+-GC$'3?F1b2"I4243?3?1R$',/GCF8$H#+-V,/+-GCF+-7,/V7F#&58.^3=H72+-GK#&/FGCR7F8#^&/,/e'7,/2c
+-$'G TEI423?3=124GC<T_#+-g+-#$'df,/+-GCF8^+-79,/g5.^3=67F8#&/,/e^'7,/2+-$'GwT_-1,/124GC<`Z ,N$'&
$'GC.$'7,/]7102$'+&/j79&/#GC#&/ T@&/
$'GC.$;79,/]71h$'+&/j79&/#GC#&/hevent
hi c
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79F#&&/V.3?F$
1$b&/L3J$'A4&/L$;GQ$=BD$'7#F81-Z
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current.attribute-name new.attribute-name
.3?F$
1$&/3J$'A4&/GC$$=BD$'7#F8724+$'&a(*,/GC(*2,/1$'+-F,/]79^1243L1$724(*+-12T
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+"!#$g$;&792(*+-12_1$#GC#3?,/2E!#$g7#GCE&/f^79F,/d7,/4+ Z
Notas
G .$;3=F,/+-$'+-F$w&/6.03?$;79;#7,/4+_792+E3J$;A&/G1$ N wZ ,^$'&(*,/GC(*2L+-2(*I43?$w1$w7&/GC$w2Hd3?,/I4&/$
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Z $_W23?(*E(*Gg.3J$'7,/GKâction
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.0&/24R&current
GbGC,/A#,/$'+-F$'GV12G
3J$'A4&/'GaF8,/$'+ $'+&/g(*,/GK(*HGC$'(*^+-F8,/7-Z
ON UPDATE TO emp.salary WHERE emp.name = "Joe"
DO UPDATE emp ( ... ) WHERE ...
ON UPDATE TO emp-1.salary WHERE emp-2.name = "Joe"

DO UPDATE emp-3 ( ... ) WHERE ...
P61V3J$'A4&/E.#$'1$LF8$'+-$;3Q$;&FA2.7,/2+-& i \

Z ,/+*$'GCF$_F8ÂR4&/
GK$;3=E3J$;'c
&/,/e1_$'+^1,/79,4+&792(*+-121$_#GK#3?,/27#+-12$'&
$;+&/".action
3?F$
event
1$&/H3J$'A4&/g^.3J$Se^79+>Z`\V&/F$'3?+-F8,/d(*$;+-F8$'R^&/H.03=F$
GK$;3=H3J$;'&/,/e1fcondition
$'+h&/#A^3U1$;&
724(*+-121$;&U#GC#3=,/2Z i +@$'GCF8$"&/F8,/(*279^GK2&/,+-GKaction
F$'124WwF:-$h#GC$'3f724(*(*^+-1XZ +@F8:-,/G
&/F$'3U7GC$'R;F8:-$
.#$'1$GC$'3)&/H.&/Î43=79&/^d $
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action
NOTHING
P6#+-12gGC$a$'&/,/A4$a$'+-F83J$>&/24GGK,/GCF$'(*G)1$a3J$'$'GC73,/F8#3?XTb3J$'A4&/G1$a,/+-GCF8+-7,/X.3?w#+-X.0&/,/79c
7,/4+j.3?F8,/7#&/3U1$f#+-L3J$'A4&/R3J$'7#$'3J1-$'GC$f!#$f$'+$;&GC,/GCF8$'(L1$f3J$'$;GK73,/F#3=^R
GC$
current
3J$']$'3[$gf&/H3J$;&/7,/4+"T"^&/A#+-2Gw7#&/,/]7123?$;Ga(,/$'+-F83?Ga!#$f$'+h$'&GC,/GKF$'(*H1$g
,/+-GCF+-7,/G
GC$3J$']$'3J$6f#+-H,/+-GCF+-7,/H58F8#.&/<`Z
i GH(*#T,/(*.23?F8+-F$E+-24F3g!#$E$'&GC,/GKF$'(*"1$E3J$'$'GC73?,/F8#3?%+-#+-79"1$;F8$'7F3?%+-,.3J279$;GCc
3=%3J$;A&/Gf79,/3J7#&/3[$;GZM23g$=BD$'(*.&/2R-^#+-!#$"71%#+-"1$E&/GfGK,/A4#,/$'+-F$'Gb12Gb3J$'A4&/Gg792+
7$'.F'1^Ga.23UM2GCF8A43J$'GCR$'& 724(*+ 12%1$3J$'72A,/17#GC3=g&/f79^/11$M24GCFA3J$'GHk
lx
8'*8'8*D

94 ?
CREATE RULE bad_rule_combination_1 AS
ON SELECT TO emp
DO INSTEAD SELECT TO toyemp;
CREATE RULE bad_rule_combination_2 AS
ON SELECT TO toyemp
DO INSTEAD SELECT TO emp;
i GCF8$,/+ F8$'+-F2%1$2I4F8$;+-7,/4+j1$1^F82Gw1$;GK1$ i
M.03?2d2473?g&/g79^/1f1$6M2GCF8A43J$'GZ
SELECT * FROM emp;
G +-$'7$'GC3?,/2*F$'+-$'3g.$;3=(*,/GC21$E1$']+-,/7,/4+1$%3J$;A&/Gb$;+@#+-h79&/^GK$%.3?".21$'3g1$']+-,/3
i b
#+-*3?$;A&/$;+$'&Z $1$'I4$#F,/&/,/e3V$;&w72(*+-12hLh T!L#"V.3?(*21,/]793
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A+_&/#A30$'+V#+-3J$'A4&/-Z i +-F3?$ 24F3=^GU792GCG)$;GKF2bGC,/A+-,/]7!4#$Q&/G)W#+-7,/2+-$'GU1$w,/+-GCF8^+-79,/^G
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emp
&/#A^3U1$;+-F83J2V1foo(emp)
$#+-H3J$'A4&/-Z
i &GK,GKF$'(*%&/(*7$;+-%$'&F8$'F21$_&/%3J$'A4&/ET&/2Gb.&/+-$;Gf1$_72+-GC#&/F8"724(*2^F83?,/I4#F82Gf1$
F8$;NF2)Z i GCF82*,/(*.0&/,/79h!#$%&/"793J$'^79,/+1$E3J$'A&/^GH.#$'1$EW8&/&/36GC,)&/"3J$'A&/"(*GHGK#Gbd3?,/G
,/+-F8$;3=+-G 3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F7,/24+-$'Gw$'79$;1$9+j^&/A+hd&/243U!#$g$'Ga1$'& 23J1$'+"1$g#+-g.A,/+- Z
Uso
7$'3!#$ (
2IF$'+-A4f$'&(*,/GC(*2%CBD#GCF8$g1$6GK^&/3?,/2E!#$

$82$k
CREATE RULE example_1 AS

ON UPDATE emp.salary WHERE current.name = "Joe"
DO UPDATE emp (salary = new.salary)
WHERE emp.name = "Sam";
\V&(*,/GC(*2*F8,/$;(*.2*!#$$824$E3J$'7,/d$_#+`B#GCF$%1$_GK^&/3=,/2R $'&$'d$'+-F82GK$;3=%d$'3J1;1$'3J2T*&/
,/+-GCF8+-7,/L7F8#&-1%
$ $82$bT&/L+-#$'dV,/+-GCF8^+-79,/V.3J24.#$;GKFL$'GCF8+1,/GK.024+-,/I4&/$'G.3?b&/G63J#c
F8,/+-^Gw1$g$?B$;79#7,/+ ZM23 &/2%F+-F82R$'GCF8$g+-#$;d 2EGK&/^3=,/2_$'GXGC#GCF8,/F#,/12%$'+j&/H.3?F$g1$g77,/4+
1$6&/g3?$;A&/!#$$'G GC#I4GC,/A#,/$'+-F$'(*$'+ F8$g$=BD$'7#F1-Z i GKF2E.03?2.A4$;& GC&/3?,/2_1&
$ $2$6 ^(Z
$ $824$g7#+-12E$'G 77$'1,/12k
7$'3!#$g,/&/&2I4F8$'+-A4H$'&GC&/3?,/2V1'
ON SELECT TO EMP.salary
WHERE current.name = "Bill"
DO INSTEAD
SELECT (emp.salary) from emp
WHERE emp.name = "Joe";
lx^m
$'+-$'A43 (
$824$a$;&;779$;GK2g&;GC&/3?,/2f1$>$'(*.&/$'^124G$'+L$'&'1$;.3?F8;(*$'+-F2H1$ 7&/e;12f5
1$'d#$'&/d$6$;&4+-2(*I43J$g1$'& #GC#3?,/2E7F#&/<`k
current_user
ON SELECT TO emp.salary
WHERE current.dept = "shoe" AND current_user = "Joe"
DO INSTEAD NOTHING;
P63J$93>#+-fd,/GCF8H1$$'(*.&/$;124G F3=Î4CB^+-12_$;+j$;&1$'.3F(*$'+-F$g1$UBD#A4#$;F8$;GZ
CREATE toyemp(name = char16, salary = int4);
ON SELECT TO toyemp
DO INSTEAD
SELECT (emp.name, emp.salary) FROM emp
WHERE emp.dept = "toy";
212Gw&/2GX+-#$'d2Gw$;(*.&/$'12G 1$'I4$'+h:-7$'3)-Z ;f2_(*$'+-2GZ

ON INERT TO emp WHERE new.salary > 5000
DO UPDATE NEWSET salary = 5000;
Compatibility
SQL92
& 72(*+-126waV$'Gj#+-@$'F8$;+-GK,/+1$*M2GCF8A43J$'Gjh2$'N,/GCF$&/GC$'+-F$'+-7,/
i Q
w Vj$'+ 4Z
CREATE SEQUENCE
Nombre
CREATE SEQUENCE
P63J$'#+-H+-#$;d gGK$;79#$;+-79,/g1$gA$;+-$'3?123U1$6+-#(*$'3J24G
Synopsis
CREATE SEQUENCE seqname [ INCREMENT increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue ]
[ START start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ CYCLE ]
lxx
Entradas
seqname
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HGC$'7#$'+-7,/f!4#$GK$;3=f73J$';1-Z
b7&/#GC#&/

$'GQ2.7,/24+-&Z*)V+d ^&/243a.2GC,/F8,/d2h:-3?L#+-LGC$'c
79#$;+-79,/bGC7$'+-INCREMENT
1$;+-F8$'R#+-2hincrement
+-$'A4F,/d 2":-^3=b#+-bGK$;7#$;+-7,/L1$;GK7$;+-1$'+-F8$4Z i & d&/23 .243
24(*,/GC,/2+$;Gw#+-2E58<`Z
increment
minvalue
_7&/#GC#&/E24.079,/2+-&

1$'F$'3?(*,/+-E$'&0d&/23Q(*,/+-,/(*2!#$V#+-
GK$;79#$;+-79,/a.#$'1$aA4$'+-$'3?MINVALUE
3=Z i &'d&/230minvalue
.2302(*,/GC,2+_$;GXTfc^+'+;+w.3?wGC$'7#$'+-7,/G
GC79$;+-1$'+-F$'G T%1$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$'GCR^3J$'GC.$;79F,/d'(*$;+-F8$Z
maxvalue
)VF,/&/,/7$6&/g7&/#GC#&/g2.7,/2+-&

.3?1$;F8$'3?(*,/+-3$'&d &/23(*,/c
(*2%.3?f#+-bGK$;7#$;+-7,/-Z`M243 MAXVALUE
2(*,/GC,/2 +jGK2maxvalue
+j+;+,+HTEcH.^3=gGK$;79#$;+-79,/^GXGC7$'+-c
1$'+-F$'G T%1$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$'GCR^3J$'GC.$;79F,/d(*$'+-F$Z
start
H7&/#GC#&/b24.7,/2+-&

:-Î4,/&/,/F8b&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/L.03=H!4#$H72(*,/$'+-7$H$'+
79#&/!4#,/$'3V&/#A43=Z i &wdSTART
&/23V1$start
,/+-,/7,/2.243L24(*,/GC,/2 +$'G
.3?GK$;7#$;+-7,/G
minvalue
GC79$;+-1$'+-F$'G T
.3?g&/^Gw1$;GK7$'+-1$;+-F8$;GZ
maxvalue
cache
H24.7,/2+
.$;3=(*,/F$f!#$f&/24Gw+-#(*$'3J24Gw1$g&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/HGC$'+j&/2;BD12G
cache
5.03?$9&/&/27F8$;CACHE
1<)T*&/(*
7$'+-124Gg$'+(*$'(*23=,/%.^3=%#+77$'GC2(*Gg3=.0,/12)Z i &d&/23
(*,/+-,/(*2V$;G)Q58GC24&/2bGC$X.#$'1$aA4$'+-$'3?3#+_d ^&/24371Xd $;eR,Z $ZGK,/+_77:-$'<TH$'GUF8^(*I4,/$'+
$'& d&/243U.23U2(*,/GC,2+ Z
P6 P6 i
%.&/I43%7&/d$V5-4$'T.h23J1<)P6 P6 i .#$;1$VGC$'3Q#F#&/,/e1_.3?_.$'3?(*,/F,/36%&/EGC$'c
79#$;+-79,/a792+-F8,/+-#^37#+-12f$;&^d&/2301$
2H$'&'1$
:-XGC,/12H&/7+-c
maxvalue
e1-2.23Q#+-_GK$;79#$;+-79,/VGC7$'+-1$'+-F$L2
1$'GC7$'+-1$'+-F$L3J$'GC.minvalue
$;79F,/d'(*$'+ F8$Z ,0$'& &/,/(*,/F8$
$'GU&/7+-e^102R'$'&NGC,/A4#,/$'+-F$6+-#(*$'3J2LA4$'+-$'3?12bGC$'3?7#&/!4#,/$;3=6!#$Q.3?
minvalue
2
GC$'fF24(*^12E724(*2E.3J24.0,/'12Z
maxvalue
Outputs
CREATE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&472(*+-12_$'Gw$?B$;79#F12V724+h$',/F82Z
ERROR: Relation seqname already exists
,&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H$'GC.$;79,/]71-bT4f$;N,/GCF8$4Z
ERROR: DefineSequence: MINVALUE (start) cant be >= MAXVALUE (max)
,$'& d&/23>1$6,/+-,/7,/2%$'GC.$'7,/]79^12_$;GKFfW8#$'3?f1$3?+-A42)Z
lx^n
ERROR: DefineSequence: START value (start) cant be < MINVALUE (min)
,$'& d&/23>1$6,/+-,/7,/2%$'GC.$'7,/]79^12_$;GKFfW8#$'3?f1$3?+-A42)Z
ERROR: DefineSequence: MINVALUE (min) cant be >= MAXVALUE (max)
,$'& d&/23>(*,/+-,/(*2ET%(*,/(*2EGC2+,/+-72+-GK,/GF8$;+-F8$'GZ
Descripcion
w 0/!1hVh_,/+-F3J241#7,/3?Q#+-+-#$'dQGC$'7#$'+-7,/6A4$'+-$;3=1243?X1$X+-#(*$'3J24G1$'+-c

F83J2"1$f&/L7F8#&I4GC$b1$f1^F82GZ i GCF82h,/(*.&/,/7L&/V73J$'7,/2+$H,/+-,/7,/&/,/e7,/2+1$H#+-V+-#$;d
F8Î&/g1$g#+-H&/,/+-$'H724+j$'&+-2(*I43J$
ZKfGC$'7#$'+-7,/HA4$'+-$'3?123?fGC$'3=H.03?2.,/$'1'1
1$'& #GC#3?,/2E!#$g$?B$;79#Ff$'&724(*^+-1seqname
2)Z
$'.GC#$'GX1$b!#$HGC$b73J$'H#+-bGC$'7#$'+-7,/RN.#$'1$f#F8,/&/,/e^3 &/bW8#+-79,/2+
.3Q24I4F$'+-$'36#+-j+-#$'d2*+-#(*$'3J2*1$E&/"GC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z^"W#+-7,/2+
nextval(seqname)
currval(seqname)
.#$'1$GC$'3V#F,/&/,/e1*.3?*1$'F$'3?(*,/+-3V$;&X+-#(*$'3?.1$'d#$;&/F82.23_&/*#&/F8,/(*&/&/(*1
1$'GC1$&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H$'GC.$;79,/]71$'+"&/HGC$'GC,/24+h$'+h7#3?GK2Z`fW8#+-7,/24+
nextval(seqname)
.#$;1$bGC$'3a#F,/&/,/e1L.3?b724+-]A4#3?3w$'&d&/243w7F#&
setval(seqname,
1$'d24&/d$'3?g$;&
1
$6&/GC$'7#$'+-7,/f$'GC.$'7,/]newvalue)
79^1Z`gGC,/A#,/$;+-F8$&/&/^(*1g
nextval(seqname)
d&/243)112V(*Ga&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/f1$g,/+-73J$'(*$'+-F2Z
)VF,/&/,/7$#+-H724+-GC#&/F8H58!#$;3=T4< 792(*2
SELECT * FROM sequence_name;
.3?2I4F8$;+-$'3)&/24Ga.3?(*$'F3J2NGw1$Q#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z=\L.3?F8$Q1$2I4F8$'+-$;3U&/2G .3?(*$'F3?2G>23=,/c

A,/+-^&/$'GCR^.#$'1$#F,/&/,/e3
SELECT last_value FROM sequence_name;
.3?X24I4F$'+-$'30$'&#&/F,/(*2Ld&/2430GK,A+-12b.02437#&/!4#,/$;3.3J279$;GK2b$;+_$;&GC$'3?d,/124358I47-4$S+-1<`Z
F82_24I4F,/+hF8:-$g&/^GKFd&/#$&/&/27F8$;1I4T%+-TEI4*7 -4$'+-1XZ=.3?'(*$'F3J24Ga!#$g.#$;1$'G #F8,/&/,/e^3
$j#F8&/,/eI4CBD2+-,/d$'&w1$I4&/24!4#$.3?:-I4,/&/,/F3L(*#&/F,/.&/$'G"&/&/^(*1G_GC,/(*#&F8+-$;G%*#+
A$;+-$'3?123`Z
lx
Atencin
Se pueden obtener resultados inesperados si una configuracion de cache mayor que uno es utilizada por un objeto secuencia que sera usado concurrentemente por multiples procesos en el servidor (backends).
Cada proceso en el servidor (backend)asignara valores de secuencia
"cache" succesivas durante un acceso al objeto secuencia e incrementara el ultimo valor (last_value) del objeto secuencia en conformidad
con esto. De este modo, el siguiente uso de cache-1 de nextval dentro de ese proceso en el servidor (backend) devolvera simplemente los
valores asignados sin tocar el objeto compartido. Asi pues, los numeros asignados pero no utilizados en la sesion en curso se perderan.
Mas aun, aunque se garantice por multiples procesos en el servidor
(backends) la asignacion de distintos valores de secuencia, los valores
pueden ser generados fuera de secuencia cuando los procesos en el
servidor (backends) son tenidos en cuenta. (Por ejemplo, con una configuracion de cache de 10, el proceso A puede reservar valores 1..10
y devolver un nextval=1, entonces el proceso B puede reservar valores
11..20 y devolver un nextval=11 antes de que el proceso A ha generado
un nextval=2.) Asi, con una configuracion de cache de uno es seguro
asumir que los valores de nextval seran generados secuencialmente;
conuna cache configurada mayor que uno solo podrias asumir que los
valores de nextvalue seran todos distintos, no que seran todos generados de un modo puramente secuencial. Tambien, last_value reflejara el
ultimo valor reservado por cualquier proceso en el servidor (backend),
tanto si ya ha sido devuelto por nextval como si no.
Notas
a$;(*,/F8GC$gf$;GKF12_hh/!1hLhh.3?f$;&/,/(*,/+-3>#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z
P616.3J279$;GK2V$'+"$;& GK$;3=d,/123U58I427 -$'+-1<-#F,/&/,/efGC#j.3J24.0,/g77:-$6.^3=&/(*7$'+-3+-#(*$'c
3J24GQ^GK,/A4+-12GZ92GQ+-#(*$'3J2G6!#$H$'GCF8+$'+&/L77:-$H.0$'3J2"+-2jGC2+#F,/&/,/e12"$'+&/VGC$'GC,/2+
$'+"7#3=GC2_GK$g.0$'3J1$'3+-R1^+-12_72(*2%3J$'GC#&/F81-2Ed7,/2GK$;+j&/gGK$;79#$;+-79,/ Z
Uso
P63J$9H#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/HGC79$;+-1$'+-F$&/&/(*1
R^724(*$;+-e+-12_$'+" k
serial
CREATE SEQUENCE serial START 101;
$;&/$'77,/24+-$6$'&GK,/A4#,/$'+-F$g+-#(*$'3J2E1$6$'GCF8fGC$'7#$'+-7,/

SELECT NEXTVAL (serial);
nextval
----114
)VF,/&/,/7$$'GCF8gGK$;79#$;+-79,/H$;+"#+-
i k
INSERT INTO distributors VALUES (NEXTVAL(serial),nothing);
lx^
P62+-]A#3?3)$'&d ^&/243)1$g&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/f1$;GK.#$;Gw1$6#+jP M
CREATE FUNCTION distributors_id_max() RETURNS INT4

AS SELECT max(id) FROM distributors
LANGUAGE sql;
BEGIN;
COPY distributors FROM input_file;
SELECT setval(serial, distributors_id_max());
END;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
w /!1hVh$'Gw#+-b$'F8$;+-GC,/24+1$g&/$'+-A4#CBD$HM2GCF8A43J$'GZh2E:-T"$'GCF12%6V
a3
/!
1hVhh$'+ 4Z
CREATE TABLE
Nombre
CREATE TABLE
P63J$'#+-f+-#$'dHF8I4&/
Synopsis
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] TABLE table (
column type
[ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ UNIQUE ] [ DEFAULT value ]
[column_constraint_clause | PRIMARY KEY } [ ... ] ]
[, ... ]
[, PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] ) ]
[, CHECK ( condition ) ]
[, table_constraint_clause ]
) [ INHERITS ( inherited_table [, ...] ) ]
Entradas
i M \V)
$"73J$'j&/F8I4&/jGK&/2.3?$'GCFGC$'GC,/4+-RT$'GV$'&/,/(*,/+-^1#F24(*^F8,/7(*$'+-F$j72+$'&
]+j1$f&/bGC$'GC,/4+ ZGXFI4&/Ga.$'3?(*+-$'+-F$'GX$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$;GQ724+j$'&4(*,/GC(*2j+-2(*I43J$f+-2"GK2+
d ,/GC,/I4&/$'Ga(*,/$'+-F3=^Gw&/fFI4&/$F$'(*.23=^&4$;N,/GCF$Z
lx
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H+-#$;d f7&/GC$2_F8Î&ff73?$;3=Z
column
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h7(*.2Z
type
i &'F8,/.2H1$'&;7(*.2ZM#$'1$ ,/+-7&/#,/3$'GC.$'7,/]71243J$9G1$ 3?3=^T ZP62+-GC#&/F8$a&/Xv9|Js }J?4V
Q|?J} | t4^).3?f(*Ga,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+hGC2I3J$6F8,/.2GXTE3=3?;TGZ
i \4)L
value
)V+d&/243X.2361$;W$;7CF82.3?E$'&07(*.2Z'P62+-GC#&/F8$_&/E7&/#GC#&/ i \4)L .^3=V(*G
,/+-W23?(*7,/4+ Z
column_constraint_clause
b7&/#GC#&/V2.7,/24+-^& 1$f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$;GQ572+-GCF83?,/+-F<$'GC.$'7,/]7L#+-L&/,/GCF8L1$f3J$'GCF83?,/7c
79,/2+-$'G1$b,/+-F8$'A43?,/112j724(*.03?#$;IV!#$V&/G+-#$'dG6,/+-GC$'3J7,/2+-$'G27F#&/,/e;79,/2+-$'G
1$'I4$'+GCF8,/GCW87$'3Q.3?"!4#$"&/h,/+-GC$'3J7,/4+2*&/h^79F#&/,/e;7,/4+F$'+-A4"'N,/F2ZP6^1%3J$'GCc
F83?,/779,/+1$'I4$$'d&/#3?GC$j*#+-$'.3?$;GC,/4+I4242&/$'+- Z4\L#+-!#$ N ^3?$;!#,/$'3J$j&/
.3?f3J$'W8$'3?,/3=GC$6b$;GC$g79^(*.2EGC4&/^(*$'+-F$'RM2GCF8A43J$'G
column_constraint_clause
.
$'3?(*,/F8$!#$*(*&/F8,/.&/$;G"7(*.24G%GK$;+3J$'W8$;3?$9+-7,/12G"1$'+-F3J21$#++-,/7279^(*.2
792+-GCF83?,/+-F=ZCP62+-GK#&/F$g&/H7&/#GK#&/g792+-GCF83?,/+-F-.03=g(*Gw,/+-W823=(*^79,/+ Z
table_constraint_clause
_7&/#GC#&/_2.7,/24+-^&P \ $'GC.$'7,/]7_#+-_&/,/GCFE1$b3?$;GKF3?,/797,/2+-$'G1$L,/+-c
F8$'A43?,/11"!#$6&/G>+-#$'dG>,/+-GC$'3J7,/2+-$'G 2L&/G>7F8#&/,/e^7C,/24+-$;Ga1$'I4$'3?+EGCF,/GCW^79$;3.3?
!#$#+-*GK$;+-F8$'+-7,/,/+-GC$'3?F62@#.1F8$F$'+-A4',/F82ZP613?$;GKF3?,/797,/+1$'I4$GC$'3L$;d ^c
&/#1#+-$;N.3J$'GC,/+I4242&/$'+--Z $h.#$'1$'+3J$'W8$93J$'+-7,/3b(*&/F,/.&/$'G_7 (*.2GE72+
#+-_+-,/7E3J$'GCF8 3?,/779,/+ Z 4&/2jGC$V.#$'1$L1$']+-,/3X#+-E+-,/7E7&/#GC#&/VM \L)6
5 i
58#+-3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+E1$XF8I4&/< +-1hM \V)7
5 i
.243FI4&/SM \L)7
5 i
5#+-h3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+1$"7(*.2column
<wGC24+@(*#F#(*$'+-F$j$;N7&/#T$;+-F8$;GZP62+-GK#&/F$j&/h7&/#GK#&/
1$3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+"1$gFI4&/f.^3=(*Gw,/+-W823=(79,/+ Z
"i 8
inherited_table
Q7&/#GC#&/2.7,/24+-^& hi 8 $'GC.$'7,/]79Q#+-Q724&/$;797,/+%1$w+-2(*I43?$;GU1$wF8Î4&/61$
&/Gw7#&/$;Ga$;GKFHF8Î&/H:-$;3J$'10HF2124Gw&/24Gw79^(*.24GZ ,4^&/A+j7(*.2E:-$;3?$;1'12E.3J$97$
(*G>1$X#+-gd$'eRSM2GCF8A43J$'G ,/+-W8243?(*g1$X#+"$'3?3J243=ZM24GCFA3J$'G .$;3=(*,/F$6#F2(*F8,/7(*$;+-c
F8$aX&/XFI4&/w73J$''1X:-$'3J$'1;3W8#+-7,/24+-$'G1$ &/GF8I4&/^GGC#.$'3?,/23J$'GX$;&/&/X$'+L&/B$;3=^3?!4#
1$:-$'3J$'+-7,/-Z
Aside: La herencia de funciones se realiza siguiendo las convenciones del Common Lisp
Object System (CLOS).
Salidas
CREATE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/HFI4&/$GC$g:-f73J$'1-2E72+;N,/F2)Z
lx^

ERROR
$'+-GCCB$X1$;d #$'&/F2LGC,N&/g73J$'7C,/+"1$Q&/FI4&/gW8&/&/-Z i GCF$6(*$'+-GCCBD$d,/$'+-$X+-23=(*&(*$'+-c

F8$_72(*.-12.236&/A4+F$'F82$'.&/,/79^F8,/d24R72(*2)k
!4#$H27#3=3J$g$;+jF,/$'(*.2"1$g$=BD$'7#79,/ERROR:
+-RGK,4&/HF8^Relation
I4&/H$'GC.$'7,/]table
791fT
already
exists
$'N,/GCF$$'+h&/fI4GC$g1$61F24GZ
ERROR: DEFAULT: type mismatched
, $'&0F8,/.21$V1^F82G62$'&0d&/23X.243X1$'W8$'7`F82+ 27243?3J$'GC.2+-1$L&0F,/.2j1$V1F24G1$b&/
1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$'&7(*.2Z
Description
w 48 ,/+-F3?21#7,/3?E#+-%+-#$'d%79&/^GK$L2F8Î&/_$'+&/EI4GC$_1$V1^F82Gf7F#&Z;

F8Î&/GC$'3=g.24GC$'1f.23>$;&4#GC#3?,/2E!4#$,/+-F83J21#79$6&/HGK$;+-F8$'+-7,/-Z
P61
.#$'1$EGC$'3g#+F8,/.2GC,/(*.&/$'R-#+@F,/.272(*.&/$=BD258GK$;F8<a2*#+F8,/.23?3?T Z'PQ1
F3=,/I4#type
F2_.#$'1$6GC$'3)$'GC.$'7,/]79^12L.3?gGC$'3)+-2E+-#&/2R^TE.#$;1$F$'+-$'3)#+"d ^&/243).23U1$;W$;7F82R
$'GC.$'7,/]7102%.0243)&/Hoa:u 99t4|?t4u<
p ;4=!>@?*Q A6Z
Nota: Al igual que en la versin 6.0 de Postgres, consistant array dimensions within an
attribute are not enforced. Esto cambiar probablemente en las versiones futuras.
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Clusula DEFAULT
DEFAULT value
ln
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value
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literal
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+-1
did
R'TE#+-H79^1$S+-H^& 79^(*.2
k
number
CREATE TABLE
did
number
total
);
did
video_sales (
VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT luso films,
INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
CASH DEFAULT $0.0
M3=6GC,/A4+-3#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/g$',/GCF8$'+-F$672(*2_d&/23).2431$;W$;79F2L.3?$;& 79^(*.2

R'T_#+
did
&/,/F8$;3=& .03=$'&7(*.2
k
name
CREATE TABLE distributors (

did
DECIMAL(3) DEFAULT NEXTVAL(serial),
name
VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT luso films
);
Column CONSTRAINT Clause

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { [
NULL | NOT NULL ] | UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY | CHECK constraint } [, ...]
Entradas
name
)V+"+-2(*I43J$3?I4,/F83?3?,/2_112Vg&/f3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+"1$,/+-F$'A43?,/11
, +-2EGC$$'GC.$;79,/]7

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name
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\L)S5 i
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5 i @.3?g(*^Gw,/+-W823=(*7,/+ Z
constraint
f1$']+-,/7,/4+j1$&/H3J$;GKF3?,/797,/+ Z
Descripcin
Q79&/^#GK#&/624.079,/2+-&N1$Q3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+_58P a\ <$;GC.$'7,/]763J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'GU2Ld$'3?,/]79
!#H1$'I4$'+79#(*.&/,/3w&/^G+ #$;d ^GQ,/+-GC$'3J79,/2+-$'G62h&/GQ^79F#&/,/e;7,/24+-$;G.03=L!#$b#+-V2.$'3?c
7,/4+1$",/+-GC$'3J7,/4+@21$"^79F#&/,/e7,/+@F$'+-A4',/F82ZPQ1h3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+@1$;I4$"$;d &/#^3=GC$E
#+-%$'.3J$'GC,/4+I4242&/$'+- ZPQ24+#+-"+-,/79"3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+GC$_.#$'1$;+3J$'W8$93J$'+-7,/36(*&/F,/.&/$'G
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d$'3J$S(*2GX(*^Gw1$;&/'+-F$'RT%3J$;GKF3=,/77,/2+-$'G 1$g7(*.2R^!#$g.GC(*2Gwgd $;3`Z
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Nota: Postgres todava no soporta (en su versin 6.5) restricciones de integridad especificadas por REFERENCES. Se acepta la sintaxis pero se ignora la clusula (disponible,
en cambio, a partir de la versin 7.0)
ln^m
Restriccin NOT NULL

[ CONSTRAINT name ] NOT NULL
"3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+@ #)V$'GC.$'7,/]7h#+-h3J$'A4&/h!4#$h2I4&/,/Ah!#$h#+7(*.2792+-F$'+-A4
+-,/7(*$'+-F$Vd&/243J$'G6+-2j+-#&/2GZRGCFE$'G6+-,/7(*$'+-F$_#+-_3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+*1$V7(*.2RT+-2GC$
.$'3?(*,/F8$6792(*2%3J$'GCF3=,/77,/+"1$F8Î4&/-ZZ
Salidas
status
ERROR: ExecAppend: Fail to add null value in not null attribute "column".
i GCF8$X$'3?3J2430247#3?3J$X$;+EF,/$'(*.2b1$X$=BD$'7#7,/4+_79#+-12bGK$w,/+-F$'+-Fg,/+-GC$'3?F830#+Ed&/23

+-#&/2_$'+h#+h79^(*.2E!#$g72+-F8,/$;+-$g&/H3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+" 0)VXZ
Descripcin
Uso
$']+-,/3U12G 3J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'G 1$Q79^(*.2_ #)Lj$;+"&/fF8Î4&/

R^#+-f1$Q&/G
distributors
7 #^&/$'G GK$+-24(*I43?-k
did
DECIMAL(3) CONSTRAINT no_null NOT NULL,
name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
);
Restriccin UNIQUE
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE
Entradas
P a\
name
)V+-f$;F8,/!#$;F8H3?I4,/F83?3?,/g11gH#+-f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+ Z
lnx
Salidas
status
ERROR: Cannot insert a duplicate key into a unique index.
i GCF8$H$'3?3J243U279#3?3J$f$'+F,/$'(*.2"1$f$?B$;79#7,/+GC, GC$H,/+-F8$'+-FL,/+-GK$;3=F3 #+d &/23a1#c

.0&/,/7912_$;+j#+h7(*.2Z
Descripcin
3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+U)L ) i $;GK.0$'7,/]7#+-3J$'A4&/!#$2I4&/,/A*#+A3J#.2@1$#+-22(*G

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GL1$']+-,/7,/2+-$'GE1$h7(*.21$h&/^G_72&/#(*+-GV$'GC.$'7,/]79^1GL+-2F,/$'+-$;+.23J!#",/+-79&/#,/3
#+-Q3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+E 0
)VE72+-GKF3=^,/+-F.03=XGC$'3,/+-7&/#124GU$;+E#+-Q3J$'GCF83?,/779,/V
+ )V ) i Z
)VR4+-2d,/2&/%&/
$;+-$'3X(*Gf1$V#+d&/236+-#&/2$;+#+7(*.2GC,/+&/%3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+ #
3J$'GCF83?,/779,/
+ )L ) i Z?5 :-,/G>1$'d,/F$'G>W83J24(F:-$ N 61$']+-,/F8,/2+-RÎ4#F,/Ga6(*23?$QGC$'+-GC,/I4&/$
724+-d$'+-F,/24+ Z $'$F:-$gGC$'7F8,/2+j24+h724(*.0F8,/I4,/&/,/FT"W8243)(*23J$g1$'F,/&/GZ <CZ
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2 )V ) i 1$'I4$+-2(*I43?3V#+7(*.02!#$$'G%1,/GKF,/F8 +-21$;&
724+BD#+-F82_1$7(*.2Gw+-2(*I43?12Ga.23)79#^&/!#,/$'3>2F3=3?$;GKF3?,/797,/#
+ )V ) i 2VM \L)
5 i @1$']+-,/W8G .23>&/fFI4&/-Z
Nota: Postgres crea automticamente un ndice nico por cada restriccin UNIQUE, para
asegurar la integridad de los datos. Vea CREATE INDEX para ms informacin.
Uso
$']+-$Q#+-63J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+_1$w79^(*.2%)V ) i .3?6&/QFI4&/1,/GKF3?,/I#F243?GZ?G)3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$;G

$7(*.24)V ) i GC2&/2%GC24+j1$']+-,/1G GC2I3J$6#+h7(*.2_1$&/HFI4&/-k
1
did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40) UNIQUE
);
&/2E!#$g$;!#,/d&/$H&/fGC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+"1$F8Î&/ k

did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40),
UNIQUE(name)
);
ln^n
La restriccin CHECK
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK
( condition [, ...] )
Entradas
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E112VH&/f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+ Z
name
condition
P6#&/!4#,/$'3$'.3J$SGC,/+"724+-1,/7,/2+-&d&/,/16!#$XGC$Q$;d &/#$XQ#+%3J$'GC#&/F8^12HI4242&/$'+-+-2Z
Outputs
status
ERROR: ExecAppend: rejected due to CHECK constraint "table_column".
i GKF$X$'3?3?23279#3?3J$X$'+%F,/$'(*.2V1$Q$?B$;79#7,/+"GC,N&/A4#,/$;+%,/+-F$'+-F8,/+-GC$'3=F3#+%d&/23

,/&/$;A&N$'+h#+j7(*.2_GC#NB$;F82%f#+-g3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+hP hi PL5%Z
Descripcin
E3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+*P hi P&5$'GC.$'7,/]79_#+-%3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+GK2I43J$V&/2GHd&/23?$;Gg.0$'3=(*,/F,/12GH$'+#+

7(*.2Z`f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+"P hi P&5F8(*I4,/;+jGC$g.$;3=(*,/F$724(*2E3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+"1$FI4&/-Z
G%3J$;GKF,/779,/2+-$'G"1$7(*.02P hi PL5 1$ N GC&/2.#$;1$'+GC$;3V1$']+-,/1G"GC2I43J$*#+
7(*.2h1$V&/VF8I4&/R TGC2&/(*$'+-F$V.#$'1$;+*3J$'WD$'3?,/3?GK$L_#+*7(*.2Z;M24GCF8A43J$'G+-2jF8,/$'+-$L$'GCF8
3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+ Z
Restriccin PRIMARY KEY

[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY
Entradas
P a\
name
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E.3?f&/f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/+ Z
ln
Salidas
ERROR: No se puede insertar un valor duplicado en un ndice nico.
i GKF2H279#3?3J$a$'+LF,/$'(*.2H1$w$=BD$'7#7,/4+VGC,^&/A#,/$'+L

,/+-F$'+-F6,/+-GC$;3=F30#+Vd&/24301#.&/,/712
$'+"#+-H724&/#(*+-HGC#NBD$'F8Hg#+-H3J$;GKF3=,797,/+jM \V)W5 i UZ
Descripcin
b3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+1$H7(*.2"M \V)U5 i $;GK.0$'7,/]7L!#$L#+7(*.02"1$b#+-LF8Î&/LGC24&/^c
(*$'+-F$6.#$'1$6724+-F$'+-$;3)d&/23J$'G>+-,/724G 58+-2L1#.&/,/712GK<TV+-2V+-#&/24GHZ=61$']+-,/7,/4+"1$6&/
724&/#(*+-L$'GC.$'7,/]79^1b+-2jF,/$'+-$H!#$L ,+-79&/#,/3a#+-L3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+$;N.&/7,/F8L #
)L.3=
GC$'3U,/+ 79&/#1f$'+h#+-H3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+"M \V)T
5 i UZ
&/2_GK$6.#$'1$$;GK.$;79,]73)#+-H+-,/79g79&/^d $6.3=,/(*^3=,/f58M \V)W
5 i <-.243UF8I4&/ Z
Notas
M24GCFA3J$'GV73J$'#F2(*F8,/7(*$;+-F8$j#++-1,/7$j+-,/72.3?GC$'A4#3?3f&/,/+-F8$;A3?,/111$j&/2G

1F24GZ`58$'g&/HGC$'+ F8$'+-7,/fPQ i \ i i <
Q3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+%1$X7&/d$Q.3?,/(*3?,/Q58M \L)7

5 i <1$'I4$X+-24(*I43?3#+%72+B#+-F2L1$X7(*c
.2Gf!#$E+-2*GC$'+72+-F8$'+-,/124GH.0243+-,/+-A4#+-"24F3?h3J$;GKF3=,/77,/7
+ )L ) i 1$']+-,/12GH.236&/
(*,/GC(*FI4&/R0T4!4#$h.3J241#7,/3?/h#+-1#.&/,/77,/+1$h+-1,/7$'GL$'!4#,/d&/$;+-F8$'GLT#+-GC2c
I43J$S73JA4%1,/7,/24+-^&$'+F8,/$;(*.2*1$E$=BD$'7#7,/4+ Z ,/+$'(*I43JA424R M2GKFA3J$;GH+-2&/21$'GC:-I4,/&/,/F
$'GC.$'7/]7'($'+-F8$4Z
Clusula CONSTRAINT para tablas

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE } ( column [, ...] )
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( constraint )
Entradas
P a\
name
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E112VH#+-f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+h1$6,/+-F8$'A43?,/11XZ
R ZZZ
i &w +-24(*I43J$1$&/24Gh7(*.2G".3?*&/24Gh!4#$*1$;]+-,/(*2Gj#++-1,/79$+-,/72T9R).3?&/
M \L)S
5 i R^#+-H3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+h #
)VXZ
column
P hi PL55
<
constraint
)V+-f$;N.3J$'GC,/+hI4242&/$'+-fHGC$'3)$'d&/#12_724(2%&/f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+ Z
ln^
Salidas
G>.2GC,/I&/$;GwGC&/,/1^G>.3?g&/f7&/#GC#&/f1$63J$;GKF3?,/797,/+"1$FI4&/G>GC24+h&/G (*,/GC(*Ga!#$.3?
&/G .3?F8$;Ga723=3J$'GC.2+-1,/$'+-F$'Ga1$&/f7&/#GC#&/H3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+"1$679(.2)Z
Descripcin
)V+-L3J$'GCF83?,/779,4+1$bF8Î4&/_$'G6#+-V3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+1$b,/+-F8$'A43?,/111$;]+-,/11GC2I43?$b#+-22j(*G

7(*.2Ga1$g#+-gF8I4&/fI4^GK$4Z`G 79#^F83J2Vd 3?,/7,/2+-$'G 1$g3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$'G 1$6F8I4&/fGC2+ k
)V
) i
P h
P 5
i L
M L
\ )S5 i
i bX5 i
Nota: Postgres todava no soporta (en su versin 6.5) las restricciones de integridad
FOREIGN KEY. El compilador entiende la sintaxis de FOREIGN KEY, pero solo imprime
un aviso e ignora la clusula. Las claves ajenas pueden ser parcialmente emuladas por
medio de triggers (Consulte la sentencia CREATE TRIGGER).
Restriccin UNIQUE
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE ( column [, ...] )
Entradas
P a\
name
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E112VH#+-f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+ Z
column
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g1$#+h79(.2E$'+h#+-fFI4&/-Z
Salidas
status
kCP6+-+-2F0,/+-GC$'3?F-f1#.&/,/7F$'-4$'T%,/+-F2EH#+-,/!4#$,/+-1$'0Z

i a f
i GCF8$H$'3?3J243U279#3?3J$f$'+F,/$'(*.2"1$f$?B$;79#7,/+GC, GC$H,/+-F8$'+-FL,/+-GK$;3=F3 #+d &/23a1#c
.0&/,/7912_$;+j#+h7(*.2Z
ln
Descripcin
63?$;GKF3?,/797,/+)V ) i $'GC.$'7,/]796#+-f3J$'A4&/6$'+%&/g!4#$6#+"A43?#.2L1$Q#+-2 :-$L)V ) i
724+-GCF83?,/+-F)GK.0$'7,/]$;Gf%3J#&/$_F:-FUEA43J24#.2W>2+-$E243Q2(*^Gf7(*.2Gf1,/d $;3=GC2Gf1$_#+-%Fc
I4&/H.#$'1$g72+-F8$'+-$;3 GC24&/2Ed &/23J$'Ga+-,/792GZ i &72(*.243?F(*,/$'+-F2"1$g&/H3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+j1$gF8Î&/
)V ) i $'GQ$;& (*,/GC(*2h!#$b.03=b&/L3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+1$H7(*.2RN792+&/b.2GK,/I4,/&/,/111,/79,/2+-&
1$.0&/,/793?&/2Vf(*Ga1$#+h7(*.2Z
P62+-GC#&/F$g&/fGC$'77,/4+jGC24I43J$&/g3J$'GCF83?,/797,/+h1$7(*.V
2 )V ) i .3?g(*^Gw1$;F8&/&/$;GZ
Uso
$']+-$g#+-f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+h1$FI4&/)L
i $'+h&/fF8Î4&/f1,/GCF83?,/I4#F823=Gk

did
DECIMAL(03),
name
VARCHAR(40),
UNIQUE(name)
);
Restriccin PRIMARY KEY

[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] )
Entradas
P a\
name
)V+h+-2(*I3J$g^3=I4,/F3=;3?,/2E.3?f&/f3J$'GCF3=,/77,/+ Z
R ZZZ
24Ga+-2(*I3J$;Gw1$6#+-2E2E(*Ga7(*.2Gw$'+"&/HFI4&/-Z
column
Salidas
status
kCP6+-+-2F0,/+-GC$'3?F-f1#.&/,/7F$'-4$'T%,/+-F2EH#+-,/!4#$,/+-1$'0Z

i a f
i GCF82"27#3=3J$f$'+F8,/$;(*.2"1$f$=BD$'7#79,/+GC,&/A#,/$;+,/+-F$'+-F8L,/+-GC$'3?F83>#+d&/23a1#c
.0&/,/7912"$'+#+7(*.02jGC#NBD$'F2jL#+-V3J$;GKF3?,/797,/+1$H79&/^d $f.3?,/(*3?,/L5M \V)
5 i <`Z
ln^

Descripcin
b3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+M \V)Y5 i $'GC.$'7,/]7V#+-L3J$'A4&/H$'+&/L!#$H#+A3J#.2"1$H#+-2h2"(*G
7(*.2Gb1$"#+-hFI4&/j.#$;1$"72+-F8$;+-$'3gGC4&/2d&/243J$;GH+-,/724GV58+-2*1#.&/,/712GK< T+-2+-#c
&/24GZ^Gf1$']+-,/79,/2+-$'GH1$_7(*.21$E&/2Gb7(*.2GH$'GC.$'7,/]712GH+-2*
+-$'7$'GC,/F%,/+-79&/#,/3g#+-
3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+" #
)Vj.3?gGC$'3>,/+-7&/#1f$'+h#+-H3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+"M \V)S
5 i )Z
_3J$'GCF3=,/77,/+1$LF8I4&/VM \L)6

5 i $;GgGC,/(*,/&/3QE&/E3J$'GC.$'7F,/d V3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+1$V7(*c
.2R 724+*&/L.2GK,I,/&/,/111$b$'F8$'+-1$'3=&/%
.h,/F:*F8:-$b11,/F,/24+-& 79^.'I4,/&/,/FT2W$'+-72(*.GCGC,/+-A
(*#&/F8,/.&/$792&/#(*+-GZ
P62+-GC#&/F$L&/VGC$'779,/+*GC24I43J$b&/_3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+1$b7(*.2jM \L)U

5 i .3?L(*G6,/+-W824(*^c
7,/4+ Z
Uso
P63J$9H&/G F8I4&/G ]&/(*GXTE1,/GCF83?,/I4#F823=Gk

CREATE TABLE films (
code
CHARACTER(5) CONSTRAINT firstkey PRIMARY KEY,
title
CHARACTER VARYING(40) NOT NULL,
did
DECIMAL(3) NOT NULL,
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE
);

did
DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT NEXTVAL(serial),
name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL CHECK (name )
);
P63J$9H#+-fF8Î&/g792+j#+j^3=3?'TE1$H1,/(*$;+-GK,/2+-$'Gk

CREATE TABLE array (
vector INT[][]
);
$']+-$Q#+-3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+E1$XFI4&/')L ) i .^3=Q&/6F8I4&/6]&/(GZ?GU3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$;G>1$QFI4&/

)V ) i .0#$;1$'+hGC$'3)1$']+-,/1GaGK2I43J$#+-2E2_(*Ga79^(*.24Ga1$&/HFI4&/-k
code
CHAR(5),
title
VARCHAR(40),
did
DECIMAL(03),
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
CONSTRAINT production UNIQUE(date_prod)
);
l
$']+-$g#+-f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+h1$7(*.2_P hi PL5Ek

did
DECIMAL(3) CHECK (did > 100),
name
VARCHAR(40)
);
$']+-$g#+-f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+h1$FI4&/fP hi P&5Ek

did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40)
CONSTRAINT con1 CHECK (did > 100 AND name > )
);
'$ ]+-$V#+-E3J $'GCF3=,/77,/4+*1$LF8I4&/_M \L)Z5 i .^3=V&/EF8Î&/V]&/(*GZ'^Gg3J$'GCF3=,/77,/2+-$'G

1$FI4&/fM \L)S5 i .#$'1$'+"GC$'3U1$']+-,/1G GC24I43J$#+-2E2E(*Ga79^(*.24Ga1$&/gF8I4&/-k
code
CHAR(05),
title
VARCHAR(40),
did
DECIMAL(03),
date_prod DATE,
kind
CHAR(10),
len
INTERVAL HOUR TO MINUTE,
CONSTRAINT code_title PRIMARY KEY(code,title)
);
'$ ]+-$_#+-%3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+1 $V7(*.2M \L)65 i .3?E&/EFI4&/E1,/GCF3=,/I4#F243?GZ^Gg3J$'GCc

F83?,/77,/24+-$'GX1$f79^(*.2"M \L)Y5 i GC2&/(*$'+-F$bGC$H.#$'1$'+j1$']+-,/3a.^3=H#+7(*.2E1$
&/fFI4&/f58&/24GaGC,/A#,/$'+-F$'Gw124Ga$=BD$'(*.&/2GwGC$'3?+"$'!#,/d&/$'+-F$'GC< k
did
DECIMAL(03),
name
CHAR VARYING(40),
PRIMARY KEY(did)
);

did
DECIMAL(03) PRIMARY KEY,
name
VARCHAR(40)
);
Notas
P6 i \ ih \V iX hi $'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+^& &/$'+-A#`B$g1$6M24GCF8A43J$'GZ
l^l
Compatibilidad
SQL92
\V1$;(*'G1$a&/w FI4&/wF$'(*.23=&'d,/GC,/I4&/$a&/247&/(*$;+-F8$'R N w1$;]+-$>#+-XGK$;+-F8$'+-
7,/X
PQ i \ i
b \V i M a\L) \L i RT_24.7,/2+-&/(*$'+-F$f#+-H79&/^#GK#&/ P
k
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE table ( column type [
DEFAULT value ] [ CONSTRAINT column_constraint ] [, ...] )
[ CONSTRAINT table_constraint ] [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
M3=LFI4&/G6F8$;(*.243?&/$;GKR &/_GC$'+-F$'+-7,/EP6 i \ i b \V i M a\L) \V i +-2(*c

I43=b#+-_+-#$;d LFI4&/Vd,/GC,/I4&/$LL24F3J24G67&/,/$'+-F$'GQTj1$']+-$b&/24G67(*.2G61$H&/VFI4&/LT&/^GQ3J$'GCc
F83?,/77,/24+-$'GZ
Q79&/^#GK#&/624.079,/2+-& P

8 1$XP6 i \ i"i M \V) \L i $'GC.
$' 7,/]79QGC,N&/
F8Î&/HF$'(*.23?&1$'I4$gd79,/^3=GC$g1
$f3J $'A4,/GCF83J2GX71fd$'eb!#$fGC$f$=BD$'7#F8b#+P
2" +-2Z
,4GC$H24(*,/F$b&/b7&/#GC#&/ P
8 RGK$fGC#(*$H&/b24.7,/+.23 1$'W8$'7F24R P

i ii Z
M3=73?$;3#+-HF8I4&/gF8$'(*.23?&k

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE actors (
id
DECIMAL(03),
name
VARCHAR(40),
CONSTRAINT actor_id CHECK (id
) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS;
Clusula UNIQUE
150)

^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-Gw.2GC,/I4,/&/,/11$'G 1,/79,/2+-&/$'Ga.3?
)L
$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+"1$F8I4&/-k
[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE ( column [, ...] )

[ { INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE } ]
[ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+"1$79^(*.2)k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] UNIQUE
[ {INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE} ]
l
i k
clusula NULL
h3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+#)L583J$'&/(*$;+-F8$%+-2$'GV#+-3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+-<a$;G_#+-j$'F8$'+-GC,/+M24GCFA3J$'GL

^w,/+-79&/#1X.23GC,/(*$'F3=X792+V&/X79&/^#GC#&/X #
)VwZP62(*2b$'G$;&d&/230.231$;W$;7F82
.3?g7#&/!#,/$'3U7(*.2R^GK#.3J$'GC$'+ 79,/f$;G 3?$;1#+-1+-F$Z
[ CONSTRAINT name ] NULL
clusula NOT NULL
^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-f.24GC,/I4,/&/11^1,/79,/2+-& .^3=f #)LXk

[ CONSTRAINT name ] NOT NULL
clusula CONSTRAINT
^j$'GC.$;79,/]7&/A4#+-.2GC,/I4,/&/,/111,/7,/2+-&U.3?3J$;GKF3?,/797,/2+-$'GCRTF8(*I4,/;+1$']+-$
3J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'G 1$^GKGC$'3?F,/24+-GwT%1$124(*,/+-,/2Z
Nota: Postgres todava no soporta ni dominios ni assertions.
)V+-E^GKGC$'3?F,/24+$'Gg#+F8,/.2$'GC.$'7,/&01$_3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+*1$V,/+-F8$'A43?,/11T792(*.3?F8$_$;&(*,/GK(*2
$'GC.7,/2V1$+-2(*I3J$;Gw72+j2F83?Ga3J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'GZ ,/+h$'(*I43JA424R^#+-HGCGC$'3?F8,/2+h+-2E$;Gw+-$'7$'GCc

3=,/^(*$'+-F8$X1$;.$'+-1,/$'+-F$X1$Q#+-.3?F8,/7#&/3FI4&/6I4GK$X72(*2_GC2+%&/G>3J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'GCRSGCN!#$
c8;H.3J24.23J7,/24+-f&/HGC$'+ F8$'+-7,/HP6 i \ i \ N i 724(*2E#+(*;F8212E&/F$'3?+-F,/d 2
.3?g1$;]+-,/3U#+-f3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+ k
CREATE ASSERTION name CHECK ( condition )
Ga3J$'GCF83? ,/779,/2+-$'Ga1$g12(*,/+-,/2"GC$H1$']+-$'+72+&/^GwGC$'+-F$'+-7,/GXPQ i \ i
\ k
i
a$;GKF3=,/77,/+j1$12(*,/+-,/2>k
\ 2%\Lc
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK constraint

$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Ga1$gF8I4&/-k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] { PRIMARY KEY ( column, ... ) | FOREIGN KEY constraint | UNIQUE constraint | CHECK constraint }
l^m
$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Ga1$g79^(*.2)k
[ CONSTRAINT name ] { NOT NULL | PRIMARY KEY | FOREIGN KEY constraint | UNIQUE | CHECK constraint }
)V+-f1$']+-,/79,/+h1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+h1$6,/+-F8$;A3?,/1158P
a\ < .#$;1$724+-F$'+-$;3>#+hF83?,/c

I4#F82h2h7&/#GK#&/ ii a\L i T 2h#+-_7&/#GC#&/_1$'& (*2412h,/+-,/7,/&01$H3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+-R $'+
7#^&/!#,/$'3)243J1$;+ Z

ii a\L i
CG ,/A4+-,/]76!#$Q&63J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+_1$'I4$aGC$'372(*.3J24I41X1$'GC.#'G)1$X&/Q$?B$'7#7,/+E1$w71
GK$;+-F8$'+-7,/ N XZ
a\L i
ii a
GC,/A+-,/]7E!#$V&/Ed$'3?,/]77,/4+1$'&-7#(*.&/,/(*,/$'+-F21$b&/E3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+.0#$;1$LGC$'3w.0&/c
e1-2E:-GCF8H(*^GwF3J10$;R^.$'3J2_+-2E(*GwF3J1-$g!#$g$'&]+-& 1$g&/f7F#& F83?+-GC77,/4+ Z
i N& (*212V1$63J$'GCF3=,/77,/4+E.3=67163J$'GCF83?,/779,/+%F,/$'+-$GC,/$'(*.3J$Q#+"d ^&/243,/+-7,/&N.23)1$'W8$'7F82
!#$gGC$$'GCFI4&/$'7$.3?f&/f3J$;GKF3=,/77,/+j^& .3=,/+-7,/.,/2_1$g&/fF3=+-GC77,/+ Z
\ ^
8 L
i \ i
GK,/A4+-,/]79%!4#$'R1$'GC1$V$;&.03=,/+-7,/.,/21$V&/EF3=^+-GK77,/+-R&/E3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+1$'I4$bGK$;36724(*c

.3J24I41-f1$'GC.#'Ga1$&/H$?B$;79#7,/+h1$71gGC$'+ F8$'+-7,/ N wZ
\ ^
8 L
i4i a i
GC,/A4+-,/])7h!4#$'R072(*2GK$%$'GCFh^&).3?,/+-7,/.,/2*1$"&hF3=^+-GK^797,/+-R0&/"724(*.03?2I47,/+@1$

&/E3J$'GCF83?,/779,/+.#$'1$LGK$;3Q.0&/e;1E:-GCF8%(*^GfF3J10$'R.$'3J2+-2(*GfF3J10$V!#$_$'+$'&
]+-^& 1$&/f7F#& F83?+-GC77,/4+ Z GC$'R^!#$g&/g3?$;GKF3?,/797,/+".#$'1$6GK$;3U,/+-7#(*.&/,/1H.23
&/A#+-gGK$;+-F8$'+-7,/ N $;+h#+j.#+-F2%,/+-F$'3?(*$'1,/2E1$g&/fF83?+-GC77,/4+-R.$;3?2V+-2%&]+-&
1$&/f(*,/GC(*-Z
Clusula CHECK
Ê$'GC.$'7,/]79%^&/A#+-%7.7,/1-1@1,/7,/2+-&.^3=EP hi P&5F8^+-F82$;+&/%3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;G

1 $FI4&/f724(*2_$'+h&/H1$7(*.2Z

1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$63?$;GKF3?,/797,/+h1$FI4&/-k
[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( VALUE condition )
lx
1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$63?$;GKF3?,/797,/+h1$7(*.2k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] CHECK ( VALUE condition )
clusula PRIMARY KEY

^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-Gw.2GC,/I4,/&/,/11$'G 1,/79,/2+-&/$'Ga.3?g&/HM
$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Ga1$gF8I4&/-k
\V)W5 i ak
[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ...] )

$']+-,/79,/+j1$3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Ga1$g79^(*.2)k

[ CONSTRAINT name ] PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE AS
Nombre
CREATE TABLE AS
PQ3J$'g#+-H+-#$;d fFI4&/
Synopsis
CREATE TABLE table [ (column [, ...] ) ]
AS select_clause
Inputs
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H+-#$;d fFI4&/ffGC$;3>73J$S1-Z
l^n
( [&/F,/.&/$'G +-24(*I43J$'G 1$6792&/#(*c

i & +-2(*I3J$61$6#+-f72&/#(*+--Z $6.#$'1$'+%$'GC.$;79,/]73\
+-f#GK^+-12E#+-H&/,/GCF8H1$+-24(I3J$;Gw1$72&/#(*+-H1$'&/,/(*,/F1f.23U792(*GZ
column
select_clause
)V+ VGC$'+-F$'+-7,/V1$H72+-GK#&/F_d&/,/1-ZK $']'3=^GK$H i i P .3?V:-&/&/^3a#+-V1$;GK73?,/.c
79,/+h1$&/HGC,/+-FN,/Ga.$'3?(*,/F8,/1-Z
Salidas
$;];3=GC$fw 48 T%]/.3?g:-&/&/3U#+hGK#(*3?,/2_1$.2GK,/I4&/$;Gw(*$'+-GCc
a
B$;Gw1$6GK^&/,/1-Z
Descripcin
w J8a4/.$'3?(*,/F8$"#+-FI4&/GC$'3f73J$'1-j.3?F8,/3f1$'&)792+-F8$;+-,/121$h#+-

F8Î&/h$',/GCF8$'+-F$Z i !#,/d&/$h$;+W8#+-79,/2+-(*,/$;+-F82-k==oOAz^JADHR.0$'3J2*!#,/eGL72+#+-
GC,/+-F8,/Gw( Ga1,/3J$'7F84Z
CREATE TRIGGER
Nombre
CREATE TRIGGER
PQ3J$'g#+j+-#$'d2E1,/GC.3?1-243
Synopsis
CREATE TRIGGER name
{ BEFORE | AFTER } { event
[OR ...] } ON table
FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT } EXECUTE PROCEDURE
ER">funcBLE>
( arguments )
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h1,/GC.3?123$',/GKF$'+-F$Z
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/-Z
l
)V+-2_$'+-F83J$
event
i R
i ii 2)VM
\ i Z
funcname
)V+-fW8#+-7,/4+jGC#(*,/+-,/GCF83?1H.23U$;&#GC#3?,/2Z
Salidas
CREATE
$61$'d#$'&/d$$'GCF8$(*$'+-GCCB$GK,$'&1,/GC.3?;1243UGC$g:-f73J$'12V792+h',/F82Z
Descripcin
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1,/GC.3?'123HGK$hGC247,/3724+&/j3?$;&/7,/4+
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relname
Z
funcname
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+-F$'GH58 i i <>1$E!#$"&/"2.$'3?7,/4+GC$'",/+-F8$'+-F1"$'+#+@3J$'A4,/GCF83J258+-F$'GH1$%!4#$"&/G
3J$'GCF83?,/779,/2+-$'G>GC$72(*.3J#$'I4$'+%TE?#
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&/Gb3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;GLGK$;+@72(*.3J24I41^GbT1$h!4#$j?#
/ RLhw 2h :-T^+
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1$'&4$'d$'+-F24RF8212GQ&/2GQ79^(*I4,/24GCR,/+-79&/#T4$'+-12h&/b&/F8,/(L,/+-GC$'3J7,/+-R 7F#&/,/e'7,/+2"I423=3?c
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Notas
w aJhh$'Ga#+ b$;NF$'+-GC,/+j1$;&&/$'+-A#`B$gM2GCF8A43J$'GZ
&/2_$'& .3J24.0,/$'F83?,/2V3J$'&/7,/24+-^12_.0#$;1$73J$';3>#+h1,/GC.3?123U$;+"$'GCF8H3J$'&/;7,/4+ Z
GCF8X&/Qd$'3?GC,/4+_7F8#&^58d Z +'<8R9&/G)GC$'+-F$'+-7,/GU1$w1,/GC.3?1-243J$;G)+-2b$'GCF+V,/(*.&/$'(*$'+-F1GZ
a$;];3=GC$HEhha?h".3?V2I4F8$;+-$'3w,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+*GC2I43J$b72(*2I423=3?3a1,/GC.3?c
123?$;GZ
Uso
P62(*.3J#$'I4GC,N$;&N741,/A42L1$X1,/GCF83?,/I4#,/1243$'GC.$;79,/]712b$',/GCF8$Q$'+_&/gF8Î4&/1$X1,/GCF83?,/I4#,/12c
3J$'G +-F8$;Ga1$-1,/3)2E^79F#&/,/e3#+-H]&/f$'+h&/2GX]&/(*Ga1$g&/fF8Î4&/-k
CREATE TRIGGER if_dist_exists
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON films FOR EACH ROW
l^
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_primary_key (did, distributors, did);
\V+-F$'G 1$g7+-7$'&/3#+h1,/GCF83?,/I4#,/123>2E1$g7F8#&/,/e;3>GC#741,/A42RI23?3=g791f3J$'WD$'3J$;+-79,/g$'+
&/24Ga]&/(*GX1$6&/fF8I4&/ k
CREATE TRIGGER if_film_exists
BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON distributors FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_foreign_key (1, CASCADE, did, films, did);
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E:-^T%aa ?hh$'+ N -Z
i &)GC$'A4#+-12$=BD$'(*.&/2$'.&/,/712*F$'3?,/243?(*$'+-F$h.0#$;1$E,/(*.&/$'(*$'+ F83?GC$hF(*I4,/'+#GC+-12
#+-f3J$'GCF83?,/77,/4+h1$ i b`
5 i 57&/d$QW23>+-$;< 724(*2_$'+ k
did
DECIMAL(3),
name
VARCHAR(40),
CONSTRAINT if_film_exists
FOREIGN KEY(did) REFERENCES films
ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
);
+ 7#^&/!#,/$'3 7GC2RN&/^GX7&/d$'GwW823=^+-$'GaF821d/H+-2%$;GKF+j,/(*.&/$'(*$;+-F81^GX58:-GCF8H&/Hd$'3Jc

i h
GC,/4+h-Z <$;+hM2GCF8A43J$'GZ
CREATE TYPE
Nombre
CREATE TYPE
$']+-$g#+j+-#$;d 2_F8,/.2_1$g1F24G I4GC$
Synopsis
CREATE TYPE typename
( INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
, INTERNALLENGTH = { internallength
| VARIABLE }
[ , EXTERNALLENGTH = { externallength
l
[
[
[
[
[
[
|
,
,
,
,
,
,
VARIABLE } ]
DEFAULT = "default" ]
ELEMENT = element ]
DELIMITER = delimiter ]
SEND = send_function ]
RECEIVE = receive_function ]
PASSEDBYVALUE ] )
Entradas
typename
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)V+hd&/243)&/,/F$'3?&/R$'& 7#&$'GC.$'7,/]79f&f&/24+-A4,/F8#1,/+-F$'3?+-f1$'&+-#$'d2EF,/.2Z
internallength
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externallength
input_function
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output_function
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element
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delimiter
i &793?7CF$'3U1$'&/,/(*,/F123U.^3=f$;& 3?3=TNZ
default
i &F8$'F82_.23>1$'W8$97F82_!#$fGK$6(*24GCF3=3.3?g,/+-1,/73U1F82G +-2E.3J$;GK$;+-F8$'GC
send_function

d /, $;3=F$L&/2G1F82G1$L$;GKF$VF,/.2jE#+-_W8243?(*E^1$'7#'1V.3?_GC$'3wF83?+-GC(*,/F,/124Gg_2F83?
(*!#,/+--Z
receive_function

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24F3=g(*!#,/+-Hf&/HW823=(*f,/+-F$'3?+--Z
l^
Salidas
CREATE
$;+-GK`B$g!4#$GK$61$'d#$'&/d$GC,$'&F8,/.2_:-HGK,/12E73J$''12E724+h',/F2)Z
Descripcin
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+-,/124Gw.3?g$'GCFfI4GC$1$g1^F82GZ
w O
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GCinput_function
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&/H1$g$'+-F3=^1output_function
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9Z
opaque
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llength
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9ZKM3?L,/+-1,/73>!#$b#+F8,/.2"$;GQ1$H&/24+-A4,/F8#1*d ^3=,/I4&/$;R
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text
GC$g1$'I4$g$'GC.$'7,/]73
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Z`H3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F8^79,/+j$'F8$'3?+-HGC$
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GC,/(*,/&/3U#GC+-12E&/f.0&/I43?fVARIABLE
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externallength
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ELEMENT = int4
M3=H,/+-1,/79^3a$'& 1$;&/,/(*,/F81243 bGC$'3a#GC12"$;+3?3?'T4G61$f$'GCF8$HF8,/.024R

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]NB3)f#+j73=;7F8$;3>$'GC.$'7c_ ]72Z i &1$'&/,/(*,/F123U.23>1$;W8$'7F82V$'Ga&/f724delimiter
(*H58 <JZ
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.23U1$;W$;79F2V792+h&/H.&/I43?g7&/d$
Z
DEFAULT
dePfhgQiWjck(lgQm<ink
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*}vx{xvxQvx{xPeiLSjck(lgQmLi!k
oecp
2G3JA4#(*$'+-F24G24.7,/2+-&/$'G

T
GK2+#GC124G
7#^+-12E$;&.3J2A3?(*f1$.&/,/7send_function
7,/4+j!#$f1$'(*+-1f&/24receive_function
GXGK$;3=d,/7,/24GwM24GCF8A43J$'Gw3?$;GK,/1$$'+j#+-
(*!#,/+-1,/W8$'3J$S+-F$Z i +%$'GCF8$Q7GC24R'&/(*!#,/+-$'+%&/g7#&GC$6$=BD$'7#F8M24GCFA3J$'G>.#$;1$Q#GC3
#+W823=(*^F82.^3=%$;&F,/.2*1$_1^F82GH1,/W8$'3J$'+-F$_1$'&#GC12$;+&/"(*!4#,/+-h3J$'(*2F-Z i +$;GKc
F8$b7GC2$'G72+-d $;+-,/$'+-F8$L792+-d$'3?F8,/3X&/24Gg,/F$'(*G1$L1^F82GgV#+-EW8243?(*E$;GKF+-13a7#+-12jGC$
$'+-d,/$'+1$'GC1$_$;&GC$'3?d,/1236&7&/,/$'+-F$_T*724+-d$'3?F8,/3?&/2GH1$'&W823=(*^F82$;GKF+-1^3Q&$'GC.$;z7 _ ]72
1$&/H(*!4#,/+-L7#+-12_$'&GC$'3?d ,/123>3J$;79,/I4$6&/24Gw1F82Ga1$'GC1$$'&7&/,/$'+-F$Z ,4$;GCF8GaW8#+-79,/2+-$'G
+-2_$;GKF+"$'GC.$'7,/]71GCR;GC$6GK#(*$6!#$$'& W823=(*^F82V,/+-F8$;3=+-2V1$'& F,/.2V$'G 7$'.F8;I4&/$$;+"F821G
&/Gg3J!#,/F8$;79F#3=^Gf1$_(*^!#,/+-"3?$;&/$'d$'+-F$'GZ'M23$?B$'(.&/24R &/2GH73?79F$'3J$9GHGC,/(*.&/$'Gf+-2*GC$
F8,/$;+-$'+!#$L792+-d$'3?F8,/3wGC,0GK$b.GCL1$'GC1$L#+ #+-c +_V#+
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l
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PASSEDBYVALUE
$'GCF8$"F8,/.21$"1F24GV
1$'I4$'+@.GC3g&/2GE3JA4#(*$'+-F24GL.3J$'W8$;3?$9+-F$'(*$'+-F$j.23bd&/23f!#$j.23
3J$'WD$'3J$;+-79,/ Z $'GC$Q79#$;+-F861$X!#$6+-2L.GC,3 _ Q.23d &/23F,/.24G 7#T63J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F8^79,/+%,/+-F$'3?+-
$'G 1$(*Ga1 $g7#F3?2LI4T4F8$;GZ
M3=H+-#$;d 2GQF,/.24GXI^GK$;RN#+#GK#^3=,/2".#$;1$f1$']+-,/3 2.$'3?123?$;GKRW8#+-7,/24+-$;GQTh724+BD#+-F82G
#GK^+-12_&/^GwW87,/&/,/11$9Ga.3J24.0,/1'Ga1$'GC73?,/F8G $'+h$'GCFfGC$'779,/+ Z
Tipos de Array
i ,/GKF$'+%12GaW#+-7,/2+-$'G A$;+-$'3?&/,/e1;G ,/+-7923?.243?1^GKR;3=3?T4,/+%T_3?3=^T;24#F .3?&/f73J$';c
7,/4+3=.0,/1H1$gF8,/.024GQ1$f^3=3?T%1$H&/2+-A4,/F8#1d3?,/;I&/$4Z i GKFGQW8#+-7,/24+-$;GQ24.0$'3=^+$;+3?3?TG
1$7#&/!#,/$;3UF,/.2%M24GCA43J$'G $',/GKF$'+-F$Z
Tipos de objetos grandes
)V+F8,/.2M2GKA43J$'GL3J$'A4#&/3GC&/2.#$;1$"GC$;3H1$%&/2+-A,/F#1^"IT4F$'GZ ,)+-$'7$;GK,/F#+F8,/.2

(*T4243b1$'I4$73J$'3H#+F,/.21$2I;B$;F82A43?+-1$Z i &a,/+-F8$;3=W87$j.03=$;GKF2G%F8,/.024GE$'GCF8(*c
.&/,/(*$'+-F$g$'.&/,/712_$'+#A! Uv|?s-}?L%}v[-}?pHVJ} | t4SZKH&/24+-A4,/F8#11$gF2412GX&/2G
F8,/.2Ga1$2I;B$;F82%A43=^+-1$$'GaGC,/$'(*.3J$\L \L i Z
Ejemplos
i CG F8$E724(*^+-12*73?$;%$'&F8,/.2*1$E1^F82GHI42T*1$'GC.#'Gb#GC"$'&F8,/.2*$;+@#+-"1$']+-,/7,/4+1$
7&/GC$k
CREATE TYPE box (INTERNALLENGTH = 8,
INPUT = my_procedure_1, OUTPUT = my_procedure_2);
CREATE TABLE myboxes (id INT4, description box);
i GCF8$72(*+-12_793J$;g#+hF8,/.2E3=3?;T%1$&/2+-A4,F#1d3=,/Î&/$6724+h$'&/$;(*$'+-F82Ga$'+-F8$;3?2Gk

CREATE TYPE int4array (INPUT = array_in, OUTPUT = array_out,
INTERNALLENGTH = VARIABLE, ELEMENT = int4);
CREATE TABLE myarrays (id int4, numbers int4array);
i GCF8$72(*+-12_793J$;g#+hF8,/.2E1$2I'BD$'F2%A43=^+-1$T_&/2%#GKg$'+h#+-H1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$g7&/GC$k
CREATE TYPE bigobj (INPUT = lo_filein, OUTPUT = lo_fileout,
INTERNALLENGTH = VARIABLE);
CREATE TABLE big_objs (id int4, obj bigobj);
Notas
2Ga+-2(*I43J$'Ga1$F8,/.024Ga+-2E.#$;1$'+"$'(*.$;e'3U.23U$;& 793?7F$'3A#,/+hI4CB2_58<T_GK&/2%.#$;c
1$'+"F$'+-$'3)#+-H&/2+-A,/F#11$gg73?7F8$;3[$'GZ i GCF82_$'Ga1$'I4,/12Vf!#$gM2GKFA3J$;Gw73J$'gGC,/+j,/+-W8243Jc
l^l
(*3 #+F8,/.2"3?3?T".3?H71bF8,/.02"I4GK$f72+#++-2(*I43J$f!#$b72+-GC,/GKF$L$;+$'&+-24(*I43J$f1$'&

F8,/.2_I4GC$.3J$'7$91,/12E1$6#+A4#,/4+hI4CBD2Z
a$;];3=GC$fhhO
a .3?gI423=3?3)#+hF8,/.2_$'N,/GCF$'+-F$Z
$'_F(*I4,/'+wa4Vh6a?h"R aahwahT$'&7(
. _ F#&/21$ I;BD$'F24G
b3=^+-1$'GCRÔ^3?A $ I;BD$'7F8GCOR$;+jv|?s }J?4V_}Jv[-}Jp9HL?} |>t4;Z
Compatibilidad
SQL3
w Oa $'Ga#+h$'&/$'(*$'+-F2E1$ Z
CREAR USUARIO
Nombre
CREAR USUARIO
PQ3?$;+-12V#+j+-#$;d 2_#GK#^3=,/2_1$I4GC$g1$1F82G
Synopsis
CREAR USUARIO nombre de usuario
[ CON
[ SYSID uid ]
[ PASSWORD palabra clave ] ]
[ CREARDB
| NOCREARDB ] [ CREARUSUARIO | NOCREARUSUARIO ]
[ EN EL GRUPO nombre de grupo [, ...] ]
[ VALIDO HASTA abstime ]
Entradas
nombre de usuario
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$'& #GC#3?,/2)Z
uid
l
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.#$;1$LGC$'3X#GC1_.^3=V$'GC792A4$'3X$'&0,/1$'+-F,/]71243X1$L#GC#3?,/2M2GKFc
A3J$ "1$'SYSID
&#GC#3?,/2b!#$XGK$X$'GCFQ793J$'^+-12)Zh2b$;GU+-1Q+-$'7$'GC3?,/2H!#$Q7923?3?$;GK.024+-1X
&/24G,/1$'+-F,/]7123J$'G1$a#GC#^3=,/2GU1$O)L R9.0$'3J2f&/A4#+-G).0$'3=GC2+-G)$;&/,/A$;+_(*+-F$'+-$'3
&/24Ga+-(*$'3J24Ga,/A4#&/$'GZ
, +-2_GK$$'GC.$'7,/]79R'GK$g#GC3?f.23U1$'W8$'7F82V$'&+-(*$'3J2E(*^Ga^&/F82_GC,/A+-12_(*Ga#+-2)Z
palabra clave
M,/1$6&/.&/I4379&/^d $X1$'&#GC#^3=,/2Z ,N+-2Ldg6#GK3^#F$'+-F,/]797,/+%.23.&/I4379&/c
d w
$ .#$;1$Q2(*,/F8,3)$;GKFQ24.7,/+-R'1$X2F83?(*+ $'3=Q$;&#GC#3= ,/2b+-2LGC$'3?Q79^.eQ1$w792+-$'7F3
792+$'&GC$'3?d ,/12361$_#F8$;+-F8,/W87,/+*1$_.&/I43?'Gf7&/d $4Z ,/3?$L$'+.A4:-I4-Z 724+-W858;<>2&/
b#,/f1$'& 1(*,/+-,GKF3=^1243).3?g(*^Ga1$;F8&/&/$;Ga1$6724(2E#GC3U(*$;79^+-,/GK(24GX1$6#F$'+-F,/c
]77,/+ Z
P6 i \
i
P6 i \ i
i GKFG_43J1$;+-$'GV1$']+-$'+&/7.7C,/1^11$#+#GK#^3=,/2.3?73J$'3HI4GC$'GV1$j1F24GZ
,GC$E$'GC.$'7,/]7"P6 i \ i R-$;&#GC#3?,/2*1$']+-,/12*F$'+-13?%.$'3?(*,/GC2*.3="73J$';3GC#G
.3J24.,/GaI4GC$'Gw1$f1F82G*Z )L GK^+-12% P6 i \ i *GC$f1$'+-$;A3?Hb#+#GC#3?,/2"&/L7c
.7,/1'1@1$L73?$;3QI4^GK$;Gg1$V1F82GZ ,GC$_2(*,/F8$_ $;GKF%23?1$'+-R4 P6 i \ i GK$_#GC
.243)1$'W8$'7F2)Z
P6 i \
i ) i
P6 i \
i ) i
i GKFGa243J1$;+-$'G 1$'F$'3?(*,/+-+hGK,f#+j#GC#^3=,/2VGC$g&/$g.$'3?(*,/F8,/3?f73J$'3+-#$'d2GX#GC#3?,/24GZ
i GKFL24.7,/+*:-3?+1$;&-#GK#^3=,/2h#+GC#.$'3J#GC#3?,/2j!4#$V.213=L.GC3a.23w$'+-7,/(*V1$
F821G%&/^G%3J$'GCF83?,/7,/24+-$;G"1$77$'GC2)Z ,XGC$24(*,F8$$'GCF8*23?1$'+GK$72A$'3?*&/23J1$'+1$
P6 i \ i ) i @72(*2%d ^&/243).23>1$;W$;79F2V1$'& #GC#3=,/2Z
nombre de grupo
i & +-24(*I43J$1$j#+A43J#.21$'+-F3J21$;&>79#^&aGC$72&/247& #GC#3?,/2@724(*2#++-#$;d 2
(*,/$'(*I43J2)Z
abstime
Q23J1$'+V\L \ \.2+-$X#+Ed&/2430I4GC24&/#F2VQ&/QW8$'7:-Q$'+E&/Q!#$X&/6.&/I43

79&/^d $L1$'&0#GC#3= ,/2.,/$'3J1$VGC#d&/,/1$'e-Z ,GC$_2(*,/F8$_$;GKF%23?1$;+*$'&&/24A4,/+d ^&/13=V.3?
GK,/$;(*.3J$Z
Resultados
USUARIO
CREAR
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&472(*+-12_GK$g72(*.&/$'FfGCF8,/GCW87F243?,/(*$'+-F$Z
Descripcin
P6 i \V) )V\H -^1,/3=#++-#$'d2#GC#3?,/2@#+$=BD$'(*.&/21$hM2GCF8A43J$ N XZ$;GC$
&/jb#,/h1$'&\V1(*,/+-,/GCF3=^1243g.^3="(*GL,/+-W823=(*^79,/+GC24I43J$%$'&(*+-$=BD21$"#GC#3?,/24GLT&/
#F8$;+-F8,/]77,/4+ Z $'I4$GC$'3#+"GC#.0$'3J#GK#^3=,/2V1$6I4^GK$;Ga1$Q1F24G .3?6#GK^3)$;GKF$72(*+-12Z
)VGC$ BDJ;Vz >4z8Co ?FQ)n ?VFaz D .3?j7(*I4,/3f&/.^&/I43=h7&/d$jT@&24GV.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2GE1$j#+
#GK#^3=,/2R 3
T ;4FDVX
=!F.3?b$'&/,/(*,/+-3wV#+#GK#3?,/2Z )LGKJ
$ hh?4?LhL.c
3=%^-1,/362*$;&/,/(*,/+-3"#+#GC#3?,/21$E2F83J2GHA43J#.24GZM2GCF8A43J$ N d,/$'+-$E724+#+@GC73=,/.0F
~`}?ps8?t|J?}!4#$QF8,/$;+-$6&/(*,/GK(*W8#+-79,/2+-&/,/1^1h!#$Q$'GCF8$Q792(*+-12L581$X:-$'7:-2R'&/&/(*g6$'GCF$
724(*+-124< .$'3J2V.#$'1$6GK$;3>$=BD$'7#F8^12_1$'GC1$&/f&/,/+-$;b1$724(*+ 124GZ
l^m
Modo de uso
P63J$93>#+h#GC#3?,/2EGC,/+h.&/I43?g7&/d$k

CREAR USUARIO jonathan
P63J$93>#+h#GC#3?,/2E724+h.&/Î43=79&/^d $4k

CREAR USUARIO david CON PALABRA CLAVE jw8s0F4
P63J$93)#+h#GC#3?,/2_72+h#+-g.&/I43?7&/d$'R^7#T4g7#$'+-Ff$'Gad &/,/1g:-GCF8g$'& ]+-& 1$'& ^Z
h2F8$'GC$!4#$g#+GC$'A4#+-12E1$;+-F83J2V1$'&-2_;f&/H79#$;+-F8f+-2_$'Gad ^&/,/1-k
CREAR USUARIO miriam CON PALABRA CLAVE jw8s0F4 VALIDA HASTA 1 En 2002
73?$93U#+-f7#$'+-F8g792+j&/f!#$g$'&#GC#3=,/2_.#$'1g793J$93>I4^GK$;Ga1$61F24Gk
CREAR USUARIO manuel CON PALABRA CLAVE jw8s0F4 CREARDB
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$&/H243J1$;+hw 4/$'+ 4Z
CREAR VISTA
Nombre
CREAR VISTA
P62+-GKF3J#,/3>#+-HFI4&/fd,/3=F#&
Synopsis
CREAR VISTA vista COMO SELECCIONADO query
Entradas
vista
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$&/gd ,/GCFH!#$gGC$gd gf73?$;3JZ
lx
)V+-f72+-GK#&/Fb$'+
consulta

,/+-1,/7f&/^Gw72&/#(+-GXT_]&/^Gw1$g&/gd ,/GCF-Z
,/3?, BDGC$fH&/L23J1$'+ i i PQP h\H.3?f(*Gw,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+GC24I43J$g&/2GQ3JA#(*$;+-F82G
d &,/124GZ
Resultados
CREADA
i &(*$'+-GCCB$3?$;79,/I4,/12_GC,&/Hd ,/GCFfGC$g793J$;gGCF8,/GCW87F243?,/(*$'+-F$Z
ERROR: Relacin view ya existe
i GKF$g$'3?3J243)279#3?3J$6GC,4&/fd,/GKFH$'GC.$'7,/]71gT4f$',/GCF8$g$;+j&/gI4GC$1$1^F82GZ
AVISO creado: el nombre atribuido "column" tiene un caracter desconocido
6d ,/GCFgGC$'3?73J$916F8$'+-,/$;+-12L#+-g724&/#(*+-792+%#+%73?7F$S31$'GC72+-247,/12LGC,N#GCF8$'1
+-2E&/2E$;GK.0$'7,/]7-Z`M23>$?B$;(*.&/24R$'&GC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$792(*+-12_1f#+$;3=3J239k
CREAR VISTA vista COMO SELECCIONADO Hola Mundo
(*,/$'+-F83?G !#$f$'GCF$724(*+ 12E+-2%&/2_:-7$k
CREAR VISTA vista COMO SELECCIONADO Hola Mundo::texto
Descripcin
LV/ 1$;]+-,/3?#+-d,/GCF81$h#+-F8I4&/2@7&/GCGZ i GKFd,/GCF8+-2GC$(*F8$;3=,/&/,/c

efW8/GC,/7(*$'+-F$Z i GC.$'7,/]7(*$'+-F$'R^#+-H724+-GC#&/FL3J$;$'GC793?,/FfA$;+-$'3?H#F82(*F,/79($'+-F8$g#+-
3J$'A4&/g.3?f(*+-F$'+-$'3)&/Ga24.0$'3=^79,/2+-$'Ga$=BD$'7#F8^1'Ga$'+h&/fd,/GCF8-Z
Notas
h23=(*&/($'+-F8$;R^&/Gwd,/GCF8HGC2+h1$GC4&/2E&/$'7F8#3?-Z
)VGC$&/g243J1$'+h ?LZ
V/.3?f1$'GC:-7$'3[GK$g1$&/Hd ,GKF-Z
Modo de uso
P63J$93>#+-fd,/GCF8H72+-F8$;+-,/$'+-12EF21Gw&/^Gw.$;&//7#&/G 1$P62(*$'1,/-k

CREAR VISTA clases COMO
SELECCIONAR *
DESDE pelculas
DONDE clase = Comedia;
SELECCIONAR * DESDE clases;
l^n
codigo |ttulo
|did| date_prod|Clase
-----+-----------------+--+-------+-------+---UA502 |Bananas
|105|13-07-1971|Comedia
C_701 |Theres a Girl in my Soup|107|11-06-1970 Comedia
|Dur
| 01:22
| 01:36
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-Gw7.;7,/11$'G $'GC.$;79]79G .^3=&/H243J1$'+06HZV/k
CREAR VISTA view [ columna [, ...] ]
COMO SELECCIONADO expresin [ COMO nombre de columna ] [, ...]
DESDE tabla [ DONDE condicin ]
[ CON [ CASCADA | LOCAL ] COMPROBAR OPCION ]
G 7&/#GC#&/^Ga2.7,/2+-&/$'Ga.3?fF8212Gw&/2GX724(*^+-124G N gGC24+ k

P
M \V MP
i GKFH2.79,/+h$'Ga.3?f:-7$'3)d,/GKFG 3J$'+-24dI4&/$;GZ 2124Gw&/24G i \L@ i \V
$'+"&/fd,/GCF8gGC$;3=+"772(*.3J24I412G .3?gGC$'A4#3=^3!#$g&/2Gw1F2GaGCF,/GCW^79$;+%&/G 724+-1,/c
79,/2+-$'Ga1$']+-,/1G $'+h&/HFI4&/-Z ,+-2E&/2_79#(*.&/$;+-R&/H3?$;+-24d7,/+"+-2%GC$'3?f$=BD$'7#F81Z
P6\V
P62(*.3J24I43)&/H,/+-F8$;A3?,/111$$'GCF8gd ,/GCF-Z
P6\ Pw\ \
P62(*.3J24I43X&/V,/+-F8$'A43?,/111$b$'GCF8Vd /, GCFET7#&/!#,/$;3Qd,/GCF8_1$'.$'+-1,/$'+-F8$4ZSP6\ PQ\Hc
\GC$gGC#(*$GC,+-,PQ\ P6\ \+-, 6
P \LGC24+j$'GC.$'7,/]71'GZ
DECLARE
Nombre
DECLARE
$']+-$g#+j7#3?GC243U.3?g77$'GC2_H#+-fFI4&/
Synopsis
DECLARE cursorname [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL
] CURSOR FOR query [ FOR { READ
ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...]
l
] ]
Inputs
cursorname
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$'& 7#3?GC243UfGC$'3>#GC12V$'+hGC#I4GK$;79#$;+-F8$'Ga2.$'3?7,/24+-$'G 4i P ZZ
"\V)
M3J2d247f!#$f$'& 7#3?GC243UF83?,/A4f1F24Ga$'+"W8243?(*F2EI4,/+-3?,/2E$;+hd $;ef1$W823=(*F2EF$'F82Z
i i
V.&/I43?_7&/d$V,/+-1,/7+-12!#$_&/2Gf1F2Gf3J$'7#.$'3^124Gg1$'&07#3?GK236+-21$'I4$'+
GK$;3)^W$;7F8;124G .23)79F#&/,/e7`,/24+-$;Gw1$;GK1$Q2F83J24G .3J27$'GC24G 2V79#3?GC243J$'GZ=f!#$&/24.$;c
3=7,/+1$H&/2GQ7#3?GK23J$'GX27#3=3J$g1$;+-F83J2%1$f&/GwF83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GKR$'+jM24GCFA3J$'GX$'GCF8$fGC,/$'(*c
.3J$6$'Ga$'&7GC2)Z i GKFf.&/I43?g7&/d$+-2EF8,/$'+-$$'W8$'7F82Z
PQ

^j.&/Î43=h7&/d $",/+-1,/7+-12!#$j&/2GV1F24GL1$;I$;+GC$'3H3?$;7C#.$'3?12GL$'+(*&/c
F8,/.&/$;GE]&/G_.243L79^124.0$'3=^79,/+ i P Z !#$$'GCF2@$'GEGK,/$;(*.3J$j.$'3?(*,/F,/12.23
M2GCF8A43J$'G $'GCF8H.^&/I43=7&/d $6+-2EF,/$'+-$g$'W8$'7F2)Z
query
)V+-L724+-GC#&/F8 &/V7#^& . 3J2d $;$'3?V&/G6]&/G6VGK$;3XA42d $;3=+-^1GQ.23w$'&-7#3=GC23=ZSa$;c
W$;3=,/3?GC$V&724(*^+-12 i i P
. ^3=_(*T23,/+-W823=(*7,/+^79$;3J7C%1$_&/2GH3JA4#($'+-F82G
d &,/124GZ
"N

V.&/I43?_7&/d$_,/+-1,/7+-12!#$_$'&7#3=GC236GC$'3?E#GC12$;+(*212GC2&/2&/$'7F#3?-Z
!#$j$;GKF$h$;G_$;&>+-,/792(*24121$"77$'GC21$"7#3?GC243H1,/GC.2+-,/I4&/$j$'+M2GKFA43?$;G_$;GCF8
.&/I43H7&/d$+-2EF,/$'+-$g$;W$;79F2Z
i \
)VM
\
i
N b.&/I43?H7&/d $f,/+-1,/7+-12"!#$b$;& 7#3=GC23aGC$'3=b#GC12".^3=b7F#^&/,/e'3aFI4&/GZ
"!#$E&/h^79F#&/,/e;79,/+1$_79#3?GC243J$;GH+-2$'GCFh^79F#&/(*$'+-F$_GC24.23?F81h$;+M2GKFA43?$;G
$'GCF8f.^&/I43=7&/d $6.3J24d279g#+j(*$;+-GK`B$g1$$'3?3J243),/+-W8243?(*F,/d 2Z
column
PQ24&/#(*+58GC<)hGC$'367F8#&/,/e;1GZ' "!#$E&/"7F8#&/,/e^'7,/4+1$_7#3=GC23J$'GH+-2$'GCF8"7c
F8#&/(*$;+-F8$"GK2.23=F1h$'+M24GCFA3J$'GL&/j7&/#GK#&/)VM \ i .3J2d 27j#+(*$;+-GK`B$"1$
$'3?3?23,/+-W8243?(*F,/d 2Z
Outputs
SELECT
i &(*$'+-GCCB$1$'d#$'&/F82_GC,4$;& i i P $'G $=BD$'7#F12E$;N,/F24GC(*$;+-F8$Z
l^
NOTICE BlankPortalAssignName: portal"cursorname" already exists
i GKF$g$'3?3J243)279#3?3J$6GC,
cursorname
T4H$'GCFf1$'7&/3?'12Z
i GKF$g$'3?3J243)279#3?3J$6GC,4$'& 7#3=GC23>+-2_$'GCF8H1$;79&/^3=;12E1$;+-F83J2V1$#+jF83?+-GC7F8,/2+"I4&/247-)Z
ERROR: Named portals may only be used in begin/endtransaction blocks
Description
L.$'3?(*,/F8$E"#+#GK#3?,/2*73J$S^37#3=GC23?$;GKR&/2Gb7#&/$'Gf.#$'1$'+GC$'3#GC12GH.03=
h
3J$'7C#.$'3?3f#+.$'!4#$'+-2+ (*$;3J21$"]&/G_j&/d$'eh.3J24d$'+-,/$;+-F8$'GV1$"#+-724+-GC#&/F8(*G
$'F8$'+-GC-Z2G>7#3=GC23?$;GU.#$'1$;+E1$'d2&/d $;31F24GUT4gGC$'6$'+_W23?(*F82L1$XF$'NF2b2L$'+%W82$'(*F2
I4,/+-3?,/V
2 >=!A
o *Z
2Gw7#3=GC23J$'G 792(*#+-$'Gw3J$'F823?+-+"1F24Ga$'+hW8243?(*F2EF$'NF2R^THGC$'g\ P 8 #24F3J2E$'GC!#$'(
1$7241,/]77,/2+1$;.$'+-1,/$'+-12$'+792(*2$'&aM24GCFA3J$'GEI47 -$;+-1W8#$73J$'12)Z *!#$&/2G
1F24GL$'GCF+A4#^3J1012GV+-F8,/d(*$;+-F8$"$'+W8243?(*F2I4,/+-^3=,/2R$'&UGC,/GCF8$;(*1$'I4$":-7$'3f#+-
724+-d$'3?GC,/4+V.3?a.3J21#7,/30W8243?(*F2fF$'F82Z[\V1$;(*GCRK&/24GW23?(*F82G1$aF8$;NF2fGC24+Vw(*$;+-#12
(*T4243J$'GV$'+F(*+-2@!4#$GC#G_7923?3?$;GC.24+-1,/$;+-F8$'GE$'+W8243?(*F2@I4,/+-3?,/2
Z )L+-d$'e!#$&/
,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+Vd,/$'+-$w$'+VW8243?(*F2bF8$;NF24R&/Q.&/,/77,/+_7&/,/$'+-F$w.2413=,/Q+-$'7$'GC,/F3072+-d $;3=F,/3=&/2G
%#+W823=(*^F82I4,/+-3?,/2.^3=E(+-,/.#&/3?&/24GZ^&/24Gf79#3?GC243J$'Gf "\V)1$;d #$;&/d $;+&/2GH1F82G
$'+"#+-H3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F8^79,/+hI4,/+-3?,/f+-F8,/d-Z
P62(*2b$=BD$'(*.&/2R'GC,N#+-6792+-GC#&/F861$'d#$'&/d$w#+%d&/2431$X#+-2L1$;GK1$X#+-6792&/#(*+-6,/+-F8$'A4$'3R
#GKF$'124I4F$'+-13?,/h#+GCF83?,/+-A1$"OYO792+#+7#3?GK23g1$;W^#&/FU(*,/$'+-F83?GL!#$%724+@#+7#3?GC243
I4,/+-3?,/2_#GCF8$;124I4F$'+-13?,/f#+hd ^&/24
3 +c8I4TF$,/A4#^&4g#+j72+-F83J2&/c8\58O \QO<`Z
2G_7#3?GK23J$'GV "\V)1$'I4$'+GC$'3H#GC124G_7#,/112GK^(*$'+-F$ZN\L.&/,/779,/2+-$'G_1$j#GC#3?,/2
F8^&/$'GQ724(*2
+-2hGC2+724+-GC7,/$'+-F$'G61$H&/24G67#3=GC23J$'GQI4,/+-3?,/24G6Tj$;GK.$;3=^+!#$b&/24G61^F82G
d$'+-A^+"$'+hW8psql
243?(*F2EF8$;NF2)Z
3?$;.-3J$'GC$'+-F7,/4+1$*&/2GjGCF83?,/+-A$'Gh+-$'#F3=&w3J$'GC.$'7F82&/^3?!4#,/F8$'7F#3=;R (*,/$'+-F3?!#$
&/3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F8^79,/+I,/+-^3=,/.0#$'1$j1,/W8$'3?,/3H$'+-F3?$h1,/W8$'3J$'+-F$'GV3J!#,/F8$;79F#3?G_1$j(*!#,/+-G
Tv|?s-}J?|g{4v%}?|?t4?u ^H?uUv}?^?{pL?{4s8v%^
Ss8?|Hv_uYp9|f~`t4?|?s8{4?|bg}JJq}J?|J?{4sp~=v{@qp}?p_uYv|
~`t4}?|?v}?L
| S{4p9}Jv|;Z'M243Q724+-GC,/A#,/$;+-F8$;R GC,GC#@(!#,/+-%7&/,/$'+-F8$VTGC#(*!#,/+-%GC$'3?d ,/1243X#GK
1,/W8$'3J$9+-F8$'Gg3J$'.3J$9GK$;+-F87,/2+-$'Gf5$4Z AUZ;I4,/A4c8$'+-1,/+-w72+-F83?%&/,/F8F&/$'c8$'+-1,/^+-<8R4.3J24I4I4&/$;(*$'+-F8$
#GKF$'1+-21$;GK$;3?VGC#G1F82G1$'d#$'&/F24G$'+W823?(*F82jI4,/+-3?,/2)Z ,/+$;(*I^3JA2R&/2Gg7#3?GC243J$'G
I4,/+-3?,/24GQ.#$;1$'+GC$;3X#+.2472h(*G6$']7,/$'+-F$'GQT4_!#$H:-Tj(*$'+-2G62d $;3?:-$;11$'I4,/12"L&/
724+-d$'3?GC,/4+h$'+h&/HF3=+-GCW8$'3J$9+-7,/Gw1$1F24Ga1$'& GC$'3?d,/1243)&7&/,/$'+-F$Z
Sugerencia: Si usted pretende mostrar los datos en ASCII, recuperarlos en ASCII le
ahorraran un poco de esfuerzo del lado cliente.
Notes
2G 7#3?GC243J$'GUGC2&/2E$;GKF+E1,/GK.2+-,/I4&/$'G $'+"&/^G F3?+-GC779,/2+-$'GZ)LGC3.3?&H!=zÊR;oDLBYBzA
TFDV4
Hz?EO
o .^3=g1$']+-,/3U#+jF83?+-GC7F8,/2+"I4&/2*7 -)Z
i + N "&/24GL7#3?GC243J$'Gb$;GKF+1,/GC.2+-,/I4&/$'GLGC2&/2$'+.&/,/77,/24+ $'G N 5 i N <>$'(*I4$'I4,/c
1GZ i M2GCF8A43J$'GbI47 -$;+-1+-2*,/(*.0&/$'(*$'+-F#+@72(*+-12*$'.&/,/7,/F82h
!
6-#+
7#3?GC23XGC$V72+-GC,/1$'3?_I4,/$'3?F2j7#+-12j$'GCF$L$'G1$'7&/3?;12)Z ,/+*$'(I^3?A42R
R$;&0.3J$'.3[2c
GC$'GC123 $'(*I4$'I4,/12E1$ N *.03=HM2GCF8A43J$'GCR GC24.0243?F8L&/b792+-d$'+-7,/4+1$H79ecpg
#3?GC243J$'G HR
,/+-7&/#T$'+-12E!#$;&/&/24Gw!#$g,/+-d 2&/#73=^+j&/2Ga792(*+-12G i PQ\V i T M i Z
l
Uso
M3=1$'7&/3?3#+h79#3?GC243;k

DECLARE liahona CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROMfilms;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^f.$'3?(*,/F8$H7#3=GC23J$'GwGC2&/2h$'+ N $'(*I4$'I4,/12%Th$;+(*21#&/2GZM24GCF8A43J$'GQ.$;3=(*,/F$f7#3?c
GC243J$'GU.03=QGC$'3#GC12GU$'+%W823=(*6,/+-F$'3?79F,/d-Z 6.$'3?(*,/F8$X7#3?GK23J$'GU$'(*I4$;I4,/124G>2L(*2c
1#&/3J$9GQ.3?H7F8#&/,/e;3a,/+-W823=(*7,/+1$f&/bI4GC$f1$f1F24GZ 212G&/2GQ7#3?GK23J$'GXM2GCF8A43J$'G
GC24+h1$GC2&/2%&/$'7F#3?-Z`f.&/I43?g7&/d$ h\V)$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
DELETE
Nombre
DELETE
243?3?f]&/^Gw1$6#+-fF8I4&/
Synopsis
DELETE FROM table [ WHERE condition ]
Inputs
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$4Z
condition
1$GC$'&/$;797,/+h&/f7#^&41$'d#$;&/d $6&/G ]&/^GwfGC$'3UI4243?3?1;GZ

i GKFH$'G #+-H724+-GC#&/F
a$'W8$'3?,/3?GK$Q& 72(*+-12 i i P .3?g#+-f(*^T23U1$'GC793?,/.7,/+j1$6&/f7&/#GC#&/g hi c
i Z
l^
Outputs
DELETE
count
$'+-GCCB$H1$;d #$'&/F2hGC,0&/24G,/F8$;(*G6GC24+*I423=3?12G6$',/F82GC(*$'+-F$Z i & d &/23

$;G6&/
count
79^+-F8,/11h1$]&/GaI4243?3=^1GZ
,
$;GwR'+-,/+-A#+-H]&/HW8#$I4243?3?1-Z
count
Description
h jI4243?3?f&/G ]&/Gw!4#$GKF,/GCW87$'+"&/H7&/#GK#&/g hi i 1$&/fFI4&/f$'GC.$'7,/]71-Z

, &/_~=v9{4~=v{j5879&/#GC#&/_ hi i <$'GCF8V#GK$;+-F8$'R $'&-$;W$;79F2h$'GI4243?3?3aF821G6&/G]&/G61$b&/
F8Î&/ Z i &3J$'GC#&/F812V$'G #+-HFI4&/fd&/,/1R'.0$'3J2Ed7,/Z
Sugerencia: TRUNCATE es una extensin de Postgres el cual provee un mecanismo
ms rpido para borrar todas las filas de una tabla.
M3=_(*241,/]73&/"FI4&/%#GKF$'11$'I4$_.2GC$'$'3Q77$'GC21$_$'GC73=,/F#3?%h&/%(*,/GC(*R GC,792(*2
77$'GC2_1$6&/$'7F8#3?ff7#&/!#,/$'3UF8Î&/g79#T42Gwd&/23?$;G GK2+&$',/12Gw$'+h&/
Z
condicion
Uso
23=3?gF2412GX&/2Ga]&/(*Gw$'79$;.F82V&/2GX(*#GC,/79^&/$'Gk

DELETE FROM films WHERE kind
SELECT * FROM films;
Musical;
code |title
|did| date_prod|kind
|len
---+-----------------+--+-------+-------+---UA501|West Side Story
|105|1961-01-03|Musical
| 02:32
TC901|The King and I
|109|1956-08-11|Musical
| 02:13
WD101|Bed Knobs and Broomsticks|111|
|Musical
| 01:57
(3 rows)
23=3?g72(*.&/$'F(*$'+-F$g&/HF8I4&/
films
DELETE FROM films;

SELECT * FROM films;
code|title|did|date_prod|kind|len
---+---+--+------+---+-(0 rows)
l
Compatibility
SQL92
^g.$'3?(*,/F$#+72(*+-12
i ii .2GK,/7,/2+^12)k
DELETE FROM table WHERE CURRENT OF cursor
12+-1$
7243?3J$'GC.2+-1$w#+E7#3?GC243I4,/$;3=F2)Z i +_M2GCF8A43J$'GU&/2GU7#3=GC23J$'GU,/+-F$'3=^79F,/d24G
GC24+h1$cursor
GC2&/24c8&/$'7F#3= Z
DROP AGGREGATE
Nombre
DROP AGGREGATE
i &/,/(*,/+-H&/H1$']+-,/7,/4+h1$g#+-fW8#+-7,/+A43J$SA41
Synopsis
DROP AGGREGATE name type
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HW8#+-7,/+j1$6A43?$;A1-2E$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$4Z
type
i &4F,/.2E1$g#+-HW#+-7,/+1$A3J$'A4;12E$',/GCF8$;+-F8$ZC58'^GK$6&/Hv|?s-}JJL*X|??} | t4

.3?g(*Ga,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+hGC2I43?$g&/2GaF82.24Gw1$1^F82GK<`Z
dePfhgQiWjck(lgQm<ink
oepe{xQu!*vxv}x|{xvx}y|!}v 2vx}vx~|!}yt|t*|s<t{2yvy'*yQunvCyL|tQywutei<Tjck(lPgQmLink
oep
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&472(*+-12_GK$g$?B$;79#FfGCF,/GKW87F243?,/(*$'+-F$Z
WARN RemoveAggregate: aggregate agg for type does not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$^.3J$S7$gGC,&/fW8#+-79,4+hA43=Â1$'GC.$'7,/]71g+-2_$',/GKF$$'+h&/fI4^GK$61$

1F82GZ
l^l
Descripcin
hLhhhw $'&/,/(*,/+-^3=LF821G6&/G63J$;WD$'3J$'+-7,/GQL&/_1$;]+-,/7,/+1$b#+-VW8#+-7,/4+

h
1$XA3J$;A1-2_$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$4Z=M3?$?B$;79#F3$'GCF8623?1$;+%$'&N#GC#3?,/2L7F8#&1$'I4$XGK$;3)$;&N.3J24.0,/$'F8^c
3=,/2_1$'& A43J$'A4'12)Z
Notas
)VGC$oFO=c?A!=4?E'FO=?A!=.3?f73J$';3>W8#+-7,/24+-$'Ga1$Â3J$'A412Z
Uso
M3=$'&/,/(*,/+-3U$'&A43J$'A;12
myavg
1$F,/.2
int4
DROP AGGREGATE myavg int4;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2V$'N,/GCF$&/gGC$'+ F8$'+-7,/HhhjVhhhw j$'+ N '&/GC$'+-F8$;+-7,/f$'G #+-f$'F8$;+-GK,/+
1$&/$'+ A#CBD$g1$M2GCF8A43J$'GZ
DROP DATABASE
Nombre
DROP DATABASE
i &/,/(*,/+-b#+-fI4GC$61$g1F24G $',/GCF8$'+-F$
Synopsis
DROP DATABASE name
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HI4GC$1$1F24Ga$',/GCF8$'+-F$!#$gGC$g1$;GK^$'g$;&/,/(*,/+-3=Z
l
Salidas
DROP DATABASE
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g1$'d#$'&/d$6GC,4&/f23J1$'+"GC$g$=BD$'7#F8fGCF,/GCW^79F23=,/(*$;+-F8$4Z
ERROR: user username is not allowed to create/drop databases
$'I4$bF8$'+-$;3w$'& .3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2$'GC.$;79,/^& P6 i \ i .3?b$'&/,/(*,/+-3wI4GC$'G61$H1F2GZ9$'3
Oo F=z?FXU!?FazDZ
ERROR: dropdb: cannot be executed on the template database
QI4GC$w1$X1F82G
template1
+-2L.#$'1$wGC$'30$'&/,/(*,/+-1-Zh2b$;GU792+-d$'+-,/$'+-F$X:-7$'3?&/2)Z
ERROR: dropdb: cannot be executed on an open database
.#$'1$g72+-$'7F83?GC$gH&/bI4GC$g1$f1F82Ga!#$f!#,/$'3J$f$'&/,/(*,/+-3=Z i +hGC#*&/#A^38R:-H1$

792+-$'7F3w
27#&/!#,/$;362F83?_I4GC$V1$V1F24GCR4T$=BD$'7#F83X$'&072(*+-12j1$
template1
+-#$'d2)Z
ERROR: dropdb: database name does not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$g279#3?3J$GC,&/fI4GC$1$g1^F82Ga$;GC.$'7,/]71f+-2E$',/GCF8$4Z
ERROR: dropdb: database name is not owned by you
$;I$GK$;3 $'&.3J2.,/$'F8^3=,/2_1$g&/HI4GC$g1$g1F24GZ $'3)$'&.03?2.,/$'F3,/2"+-23=(*^&/(*$'+-F$HGC,/A4c

+ ,/]7f!4#$F8(*I4,/'+h&/H:-f73J$'^102Z
-
ERROR: dropdb: May not be called in a transaction block.
Q1$w724(.&/$'F8^3.3=,/(*$;3J2H&/QF83?+-GC779,/+V$'+E.03?2A43?$;GK2f+-F8$;G)1$w.21$'3$?B$;79#F3$;GKF$
792(*+-12Z
NOTICE: The database directory xxx could not be removed.
&/hI4GK$%1$E1F2GbW8#%$'&/,/(*,/+ 1j58h(*$'+-2GL!#$%:-Th.3J$97,/1224F3J2*(*$'+-GCCBD$"1$

$'3?3?23?<DR;.$;3J2b$'&1,/3J$;79F243?,/2b12+-1$XGK$X&/(*^79$;+-I4$'+V&/24G>1F2GU+-2L.#12LGK$;3$'&/,/(*,/+-12Z
$;I4$I4243?3?3?&/2_(*+-#^&/(*$'+-F8$4Z
Descripcin
hha 48 4/$'&/,/(*,/+-V&/GQ$'+-F3=^1GQ1$f7F&/24A42h1$H#+-VI4GC$H1$b1F82GQ$',/GCF8$'+ F8$

h
T@I423?3=j$'&U1,/3J$'7F243?,/2!#$j724+-F,/$'+-$j&/2G_1F82GZ 24&/^(*$'+-F8$h.#$'1$"GK$;3b$?B$;79#F12.23b$;&
.3J24.0,/$'F8;3?,/2E1$g&/fI4GC$1$g1F24G 58+-243?(*&/(*$;+-F8$g!#,/$;+&/f73J$'<`Z
Notas
i CG F86243J1$;+%+-2_.0#$'1$6GC$'3$?B$;79#F16(*,/$'+-F3=G>GC$Q$'GCF8792+-$'7F8^12Lg&/gI4GC$Q1$61^F82G>24I;BD$'c
F8,/d2Z9M23X&/2"F+-F24R .#$'1$fGC$'3a(*G672+-d $;+-,/$'+-F8$b#GC3a$'& GC:-$;&/&-GC793?,/.F}v9q^SR!4#$b$'(*.&/$;
$'GCF8$6792(*+-12Z
'GC$a $'W8$'3F2bO
o F=z?A!=0;L?AG?Hz?E
=%.3?X(*G),/+-W823=(*7,/+EGC2I43?$w72(*2V73J$93#+-6I4GC$
1$1^F82GZ
l^m
Compatibilidad
SQL92
fGC$'+-F$'+-7,/Lhhhw 48 4/$;GX#+-H$'F8$;+-GK,/+j1$g&/$'+-A4#CBD$H1$gM2GCF8A43J$'GC+-2%$',/GCF8$
$'GC$724(+-12E$;+ N -Z
DROP FUNCTION
Nombre
DROP FUNCTION
i &/,/(*,/+-b#+-fW8#+-7,/+1$6#GC#3?,/2E$;GK73?,/F8g$'+hP
Synopsis
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] )
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HW8#+-7,/+j$;N,/GCF8$;+-F8$4Z
type
i &F8,/.2_1$&/2GX.3?(*$'F3[2Gw1$&/fW8#+-79,/+ Z
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/H23J1$'+"GC$g724(*.0&/$'F8gGK^F8,/GCW87F823=,/^(*$'+-F8$4Z
WARN RemoveFunction: Function "name" ("types") does not exist
i GKF$V(*$'+-GCCBD$EGC$_24I4F,/$'+-$_GC,/&/%W8#+-79,/+$'GC.7,/]79^10%+-2$;N,/GCF8$L$'+&/EI4GC$_1$V1F2G

7F8#&Z
lx
Descripcin
M )V"P $'&/,/(*,/+-^3=b&/Ga3J$'W8$S3J$'+-7,/GaH#+-HW8#+-79,/+P$',/GKF$'+-F$ZCM3=H$?B$;79#F3

$'GCF8L23?1$'+$;&-#GC#3=,/2"1$;I4$bGC$'3a$;&-.3J2.,/$'F8;3?,/2j1$b&/LW8#+-79,/+ ZS2G6F,/.24G61$H3JA4#(*$'+-F82G
1$w$'+-F3=161$X&/QW8#+-7,/4+E:-+E1$X$'GC.$'7,/]73?GK$;R9112H!#$QGK2&/2L&/QW8#+-7,/+%724+_$'&+-24(*I43J$
11-24RTE&/24GwF8,/.2Gw1$63JA#(*$;+-F82Gw1^24GaGC$$'&/,/(*,/+-3?-Z
Notas
'GC$goFO=z?A=>)L^LoOAzD]^ .3?H(*GX,/+-W823=(*7,/+GC2I43?$f&/b73J$';79,/+1$gW8#+-7,/24+-$;GQ1$
A43?$9A412Z
h2"GC$b:-^79$;+724(.3?2I47,/2+-$'G6.3?Hd $;3=,/]73a&/2G6F8,/.2GQ1$H1F24GCRN24.$;3=1243J$9G62"(*'F2412
1$77$'GC2V3?$;&/7,/24+-124G 724+h&/HW8#+-7,/4+h!#$g:-H1$6$'&/,/(*,/+-3?GC$Z
Uso
i GCF8f23J1$'+"$;&/,/(*,/+-H&/HW#+-7,/+h3=,/eg79#13=;1-k

DROP FUNCTION sqrt(int4);
Compatibilidad
SQL92
hh4Vh ?h$'Gw#+-g$'NF$'+-GC,/+1$6&/$'+-A4#CB$g1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
SQL/PSM
M
$'G#+_$;GKF+-13-.3J2.#$'GCF82H.^3=w:-Î4 ,/&/,/F830&/X$'NF$'+-GC,/2+-&/,/11%1$a&/QW8#+-79,/2+-$'GZ
fGC$'+-F$'+-7,/ M )LhP 1$ M
F8,$'+-$'+h&/fGC,/A#,/$;+-F8$fGC,/+-F8^N,/Gk
DROP [ SPECIFIC ] FUNCTION name { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
DROP GROUP
Nombre
DROP GROUP
i ,/(*,/+-H#+jA43J#.2
l^n
Synopsis
DROP GROUP name
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+hA43J#.2E$',/GCF8$;+-F8$Z
Salidas
DROP GROUP
i &(*$'+-GCCB$1$'d#$'&/F82_GC,4$;GaA43J#.2%$'G $'&/,/(,/+-12%GCF,/GKW87F243?,/(*$'+-F$Z
Descripcin
hhhL$'&/,/(*,/+-E$;&0A3J#.2j$'GC.$'7,/]712h1$V&/VI^GK$b1$V1^F82GZ924G#GC#3?,/24G1$'&
h
A3J#.2_+-2EGC$g$'&/,/(*,/+-^+ Z
)VGC$QOo F=z?A!=' FDXj.3?g^-1,/3+-#$'d24GaA3J#.2GCR^'T BEDJ;Vz >4z8Co ?F' FHX! D.3?g7(*c
I4,/3)&/f.$'3?F8$;+-$'+-7,/ff#+hA3J#.2Z
Uso
M3=$'&/,/(*,/+-3U#+hA3J#.2k
DROP GROUP staff;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$$'&724(*^+-12%hhhhLj$'+ N ^Z
l
DROP INDEX
Nombre
DROP INDEX
i &/,/(*,/+-H#+j,/+-1,/7H1$6&/fI4GC$g1$1^F82G
Synopsis
DROP INDEX index_name
Entradas
index_name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$'& ,/+-1,/79$gg$'&/,/(*,/+-3=Z
Salidas
DROP
i &(*$'+-GCCB$1$'d#$'&/F82_GC,4$;& ,/+-1,/7$g$'Ga$'&/,/(*,/+-12_GK^F8,/GCW87F823=,/^(*$'+-F8$4Z
ERROR: index "index_name" nonexistent
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gF,/$'+-$g&/#A43UGC,
index_name
+-2E$'G #+j,/+-1,/79$g1$&/HI4GC$1$1F82GZ
Descripcin
h_?hh!$'&/,/(*,/+-X#+L,/+-1,/7$a$',/GKF$'+-F$a1$'&;GC,/GCF8$'(*X1$aI4GC$ 1$ 1^F82GZ #,/$'+L$=BD$'7#F$

h
$'GCF8$6792(*+-12R:-H1$GC$'3)$'&.3J2.,/$'F3=,/2V1$'& +-1,/7$Z
Notas
h?hh!$'G #+-H$'NF$'+-GC,/+1$;& &/$'+-A4#`B$g1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
h
'GC$Qa$'W8$'3UF82_oOF=z?A!=z^4;J=C.3?f(*^Ga,/+-W823=(*^79,/+jGK2I43J$724(*2E793J$';3U/+-1,/7$'GZ
Uso
i GCF8$72(*+-12_$'&/,/(*,/+-3?H$'& /+ 1,/79$
title_idx
DROP INDEX title_idx;
l^
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^g1$']+-$72(*+-12GX724+h&/2Gw!4#$g779$;1$'3H#+-fI4GC$1$61F82Ga3?$;&/7,/24+-& A4$'+-;3=,/7-Z
2G+-1,/7$'G6GC24+#+-V79^3=7F$S3?/GCF,/79V1$'.$;+-1,/$'+-F$L1$b&/_,/(*.&/$;(*$'+-F8^79,/+-R4.23Q&/2j!#$b+-2
$',/GKF$72(*+-12Gw2_1$g]+-,79,/2+-$'Gw$'GC.$'7/]724Ga.3?g&/2Gw+-1,/7$'Gw$;+h$'&&/$'+-A4#CB$ N 4Z
DROP LANGUAGE
Nombre
DROP LANGUAGE
i &/,/(*,/+-b#+h&/$'+-A4#$=BDH.3J247$'1-#3?&1$']+-,/12E.23>$;& #GK#3?,/2
Synopsis
DROP PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE name
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h&/$'+-A4#CBD$g.3J279$;1#3=;&$',/GKF$'+-F$Z
Salidas
DROP
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$g$'Ga1$'d#$'&/F2_GC,$'&&/$'+-A4#CBD$g$'Ga$'&/,/(*,/+-12_GCF8,/GCW87F823?,/(*$'+-F$Z
ERROR: Language "name" doesnt exist
+-2%GC$g$'+-7#$'+-F3?H$'+h&/HI4GC$
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gF8,/$;+-$g&/#A^3>GC,$;&4&/$;+-A#CBD$g&/&/(*^12
name
1$1F24GZ
Descripcin
hhhLVVhhLVh$'&/,/(*,/+-^3=H&/b1$']+-,/7,/4+j1$;&&/$'+-#`B$f.3J279$;10#3?&
h
&/&/(*12
R^.3J$'d,/(*$'+-F$3J$'GCA,/GCF3=12)Z
name
l
Notas
_GC$'+-F$'+-7,/EhhhhV6VLhhLbh$'G#+ E$'F8$'+-GC,/+*1$L&/$;+-A#CBD$V1$
M24GCFA3J$'GZ
'GC$Qa$'W8$'3F24
o FO=c?A!=, ?^VE!
?E'
=j.3?g(Ga,/+-W823?(*7,/4+"GC2I3J$6792(*2V793J$'^3&/$'+-A4#c
B$;Gw.3J27$'1#3&/$;GZ
h2GC$E3J$';&/,/e"+-,/+-A#+-h724(*.3J2I47,/4+7$'3J7C"1$_GC,)$',/GCF8$;+W8#+-7,/24+-$;GH2*.3J279$;1,/(*,/$'+-c
F82GQ1$'GC$;+-79^1$S+-^124GQ.0243a$'d$'+-F2GQ$'GC73=,/F24GQ$;+$'GCF$f&/$'+-A4#`B$4Z9M3?H3J$'c8:-I4,/&/,/F8^3=&/2GXGC,/+F$'c
+-$'3H!#$j$'&/,/(*,/+ 3LT3J$'73?$93fF241^GE&/GVW8#+-7,/24+-$;GKR$;&>F83?,/I4#F82.A^.3J247OGL.3J2&/+-A1$j&/G
W8#+-79,/2+-$'Gj:-1$GC$'3ECBD#GCF12.3?$;&6+-#$;d 2,/1$'+ F8,/]71243E1$*2I'BD$'F21$*&/$;+-F83?1
.A4&/+-A4#Â$Q1$'&&/$'+-A4#CBD$g.3J247$'1#3?;&4+-#$;d ^(*$'+-F8$793J$912Z
Uso
i GCF8$72(*+-12_$'&/,/(*,/+-H$'&&/$'+-A4#CBD$gM (*.&/$4k

DROP PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE plsample;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$$'&724(*^+-12%hhhhVHLhhVLhh$'+ N ^-Z
DROP OPERATOR
Nombre
DROP OPERATOR
#,/F8H#+h2.$'3?123U1$&/fI4GC$1$1^F82G
Synopsis
DROP OPERATOR id ( type | NONE [,...] )
Entradas
id
i &,/1$'+-F8,]7123)1$g#+h24.$;3=123)$',/GKF$'+-F$Z
l^
type
i &F8,/.2_1$&/2GX.3?(*$'F3[2Gw1$&/fW8#+-79,/+ Z
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/H2.$'3?7,/+"$'Gw$;N,/F24GC-Z
ERROR: RemoveOperator: binary operator oper taking type and type2

does not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g(*#$'GCF83?fGC,$'&2.$'3?123UI4,/+-3?,/2E$;GK.0$'7,/]712V+-2E$;N,/GCF$Z
ERROR: RemoveOperator: left unary operator oper taking type does not
exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g(*#$'GCF83?fGC,$'&2.$'3?123U#+-3?,/2E,/e^!#,/$'3J12V$'GC.$'7,/]7912_+-2_$',/GKF$Z
ERROR: RemoveOperator: right unary operator oper taking type does

not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g(*#$'GCF83?fGC,$'&2.$'3?123U#+-3?,/2E1$'3J$S7:-2%$;GK.$;7,/]71-2%+-2E$;N,/GCF$Z
Description
hhhwah!#,/F8#+%24.0$'3?12431$Q&/I4GC$Q1$X1F24GZ?M^3=Q$=BD$'7#F8^3$'GCF8$Q792(*+-c
h
12V#GCF$'11$'I4$6GK$;3U$;&4.3J2.,/$'F3?,/2_1$;& 24.$;3=^1243=Z
_7&/,/1^11$V1$;3J$'7:-22j,/e!#,/$'3J12j1$V#+2.$'3?123Q#+-^3=,/2j,/e!#,/$'3J12j21$'3J$S7:-2R3?$;GCc
.$'7F8,d (*$;+-F8$;R'.#$'1$6GK$;3>$'GC.$'7,/]71g72(*2
Z
NONE
Notas
f1$;79&/3[79,/+jhhhw h$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+1$&/$'+-A4#CBD$g1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
P62+-GC#&/F$g
o FO=z?A=DL!
=!F?ADJF.23>,/+-W823=(*^79,/+hGC24I43J$7(*2%73?$;'3U24.0$'3=^1243J$9GZ
i G 3J$'GC.24+-GCI4,/&/,/1^1j1$'&#GC#3?,/2_3J$'(*2d$'3)79#&/!4#,/$'3U('F8212E1$77$'GC2_TE79&/^GK$;Ga1$24.0$'c
3=^1243!#$f1$;.$'+-1;+h1$'&24.0$'3=^1243)!#$gGC$!#,/FZ
Utilizacin
#,/Ff$'&2.$'3?123U1$.2F8$'+-7,/
a^n
.3?
int4
DROP OPERATOR ^ (int4, int4);
#,/Ff$'&2.$'3?123U#+-^3=,/2_,/e!#,/$'3J12V1$+-$;A7,/+5
l
< .3?f$'.3J$SGC,/2+-$'GXI4224&/$;+-Gk
b !
DROP OPERATOR ! (none, bool);
#,/Ff$'&2.$'3?123U#+-^3=,/2_1$'3J$979:-2E1$W87F823?,/& 5
< .3?
! i
int4
DROP OPERATOR ! (int4, none);
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$#+h792(*+-12Ehhhw h$'+ 4Z
DROP RULE
Nombre
DROP RULE
#,/F8H#+-H3J$'A4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$g1$&/HI4GC$1$1^F82G
Synopsis
DROP RULE name
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H3J$'A4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$.3?g!#,/F3=Z
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82V$'+h7GC2E1$!4#$g&/f24.0$'3?79,/+hGC$'f$',/F24GC-Z
l^l
ERROR: RewriteGetRuleEventRel: rule "name" not found
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g(*#$'GCF83?fGC,&/H3J$'A4&/g$'GC.$'7,/]71f+-2_$',/GKF$Z
Descripcin
hhLE!#,/Fg#+-3J$;A&/Q1$'&GC,/GKF$'(*1$Q3J$'A4&/;G>1$QM2GCF8A43J$'GU$'GC.$'7,/]712Z?M2GKFA3J$;G
h
1$=BD3?'j1$h.0&/,/79^3=&/j,/+-(*$'1,/F(*$'+-F$hT!#,/F3=^3=hGC#1$']+-,/79,/+1$"&/24G_7F8^&/24A424GL1$;&
GC,/GKF$'(*-Z
Notas
f1$;79&/3[79,/+jhhVj$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+1$&/$'+-A4#CBD$g1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
P62+-GC#&/F$fw Lj.3?f,/+-W823=(*7,/+hGK2I43J$74(*2E793J$';3U3?$;A&/GZ
)V+-fd$'e!#$gGC$g!#,/FH#+-f3J$'A&/^R'$'&77$'GC2_g&/f,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+j:-,/GCF83?,/79H!4#$g&/f3J$'A4&/g:-T4
$'GC73=,/F2_.0#$;1$1$;GK.03J$S7$'3=Z
Utilizacin
M3=!#,/F3>&/f3J$'A4&/f1$63J$'$'GC73=,/F#3=
newrule
DROP RULE newrule;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$ghhVj$'+ N -Z
DROP SEQUENCE
Nombre
DROP SEQUENCE
#,/F8H#+-HGC$'7#$'+-7,/f$;N,/GCF8$;+-F8$
Synopsis
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...]
l
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/fGC$g$'&/,(*,/+-H$'N,/F2GK^(*$'+-F8$4Z
WARN: Relation "name" does not exist.
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g(*#$'GCF83?fGC,&/HGC$'7#$'+-7,/f$'GC.$'7,/]71g+-2%$;N,/GCF$Z
Descripcin
h/!1hLh%!#,/F8#+-gGC$'7#$'+-7,/gA4$'+-$'3?123?1$X+-(*$'3J2G 1$Q&/I4GC$61$X1F24GZ
h
P62+h&/H7F8#&,/(*.&/$'(*$;+-F87,/+1$g&/GwGC$'7#$'+-7,/Ga724(*2"FI4&/G $'GC.$'7,/&/$;GKRF3=Î4CBg,/A#&
!#$g&/f1$;79&/^3=;7,/4+hh 4
8 wZ
Notas
f1$;79&/3[79,/+jhh/!1hLhj$'G #+-H$'F8$;+-GK,/+h1$g&/$'+-A4#CBD$g1$M2GKFA43?$;GZ
P62+-GC#&/F$&/f1$'7&/3=^79,/+hw
/
1hVh".3?g2IF$'+-$;3U,/+-W823=(*^79,/+hGK2I43J$74(2
73?$93U#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/-Z
Utilizacin
M3=!#,/F3>&/fGC$'7#$'+-7,/
serial
1$6&/fI4GC$1$g1^F82Gk
DROP SEQUENCE serial;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$ghh/!1hLhh$'+ N -Z
l^m
DROP TABLE
Nombre
DROP TABLE [Eliminar Tabla]
i &/,(*,/+-HF8I4&/G 1$6#+-HI4^GK$61$1F24G
Synopsis
DROP TABLE nombre [, ...]
Entradas
nombre
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/gd,/GCF8H$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$g.03=$'&/,/(*,/+-3?&/-Z
Salidas
DROP
i &(*$'+-GCCB$1$'d#$'&/F82_GC,4$;& 792(*+-12_724+-7&/#T42%$',/F82GK^(*$'+-F$Z
ERROR Relation "nombre" Does Not Exist!
,&/fFI4&/f2_d ,/GCFH$'GC.$'7,/]71g+-2E$;N,/GCF8$$'+h&/fI4GC$1$g1^F82GZ
Descripcin
h 48 $'&/,/(*,/+-HFI4&/GaT%d,/GCF8Ga1$#+-HI4GC$g1$61F82GZ 2&/2%GC#.3J24.,/$;F83?,/2V52P.hc

h
+-$'3?<.#$'1$f1$;GKF3J#,/3w#+-VFI4&/V2"d,/GCF8 Z*)L+-VFI4&/V.#$;1$bGC$;3ad 7,/1-L1$bGC#G6]&/GCR.$'3J2
+-2E1$;GKF3J#,/1R^#GC+-12EhaaZ
,-#+-_F8I4&/E_GK$;3Q1$;GKF3J#,/1EF,/$'+-$V#+/+-1,/79$LGK$;79#+-1^3=,/2R4$'GCF$V1$'I4$VGC$'3X3J$'(*2d,/12.3?,/c
(*$'3J2Z"3J$'(*279,4+1$%GC24&2#++-1,/7$"GC$'7#+-13?,/2*+-2W8$'7CF$'&792+-F$'+-,/121$h&/hFI4&/
GC#I4T47$'+-F$Z
Notas
P62+-GC#&/F3a$;+w * 48 *T"V 48 .3?L,/+-W823=(79,/+GC2I43J$H72(*2h793J$;'3
2E(*21,/]79^3UFI4&/GZ
lx
Uso
M3=1$'GCF3?#,/3U124GaFI4&/GCR
cintas
T! !! QJk
DROP TABLE cintas, distribuidores;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-Gw7.;7,/11$'G 1,/79,/2+-&/$'G
M \V i k
DROP TABLE table { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
i P
\VGC$;A#3?6!4#$QGC2&/2V#+-6FI4&/6GC,/+%d,/GCF8^GU1$'.$;+-1,/$'+-F$'GU2b3J$'GCF83?,/77,/24+-$'G)1$Q,/+-F$'A43?,/11
.#$'1gGC$'3U1$'GCF3?#,/1-Z
P6\ Pw\ i
P6#&/!#,/$;3>d,/GKFH2E3J$'GCF3=,/77,/+"1$,/+-F$'A3?,/11GC$'3?/F8^(*I,/$;+h$'&/,/(*,/+-1-Z

Sugerencia: Por el momento, para eliminar una vista dependiente se debe eliminar esta
explicitamente.
DROP TRIGGER
Nombre
DROP TRIGGER
23=3?f&/f1$;]+-,/7,/+1$#+h1,/GK.03=^1023
Synopsis
DROP TRIGGER nombre ON tabla
Entradas
nombre
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h1,/GC.3?123$',/GKF$'+-F$Z
l^n
tabla
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/-Z
Salidas
DROP
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&41,/GK.^3=^1023>GC$gI4243?3?E723=3J$'7F'(*$'+-F$Z
ERROR: DropTrigger: there is no trigger name on relation "table"
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$gGC$g1f7#+-12V$'&1,/GC.3?1-243U$'GC.$'7,/]79^12_+-2%$;N,/GCF$Z
Descripcin
hh ?hhI4243?3?3=QF241^GU&/G>3J$'W8$93?$;+-79,/^GU$',/GKF$'+-F$'G>Q&/g1$;]+-,/7,/+%1$X#+%1,/GC.c
h
3=^1243=Z`M3?f.21$'3U$=BD$'7#F83)$'GCF$H72(*+-12_$'&#GC#3?,/2E^79F#&1$'I4$GC$'3U$'&4.3J24.,/$;F83,/2E1$'&
1,/GC.3?'123=Z
Notas
h ?hh$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+h1$'&&/$'+-A4#CB$1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
h
P62+-GC#&/F$6wa"a6?hh.3?Q24I4F$'+-$'3,/+-W823=(*^79,/+"679$;3?7Q1$X74(*2V73?$;'31,/GC.c
3=^1243J$9Gw58F3=,/A4A4$'3?GK<`Z
Utilizacin
$'GCF83J#T4$g$'& 1,/GC.3?123
if_dist_exists
$'+h&/fF8Î4&/
films
DROP TRIGGER if_dist_exists ON films;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$+-,/+-A4#+-b1$;79&/^3=;7,/4+jhh ?hh$'+ N -Z
l
DROP TYPE
Nombre
DROP TYPE
$'F8,/3?H#+hF8,/.2R1$']+-,/12_.243U$'& #GC#3?,/24R1$&/2GX7F&/2A2G 1$'&GC,/GKF$'(*
Synopsis
DROP TYPE tipo
Entradas
tipo
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$'& F,/.2E7F&/2A^12)Z
Salidas
DROP
i &(*$'+-GCCB$!#$gGC$g24I4F,/$'+-$gGC,$'&792(*+-12_:-fGC,/12%$=BD$'7#F12V792+h',/F82Z
ERROR: RemoveType: type tipo does not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$g279#3?3J$GC,$'&F8,/.02E112V+-2E:-HGC,/12_$'+-724+-F3?12)Z
Descripcin
haa3J$'F,/3=g#+jF,/.2R1$']+-,/12E.23)$'&#GK#^3=,/2R1$&/2Gw7F&/2A2Gw1$;&GK,/GCF$'(*-Z
h
)V+"F,/.2E.#$;1$GC$'3U3?$;F8,/3?'12E+-,/7(*$'+-F$g.23>GC#1#$'-2)Z
Notas
f7&/#GC#&/ M M i $'G #+-H$'NF$'+-GC,/+j1$'&&/$'+-A4#`B$gM2GCF8A43J$'GZ
P62+-GC#&/F$L$;& 72(*+-12jw aa.3?b24I4F$'+-$'3a,/+-W823=(*^79,/+*GC24I43J$f724(*2j73J$S3 F8,/c

.2GZ
i G3J$'GC.24+-GCI4,/&/,/1^11$'&0#F243Q3J$'F,/3=;3Q7#&/!4#,/$'362.$'3?123RW8#+-79,/+-RA43J$SA412R4(*'F2412
1$77$'GC2R^GK#I4F,/.2ETE79&/^GK$6!#$g#GC$'+j$'& F8,/.2_!#$g:-HGC,/12EI423?3=12)Z
,NGK$g3J$'F,/3?g#+hF8,/.2_.3J$'1$']+-,/12R^$'&72(*.243?F8^(*,/$'+-F2%1$'& GC$'3?d,/1243)GC$'3?f,/(*.3J$'1$'7,/I4&/$Z
l^
Uso
M3=3J$'F8,3=3$'&F,/.2
caja
DROP TYPE caja;
Compatibilidad
SQL3
hhaa$'Ga#+-H7&/#GC#&/f1$ N -Z
DROP USER
Nombre
DROP USER
$'F8,/3?H#+h#GK#^3=,/2
Synopsis
DROP USER nombre
Entradas
nombre
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h#GC#3?,/2E$',/GCF8$'+-F$Z
Salidas
DROP USER
i &(*$'+-GCCB$!#$gGC$g24I4F,/$'+-$gGC,$'&#GK#3?,/2_:-fGC,/12E3J$'F,/3=^12_72+j;N,/F2)Z
ERROR: DROP USER: user "nombre" does not exist
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$g279#3?3J$GC,+-2E:-HGC,/12E$;+-724+-F3=^12E$'& #GC#3?,/2E1^12)Z
l
DROP USER: user "nombre" owns database "base_datos", cannot be removed
$'I4$'3?b$'&/,/(*,/+-3a.03=,/(*$'3J2E&/VI4GC$f1$H1F82GQ.$;3=F$'+-$'7,/$'+-F$f& #GC#3?,/2R 2"(*21,/]793

KG #.3J2.,/$'F'3?,/24R^+-F8$'Ga1$.21$'3)3J$'F,/3=^3U& #GC#3?,/2)Z
Descripcin
hJ/3J$'F,/3?1$"&/I4GC$h1$j1F82GL$'&>#GC#3?,/21^12)Zh23J$;F8,/3?FI4&/GCRd,/GKFGV#
h
24F3J24G)24I;BD$'F24G>!#$Q.$'3?F8$;+-$'e7'+E&#GC#3?,/2)Z ,$'&#GC#3?,/2L$'GU1#$;-2V1$Q#+-6I4GC$Q1$w1^F82GKR
GC$.3J241#7,/3?f#+h$'3?3J243=Z
)VGC$"Oo F=z?F XU! ?Faz D.3?^1,/7,/24+-3f+-#$'d2GE#GC#3?,/24GCR#
T BED4;Lz >z8
o ?FXU!
?F z D
.3?_(*21,/]79^3Q&/Gg.3J2.,/$'1;1$'Gg1$V#+#GC#^3=,/2Z;M24GCFA3J$ N d,/$'+-$_724+#+A4#,4+}*v
qt4|??}a!#$LF,/$'+-$L&/L(*,/GC(*EW8#+-7,/4+1$b$;GKF$L72(*+-12h581$b:-$;7:-24R,/+-d27_$'GCF8$b724(*^+-124<
.$'3J2V!#$g.#$'1$6GK$;3U$?B$;79#F12V1$'GC1$&/HGC:-$'&/&Z
Uso
M3=$'&/,/(*,/+-3U&/H7#$'+-F8g1$#+h#GK#3?,/2k

DROP USER juan;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$724(*+-12%hhJ/$'+ N ^Z
DROP VIEW
Nombre
DROP VIEW
$'F8,/3?H#+-fd,/GCF8H1$;]+-,/1g$'+h#+-HI4GC$1$1^F82G
Synopsis
DROP VIEW nombre
l^
Entradas
nombre
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$&/gd ,/GCFH1$']+-,/1-Z
Salidas
DROP
i &(*$'+-GCCB$!#$gGC$g24I4F,/$'+-$gGC,$'&792(*+-12_:-fGC,/12%$=BD$'7#F12V792+h',/F82Z
ERROR: RewriteGetRuleEventRel: rule "_RETnombre" not found
i GKF$g(*$'+-GCCBD$g279#3?3J$GC,&/fd,/GKFH11+-2%$',/GCF8$$;+h&/fI4GC$1$g1F2GZ
Descripcin
hL?! 3J$;F8,/3?#+-fd,/GCF81$']+-,/1f$;+"#+-gI4GC$61$61F24GZ=M3?g.21$'3$?B$'7#F3$'GCF8$
h
724(*+-124R^1$;I4$'3=gGK$;3U$;&41#$;-2E1$6&/fd,/GKF-Z
Notas
f7&/#GC#&/Hhh J8aj1$M2GCF8A43J$'GaF8(*I4,/'+%$'&/,/(*,/+-bd ,/GCFGZ
P62+-GC#&/F$fw 3
L?!.3?#+-H$;N.&/,/77,/+h1$724(*2_GC$g793J$;+"d ,/GCFGZ
Uso
i GCF8$72(*+-12_3?$;F8,/3?3?g&/fd,/GCF8H&/&/^(*1
variedades
DROP VIEW variedades;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^g$'GC.$'7,/]7f&/A4#+-GwW8#+-7,/24+-^&/,/11$'G 1,/7,/2+-&/$'G .3?Hhh3L?!k
DROP VIEW vista { RESTRICT | CASCADE }

Entradas
i P
\VGC$'A4#3?_!#$bGK$;+*1$'GCF83J#,/1^G+-,/7(*$;+-F8$bd ,/GCFGGK,/+*2F3=G6&/,/GCFG1$'.$'+-1,/$'+-F8$;G6T
GK,/+h3J$'GCF3=,/77,/24+-$;Gw1$6,/+-F8$'A43?,/11XZ
P6\ Pw\ i
P6#&/!#,/$;3wd ,/GCFE!#$LGC$V3J$;]$;3=b_$;GKF_GC$'3?_F(*I4,/'+*$;&/,/(*,/+-1RN&-,/A4#&0!#$V7#&/c
!#,/$'3>3J$;GKF3?,/797,/+"1$,/+-F$'A43=,/1^1XZ
Notas
\V7F#&/(*$'+-F$'R.3?H3J$'F8,/3?;3 #+-bd ,/GCFL3J$'W8$93?,/1b$'+#+-bI4GC$g1$f1F2GXM24GCFA3J$'Gw$'GCF8b1$'I4$
GC$'3U$;&/,/(*,/+-1f$;N.&/7,/F8(*$;+-F8$Z
END
Nombre
END
&/$'dff7I42_&/fF83?+-GC77,/4+h7F#^&
Synopsis
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
Entradas
O5
a\L \VP
M^&/I43=^Ga7&/d$2.7,/24+-^&/$'GZCh2EF,/$'+-$'+h+-,/+-A4+$;W$;79F2Z
Salidas
COMMIT
i Gb$;&(*$;+-GK`B$%!#$%GC$"1$;d #$;&/d $EGC,)&/"F3=^+-GK77,/+@GC$":-"&/&/$;d 12j7I42723=3J$;79F'c

(*$'+-F8$4Z
^l
NOTICE: COMMIT: no transaction in progress
$61f7#+-12E+-2_:-T%+-,/+-A4#+-bF83?+-GC77,/4+"$'+h7#3?GK2Z
Descripcin
h$'Ga#+hGK,/+-+-,D(*2E1$M2GCF8A43J$ N .3?goD<BUBzA6Z
Notas
G .&/I43^Gw7&/d$ 5T \V \VP 0 GC2+3J#,/12GCGC)TE.#$'1$;+"GK$;3U2(*,/F8,/1GZ
)VGC'$ FDV4 Hz?EOo .^3=I4243?F8^3U#+-fF3?+-GC779,/+ Z
Utilizacin
M3=:-7$'3)!#$gF8212GX&/2Gw7(*I4,/2GwGC$'^+j.0$'3?(*+-$'+-F$'Gk

END WORK;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h $;GU#+-$;NF$'+-GC,/4+E1$wM2GCF8A43J$ N "!#$X.3J24.23J7,/24+-6#+-W8#+-7,/2+-&/,/11%$'!#,/d&/$'+-c

F8$6foOD<BYBzAZ
EXPLAIN
Nombre
EXPLAIN
#$;GKF3?g$'&.&/+h1$6$=BD$'7#79,/+h1$&/HGC$'+-F$'+-7,/
Synopsis
EXPLAIN [ VERBOSE ] consulta

Entradas
i
i a _
+-1$'3?g.03=g(*24GCF83?3U$'& .&/+h1$;F8&/&/12_1$6&/f724+-GC#&/F8 Z
consulta
P6#&/!#,/$;3
consulta
Salidas
M&/^+j1$724+-GC#&/F8b$;N.&/79,/F2V1$'&I47-$;+-1M2GCF8A43J$'GZ
NOTICE: QUERY PLAN: plan
EXPLAIN
+-1$'3?g$;+-d ,/^1f&/#$'A42E1$g(*2GCF83?3?GK$6$'&.&/+ Z
Descripcin
i CG F8$g72(*+-12"(*#$'GCF3=b$'&4.&/+j1$f$=BD$'7#7,/4+j!#$H$'&.0&/+-,/]791243UM2GCF8A43J$'GQA4$'+-$'3?H.3?
&/"792+-GC#&/F8j114Z i &.&/+@1$%$?B$;79#7,/+(*#$'GCF83?h&/h(+-$'3?j$'+!#$%GK$;3=^+@$'GC7+-$';1G
&/GgF8I4&/Gg3J$'W8$'3[$;+-79,/^1G
T"GC$'%$'GC7+-$'2GC$'7#$'+-7,/&.0&/+-24R$;GK7+-$;2.243Q/+-1,/7$;R $;F87NZ
TEGK,GC$3J$'W8$'3J$9+-7,/+hd ^3= ,/G>FI4&/GCR^&/2Gw&/A423=,/F(*24Gw1$#+-,/+!4#$gGK$;3=^+"#F,/&/,/e124G .3?
A43?#.^3&/GwF#.&/Ga3?$;!#$'3?,/1;Gw.3?f71F8I4&/g1$$'+-F3=^1-Z
6.3=F$X(*G>73=,/F,/7g1$Q&/.3J$'GC$'+-F7,/+%$'G>$'&792GCF82V$'GCF8,/(*^12V1$6$=BD$'7#7,/4+"1$6&/6792+-GC#&/c
F8^RS!#$Q$'GU&/6GC#.24GC,/7,/4+"1$'&.&/^+-,/]7123GC2I43?$X$'&F8,/$;(*.2L!#$6F24(*3?Q7243?3J$'3&/6724+-GC#&/F8
58(*$'1,/12"$'+#+-,/11$'G61$H7.F#3=L1$b.A,/+-^GQ1$L1,/GK72<CZ i +3J$';&/,/11GK$b(*#$'GCF83?+12G
+-(*$'3J2Gk`$;&4F,/$'(*.2_,/+-,/7,/& !#$gF24(*H1$;d 2&/d$'3?GK$6&/f.3?,/(*$'3)F8#.&/R^TE$'& F,/$'(*.2EF2F8&.c
3="1$;d 2&/d$'3gF241GL&/^GbF8#.&/^GZM3=h&/h(*T23?/h1$%&/GL792+-GC#&/F8GL&/2!#$",/(*.23=Fj$;GL$'&
F8,/$;(*.2F82F8&/R-.$'3J2*$'+@&/A#+-2GL7GC24GL72(*2#+-hGC#I4c72+-GC#&/F i $'&.&/+-,/]7123
$'GC724A4$'3?f$'&4(*$'+-23 F,/$'(*.2%,/+-,/7,/&4$'+hd$'eH1$'&(*$'+-23 F,/$'(*.2%F2F8&458TH!#$g$;+F212%7GC2
$'&$=BD$'7#F823gGC$E1$'F$'+-13?E1$'GC.#'Gf1$_24I4F$'+-$'36&/".3=,/(*$; 3F8#.&/^<CZ (*I4,/'+-R GCn
, )L1XZ^&/,/(*,/F8
$'&0+-(*$'3J21$VF#.0&/GE1$'d24&/d$'3X724+#+-%7&/#GC#&/E 8 R$'&.&/^+-,/]7123X3?$;'&/,/eÊ#+-
,/+-F8$;3=.2&/7,/+^.3J24.,/1_$'+-F3J$V&/2GH12Gf72GKF24Gf]+-&/$'GH.03=V$'GCF8,/(*^367#&1$V&/2GH.&/+-$;G
$'G 3J$'&/(*$'+-F$$;&4(*$;+-24Ga724GCF24GC2>Z
H2.79,/+ i V i $'(*,/F$f&/b3?$;.3J$SGC$'+-F7,/+,/+-F$'3=+-L724(*.0&/$'F8b1$;&3?I42& 1$'&4.&/+-R$'+
d$'eE1$_#+3J$'GC#(*$'+58T&/2$;+-d E&3J7:-,/d 2&/24A1$'&.2GCF8(*GCF$'3F(*I4,/'+-<`,Z )VGC#&/(*$;+-F8$
$'GCF8g24.7,/+j$;Gw+-,/7(*$;+-F8$gF,/&4.03=g&/f7243?3J$'779,/+h1$$;3=3J23?$9Ga581$'I4#A< 1$6M2GCF8A43J$'GZ
Notas
i ,/GKF$V$'GC7GCE127#(*$;+-F87,/+$'+M24GCF8A43J$'Gg724+3J$'GC.$'7F2E&/%#F,/&/,/e7,/+.0243Q.3?F8$b1$'&
24.0F8,/(*,/e12431$&/,/+-W8243?(*7,/+j1$6724GCF24GZ +-W823=(*^79,/+"A4$'+-$'3?& GC24I43J$Q&/f$'GCF8,/(*^79,/+"1$
724GCF82Ga.3?g&/f2.F8,/(*,/e^7,/4+h1$&/^Ga72+-GC#&/FGa.#$'1$$;+-724+-F3=^3=GC$$'+"&,/I3J2Gw1$F8$;NF24G 1$
I4GC$'Gf1$_1F24GZ'a$;];3=GC$_%&/2GH7.F8#&/2GHGC24I43J$_+-1,/7$'GfT$'&24.F,/(*,/e1243QA$'+-;F8,/721$
724+-GC#&/F8^Gw1$6&/HtrYpXJu }Jv[-}Jp9Lp'v}U.3?g(*^T23>,/+-W823=(*^79,/+ Z
^m
Uso
M3=b(*2GCF83?3a#+.0&/+1$H724+-GC#&/F_.3?b#+-V72+-GK#&/F_GC,/(*.&/$HGC24I43J$H#+-VFI4&/b792+#+-
+-,/7f792&/#(*+-H1$gF,/.2E,/+-bF +HT%^g]&/Gk
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo;
NOTICE:
QUERY PLAN:
Seq Scan on foo
(cost=0.00..2.28 rows=128 width=4)
EXPLAIN
M3=b&/V(*,/GK(*_F8I4&/L724+#+*+-1,/7$b.03=L&/2A3?3w#+-_72+-1,/79,/+*St4 [vY{$'+&/_724+-GC#&/FR

! aV?(24GCF83?3?f#+h.&/+h1,/GCF8,/+-F2k
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo WHERE i = 4;
NOTICE:
QUERY PLAN:
Index Scan using fi on foo
(cost=0.00..0.42 rows=1 width=4)
EXPLAIN
.3?6F$'3?(*,/+-3R;.^3=6&/g(*,/GC(*gFI4&/6792+%#+%+-1,/7$6.^3=6&/24A43?3#+-g72+-1,/7,/4+"St4 [vY{

$'+&/*792+-GC#&/F8RU!
L? (*24GCF3=3?*&/2GC,/A#,/$;+-F8$.3?#+-*724+-GC#&/F8*!#$#F,/&/,/79$#+-
W8#+-79,/+h1$A43J$'A47C,/+ k
EXPLAIN SELECT sum(i) FROM foo WHERE i = 4;
NOTICE:
QUERY PLAN:
Aggregate (cost=0.42..0.42 rows=1 width=4)

-> Index Scan using fi on foo (cost=0.00..0.42 rows=1 width=4)
hF8$'GC$g!#$f&/2GX+-(*$'3J2GX$;GK.$;7/]792GX(*2GCF83?12GCRT"+&/H$;GKF3?F8$;A,/f1$g792+-GC#&/F8LGC$'&/$'7c

7,/24+-1R .#$;1$'+d3?,/3a$'+-F3J$L12G6d $;3=GC,/2+-$'G1$LM2GCF8A43J$'G1$'I4,/12h&-(*$?B23?(*,/$'+-F21$;&
.&/+-,/]7123`Z
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$#+-HGC$'+-F8$;+-79,/baL?1$;]+-,/1g$'+ 4Z
x
FETCH
Nombre
FETCH
$'&/$;797,/2+-f]&/Gw#GC+-12_#+h79#3?GC243
Synopsis
FETCH [ selector ] [ count ] { IN | FROM } cursor
FETCH [ RELATIVE ] [ { [ # | ALL | NEXT | PRIOR ] } ] FROM ] cursor
Entradas
selector
selector
1$']+-$&/H1,/3J$'7`79,/+j1$ 4i P Z`M#$'1$6GK$;3>#+-H1$6&/GwGC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$;Gk
)\V
GK$;&/$'779,/2+-g&/^5GC<GC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$;58GK< ]&/GZ i G>$'& d&/23.23)1$'W8$'7F82LGC, GC$62(*,/F8$

selecZ
tor
\VPL5g\L
GC$'&/$;797,/2+-H&/58GC<-]&/58GC< +-F$'3=,/23?58$'GC<CZ

i \
i
M&/Î43=fGC,/+hGC,/A+-,/]712_5"24,/GC$
.h23?1<R^.03=g792(*.F,/I4,/&/,/1172+ N -Z
count
1$'F8$;3=(*,/+-7#+-FG_]&/^G%:-T!4#$GC$;&/$'779,/2+-3=ZM#$'1$GC$'3b#+-21$&/2G%GC,/c

Acount
#,/$'+-F$'Gk
#
\V
)V+$;+-F8$'3J2"72+*GK,/A4+-2j!#$V$'GC.$'7,/]7V7#+-FG6]&/G6:-Tj!#$LGC$'&/$;779,/2+-3=Z $'GC$

7#$'+-F1$!4#$j#+$;+-F8$'3J2+-$'A4F8,/d2@$;GE$'!4#,/d ^&/$'+-F8$79^(*I,/^3b$;&aGC$'+-F,/1 21$
TE\VL
P 5g\L Z
)\V
$;d #$'&/d$gF241Ga&/^Gw]&/Ga3J$'GCF8+-F$'GZ
i !#,/d ^&/$'+-F8$gg$'GC.$'7,/]79^3U#+h724#+-F1$

Z
M
i !#,/d ^&/$'+-F8$gg$'GC.$'7,/]79^3U#+h724#+-F1$g Z
^n
cursor
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+h7#3?GK23>Î,/$;3=F2)Z
Salidas
a' 3J$'F243?+-E$;&3J$'GC#&/F1021$V&/%72+-GK#&/F%1$']+-,/1E.23X$'&7#3?GC243X$'GC.$;79,/]712Z ,0&/

724+-GC#&/F8HW8&/&/gGK$;3=+"(24GCF83?12Ga&/24GwGK,/A4#,/$'+-F$'Gw($'+-GCCB$;Gk
NOTICE: PerformPortalFetch: portal "cursor" not found
,;$'&
+-2H$'GCFw.3J$'d,/(*$'+-F$ 1$;79&/^3=;12Z i &^7#3?GK23-1$'I4$ GC$'3-1$'7&/3?'12g1$'+-F3J2
cursor
1$#+h
I4&/24!#$g1$g24.$;3=^79,/+"58F83?+-GC7F8,/2+hI4&/247-4<`Z
NOTICE: FETCH/ABSOLUTE not supported, using RELATIVE
M2GCF8A43J$'Ga+-2%GC24.23?F8H$'& .2GC,/7,/24+-(*,/$;+F2EI4GC2&/#F82_1$&/2GX7#3=GC23J$'GZ
ERROR: FETCH/RELATIVE at current position is not supported
N .$'3?(*,/F$1$'d24&/d$'3V1$W823=(**3J$'.0$'F8,/1$'&X7#3?GK23V$;+GC#.2GC,/7,/4+^79F#&/

#GK+-12_&/HGC,/+-FN,/G
FETCH RELATIVE 0 FROM cursor
M2GCF8A43J$'Gg7F8#&/(*$;+-F8$_+-2*GC2.243?F8"$'GCF$_724+-7$'.F2R-1$_:-$;79: 24R $'&d ^&/243Q79$;3J2$'GCF"3J$;c

GK$;3=d1-2.3?E,/+-1,/73X!#$EF821Gg&/Gg]&/^Gf1$'I4$;+GC$;361$'d#$'&/FGT$'Gg$'!4#,/d&/$;+-F8$_
$'GC.$'7,/]793 &/Q.&/I43?w7&/d$a\VXZ ,^GC$w:-X#GK^12H&/X.&/I43?w7&/d$a i \ i RM24GCF8c
A3J$'GGC#(*$Q!#$Q$'&#GK#3?,/2L1$'GC$'Q#+%72(*.243?F(*,/$'+-F2V72(*2L$'+ N XTV1$'d#$'&/d$
$'GCF8$(*$;+-GCCB$g1$$'3?3J243=Z
Description
a' .$'3?(*,/F$j#+#GK#3?,/2@1$'d24&/d$'3b]&/^GE#GC+-12#+7#3?GK23=Z i &>+-(*$'3J2@1$j]&/G

1$'d#$'&/F'Gb$;GKF%$'GC.$'7,/]712(*$'1,/+-F8$ Z ,$'&+-($'3J21$E]&/GH3J$'GCF+-F8$;GH$'+$'&79#3?GC243
$'GV(*$'+-23LF:-+ RGC&/2GC$'3?+GK$;&/$'77,/24#+-1G_&/^GE1,/GC.2+-,/I4&/$'GZ #GCF,/F8#T4$'+-12&/.&/c
I43=_79&/^d $_\L@$'+#&/#A3Q1$_#++-(*$'3J2.3J2d 273=_!#$EGK$;+1$'d#$'&/F8^GfF241^Gf&/Gf]&/^G
3J$'GCF8;+-F8$;GQ$'+$;& 7#3=GC23=ZGQ,/+-GCF8+-7,/GX.#$'1$'+jGC$'3 GC$'&/$'77,/2+-1GX$;+(*I4^GX1,/3J$'77,/24+-$;G
:-7,/^1$'&/;+-F8$TV:-7,/6F83?GU5 )\V
TV\L&
P 5\V <`Z?1,/3J$'7C7,/4+".231$'W8$'7F2b$'G
)\L Z
Sugerencia: Se permite especificar nmeros negativos en el contador. Un nmero negativo es equivalente a modificar el sentido de las palabras clave FORWARD y BACKWARD.
Por ejemplo, FORWARD -1 es igual aBACKWARD 1.

Notas
$'GC$"7#$'+-F1$%!#$h&/Gb.&/I43?Gb7&/d$ )\V
T\VPL5g\L
GC2+$'F8$'+-GC,/2+-$'G
M24GCFA3J$'GZKHGC,/+-F8,/G N HF8(*I4,/;+$'GwGC24.23=F1^ RN$'GC.$;79,/]71H$'+j &/bGC$'A4#+-1LW823=(
1$'& 72(*+-12ZK6'+-GC$(*GaI4CBD2_1$'F8^&/&/$'G T%F8$;(*Ga1$724(*.^F8,/I4,/&/,/11wZ
)V+-bd$'eLF821GQ&/GX]&/^G6GK$H:-+GC$'&/$;797,/2+-12R F24124G6&/2G61$'(*GQ^797$'GC2GQ1$HW8$'F87:+-2j1$'c
d#$;&/d $;+"]&/^GZ
M24GCFA3J$'Gw+-2%GC24.23?F8b&/H73=^79F$'3?GKF,/7b1$g7F8#&/,/e^3U&/2GQ1F2GX$'+j#+7#3?GK23RTb!#$fd2&/c
d$'3>b(*.$;3>&/Gw7F8#&/,/e;7,/2+-$'GQ1$'&7#3?GK23a$'+j&/GXFI4&/GaI4GC$f+-2%$'GX.024GC,/I4&/$H.243 3J$;A&/
A$;+-$'3?&/R^724(*2_GK#7$'1$F8^(*I4,/'+h$'+h&/Gw^79F#&/,/e;7,/24+-$;GX1$&/Gad,/GCF8Ga58 i <CZ?M243U792+-GC,/c
A#,/$;+-F8$'R'&/24Gw#GC#3?,/2Gw1$;I$;+"$'.&/,/7,/F83)724(*+-124O
G )VM \ i .3?fGC#GKF,/F8#,/3U&/24Gw1F24GZ
2Ga7#3?GK23J$'G GC4&/2_GK&/2EGC$1$'I4$'3?/;+h#GC31$;+-F83J2V1$F3=+-GC77,/2+-$'GCR^T!#$g&/24Ga1F24G !#$
&/(*7$'+-;+Î4'3J7+"(*&/F8,/.0&/$'GX72+-GK#&/FGa1$#GC#3=,/2Z
)VGC3 BED=.3?H(*21,/]79^3 &/H.24GC,/7,/+1$'&7#3=GC23=Z ;J=oa, ?F=*1$']+-,/3=H#+j7#3?GC243=ZKa$;c
]'3=^GK$"3
H!=z ^_RO
o D<BYBz AUR0T@
FDV4
Hz?EO
o .3?j(*T423b,/+-W823=(*7,/+7$'3J7C1$"&/G
F83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GZ
Uso
2GQGK,/A4#,/$'+-F$'GQ$?B$;(*.&/24G63J$'723=3J$9+#+-LF8Î&/b#+-GC+-12"#+79#3?GC243=Z :-$bW82&/&/2.h,/+-Aj$'(*c

.&/$'G F83?d$'3?GC$'G fF8Î4&/$#GC,/+-A"f7#3=GC23=Z
-montar y usar un cursor:
BEGIN WORK;
DECLARE liahona CURSOR
FOR SELECT * FROM films;
-seleccionar las primeras cinco filas en el cursor liahona:
FETCH FORWARD 5 IN liahona;
code |title
|len
---+---------------+--+-------+-------+---BL101|The Third Man
|101|1949-12-23|Drama
| 01:44
BL102|The African Queen
|101|1951-08-11|Romantic | 01:43
JL201|Une Femme est une Femme|102|1961-03-12|Romantic | 01:25
P_301|Vertigo
|103|1958-11-14|Action
| 02:08
P_302|Becket
|103|1964-02-03|Drama
| 02:28
-Seleccionar la fila anterior:

FETCH BACKWARD 1 IN liahona;
code |title
|len
---+---------------+--+-------+-------+---P_301|Vertigo
|103|1958-11-14|Action
| 02:08
- cerrar el cursor y commit work:

CLOSE liahona;
COMMIT WORK;
^
Compatibilidad
SQL92
Nota: El uso no embebido de los cursores es una extensin Postgres. La sintaxis y el
uso de los cursores est siendo comparada en contraposicin a la forma embebida de
los cursores definida en SQL92.
^b.0$'3?(*,/F8$f$'&.24GC,/7,/2+-(*,/$'+F82"I4GC2&/#F82"1$;& 7#3=GC23 .3? i P

7&/,/e;79,/+j1$&/2Gw3J$'GC#&/F8^124G $'+hd3?,/I4&/$'G $'.&//7,/FGZ
ThF(*I4,/'+&/V&/2c
FETCH ABSOLUTE #
FROM cursor
INTO :variable [, ...]
\V ^ !
) i
i &7#3?GK231$;I4$_GK$;36.2GC,/79,/2+-12&+-(*$'3J21$_]&/%I4GC24&/#F2*$'GC.$'7,/]79^12)Z 2124G
&/24G+-(*$'3J24G1$a]&/G)$'+VM24GCFA3J$'GGC24+V+-(*$'3J2G)3J$'&/F,/d 2GCR.2430&/2HF8^+-F82H+-2fGK$wGC2.243?F8
$'GCF8f73?7CF$'3?/GCF8,/7-Z
k
variable
)3?,/I4&/$'58GC< 2I'BD$'F,/d2E1$'&:-2GCF`Z
GRANT
Nombre
#GRANT

GK#^3=,/2G
2F823JAg.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2GX1$^797$'GC2VH#+h#GC#3?,/2R^#+A43J#.2E2_fF8212GX&/2G
Synopsis
GRANT privilege [, ...] ON object [, ...]
TO { PUBLIC | GROUP group | username }

Entradas
privilege
24Ga.2GK,/I4&/$;GX.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2GaGK2+ k
i i P
\L779$;GK2_fF241Ga&/G 724&/#(*+-^GX1$#+-HFI4&/ d ,/GCFf$'GC.$'7/]7-Z
i
+-GC$'3?F8H1F24G $;+jF241Gw&/^Ga72&/#(*+-GX1$6#+-HF8I4&/f$;GK.$;7/]79 Z
)VM
\
i
\L7F8#&/,/egF821G &/Ga792&/#(*+-Ga1$g#+-fFI4& $'GC.$'7/]7-Z
i ii
i &/,/(*,/+-H]&/^Gw1$g#+-fFI4&/f$'GC.$;79]79 Z
O)L i
\V
$;]+-$g&/^Gw3J$'A4&/G 1$&/HFI4&/5Dd,/GCF8H587$'3)GC$'+-F8$;+-79,/HPQ i \ i )V i <CZ
F243JA4HF8212Gw&/2GX.3?,/d,/&/$'A,/2GCc

object
i & +-24(*I43J$1$#+h24I;BD$'F2E& !#$6GK$6!#,/$'3J$72+-79$;1$'3)$'& 77$'GC2)Z`24G .2GK,/I4&/$;Gw2I;B$;F82G
GK2+ k
K F8d ,/I4GCF&/
K
K GK$;7#$;+-79,
K ,/+-1,/7$
M)V P
)V+-fI43J$;d ,/7`,/4+j.3?g3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-F3>fF24124Gw&/24Ga#GK#^3=,/2GZ
b )VM
group
)L+ grupo &w!4#$GK$2F823JA^+.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GZ i +&/^79F#&>d$'3?GK,/+-R)$'&aA3J#.21$'I4$
:-I4$'3)GK,/12E73J$''12E$'.&//7,/F(*$'+-F$724(*2EGK$61$'GC73=,/I4$(*^Gw1$;&/+-F8$4Z
i &+-24(*I43J$H1$b#+#GK#^3=,/2h&!#$bGC$H!#,/$'3J$H724+-7$'1$;3a.3=,/d,/&/$;A,/2GZ9M)V P$'GQ#+-
I43J$Sd,/F#3=f.03=3J$'.3J$9GK$;+-F83UfF8212Gw&/2GX#GC#3?,/24GZ
username
Salidas
CHANGE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC$g&/f77,/4+hGC$g:-f3J$'&/,/e^'12_GK^F8,/GCW87F823=,/^(*$'+-F$Z
^
ChangeAcl: class "object" not found

ERROR:
$;+-GK`B$L1$'d#$'&/F82GC,$;&024I;BD$'F2$'GC.$'7,/]712j+-2$'GCF8_1,/GC.24+-,/I4&/$_2GK,$;Gf,/(*.2GC,/I4&/$
13&/24Gw.3J24d,/&/$'A4,/2GwfA43J#.2%2E#GC#3?,/24Ga$'GC.$'7,/]712Z
Descripcin
Vh.$;3=(*,/F$X&73J$';12431$w#+%2I;BD$'F82L$;&13.$;3=(*,/GC2G>$'GC.$'7/]724G)F2412GU&/2G>#GK#^c
h
3=,/2G>58M)V P6<42V6#+"79,/$;3=F2L#GK#3?,/2V2VA43J#.2Z2)VGC#3?,/24G>1,/GCF,/+-F82Gw^&N73?$;'123.#$'1$;+%+-2
F8$;+-$'3.$;3=(*,/GC2G>1$w779$;GK2f(*$'+-2G>!#$X$'&793J$';123GC$Q&/2GU724+-7$'1RS#+-6d$'eQ!#$X$'&2I;B$;F82
:-fGC,/12E73J$'1-2Z
)V+-wd$'ea!#$a#+_#GC#3?,/2fF,/$'+-$a.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GGK2I43J$ #+V24I;BD$'F82RF,/$'+-$a.2GK,/I4,/&/,/1^1E1$a$=BD$'7#F83
$'GC$L.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2)Z;"2:-T+-$'7$'GC,/111$L72+-79$;1$'3w.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2Gf^&0793J$9123X1$L#+*2I;B$;F82$'&
73?$9123a2I4F8,/$'+-$b#F24(*F,/7(*$'+-F$ V &/24G6.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GCRTj.#$'1$bF(*I4,/'+$;&/,/(*,/+-3
$'& 2I;B$;F82Z
Notas
\V7F#&/(*$'+-F$'R.3?%792+-7$'1$;3.3?d ,/&/$;A,/2GH$'+M24GCFA3J$'GfhGC2&/2*&/A4#+-GH724&/#(*+-^GKR-:-$E1$
73?$93f#+-d,/GCF8j!#$j724+-F$'+-A4&/GL72&/#(*+-GV1$'GC$'1GCR-T@72+-79$;1$'3f.3J2d ,/&/$;A,/2GLGC24I43J$
$'GCfd,/GCF8-Z
)VGC$g! f.3?f2IF$'+-$;3U(*Ga,/+-W8243?(*7,/+GC2I43?$g&/2Ga.$'3?(*,/GC24GX1$&/24Gw24I;BD$'F24Gw$',/GKF$'+-c
F8$;Gk
Database
= lusitania
+------------+------------------------------+
| Relacion
|
Conceder/Eliminar Permisos
+------------+------------------------------+
| mytable
| {"=rw","miriam=arwR","group todos=rw"}
+------------+------------------------------+
Leyenda:
uname=arwR - se conceden privilegios a un usuario
group gname=arwR - se conceen privilegios al un GRUPO
=arwR - se conceden privilegios a PUBLIC
r
w
a
R
arwR
|
|
SELECT
UPDATE/DELETE
INSERT
RULE
ALL
Sugerencia: Actualmente, para crear un GRUPO ha de insertar los datos manualmente

en la tabla pg_group como sigue:
INSERT INTO pg_group VALUES (todos);
CREATE USER miriam IN GROUP todos;
'GC$Q&/HGK$;+-F8$'+-7,/H i
l
i .3?gd$'3)72(*2%$'&/,/(*,/+-3U&/24Ga.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2GX1$6779$;GK2Z
Uso
P62+-7$'1$.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24Ga1$g,/+-GC$'3J7,/4+hfF24124Ga&/24Gw#GK#3?,/2Gw1$6&/HF8I4&/gO]&/(*GKOk

GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;
P62+-7$'1$F2412Ga&/24Gw.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/GC2E&#GC#3?,/2_OY(*+-#$'&/OGC24I43J$&/fd,/GCF8HO:-,/+-1GKOk

GRANT ALL ON kinds TO manuel;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
6GK,/+-F,/Ga1$ N .03=6ba\L .$'3?(*,/F$6$'GCFI4&/$'7$'31$;3?$97:-2GaGC2I43?$Q724&/#(*+-G ,/+-1,/c
d,/1#&/$'GCR^T_.$'3?(*,/F8$g$'GCFI4&/$'7$'3$'&.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2E1$g72+-79$;1$'3)$'&(*,/GC(*2%.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2_f24F3J24Gk
GRANT privilege [, ...]
ON object [ ( column [, ...] ) ] [, ...]
TO { PUBLIC | username [, ...] } [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
2GV7(*.024GLGC2+724(*.F,/I4&/$'GV724+@&/24GV1$%&/,/(*.&/$;(*$'+-F8^79,/+1$"M24GCFA3J$'GCR72+&/GLGC,/c

A#,/$;+-F8$'Ga,/+-7243?.23=^79,/2+-$'Gk
privilege
f.0$'3?(*,/F8$.03=,/d,/&/$'A4,/24Gw1,/7,/24+-^&/$'G f&/2GX(*$'+-7,/2+-12Gk
i i P
i4i i "P i
M$'3?(*,/F,/12.3?E:-7$'3Q3J$'WD$'3J$'+-7,/E%^&/A#+-%2F241Gf&/^Gf724&/#(*+-^Gb1$V#+-"F8^c
I4&/ d,/GCF8f$;GK.$;7/]79g$'+h&/,/(*,/F87,/2+-$'Ga1$g,/+-F8$;A3?,/11XZ
\H i
M$'3?(*,/F8,/12L.^3=X#GC3#+E124(*,/+-,/2R'#+_792+BD#+F2b1$w79^3=7F$'3[$;GKR9724F$=BD2L2bF83?1#7c
7,/+ Z ,-#+*24I;BD$'F2$;GK.0$'7,/]7_^&/A2j!#$V+-2jGC$'_#+-VF8I4&/ d,/GCF8R
privilegio
:-g1$$'GC.$'7,/]73)GK2&/
2 ) \L i Z
object
\V i
table
N f.$;3=(*,/F$1,79,/2+-&/(*$'+-F$g&/f.^&/I43=79&/^d $6+-2%W8#+-79,/2+-&
TABLE
lKl
P \La\LP i i
$.0$'3=(*,/F$g#GC3)$'&SB#$;A2_1$g73=;7F8$;3?$;Ga$;GK.0$'7,/]712Z
P \ 0
$.0$'3=(*,/F$g#GC3)&/HGK$;79#$;+-79,/g1$724F$=BD2%$'GC.$'7,/]714Z
a\V \
$.0$'3=(*,/F$g#GC3)&/H792+-d$'3?GK,/+h1$>BD#$'A42E1$73?7F8$;3=G $'GC.$;79,/]714Z
$.0$'3=(*,/F$g#GC3)$'&124(*,/+-,/2E$'GC.$'7,/]79^12)Z

b
\V M
$.0$'3=(*,/F$g724+-7$'1$'3)$'&(*,/GK(*2E.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2Eg24F3J24GZ
INSERT
Nombre
INSERT
+-GC$'3?F8f]&/Ga+-#$'dGa$'+"#+-HF8I4&/
Synopsis
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ VALUES ( expression [, ...] ) | SELECT query }
Entradas
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$4Z
column
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H72&/#(*+-H$'+
)V+-f$;N.3J$'GC,/+h2E#+hd
expression
query
table
^&/243)d&/,/12GwHGC,/A4+-3)$'+
column
)V+-E72+-GK#&/F%d&/,/14Z^$;_&/E,/+-GCF83J#7,/+ i i P .3?_#+-E(*$?B2361$;GK73?,/.7,/4+*1$

3JA#(*$'+-F2Gad&/,/12GZ
l
Salidas
INSERT
oid 1
$;+-GK`B$L1$'d#$'&/F82jGC,GK2&/2GC$_:-E,/+-GC$'3?F12j#+ "]&/-Z

$'Gf$;&0+-(*$'3J2
oid
]&/g,/+-GK$;3=F1-Z
1$L&/
0 #
INSERT
$;+-GK`B$1$;d #$;&/F82GC,aGC$:-,/+-GC$'3?F12@(*^GE1$h#+ *]&/-Z $'G_$'& +-(*$'3J2@1$h]&/G
#
,/+-GK$;3=F1GZ
Descripcin
? #/ .$'3?(*,/F8$L&/E,/+-GC$'3J79,4+*1$L+-#$;d ^Gg]&/Gg$'+*#+-%7&/GC$L2#+-EF8Î&/ Z $b.#$'1$L,/+-c
GC$'3=F3 #+-V]&_V&/Vd$'eV2hd3?,/GQ72(*2j$;&-3J$'GC#&/F812"1$b#+-V792+-GC#&/F8-Z9GQ72&/#(*+-G$'+
$'& 3J$'GC#&/F8^12_.#$;1$'+"GC$'3U&/,/GKF1G $'+h7#&/!#,/$;3>23?1$'+ Z
P61j724&/#(*+-*!#$+-2$;GKF.3J$'GC$'+-F$j$'+&/&/,/GCF1$243?,/A4$'+GK$;3=,/+-GC$'3?F1#GC+-12$'&
d&/243L.243L1$'W8$'7F82R)!#$*.0#$;1$GC$'3VF+-F82#+d ^&/243V.0243_1$;W$97F821$'7&/3=^102
\ )L
i 4
2I4,/$'+#
)LXZM2GCF8A43J$'GL3J$'7:-e;3=j&/j+-#$;d j792&/#(*+-GC,UGC$h,/+-GC$;3=F#+#
)L $;+#+-
724&/#(*+-H1$;79&/^3=;1f724(*2E 0
)VXZ
,&/_$;N.3J$'GC,/+.3?L79^1L72&/#(*+-E+-2j$'G61$'&F8,/.2j1$H1F24G67243?3J$'7F24RNGK$b,/+-F8$;+-F83?_#+-
724$'3J7,/+"1$F,/.24Gw#F82(*F,/79^(*$'+-F$Z
$'I4$ F$'+-$'3-.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2G1$a,/+ GK$;3?7,/+L$'+L&/XF8I4&/w.03= -1,/3 $'+L$'&/&/^R9^GK,;72(*2H.3?,/d,/&/$'A,/2G
1$GC$'&/$;797,/+j$;+h79#&/!4#,/$'3)F8I4&/f$;GK.0$'7,/]71g$'+"#+-H7&/#GK#&/g hi i Z
Uso
+-GC$'3?F8g#+-H]&/f$;+h&/fF8I4&/
films
INSERT INTO films VALUES

(UA502,Bananas,105,1971-07-13,Comedy,INTERVAL 82 minute);
GC$b2(*,/F8$bTj$'+-F24+-7$'G6F$'+-13?V$;& d&/23

i +$;GKF$HGK$;A#+-12h$=BD$'(*.0&/2&/L792&/#(*+-
date_prod
.23U1$;W$;79F2V1$#)LXk
INSERT INTO films (code, title, did, date_prod, kind)
VALUES (T_601, Yojimbo, 106, DATE 1961-06-16, Drama);
+-GC$'3?F8g#+-f]&fGK,/(*.0&/$g$'+h&/fFI4&/f1,/GCF83?,/I4#F823=GC+-2F8$g!4#$6GC24&/2%GC$$;GK.0$'7,/]7f&/f72&/#(*+-

R^1$W823=(*H!#$g&/g792&/#(*+-b24(*,/F,/1
GK$;3=gGK,/A4+-1g792+hGC#d&/23U.0243U1$'W8$'7F82Z
name
did
INSERT INTO distributors (name) VALUES (British Lion);
+-GC$'3?F8gd ^3=,/G ]&/Ga$'+"&/HF8Î4&/f]&/(*Ga1$'GC1$6&/HF8I4&/
tmp
l^m
INSERT INTO films SELECT * FROM tmp;
+ GC$'3J7,/+*$'+*3?3=T4G658d$'VA!^wv|?s-}?L@Q|J?} |6tYX.3?_(*^T23Q,/+-W823=(79,/+*GC24I43J$

&/24Ga3?3=^TGC<`k
- Crea un tablero de juego vacio de 3x3 para cruz y raya
- (todos estos querys generan el mismo efecto)
INSERT INTO tictactoe (game, board[1:3][1:3])
VALUES (1,{{"","",""},{},{"",""}});
INSERT INTO tictactoe (game, board[3][3])
VALUES (2,{});
INSERT INTO tictactoe (game, board)
VALUES (3,{{},{},{}});
Compatibilidad
SQL92
? #/ $'G F82F8^&/(*$'+-F8$f72(*.F,/I&/$6724+ N ^-Z=G .2GC,/I4&/$'GX&/,/(*,/F7,/24+-$;Gw$;+j&/^Gw73?'7c
F8$;3=,/GCF,/79G 1$6&/H79&/^#GK#&/
$'GCF+"1279#(*$;+-F81Ga$;+h==oAZ
query
LISTEN
Nombre
LISTEN
a$'7,/I4,/3>^d ,/GC2V1$g&/f+-2F8,/]77,/4+j1$#+-H72+-1,/7,/4+
Synopsis
LISTEN nombre
Entradas
nombre
h24(*I43J$g1$6&/f724+-1,/7,/+1$+-24F,/])77,/+ Z
lx
Salidas
LISTEN
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82V7#+-12EGC$72(*.&/$'FH$'N,/F2GK^(*$'+-F8$g$;&3?$;A,/GCF3?2Z
, $'GCF$gI47-$'+ 1T4fW8#$g3J$'A4,/GCF83?12V.3?fGC$'3>d,/GC12V7#+-12EGC$g+-2F8,/]7H$'GCH724+-1,/c
79,/+ Z
NOTICE Async_Listen: We are already listening on nombre
Descripcin
/ 3J$'A4,/GCF83?^&NI47-$;+-1hM2GKFA3J$;Ga.^3=63J$'7C,/I4,/3)d,/GK2L1$Q&/g+-2F8,/]77,/4+"1$6#+-g72+-c

1,/7,/4+
Z
nombre
P61bd$'eL!#$L$;& 72(*+-12jhhaJa
$;G6,/+-d 2712R T4_GC$'L.23X$;GKF$HI47*-4$'+-1*#
24F3J272+-$'7F812%&/h(*,/GC(*"I4GC$E1$_1nombre
F24GCRF2412Gb&/2GHI47-4$'+-1GH!4#$E$;GKF+3J$'A,/GCF3=^102G
.3?%GC$'3d,/GC12GH1$E&/"+-24F,/]79^79,/+1$E$'GC"724+-1,/79,/+-R03J$;79,/I4$;+$'&d,/GC24R-T*$'+GK#(*24c
(*$'+-F2"79^1H#+-2j1$H$;&/&/24G6+-2F8,/]73?bLGC#.0&/,/79^7C,/4+W3J2+-F8$;+-1XZ6'GC$f$'& F3?F8(*,/$;+-F82%1$
hhaJ
a@.^3=(*T4243U,/+-W23?(*7,/4+ Z
)V+I47 -$;+-1.0#$;1$+-#&/3VGC#3J$;A,/GCF83J21$3J$;79$;.7,/4+1$d,/GK21$#+-724+-1,/79,/+1$
+-24F,/]79^79,/+V11wXF3=^d ;G1$;&^72(*+-12bLh / Z[\VGC,/(*,/GC(*2RSF24124G)&24G)3J$;A,/GCF83J2G1$
3J$'7C$'.7,/+1$d,/GC24GaGK$+-#&/+"#F24(*F,/7(*$'+-F$g7#^+-12_]+-&/,/e^f$'&.3J247$'GC2VI47 -$;+-1XZ
i & (*'F2412E(*$'1,/^+-F8$$;& 79#^& &/H.&/,/77C,/+W83J24+ F8$'+-11$'F8$;79Fg&/2Ga$'d $;+-F82Gw1$+-2F8,/]779,/+
1$'.$;+-1$E1$"&/h,/+-F$'3?Wêh1$E.3J2A43=(*^79,/+@1$%.&/,/77,/2+-$'GbM2GKFA43?$;GL#F8,/&/,/e^1ZP62+&/
&/,/I43J$'3=EI4^GK,/7V&/,/I.0!R&/E.&/,/77,/+$'+-d/% /a 792(*2#+*72(*+-12 N 23?1,/+-3=,/2R
.03=d$'3,/A4#3UGC, GC$:-f3J$;79,/c
TE$;+-F82+-7$'G &/&/(*f.$'3?,/1,/7(*$'+-F$6f&/3J#F8,/+-
I4,/12^&/A+*$'d$'+-F21$V+-24F,/]79^79,/+ Z F83?G,/+-F8PQnotifies
$;3=W87$'G724(*2&/,/I4.AF7&0.3J24.23J7,/24+-^+*(*'c
F8212GQ1$H&/F82"+-,/d$'& .3?L$;& (*+-$?B2h1$f$'d$'+-F24G61$b+-2F8,/]77,/4+- 1$f:-$'7:-24R 792+&/,/I4.A4F87&
$'&N.3J2A3?(*^1023U1$Q.&/,/77,/2+-$'G>+-2_1$'I4$6$;+-d ,/3) /a2VLh / 1,/3J$'7CF(*$'+-F$Z
'GC$Q&/H1247#(*$'+-F7,/4+h1$g&/g&/,/I43?$;3=g#F,/&/,/e1f.^3=(*T23J$'Ga1$'F&/&/$'GZ
^4DJA0z > 724+-F,/$'+-$#+F3=^F8(*,/$;+-F82(*GV$'F8$;+-GK21$j&/j#F8,/&/,/e^79,/+1$ /a Thh
aJ
agZ
Notas
.#$'1$"GK$;3g7#^&/!#,/$'3f71$'+-hd&/,/1h792(*2+-24(*I43J$'0+-2$;GL+-$'7$'GC3?,/2*!#$hGC$'

/,nombre
A#^&&+-24(*I43J$E1$%#+-"F8I4&/"$',/GCF8$'+-F$Z ,
GC$"$;+-79,/$;3=3?%$'+-F3J$E792(*,/&/&/GCR+-,GK,/c
!#,/$'3?*$'G%+-$;79$;GK^3=,/2!4#$*GC$'*#++-2(*I43J$d ^nombre
&/,/124R)GC,/+-279#^&/!#,/$'3V71$;+-1$:-GCF8*
73=;7F8$;3?$;Ga1$&/3JA2Z
1$'I4/_GK$;3$'+-7$'3?3?102*$;+-F83J$_724(*,/c
i +&/A4#+-^GHd$'3?GK,/2+-$'Gf.3J$'d,/Gf1$_M2GCF8A43J$'GCR
&/&/Gg79#+-12+-2GC$_723=3J$'GC.2+-1/_792+$'&+-24(*nombre
I43J$_1$_#+-%FI4&/E$',/GCF8$;+-F8$'R#+-!4#$_W#$;3=
GC,/+-F87F,/79^(*$'+-F8$67923?3J$'7F82V792(*2%+-2(*I43J$Z`\L79F#&/(*$'+-F$g+-2E$;Gw3J$'!4#$;3=,/12)Z
Uso
P62+-]A#3?HTE$?B$;79#FH#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H3J$'7$S.7,/+1$6d,/GK2 +-24F,/]797,/+1$'GC1$
psql
LISTEN virtual;
l^n
NOTIFY virtual;
ASYNC NOTIFY of virtual from backend pid 11239 received
Compatibilidad
SQL92
i & 724(*^+-12%/a +-2E$;N,/GCF$g$'+ N ^Z
LOAD
Nombre
LOAD
P6^3?A4g1,/+-(*,/7(*$'+-F$g#+j]7:-$'3J2V24I;BD$'F2
Synopsis
LOAD nombrefichero
Parametros de Entrada
nombrefichero
h24(*I43J$g1$;& ]7:-$'3J2_.3?g73JA;3U1,/+-(*,/7(*$'+-F$Z
Outputs
LOAD
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82V$'+h7GC2E1$GC#7$'GC2E$;+j&/g24.$;3=7,/2+ Z
LOAD: could not open file nombrefichero

ERROR:
$'+-GCCBD$g1$;d #$'&/F2EGC,$'&]7:-$'3J2E$'GC.$;79,/]712_+-2%$'Ga$'+-724+-F3=^12)Z i &4]7:-$'3J2E1$'I4$GC$'3
d /, GC,/I4&/$puv|?s }J?|!Sp9~t9J{^R'TE1$'I4$6GC$'3)$'+-d,/12L724+"GC#.3J2.-,/12_7(*,/+-2V724(*.&/$;F82
5.0F8:-<8R'.03=g+-2E2IF$'+-$;3>$'GCF$F8,/.02E1$g$'3?3J23`Z
l
Descripcion
P63JA H#+j]7:-$;3?2E24I;BD$'F2%582%9Z 2<0$'+h$;&$'GC.^79,/2_1$g1,/3J$'77,/24+-^(*,/$'+-F82EM2GCF8A43J$'GHZ)L+-Hd$'e

!#$H$'&-]7:-$'3J2"$'G673JA 12h$'+(*$'(*23=,/R F821GQ&/GXW#+-7,/2+-$'G1$H$'GC$b]7:-$'3J2".#$'1$;+GC$'3
&/&/(*1;GZ i GCFhW8#+-7,/2+@$'Gb#GC1".3?%GC24.0243?F8$%1$EF,/.24GbTW8#+-7,/2+-$'Gb1$;]+-,/1^GH.23g$'&
#GK#^3=,/2Z
,4#+j]7:-$'3J2%+ 2"$'GQ73JA;12%#GC+-12hhL"R$'&4]7:-$'3J2%GC$'3?b73JA 12%#F24(*^F8,/7(*$'+-F$
&/f.3?,/(*$'3?fd$'ef!#$g#+-HW8#+-7,/24+jGC$'f&/&/(*^1f.23>$'&M2GKFA43?$;GZKhLM#$'1$GC$'3U#GC12
.3?w3J$'7C3JA43 #+_]7:-$'3J2f2I;B$;F82fGK,^$'GCF8$ :-XGK,/12f$'1,/F102HTH3J$'7C2(*.,/&/12ZJM23$'&'(*2(*$'+-F24R
#+-,/7(*$'+-F$GC24+jGC24.23?F812Ga]7:-$'3J2Gw2I;BD$'F82_!#$fGC24+h73J$'1-24Gw792+h$'&&/$'+-A4#CBD$P_Z
Notas
# +-7,/2+-$'GX!4#$HGC$f$'+-7#$'+-F3=^+j$;+]7:-$'3J2Gw2I;B$;F82"+-2%1$'I4$'3?,/+h&/&/(*3UH24F3=GaW8#+-7,/24+-$'G

$'+2F83J24GE]79:-$;3?2G%2I;BD$'F82@!#$W#$;3J24+73JA;12G%.23V(*$'1,/2@1$'& 724(*+-12hVZM23
$=BD$'(*.&/2R0F241GL&/jW8#+-7,/24+-$;GL$'+$'&]79:-$;3J2
.#$'1$;+@&/&/(*^3gj2F83?GLW8#+-7,/24+-$;GV!4#$hGC$
$'+-7#$'+-F3=+*$;+&/Gf&/,/I43J$'3?,/GGCF8+-13J12(*AF:-R2$'+&/Gg1$'&0.3J2.,/2M2GCF83JA43?$;GZ i GCFG+-2
1$'d$'3,/+h&/&/(*^3W#+-7,/2+-$'Ga1$']+-,/1G $'+"2F83J2V]7:-$'3J2V73JA;12 Z i GCF82_$'G GC, .243J!#$6GK,
$'G3J$'7'3JA412R$'&073JA4'123X1$'&0M24GCFA3J$;Gg+-2$'GCF8E.03?$;.'3?12j.B3?_3J$';&/279^3Q&/G&/&/(*^1BG
1$'GC1$%&/GbW8#+-7,/24+-$;G_$;+
$;+$'&U+-#$'d2$'GC.7,/21$%1,/3J$'779,/2+-(*,/$;+-F821$ Z , +-2$;G
B
B
3J$'7C3JA412R'$'+-F24+-7$'Gw+-2E:-AI43?f.3J2I4&/$'(*GZ
,/7:-$'3J2G>24I;BD$'F2E1$;I4$'+%GC$'3)724(*.,/&/^124G .3?6792+-F8$;+-$'3)7921,/A42EGC,/+"1$'.0$'+-1$'+-7,/61$.2GC,/c
7,/24+ ZKM243a$?B$;(*.&/24RN$'+j$'GCF8^79,/2+-$'G i PQRN1$'I4$g#GC3
724+j&/L24.7,/2+
7#+-12
/bin/cc
-G 0
724(*.,/&/g]7:-$'3J2Gw2I;BD$'F82E.3=GC$'3>7 3JA4'12GZ
,$'GCF8.$'+-GC+-12V$'+%.23?F83M2GKFA43?$;Ga#+-g+-#$'dg.0&/F8W823?(*R'hL1$'I4$XF83?I4CBD31$
W8243?(*fF& !#$gGC24.0243?F8$f\ GZ
Uso
P63JA H$'& ]7:-$'3J2
/usr/postgres/demo/circle.o
LOAD /usr/postgres/demo/circle.o
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$$'&724(*^+-12%hL$'+ N ^-Z
l^
LOCK
Nombre
LOCK
i .&//7,/F(*$'+-F$I4&/24!4#$'H#+-HF8Î&/g1$'+-F3?2V1$#+-HF3?+-GK^797,/+
Synopsis
LOCK [ TABLE ] name
LOCK [ TABLE ] name IN [ ROW | ACCESS ] { SHARE | EXCLUSIVE } MODE
LOCK [ TABLE ] name IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE
Entradas
name
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$g.03=gI&/2!#$;3=Z
i
\VPQP i b \V i
Nota: A este modo de bloqueo se accede automticamente sobre tablas que estan siendo consultadas. Postgres libera automticamente los bloqueos accedidos ACCESS
SHARE despues de que se haya hecho la sentencia.
i KG F$H$'GQ$'&(*2412j1$bI4&/2!#$'2j(*$'+-2G63?$;GCF83?,/79F,/d2"$'& 7#&$'+-F83?L$'+72+ ,/7F2GC4&2j72+

$'&)(*212\VPQP i N i P6!) i Z $".03?$;F8$9+-1$".3?2F$'A4$'3g#+-jFI4&/h!#$h$'GCFjGC,/$'+-c
12E72+-GK#&/F1H1$GC$'+ F8$'+-7,/Gw792+-7#3=3J$'+ F8$'GwV a4
8 Rhh 4
8 #
T UV
VJ
GC2I3J$g&/g(*,/GK(*HFI4&/-Z

\V i
Nota: Se accede automticamente por cualquier declaracin SELECT FOR UPDATE.
P62+ ,/7F82GX72+j&/2GX(*212Gw1$I&/2!#$'2 i P6!) i T%\LP6P i i P6) i Z

i P6!) i
Nota: Se accede automticamente por cualquier sentencia UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT.
l
P62+ ,/7F82Gw72+"&/24Ga(*2124G \V i R \L i i PQ!) i R i P6!) i \VP6c

P i N i P6!) i Z'b$'+-$;3=^&/(*$'+-F8$%GC,/A+-,/]7h!#$"#+-hF83?+-GC77,/4+7F8#&/,/e;h2*,/+-c
GK$;3=Ff&/A4#+-G F8#.&/Ga$'+h#+-fFI4&/-Z
\V i
Nota: Se accede automticamente por cualquier sentencia CREATE INDEX
P62+ ,/7F82G%72+&/2G_(*2412G_ i 6

P !) i R \V i i P6) i R i c
P6!
) i Th\VPQP i i PQ!) i Z i CG F$H(*212".3J2F8$;A$g#+-bFI4&/L72+-F83?b7F8#&/,/c
e7C,/2+-$'GX72+-7#3?3J$'+-F$'GZ
\V i i P6!) i
i
P62+ ,/7F24GL72+@&/2GL(*2412GL i PQ!) i R \L i R \V i i P6!)Lc

i R i PQ!) i Th\VPQP i i PQ!) i Z i GKF$f(*2412E$'GQ(*Gw3J$'GCF83?,/7F8,/d2%!#$f$'&
(*2412 \L i 1$'I4,/12"!#$%GC4&/2*.0#$'1$EGC24.23?F83g$;GKF$EI4&/24!#$;2#+-"F3=^+-GK^797,/+
.243)d$'e"Z
i
) i
i PQ!
P62+ ,/7F24GV724+@&/24GL(*212GL \L i R i PQ!

) i R \L i R \L i
i PQ!
) i R i P6!
) i T\LP6P i i P6!
) i (*21$'GZ i GCF8$_(*212$;G
+(*^G%3J$'GCF83?,/7F8,/d2!#$'GC$1$ \V i i P6!
) i UI4&/2!#$'F821GE&/G
792+-GC#&/F8Ga724+-7#3?3J$'+-F8$;G i i P S
)LM \ i Z
i
\VPQP i i P6!
) i
Nota: Se accede automticamente por las sentencias ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE,
VACUUM .
i KG F$a$'G$'&'(*212H1$ I4&/2!#$'2b(*^G3J$'GCF3=,/7F8,/d2gTH$'G,/+-724(*.^F8,/I4&/$w724+VF8212G)&/2G1$;(*G

(*2412Gb1$%I4&/24!4#$'2T.3J24F$'A4$E#+-hFI4&/hI4&/2!#$'^1"1$"7#&/!#,/$;324F3?j2.$'3?7,/4+
792+-7#3=3J$'+-F$Z
Nota: Este modo de bloqueo se accede tambin por un LOCK TABLE sin cualificar.
(i.e. el comando sin una opcin de bloqueo explcita).
l^
Salidas
LOCK TABLE
i &I&/2!#$'2EGK$67F8,/dE72+j;N,/F2Z
name: La tabla no existe.

ERROR
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4$;&
nombre
+-2E$;N,/GCF8$4Z
Description
M24GCFA3J$'GEGK,/$;(*.3J$#GK$;&w(*2121$I4&/2!#$'2(*$;+-24G"3J$'GCF3=,/7F,/d 27#^+-12&/$$'GE.24GC,/I4&/$Z

h'
" 4
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(*G 3J$'GCF83?,/7F8,/d2)Z
M243)
$=BD $'(*.&/2R^#+-g^.&/,/79^79,/+"$=BD$'7#F8#+-fF83?+-GC77,/4+"$;+"$'&N+-,/d$'& 1$6,/GC&/(*,/$'+-F2_ i \
P
80i Tb+-$'7$'GC,/F6GC$;A#3?3 &/6$;N,/GCF8$;+-7,/X1$w1F82G$'+_#+-QFI4&/X.3?X&/X1#3=^79,/2 +
1$X&/gF3=+-GC77 ,/4+ ZJM3?$;&/&/2_Fh.213=GU#GC3$'&N(*212V1$QI4&/2!#$'2 \V i GC24I43J$X&/gFI4&/
+-F$'G)1$a&/Q72+-GK#&/F-Z i GKF2H.3J2F8$'A4$'3?X&/2GU1F24G1$w79(I,/2GU72+-79#3?3J$'+-F$'G)Tb.03?2.23J79,/2+-c
3=b7#&/!#,/$;3 24F3?V2.$'3?7,/4+1$f$'GC73=,/F#3=bGC2I3J$H&/bF8I4&/b72+1F24GX$'+GC#*d$'3J1;1$'3J2%$;GKc
F8^12V^79F#&/RS.243J!#$Q$'& (*212_1$6I4&/2!#$'2 \L i $'G ,/+-792(*.F,/I4&/$724+"7#&/!4#,/$'3
) i 779$;1,/12%.23a&/24G6!4#$b$'GC3?,/I4$'+-RNTh'
" 4
8 \
t
i PQ!
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/!hV6T
hh$'GC.$'3?3?E:-GCF8%!4#$_GK$E.3J21#e7C%2GC$_I4CBD$'w7#&/en
!#,/$;sentencia
362.$'3?7,/4+
1$$'GC73?,/F8#3?f724+-7#3?3J$'+-F8$4Z
Nota: Para leer datos en su verdadero estado actual cuando ejecutas una transaccin
en el nivel de aislamiento SERIALIZABLE tienes que ejecutar una declaracin LOCK
TABLE antes de la ejecucin de cualquier sentencia DML, cuando la transaccin define
qu cambios concurrentes sern visibles por ellos mismos.
\V1$;(*'GV1$j&/2GV3J$'!#$'3?,/(*,/$'+-F2GE.3J$'7$91$'+-F$'GCRGC,>#+-F83?+-GC77,/4+dj79^(*I4,/3f1F82G

$'+@#+-hFI4&/h$;+-F82+-7$'GbGC$%1$'I4$'3?/"77$'10$;3g&)(*212 \V i i P6!
) i .3?
$'d,/F8^3>724+-1,/7,/2+-$'G61$f.#+-F2"(*#$'3?F82"7#+-12"12GQF3=+-GC77,/2+-$'GX72,/+-79,/1$;+-F8$;GQ,/+-F8$;+-F8+
I4&/24!4#$;3X&/EF8I4&/_$'+*(*212 \V i T$;+-F82+-7$'Gf,/+-F$'+-F+7(*I4,/3w1F24Gg$'+*$'GCFEF8I4&/^R
(*I4GH58,/(*.&/,/7,/F(*$'+-F$'<a77$'1,/$;+-12*&)(24121$EI4&/2!#$'2 i P6!
) i !#$"$'G
,/+-724(*.^F8,/I4&/$g724+h$;&4I4&/2!#$'2 \L i Z
M3=b72+-F8,/+-#3w72+&/24G6.#+-F24G6(*#$;3=F24G6587#+-12"12G6F83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GQGC$b$;GK.$;3=^+&/L#+-
f&/H2F83?< F8$;(*HF83?F8^12_^3=3?,/I4R^1$'I4$;3='GaGC$'A4#,/3>124Ga3J$'A4&/G A$;+-$'3=^&/$'Ga.3=g$'d,/F83)724+-1,/c
7,/24+-$'Ga1$.0#+ F82%(*#$'3?F2*k

GF83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GF,/$'+-$'+V!#$a77$'1$'3 XI4&/2!#$'2G)1$a&/2G(*,/GC(*2 G2I'BD$'F2G)$'+V$'&'(*,/GC(*2

23J1$'+ Z
M23L$=BD$'(*.&/2RGC, #+-^.&/,/77,/4+7F8#^&/,/e'&/]&/ *T@1$'GC.#'GV7F#&/,/e&/]&/
58$'+&/_(*,/GC(*EF3=+ GK77,/+-<$'+-F24+-7$'G&/_GC$;A#+-1V.&/,/77,/4++-2j1$'I4$;3=V79F#&/,/e;3w&/
]&/%a%GC,$'&/&/2d%E7F#&/,/e3X&/%]&/% "(*GfF3J1$V58$;+#+-%F3=^+-GK^797,/+GC,/(*.&/$;<CZ i +
7(*I4,/2R1$'I4$'3?%7F8#&/,/e;36&/%]&/% hTa%$;+$;&(*,/GC(*2*23J1$'+724(*2$'+&/%.3=,/(*$;3=
.0&/,/797`,/4+ Z
G6F3?+-GC797,/2+-$'G61$;I$;3='+*.3J27#3=3?GC$H124G(*2124G1$bI4&/24!#$;272+ ,/7F8,/d2 G6GC&/2GC,
#+-2%1$$'&/&/24Ga$'Gw#F82c8792+ ,/79F,/d2%58,Z $ZC.213=fGC$'3>GC2.23=F12%.23>GC&/2"#+-HF83?+-GC77,/4+
71Xd$'e<`Z ,$'GCF+E,/+-d2&/#793?12GU(*2124G>1$XI4&/2!#$'2L(*&/F8,/.&/$;GCR;$'+-F24+-7$;G &/^GUF83?+-GC7c
7,/2+-$'Gw1$'I4$'3?/;+jGC,/$;(*.3J$77$'1$'3.3?,/(*$'3J2E^& (*2412E(*G 3?$;GKF3?,/79F,/d2)Z
)L+E$=BD$'(*.0&/2V.^3=X$;GKF3J$;A&/QGC$Q1,/V^+-F8$'GU7#+-12bGK$X1,/GC7#F8,/L$'&#GC2L1$'&(*212 \L i
i PQ!
) i (*$=BD243>!#$g$'& (*212 \V i Z
Nota: Postgres no detecta puntos muertos "bajar" una transaccin a la espera para
resolver el punto muerto.
Notas
h'"$'G #+-H$;NF$'+-GC,/2+1$;& &/$'+-A#`B$gM2GCF8A43J$'GZ
P !) i RSF82124G>&/2G>1$'(*^G
i 79$;.F82H.03=Q&/2G>(*2412G 1$XI4&/24!#$;2V\LP6P i \V iw i 6
(*24124Gg1$_I4&/24!4#$'21$VM2GCF8A43J$'GfT&/GgGK$;+-F8$'+ 79,/Gfh'" 4
8 GC24+724(*.^F8,/I4&/$'Gg724+
!#$'&/&/2Ga.3J$'GC$'+-F8$;Ga$;+ 3?7&/$Z
h'
"W#+-7,/2+-HGK&/2E1$'+-F83J2_1$F3=+-GC77,/24+ $'GZ
Uso
/& &/#GCF83?F$ \V i &/27*-%24+jf.3?,/(*3?T-4$'T%FI4&/$

.h:-$'+jA2,/+-A"F2E.$;3=W823=(
W8243J$',/A4+0-4$'T%FI4&/$k
,/+-GC$'3?F8Ga,/+-F82E
BEGIN WORK;
LOCK TABLE pelculas IN SHARE MODE;
SELECT id FROM pelculas
WHERE name = Star Wars: Episodio I - La amenaza fantasma;
- Haz ROLLBACK si el registro no fue devuelto
INSERT INTO comentarios_usuario_pelculas VALUES
(_id_, GUAY! Llevaba tanto tiempo esperndola!);
COMMIT WORK;
2 (*g#+"I4&/2!#$'2 \L i i P6!) i 79&/^d $Q1$6FI4&/g.03=,/(*3?,/679#+ 12_dT4GU

:-7$'3)#+-f24.0$'3=^79,/+h1$I423=3?12k
BEGIN WORK;
LOCK TABLE pelculas IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;
DELETE FROM comentarios_usuario_pelculas WHERE id IN
(SELECT id FROM pelculas WHERE clasificacin < 5);
DELETE FROM pelculas WHERE clasificacin < 5;
COMMIT WORK;
^l
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2:-Th'" J8a$'+ N 'R)!#$#GC*$'+7(*I4,/2S/ V#/L ?h .^3=
$'GC.$'7,/]736+-,/d$'&/$'GH1$"72+-7#3?3J$'+-7,/%$'+F83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GZh2GK2F83J2GbF(*I4,/'+@&/"F$'+-$'(*2GC
d$'3U
=!A.3?f(*G 1$'F&/&/$'GZ
MOVE
Nombre
MOVE
#$'d$&/f.2GC,/79,/+j1$'&7#3=GC23
Synopsis
MOVE [ selector ] [ count ]
{ IN | FROM } cursor
FETCH [ RELATIVE ] [ { [ # | ALL | NEXT | PRIOR ] } ] FROM ] cursor
Descripcin
#L.0$'3=(*,/F$&X#GC#3?,/2(*2d $;3_&/.024GC,/7,/4+1$'&X7#3?GK23_#++-(*$;3J2$'GC.$'7/]721$
]&/GZ
#L*W8#+-7,/24+-_792(*2j$'&-724(*^+-12j '"R4.$'3J2"GC&/2.2GC,/79,/2+-E$'& 79#3?GC243wTj+-2
1$'d#$'&/d$6]&/GZ
>=!AO
o .3?f1$'F&/&/$'G 1$GC,/+-FN,/GwTE#GC2Z
3)
Notes
#Lj$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+1$'& &/$'+-A4#A4$gM2GCF8A43J$'GZ

A oO
.^3=b#+-_1$'GC793?,/.7,/+*1$b&/2G3JA#(*$;+-F82G6d ^&/,/124GZ 3w4;J=oa,?F=.3w1$;c
3a4>=!
]+-,/3>#+h7#3?GC243=Z 3U
H!
= zE^ R'oDLBY
B z)A RTFVD 4HcE? oO
.3?g(Gw,/+-W823=(*^79,/+h7$'3J7Cf1$
F83?+-GC77,/24+-$;GZ
Usage
P62+-]A#3?3)T%#GC3>#+h7#3=GC23'k

BEGIN WORK;
DECLARE liahona CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM films;
-Saltarse las 5 primeras filas:
MOVE FORWARD 5 IN liahona;
MOVE
-Fetch la 6

fila en el cursor liahona:
FETCH 1 IN liahona;
FETCH
code |title |did| date_prod|kind
---+----+--+-------+-------+---P_303|48 Hrs|103|1982-10-22|Action
(1 row)
|len
| 01:37
- cierra el cursor liahona and commit work:

CLOSE liahona;
COMMIT WORK;
Compatibility
SQL92
h2":-ThGC$'+-F$'+-7,/ N %#VZ i +7(*I4,/24R ^L.$;3=(*,/F$f24+-$bF82h4 ']&/GQ1$
#+-b.24GC,/7,/4+I4GK2&/#FV1$;& 7#3=GC238R(*2d,/$'+-12h,/(*.&//7,/F(*$'+-F$b$;& 7#3=GC23ab#+-V.2GC,/79,/+
7243?3J$'7CF-Z
NOTIFY
Nombre
+NOTIFY
24F,/W8T Z
$' &/gF2412GX&/2Gw[W3J2+-$'+-1GCT%I4^7*-4$'+-1GCf&/H$;GK7#7:-f1$#+-H72+-1,/7,/4+
Synopsis
NOTIFY name
Entradas
notifyname
h24F,/]79H&/H72+-1,/7,/4+hHGC$'3)GC$'-&/1 Z
Salidas
NOTIFY
\V7#GC$g1$3J$'7,/I42_1$!#$g$'&72(*+-12E+-2F8,/W8TE:-HGK,/12E$=BD$'7#F8^12)Z
^m
Eventos Notify
24Ga$'d$'+-F24G GC24+h3J$'.^3=F,/12Ga&/24GaW83J24+-F$'+-1GC!#$g$'GCF+"f&/f$;GK7#7:-^$'& 7(*2ETEGK,

79^1g.&/,/77,/2+"W83?2+-F$'+-13J$'77,/2+-f1$'.$;+-1$61$gGC#.3J24A43?(*'7,/+ Z
Descripcin
i & 72(*+-12hhh ?a$'+-d/L#+$;d $;+-F82h+-2F8,/W8TjV71H^.&/,/779,4+W3J2+-F8$;+-1!#$b.3J$'d,/'c
(*$'+-F$E:-%$=B$;7#F12/
.3?%&/%792+-1,/7,/+@+-2F8,/W8T$'GC.$'7]7E$;+&/
notifyname
I4GC$1$1^F82G $'+h79#3?GC2)Z
E,/+-W823=(*7,/+.0GC10%&W83J2+-F8$'+-1 .3=_#+$;d $;+-F82+-24F,/W8T*,/+-7&/#T$E$'&+-2(*I43J$_1$V&/
724+-1,/7,/+%+-2F8,/W8TVTV$'&M 1$Q&/6+-2F8,/]77,/4+%1$'&.3J27$'GC2bI4*7 -4$'+-19Z i G>^GK#+-F2b1$'&1,/GK$;c
-123U1$&/HI4GC$1$1^F8 2Gw$;&41$']+-,/3>&/2Gw+-2(*I43J$'Gw1$g&/G 792+-1,/7,/2+-$'GX!#$gGC$'3?+h#GC1G
$'+"#+-HI4GC$1$61F82Ga11gTE!#$gGC,/A+-,/]7b79^1g#+--Z
P62(*#+-(*$'+-F$'R$'&+-24(I3J$g1$#+-H72+-1,/7,/4+j+-2F8,/W8T%$;Gw$'&(*,/GC(*2%!4#$f$;&41$&/A4#+-HF8I4&/
$'+&/I4^GK$1$1F82GCRUT$'&w$;d $;+-F82+-2F,/WT$;GK$;+-7,/&/(*$'+-F$GC,/A4+-,/])7 $7(*I4,/12'GCF8
F8Î&/^R $'7:-&/$b#+*d ,GKFe2h.3?Ld $;3X&/2G79^(*I4,/24GC9ZSM$'3J2h1,/7:-_^GK27,/7,/4+*+-2j$'G62I4&/,/A1
.23Q&/2j724(*+-124GfhhaJ
aT /aZ;M23Q$?B$;(*.&/24R#+*1,/GC$'-^1243X1$bI4GC$'G1$L1F2G
.213=L#GC3wd3?,/24GX+-24(*I43J$'G61$H724+-1,/79,/+*1,/W8$'3J$9+-F8$'G6.03=LGC$'-&/3a1,/W$;3J$S+-F$'G6F,/.24G61$
7(*I4,/24Ga$'+"#+-H(*,/GC(*HF8Î4&/-Z
hhaJ
a.3J24d$'$#+h(*212EGC,/(*.&/$g1$6GC$'-&/32E#+h(*$'7+-,/GC(*2_1$724(*#+-,/77,/+$;+-F83J$
.3J247$'GC2G5 MP,/+-F8$'3?.3J279$;GKG724(*(*#+-,/7F,/24+-<.3=a$'&^792+BD#+-F82b1$a.3J27$'GC24G!#$w779$;1$'+
X&/Q(*,/GK(*6I4GC$w1$a1F24GM24GCF8A43J$'GZ $a.#$;1$'+V792+-GCF83J#,/3(*$'7+-,/GC(*2GU1$w(*G)^&/F82b+-,/d$'&
#GK^+-12%FI4&/Gw$;+&/bI4GC$g1$f1F24Ga.3?H.GC3U1F24GX^1,/7,/24+-&/$;Gw58(*Gw&/&/H1$f#+(*$;3J2
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a $;+#+-+-23=(**!#$$'G
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$'d$'+-F2+-24F,/W8T*+-2*GC$E3J$'.3F,/3="&W83J24+-F$'+-1w724+-$;79F12: GKFgBD#GKF21$'GC.#'Gg1$E!#$E&/
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I4243?F102R4GC$'3?/E1$;GC$'I4&/$H!#$_&/E+-2F8,/]77,/4+GC$V1$'GC:-,/7,/$'3?_1$L&/A4#+-V(*+-$'3?
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3J$'GC#&/F81-21$L'GCF82$'G!#$_&/G.&/,/77,/24+ $'G!#$_#GK^+hha?
a.^3=VGK$;-&/3X$'+*F8,/$;(*.2
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hhaJ
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afZM243V$;&/&/2$'G
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hhaJ
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x
T#GC3J$'(*2Gf#+2I'BD$'F21$_I4GC$_1$_1F82Gf58F&724(*2#+-"GC$'7#$'+-7,/<).3?E(*+-F$'+-$'36#+

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.2GKF$'3?,/243J$'G R$'Ga.2GK,/I4&/$f$;d ,/F3)1,/7:-2EF83?I4CBD2E$;NF3?f+-24F,/]79^+-12%GC,$;&4M 1$;&.3?27$'GC2_1$
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P6#+-12VGC 24+h$'&(*,/GC(*2RN$;& $'d$'+-F2E+-2F8,/]77,/4+j$'G &/f3J$'7#.$'3?'7,/+1$'& .3J24.0,/2_F3=Î`B2V1$
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$'GCF82b$;GU#+-F'7+-,/76GC$;A#3?-Z?M2GCF8A43J$'GU(*+-F,/$'+-$X&/GU#F24c8+-2F8,/]77,/24+-$;GUGC$'.3?1;G>1$w&/G
+-24F,/]79^79,/2+-$'G6!#$H&/&/$'A4+1$b2F3?2GQI47 -4$'+-1GCR1$f(*+-$'3?b!#$L+-2".#$'1$'GQ.$'3J1-$'3a#+-
+-24F,/]79^79,/+1$fW8#$'3?b.243a,/A4+-23=^3aF8#G6.3J2.,/GX+-2F8,/]77,/24+-$;GZ 5 ,&/A#,/$;+$'+-F,/$'+-1$H'GCF82
!#$g(*$&/2E$'N.0&/,/!#$'<8<
Notas
.0#$'1$gGC$'3 #+-b71$'+-Hd&/,/7H724( #++-2(*I43J$'+-2%$'Gw+-$'7$'GC3?/H#+-b3J$'&/7,/4+h72+
$'name
& +-2(*I3J$1$&/FI4&/$'+GK[Z ,
GK$$'+-7,/$;3=3?$'+-F3?$j124I4&/$'GE724(*,/&/&/GCR)+-,XGC,/!#,/$;3=
+-$'7$'GC,/F8"#++-24(*I43J$%GK,/+-F7F8,/7(*name
$;+-F8$%d&/,/12R-GC,/+-2!#$%.#1$%GK$;37#^&/!#,/$'3g71$;+-%1$
:-GCF8f^f73=;7F8$;3?$;Ga1$&/2+-A,/F#)1XZ
F$'+-E!#$_$'+-7$'3?3?3GC$_$'+-F3?$b724(*,/&/&/^G
i +*&/A4#+-Gd $;3=GC,/2+-$'Gg.3?$;d ,/;Gg1$VM24GCFA3J$'GCR
12I&/$;G_7#+-12@+-2:-I43J$'&/7,/+792++-,/+-Aname
++-2(*I43?$1$jF8Î&/$',/GKF$'+-F$'R,/+-7&/#GK2GC,
GC,/+-F87F,/79^(*$'+-F8$6$'3?fd ^&/,/12E72(*2E+-2(*I43?$4Z i GCF82ET4f+-2%$;Ga+ $'7$'GC3=,/2Z
i +hd $;3=GC,/2+-$'GXM2GCF8A43J$'GX+-F$'3?,/243J$;GwH&/H-Z +^R^$'&4M 1$I^*7 -4$'+-13J$'.;3?F8,/12E$'+#+j(*$'+-GCCBD$
+-24F,/W8Tb$'3?wGC,/$'(*.3J$a$;&M 1$'&'I47 -4$'+-1_1$'&^W83J24+-F $'+-1E1$a#+-2H(*,/GC(*2ZM23$'GC2H+-2fGK$w.21
1,/GCF8,/+-A4#,/3g&/GH+-2F,/]77,/ 2+$'Gf1$'#+-2*(*,/GC(*21$E&/GH+-2F,/]77,/2+-$'GL1$E24F3J24GH79&/,/$;+-F8$'GH$'+
!#$'&/&/^Gad$'3?GC,/24+-$;GZ
Uso
P62+-]A#3?HTE$?B$;79#FH#+-fGC$'7#$'+-7,/H&/,/GKF$'+-58$'GC7#7:-< +-2F8,/W8T458+-24F,/]797,/+-<01$'GC1$
LISTEN virtual;
NOTIFY virtual;
ASYNC NOTIFY de virtual desde el pide de backend
psql
11239 recivido
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E:-^TEGC$'+-F$'+-7,/hh ?a$;+ Z
^n
RESET
Nombre
$'GCF#3=&/24Ga.3?'(*$;F83J2Ga$;+hF8,/$'(*.2V1$$?B$;79#7,/+"fGC#Gad&/23J$'G .23U1$;W$;79F2

.RESET

3?g&/fGC$' GC,/+^79F#&Z
Synopsis
RESET variable
Entradas
variable
a$']'3?GC$gf=!A.3?f(*T4243U,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+hGC2I3J$6d 3?,/I4&/$;Ga1,/GC.2+-,/I4&/$'GZ
Salidas
RESET VARIABLE
$'+-GCCBD$f1$'d#$'&/F82"GC,&/

.#12"GC$'3a3J$'GCF8^#3=;1b$',/F82GK^(*$'+-F$LbGC#*d&/243
variable
.243)1$'W8$'7F2)Z
Descripcin
!/3J$'GCF#3d3?,/'I4&/$'GLhGC#GLd ^&/243J$'Gb.0243f1$'W8$;79F2)Z^ $']'3?GK$"h=!A.03="(*T423?$;G

1$'F&/&/$'GGK2I43J$wd &/23J$'GU.$;3=(*,/F,/12GUTL.231$'W8$'7F82ZJ!/$'G)#+-W823=(*Q&/F$'3?+-F8,/dQ.3?
SET variable = DEFAULT
Notas
!/$'G #+-H$'F8$'+-GC,/+1$'& &/$'+-A4#CBD$g1$M24GCFA3J$;G

)VF,/&/,/7$=A*^+-1JD .03=g(*+-,/.#&/3)$'&d&/243)1$&/^Gwd3?,/I4&/$'GZ

Uso
i GCF8I4&/$;79$93
^F8$ FT&/$58$;GKF,/&/2E1$6W8$'7:-< fGC#d&/23>.23)1$'W8$'7F82k
RESET DateStyle;
i GCF8I4&/$;79$93>b$;!2%fGC#d&/243).23>1$;W$;79F2k

RESET GEQO;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$g!/$'+ N ^-Z
REVOKE
Nombre
#REVOKE

GK#^3=,/2GZ
a$'d279g$'&.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2E1$g779$;GK2Vf#+h#GC#3=,/2Rf#+hA3J#.2E2EfF2412Ga&/24G
Synopsis
REVOKE privilegio [, ...]
ON objeto [, ...]
FROM { PUBLIC | GROUP ER">gBLE> | nombre_usuario }
Entradas
privilegio
24Ga.2GK,/I4&/$;GX.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2GaGK2+ k
i i P
M3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2_.^3=677$'1$'3F821G>&/G>72&/#(*+-Gw1$X#+-fFI4&/2Vd,/GCF8g$;GC.$'7/]7-Z
i
M3?,/d,/&/$'A,2%1$,/+-GC$'3?F8^3U1^F82Gw$'+hF241Ga&/^Gw72&/#(*+-GX1$6#+-HFI4&/g$;GC.$'7/]7-Z
^
)VM
\
i
M3?,/d,/&/$'A,2%.3?g7F#^&/,/e3F821Ga&/G 724&/#(*+-Gw1$FI4&/-Z
i ii
M3?,/d,/&/$'A,2%.3?gI423=3?3)]&/^Gw1$6#+-HF8I4&/f$;GK.$;7/]79 Z
O)L i
M3?,/d,/&/$'A,2%.3?g1$']+-,/3U3J$'A&/^Ga$;+j#+-gF8I4&/f2_d,/GKF-ZC58$''GC$goFO=c?A!=FHX=<`Z
\V
$'GC7,/+-1$gF8212GX&/2Gw.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GZ
objeto
i &4+-2(*I43J$f1$#+j24I;BD$'F2%GC24I43J$g$'&4!#$g3J$'d2793)$'&477$'GC2)Z`24Gw.24GC,/I4&/$'Gw24I;BD$'F24GwGK2+ k
F8I4&/$;
d ,/GCF
GK$;7#$;+-79,
/+-1,/7$
K
K
K
grupo
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+hA43J#.2E&7#& GC$g3J$'d247+".3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GZ
nombre_usuario
i &+-24(*I43J$H1$b#+#GC#3?,/2"&79#^& GC$b3J$'d27+.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GZ)LF8,/&/,/7$H&/L.&/I43?L7&/d$

M!)L P.3?f$;GK.$;7,/]73)F8212Gw&/2Gw#GC#3?,/24GZ
M)V P
a$'GC7,/+-1$g$'& &/2GX.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/258GC<0$'GC.$;79,/]71258GK<HF2124Ga&/24Ga#GC#3=,/2GZ
Salidas
CHANGE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4:-HF$'+-,/12_',/F82Z
ERROR
$'+-GCCBD$6!#$QGC$61$'d#$'&/d$XGK,$'&N2I;B$;F82V+-2L$'GCF81,/GK.024+-,/I4&/$Q2_GC,N$'G>,/(*.024GC,/I4&/$63J$'d273

.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2Gw& A43J#.2%2Eg&/24Gw#GK#3?,/2GZ
Descripcin
!V0"VE.$'3?(*,/F8$X&793J$'^124301$Q#+-24I;BD$'F2L3?$;d 273.$;3=(*,/GC2G>GC,/A+-124G>+-F$'3?,/243?(*$'+-c

F8$6fF8212GX&/2Gw#GC#3?,/24Ga58(*$'1,/+-F$M)V P6< 2_f#+h#GK#3?,/2E2_f#+jA3J#.2Z

Notas
P62+-GC#&/F$f$'&4724(*+-12".GK!4&hNeL.03=g24I4F$'+-$'3 (*^GQ,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+jGC24I43J$f.$;3=(*,/GC2GQ$'+j24I;BD$'c
F82Gw$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$;Gk
Database
= lusitania
+------------+------------------------------+
| Relation
|
Grant/Revoke Permissions
+------------+------------------------------+
| mytable
| {"=rw","miriam=arwR","group todos=rw"}
+------------+------------------------------+
Legend:
uname=arwR - privileges granted to a user
group gname=arwR - privileges granted to a GROUP
=arwR - privileges granted to PUBLIC
|
|
r - SELECT
w - UPDATE/DELETE
a - INSERT
R - RULE
arwR - ALL
Sugerencia: Actualmente, para crear un grupo debe insertar los datos manualmente en
la tabla table pg_group de este modo:
INSERT INTO pg_group VALUES (todos);
CREATE USER miriam IN GROUP todos;
Utilizacin
a$;d 27f$'&.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2_1$,/+-GC$'3J7,/4+hHF2412Ga&/24Gw#GK#3?,/2Gw$'+"&bFI4&/
films
REVOKE INSERT ON films FROM PUBLIC;
a$;d 27fF8212GX&/2Gw.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24Ga&#GK#^3=,/2
manuel
$'+h&/Hd,/GCF8
kinds
REVOKE ALL ON kinds FROM manuel;
^
Compatibilidad
SQL92
HGC,/+-F8,/GQ1$ N ^H.3?H$'& 72(*+-12h!L#"VF,/$'+-$H79^.'7,/11$'GX1,/79,/2+-&/$'Gw.3?
3J$'GC79,/+-1,/3U.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/24GCR,/+-7&/#GK2E!#$'&/&/2Gw$;+j72&/#(*+-Ga,/+-1,/d ,/1#&/$'Ga$'+hF8I4&/Gk
REVOKE { SELECT |
ON objeto
FROM { PUBLIC
REVOKE { INSERT |
ON objeto
FROM { PUBLIC
DELETE | USAGE | ALL PRIVILEGES } [, ...]

| nombre_usuario [, ...] } { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
UPDATE | REFERENCES } [, ...] [ ( columna [, ...] ) ]
| nombre_usuario [, ...] } { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
$;f'F?^4A.3?f(*Ga1$'F&/&/$'G $'+h7(*.2G ,/+-1,/d ,/1#^&/$'GZ

REVOKE GRANT OPTION FOR privilegio [, ...]
ON objeto
FROM { PUBLIC | nombre_usuario [, ...] } { RESTRICT | CASCADE }
a$;GK7,/+-1$bV#+#GC#3?,/2&/L#F243?,/11*.3?VA43?+-F,/e'3w$'& .3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2h$'GC.$'7,/]712"
24F3J24Ga#GK#^3=,/2GZ`$'GC$'F?^4A.3?f&/2Gw1$;F8&/&/$;Ga$;+h79(*.024Ga,/+-1,/d,/1#&/$'GZ
2Gw2I;B$;F82Gw.2GC,/I4&/$'GXGC2+ k
V
\ i -FI4&/ d,/GKF
P L
\ a\LP i i 72+B#+-F2473?7F$'3J$SG
P \ 724&/$;797,/+
a\L \ F83?GC&/7,/4+
\ 12(*,/+-,/2
,#GC$'3?V1b#+.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2j72+&/_2.7,/4+ba\L L#GC$'3?LTh#GK$;3=LGC$L&/2h1LV#GC$'3?R$'+-c
F82+-7$'G6#GC$'3?L.#$;1$b3J$;d 273 $'GCF$L.3?,/d,/&/$'A4,/2j$;+7GC71b#GK^+-12j&/L.&/Î3[_7&/d$HPQ\ c
P6\ i Z
,#GC$'3?"1j#+.3=,/d,/&/$'A4,/2*724+@ba\V "#GK$;3=hT#GC$'3?hGC$%&/2*1hh#GC$'3?R $'+-F24+-7$'GLGC,

#GK$;3=V,/+-F8$;+-F8V3?$;d 273w$'GCF8$b.3?,/d ,/&/$;A,/2R4W8&/&/3?VGC,0:-V$'GC.$'7,/]7912j&/_.&/I43E7&/d$L i c
P Z
ROLLBACK
Nombre
ROLLBACK
m
+-F8$'3?3J#(*.F$g&/HF83?+-GC779,/+"$'+h7#3?GK2
Synopsis
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
Entrada.
h,/+-A4#+--Z
Salida.
ABORT
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4&/H2.$'3?7,/+"$'Gw$;N,/F24GC-Z
NOTICE: ROLLBACK: no transaction in progress
,+-2_:-T%F3=+ GK77,/2+-$'Gw$;+".3J24A43J$'GC2_^79F#&/(*$'+-F$Z
Descripcin
h!8 V'"1$;GC:-79$%&/hF83?+-GC77,/4+7F8#&T.3J24d279h!#$hF21Gb&/Gb(*21,/]77,/24+-$;G

243?,/A4,/+-1G .23>&/f(*,/GC(*bGC$'+"1$;GK73?F8^10GZ
Notas
)VF,/&/,/7$QoDLBYBzA.3?6F8$'3?(*,/+-3#+-F83?+-GC779,/+%1$XW823=(*$'N,/F2GK Z ?H!DJF!A$'G>#+EGK,/+-c

+-,/(*2E1$f6h!a
8 L'
" Z
Usage
M3=7+-7$'&/3)F8212Gw&/2GX7(*I4,/2Gk
ROLLBACK WORK;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^GC4&/2$'GC.$'7,/]7@&/Gj124GjW823=(*^GGC,/A4#,/$'+-F8$;Gk
T
Z $
ROLLBACK WORK
7#^&/!#,/$'3)24F3?HW23?(*R^&/f724(.F8,/I4,/&/,/1^1$'Ga792(*.&/$'F-ROLLBACK
Z
m^l
SELECT
Nombre
SELECT
a$'7#.$'3?f3J$'A4,/GCF83J2Ga1$'GC1$#+-fFI4&/f2Ed,/GCF8 Z
Synopsis
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] )
expression [ AS name ] [, ...]
[ INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM table [ alias ] [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY column [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } select
[ ORDER BY column [ ASC | DESC | USING operator
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF class_name [, ...] ] ]
LIMIT { count | ALL } [ { OFFSET | , } start ]
] ]
]
]
] [, ...] ]
Inputs
expression
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H72&/#(*+-H1$&/HFI4&/g2%#+-f$;N.3J$;GK,/+ Z
name
i GC.$'7,/]7X24F3J2b+-24(*I43J$w.3?X#+-Q792&/#(*+-62b#+-6$;N.3J$'GC,/+_!4#$Q#F,/&/,/7$X&/Q7&/#GC#&/
\ Z i GCF8$+-2(*I43J$GC$#F,/&/,/e.3?,/+-79,/.^&/(*$'+-F8$72(*2$'F,/!#$'F.^3=&/*72&/#(*+-1$
GK^&/,/1XZ i & +-2(*I3J$H+-2h.#$'1$fGC$'3a#F,/&/,/e12%$;+&/GQ7&/#GC#&/GQ hi i R b )LM2
\a "jZ ,/+h$;(*I43JA2R'.#$'1$GC$'3>3J$'W8$93J$'+-7,/12V$'+h7&/#GK#&/^G i UZ
i M \V)
i M

HF8I4&/gGK$g73J$'GK2&/(*$;+-F8$g.3?f$;GKFfGC$'GC,/4+-RTE$'Gw^#F82(*F8,/7(*$;+-F8$g1$;GK73?F'1f^&
]+-^&/,/e3)&/f(*,/GC(*-Z
new_table
,4GK$H#F8,/&/,/e^L&/b7&/#GC#&/ \V i R$'& 3J$;GK#&/F12E1$H&/b72+-GK#&/FVGC$H&/(*7$'+-^3
'$ +E2F83?gFI4&/6792+%$;&N+-24(*I43J$Q,/+-1,/712)ZJ6F8I4&/62I'BD$'F,/d2_5
<GK$;3=673J$'1-
#F82(*F,/79^(*$'+-F8$XTV+-2_1$'I4$'3?Q$'N,/GCF,/3.3J$'d,/(*$'+-F$Q6&/g#new_table
F,/&/,/e7,/4+E1$Q$;GCF8$Q792(*+-c
12)Z`PQ24+-GC#&/F$f$'& 724(*+-1
2 /6?h .03=g(*G ,/+-W23?(*7,/4+ Z
Nota: La declaracin CREATE TABLE AS tambin crear una nueva tabla a partir de la
consulta.
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$gg&/H!#$gGC$g3J$']$'3[$g&/f7&/#GC#&/
m
)L+h+-24(*I43J$f&/F$'3?+-F8,/d2E.03=g&/HF8I4&/f.03?$;79$;1$9+-F8$
Z $g#F8,/&/,/e^H.3?fI43J$'d,/3
2E$'&/,/(*,/+-^3>(*I4,/A$'11-$'Ga$'+h#+-,/24+-$;GX1$'+-F3J2_1$6#table
+-H(*,/GK(*HFI4&/-Z
alias
condition
)V+ 6$;N.3J$'GC,/+EI4224&/$;+-!4#$61Q724(*2L3J$'GC#&/F8^12bd$'3J101$;3J2H2LW^&/GK2b58F3J#$Q23W8&/GC$'<`Z
P62+-GK#&/F$g&/H7&/#GC#&/g hi i Z
column
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H72&/#(*+-H1$&/HFI4&/-Z
)V+-f1$;79&/^3=7,/+"1$GC$'&/$;797,/+58GC$'&/$;79F<
select
$'79$;.F8#;+-12E&/H7&/#GC#&/
i )Z
Outputs
a$;A,/GCF83J2G
i &-72+B#+F82h724(*.0&/$'F821$L3J$;A,/GCF83J2GQ58]&/GC<!#$V3J$'GC#&/F8^+1$L&/V$'GC.$'7,/]79^79,/+1$b&/
792+-GC#&/F8-Z
count
f7+-F8,/111$3J$'A4,/GCF83J2G 5]&/GC<-1$'d#$'&/F82G .23>&/H724+-GC#&/F-Z
Descripcin
/-1$'d#$'&/d$f3J$'A,/GCF3J24GX1$H#+-b2"(*GwF8Î&/^GZK2GQ7+-1,/1;F82G6bGK$;3 GC$'&/$'77,/24+-^124G
GC24+V!#$'&/&/2GU3J$'A4,/GCF83J2G!#$w7#(*.&/$'+V&/Q724+-1,/7,/+E$'GC.$;79,/]71w72+E "i i GC,^GK$w2(*,/F8$
hi i R^GC$g3J$'F243?+-+"F2412Gw&/2GX3J$;A,/GCF83J2GZ`58P62+-GK#&/F$goau:99 t4|?t4up44=!FX
= Z<
h
/ ?h$'&/,/(*,/+-Q3J$'A4,/GCF83J2G1#.&/,/712G1$'&^3?$;GC#&/F1-2)ZJV_5.3J$;10$'F$'3?(*,/+-12< 1$'d24&/c
d$'3=F8212GX&/2Gw3J$'A4,/GCF83J2GKR'!#$g7#(*.0&/+h792+h&/H724+-GC#&/F8^R,/+ 79&/#T4$'+-12_&/24Gw1#.&/,/7124GZ
h / ?hh$'&/,/(*,/+-L&/2G63?$;A,/GCF3?2GQ!#$H7#(*.&/$'+72+F821GX&/GQ$'.3J$SGC,/2+-$'G$'GC.$'7,/c
]791'GCR(*+-F$'+-,/$'+-12jGC24&/($'+-F8$_$;&0.3=,/($'3Q3J$;A,/GCF83J2h1$L791_724+BD#+-F21$V1#.&/,/712GZ
h2F8$"!#$h+-2GC$".#$;1$h.3J$'1-$'7,/3f7#&)GC$'3?$;&).3?,/(*$'3f3J$'A4,/GKF3J24Q(*$;+-24GL!#$hGK$"#F8,/&/,/c
7$Lhh
8Oa.^3=LGC$'A4#3=3>!#$L$;& 3J$'A4,/GKF3J2"$'GC$'12"$;G6$'& !4#$b$'W8$'7F,/d ^(*$'+-F8$f.03J$S7$
.3?,/(*$'3J2)Z`M23>$?B$;(*.&/2)k
SELECT DISTINCT ON (location) location, time, report
FROM weatherReports
ORDER BY location, time DESC;
3J$'7C#.$'3J$;H$'&3J$;.243?F8$f1$F8,/$'(*.2%5.h$;F8:-$;3 3J$'.23=F<0(*^GX3J$'7,/$'+-F$g.3?H71H&/2477,/+58&/2c

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1$L&/2Ggd &/23J$'G1$VW8$'7:-V.3?_71_&/277,/4+-RGK$_:-#I4,/$;GK$;+3J$'7`#.$'3?12j3?$;.243?F$'G61$V#+-
W8$'7:-g,/(*.3J$'1$;7,/I&/$6.3?g71f&/277,/4+ Z
m^m
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.2GZ`58PQ24+-GC#&/F8$fo u9t4|?tuYpQ'FDX3H!bZ <
b79&/^#GK#&/ \a h $;GK.0$'7,/]7b#+-_FI4&/b792+A43J#.24G61$;3=,/d1H1$H&/L$'&/,/(*,/+-7,/+1$
A3J#.2GU1$'&'3J$'GC#&/F12H1$w&/Q7&/#GC#&/X.3?$;d ,/^(*$'+-F$a$'GC.$'7,/]791-Z[58P624+ GK#&/F$Qo u 9t4|?tuY
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12GX1$f(*+-$'3?b GC7$'+-1$'+-F$g2"1$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$f#F8,/&/,/e^+-12%&/2GQ2.$'3?1243J$;Gw1$f(*212"\ PT
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i &24.$;3=^124
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oa:u 99t4|?t4upXz ^4A!=!F
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$'+-7#$'+-F3=+"$;+h&/fGC$'A#+-1H72+-GC#&/F8-ZC58P62+-GC#&/F8$go u 9t|JtuY&
p =!
o =!
A6Z <
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)VM \ i .$;3=(*,/F$" i i P 3J$';&/,/e3g#+I&/2!#$'2$'7&/#GK,/d2*1$%&/2G
3J$'A4,/GKF3J24G GC$'&/$'77,/2+-124 GZ
b79&/^#GK#&/V .$'3?(*,/F$L1$'d2&/d $;3a& #GC#3?,/2h#+GC#I472+B#+-F2j1$b&/2G3J$'A,/GCF3J24GQ.3J2c
1#7,/124G .23>&/H72+-GK#&/F-ZC58P62+-GC#&/F$go u 9t|JtupX4z Bz A6Z <
)VGCF$'11$'I4$"F$'+-$'3.$'3?(*,/GK21$%3J$'&/,/e;3 i i P GK2I43J$%#+-jF8Î&/h.3?h.241$;3g&/$'$'3gGC#G
d&/243J$9GZK58PQ24+-GC#&/F$g&/Gw1$;7&/3=;7,/24+-$;GQhLh !
V#"L<`Z
Clusula WHERE
f724+ 1,/79,/+h24.079,/2+-&4 hi i F8,/$;+-$g&/HW8243?(*fA4$'+-$'3?&k
WHERE boolean_expr
.#$'1$f72+-GK,/GCF,/3a1$H79#&/!4#,/$'3 $'.3J$'GC,/+7#T2%3?$;GK#&/F12%GC$'b#+d &/23
Iboolean_expr
4
242&/$'+-2Z i +"(*#7:-24Gw7GK2GCR$'GCF8f$;N.3J$;GK,/+hGC$'3= k
expr cond_op expr
2
log_op expr
12+-1$
.#$'1$HGC$;3>#+-2"1$k R R X R R X 243 V R#+2.$'3?123>72+-1,/79,/2+-&
724(*2V\Vcond_op
R;\LhR hR' 5 i 2_2.$'3?1231$;]+-,/12V&/279^&/(*$'+-F8$;R'T
.#$;1$6GC$'3#+-2
1$k\V R R Z9V72(*.3?7,/4+1$'d#$;&/d $ ) i 5d$'3J1;1log_op
$'3J2<2 \V i 58W8&/GC2<T
F821G &/ Ga,/+-GCF8+-7,/GaGC$'3=^+"1$'GC73=F1-GwGC,&/f$'.3J$'GC,/+h3?$;GK#&/FgW8&/GC-Z
Clusula GROUP BY
b )VM$'GC.$'7,/]79#+-HF8I4&/724+hA43?#.2Ga1$'3?,/d ^10f1$6&/f.&/,/77,/+"1$$'GCFg7&/#GC#c
&/-k
GROUP BY column [, ...]
mx
b )VM792+-1$'+-GC3?E$'+#+-%GC2&/%]&/EF2124Gf!#$'&/&/2Gf3J$;A,/GCF83J2Gf!4#$_792(*.3?F+*&/24G

( ,/GC(*24G"d&/23J$'G_.3?&/G%724&/#(*+-^G%A43J#.1GZG_W8#+-7,/2+-$'G"1$jA3J$'A4;79,/+-RUGK,a&/G
*
:-#I4,/$'3?RGK2+72(*.#F81GXbF83?d'Gw1$fF821GX&/^GX]&/GQ!#$H724+-W823=(*^+71HA43?#.024RN.3J24c
1#7,/$'+-12j#+*d &243XGC$'.3?12h.23Q71V#+-21$V&/2GgA3J#.2Gf58(*,/$'+-F3?G!#$VGC,/+b )VM
R#+-QW8#+-79,/+E1$XÂ3J$9A^79,/+E.03?21#7$a#+_GC2&/2Ld &/23-792(*.#F12bXF83?d'G1$aF821G&/G
]&/GQGC$'&/$'77,/24+-^1GC<CZCPQ#+-12"b )LM$'GCF8L.3J$'GC$'+-F$'R+-2"$'GQd&/,/12":-7$'3a3J$;WD$'3J$'+-7,/
H724&/#(*+GX+-2"A43J#.1;GQ$'7$'.F2%1$'+-F3J2%1$fW8#+-79,/2+-$'GQ1$HÂ3J$'A4;79,/+-R T4b!#$H:-I43=
(*G 1$g#+h.24GC,/I4&/$gd&/23U1$g3?$;F823=+ 2_.3?f#+-f72&/#(*+-b+-2EA43J#.1-Z
Clusula HAVING
f724+ 1,/79,/+h24.079,/2+-& \a hF8,/$;+-$g&/fW8243?(*HA4$'+-$'3?&k
HAVING cond_expr
12+-1$
7#(*.&/$6&/^G (*,GK(*Ga724+-1,/79,/2+-$'G !#$&/^G>$'GC.$'7,/]791GU.3? hi c
cond_expr
i Z
\a h $;GK.$;7,/]7b#+-_FI4&/b792+A43J#.024G61$;3=,/d1b1$H&/V$;&/,/(*,/+-7,/4+1$bA43J#.2GKR 1$'&
3J$'GC#&/F81-2E1$Q&/f7&/#GC#&/g.3J$'d,/(*$'+ F8$Q$'GC.$'7,/]71'R^!#$6+-2E7#(*.&/$'+"72+
Z
cond_expr
1$'I4$"3?$;W8$S3?,/3?GK$h.3J$'7,/GK^(*$'+-F8$"58GK,/+^(*I4,/c
P61h724&/#(*+-3J$;WD$'3J$'+-7,/1h$'+
A $;110$;GK< j#+-h724&/#(*+"1$"A43Jcond_expr
#.24R0j(*$;+-24GL!#$"&/j3J$;WD$'3J$'+-7,/".3J$9e7j1$'+-F83J21$
#+-fW8#+-79,/+j1$A43J$'A4'7,/+ Z
Clusula ORDER BY
ORDER BY column [ ASC | DESC ] [, ...]
. #$;1$GC$'3UF8+-F2E$;& +-24(*I43J$g1$#+-H72&/#(*+-H792(*2%#+h+-(*$'3J2_243J1,/+-&Z

2G+ (*$;3J24G23?1,/+-&/$'G6:-7$'+*3J$'W8$93J$'+-7,/_V&/_.2GK,/7,/+51$L,/e!4#,/$;3J1VE1$'3J$S7:-<1$L&/
724&/#(*+--Z i GCF8h79^3=7F$S3?/GCF,/79j:-7$%.24GC,/I4&/$h1$']+-,/3H#+@243J1$'+@I4GC12*$'+#+-h724&/#(*+-
!#$h+-2F8,/$;+-$h#++-2(*I43?$h1$'7#;12)Z i GKF2+-#+-79$'GVI4GK2&/#F(*$'+-F$h+-$'7$'GC3?,/2T!#$
GC,/$'(*.3J$a$'GU.2GC,/I4&/$Q^GK,/A4+-3#+V+-2(*I43?$XQ#+-Q792&/#(*+-679^&/79#&/1X#F,/&/,/e+-12H&/Q79&/#GC#&/
\ R'.23>$?B=Z k
column
SELECT title, date_prod + 1 AS newlen FROM films ORDER BY newlen;
\.3?F8,/31$X&/6d$'3?GK,/+%-Z +61$wM2GCF8A43J$ RS$'GUF(*I4,/'+_.24GC,/I4&/$623J1$'+-^38R72+ i R

GC$'A+_$'.3J$SGC,/2+-$'G>3?I4,/F83?3?,/'GCRS,/+-79&/#T4$'+-12b7(*.2GU!#$X+-2L.;3J$'7$'+_$;+E$'&3J$'GC# &/F81-2b1$
i i P Z`M243U&/2%F8^+-F82R^&/HGC,/A#,/$'+ F8$g1$;79&/3?7C,/+j$'Ga&/$'A^&k
SELECT name FROM distributors ORDER BY code;
0
. 79,/2+-&/(*$;+-F8$V#+-V.#$'1$bA3J$;A;3Q&/V.&/I43?V7&/d$ i P581$'GC7$'+-1$;+-F8$'<2h\ P58GCc
7&/#GK#&/ i )Z a
7$'+-1$'+-F$'<X&/#$'A421$'& +-2(*I43?$1$71792&/#(*+-*$'+&/
, +-2GC$
m^n
$'GC.$'7,/]7R4GC$_GC#($_\ P1$_W823=(*E.03?$;1$'F$'3?(*,/+-14Z^\L&/F8$;3=+-^F8,/d(*$'+-F$'R4.#$;1$_,/+-1,/c
73=GC$H#+*+-24(*I43J$b1$L2.$'3?123a1$b243J1$'+$'GC.$'7/]72)Z9\ P$'G6$'!#,/d&/$'+-F$VJ) " O O
T i P$;Ga$;!#,/d ^&/$'+-F8$
) "O O[Z
Clusula UNION
table_query UNION [ ALL ] table_query
[ ORDER BY column [ ASC | DESC ] [, ...] ]
12+-1$
$'GC.$'7,/]79%7#&/!#,/$;3g1$'7&/37,/+ i i P GC,/+@&/"7&/#GC#&/ c
Z
i @)table_query
3 )V .$;3=(*,/F$b!4#$H$;& 3J$'GC#&/F102"GC$'b#+-b724&/$'77,/+1$f3J$'A4,/GCF83J2GX1$'d#$'&/c

i &424.$;3=124
F82GL.23H&/^GL792+-GC#&/F8GL,/+-d2&/#793?1^GZ24GL12G i i P GL!#$"3J$'.3J$9GK$;+-F8+&/2GL12GL24.$;c
3=^+-124G1,/3J$'7F24G1$b&/
)V 1$'I4$'+*.3J21#7,/3w$'&(*,/GK(*2+-(*$'3J21$V724&/#(*+-GCRT&/G
724&/#(*+-Ga7243?3J$'GC.2+-1,/$'+-F$'Gw1$;I4$'+"GC$'3)1$gF8,/.2Ga1$1F2Gw724(*.0F8,/I4&/$;GZ
$bW823=(*b.3J$;1$'F8$93?(*,/+-1R$'&3J$'GC#&/F812E1%
$ )L +-2"724+-F,/$'+-$b3?$;A,/GCF3?2GX1#.0&/,/79^124G
f(*$'+-2Gw!4#$HGC$6$'GC.$'7,/]!4#$g&/H79&/^#GK#&/f\LXZ
,GK$Q#F8,/&/,/e^+"d3=,/2G 24.$;3=^1243J$9
G )V $'+"&/(*,/GK(*g1$'7&/3?79,4+ i i P GC$$'d&/+
1$g,/e!#,/$;3?1HL1$'3J$'7C:--ZKh2F8$H!#$f&/b.&/I43?H7&/d$g\V+-2"$'GXA&/2I4&/RGK,/$;+-12".&/,/71-
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Clusula INTERSECT
table_query INTERSECT table_query
12+-1$
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table_query
UZ
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LIMIT { count | ALL } [ { OFFSET | , } start ]
OFFSET start
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Uso
M3=#+-,/3>&/HFI4&/
films
724+h&/fFI4&/
distributors
SELECT f.title, f.did, d.name, f.date_prod, f.kind

FROM distributors d, films f
WHERE f.did = d.did
title
|did|name
| date_prod|kind
-----------------+--+-----------+-------+------The Third Man
|101|British Lion
|1949-12-23|Drama
The African Queen
|101|British Lion
|1951-08-11|Romantic
Une Femme est une Femme |102|Jean Luc Godard |1961-03-12|Romantic
Vertigo
|103|Paramount
|1958-11-14|Action
Becket
|103|Paramount
|1964-02-03|Drama
48 Hrs
|103|Paramount
|1982-10-22|Action
War and Peace
|104|Mosfilm
|1967-02-12|Drama
West Side Story
|105|United Artists |1961-01-03|Musical
Bananas
|105|United Artists |1971-07-13|Comedy
m^
Yojimbo
|106|Toho
|1961-06-16|Drama
Theres a Girl in my Soup|107|Columbia
|1970-06-11|Comedy
Taxi Driver
|107|Columbia
|1975-05-15|Action
Absence of Malice
|107|Columbia
|1981-11-15|Action
Storia di una donna
|108|Westward
|1970-08-15|Romantic
The King and I
|109|20th Century Fox|1956-08-11|Musical
Das Boot
|110|Bavaria Atelier |1981-11-11|Drama
Bed Knobs and Broomsticks|111|Walt Disney
|
|Musical
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58len
F,/.24`< k
kind
SELECT kind, SUM(len) AS total FROM films GROUP BY kind;

kind
|total
-------+---Action
| 07:34
Comedy
| 02:58
Drama
| 14:28
Musical
| 06:42
Romantic | 04:38
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kind
SELECT kind, SUM(len) AS total

FROM films
GROUP BY kind
HAVING SUM(len) < INTERVAL 5 hour;
kind
|total
-------+---Comedy
| 02:58
Romantic | 04:38
2GHGC,/A#,/$'+-F$'GL12Gb$=BD$'(*.0&/24Gb(*#$;GKF3=^+@(*+-$;3=Gf,/1'+-F,/7GH1$E23J1$'+-3Q&/24GL3J$'GC#&/F102G

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<?k
name
SELECT * FROM distributors ORDER BY name;

SELECT * FROM distributors ORDER BY 2;
did|name
--+----------109|20th Century Fox
110|Bavaria Atelier
101|British Lion
107|Columbia
102|Jean Luc Godard
113|Luso films
104|Mosfilm
103|Paramount
106|Toho
105|United Artists
111|Walt Disney
m
112|Warner Bros.
108|Westward
T
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-
distributors:
did|name
--+-------108|Westward
111|Walt Disney
112|Warner Bros.
...
actors:
id|name
-+--------1|Woody Allen
2|Warren Beatty
3|Walter Matthau
...
SELECT distributors.name
FROM
distributors
WHERE distributors.name LIKE W%
UNION
SELECT actors.name
FROM
actors
WHERE actors.name LIKE W%
name
--------Walt Disney
Walter Matthau
Warner Bros.
Warren Beatty
Westward
Woody Allen
Compatibilidad
Extensiones
M24GCFA3J$'GL.$;3=(*,/F$j2(*,/F8,/3b&/7&/#GC#&/4# 1$"#+-792+-GC#&/F8-Z i GKF73?7CF$'3?/GCF8,/7jW#$
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SELECT distributors.* WHERE name = Westwood;
did|name
--+----------108|Westward
SQL92
m^
Clusula SELECT
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$'+"$'GCF$g724+-F$'F82Z
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Clusula UNION
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table_query UNION [ALL]

[CORRESPONDING [BY (column [,...])]]
table_query
f7&/#GC#&/fP a i M
h@+-2E$;GwGC2.243?F1f.23>M2GKFA43?$;GZ
SELECT INTO
Nombre
SELECT INTO
P63J$';3>#+-f+-#$'dHFI4&/ff.^3=F,/3U1$6#+-HF8I4&/f2_d,/GKFfT4H$',/GKF$'+-F$Z
Synopsis
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expresin [, ...] ) ] ]
expresin [ AS nombre ] [, ...]
[ INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] nueva_tabla ]
[ FROM tabla [ alias ] [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condicin ]
[ GROUP BY columna [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condicinn [, ...] ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } select ]
[ ORDER BY columna [ ASC | DESC | USING operador ] [, ...] ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF Nombre_de_clase [, ...] ] ]
LIMIT { contador | ALL } [ { OFFSET | , } incio ]
Inputs
2 12Gw&/2GX7(*.2G 1$g$'+-F3=^1gGC$g1$'GC73=,/I4$;+"$'+h1$'F&/&/$$'+h==oOA6Z

x
Outputs
2 12Gw&/2GX7(*.2G 1$gGC&/,/1fGC$1$;GK73?,/I4$'+h$'+h1$'F&/&/$6$;+h==oAZ

Descripcin
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!#$'3?T%1$ XZ
Nota: CREATE TABLE AS es funcionalmente equivalente al comando SELECT INTO.
SET
Nombre
SET
, BDH.3?(*$;F83J2Ga1$6F8,/$;(*.2E1$g$?B$;79#7,/+j.03=&/HGC$'GC,/4+ Z
Synopsis
SET variable { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
SET TIME ZONE { timezone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL { READ COMMITTED | SERIALIZABLE }
Inputs (Valores de entrada)

variable
M^3=(*$;F83J2VA&/2A4&!#$gGC$g!#,/$'3J$]NBD3=Z
value
"#$'d2%d ^&/243 1$'&.3?(*$'F3J2)Z $g.#$'1$g#F,/&/,/e3U$'&4d &/23
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DEFAULT
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src/backend/utils/init/globals.c
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79^1243)$'GCF8^+-13(*+-,/.#&/H$'GCFG 792 +-GC#&/F8Gw7243?3J$'7F8;(*$'+-F$Z
Outputs
SET VARIABLE
$;+-GK`B$g1$;d #$;&/F82VGC,4GC$g]NBDH$'&d ^&/243)724+h',/F82Z
WARN: Bad value for variable (value)
,$'& 72(*+-12%W8&/&/&] BD3U$'& d&/23>$'GC.$'7,/]712Z
x^
Descripcin
/(*21,/]793?g&24G .3?'(*$;F83J2G>1$672+-]A4#3?7,/4+".3?6&/d3?,/I4&/$X1#3=^+-F8$X#+-gGC$'GC,/4+ Z
2GHd&/243J$;Gf$'+d,/A23GC$E.#$'1$;+2I4F8$;+-$'3#F,/&/,/e+-12$;&/!h
#
R T*&/24Gfd ^&/243J$'Gg.#$'1$;+
1$'d2&/d $;3=GC$ wGC#EGK,/F#7,/4+L1$a1$'W8$S7F2H#F8,/&/,/e^+-12H!
/ fZ&/23J$'GTb.3?'($'F83J2GGC2+_GC$'+-c
GC,/I&/$;G>(*^TGC7#&/GUTV(*,/+-GK7#&/GZ="4F$'GC$6!#$Q$'&79(*.024^M d ^&/243Q
N GK,/$;(*.3J$QGC$Q$'GC.$'7,/]7
724(*2_#+-H791$'+-g1$679^3=7F$'3J$9GKR1$6(*2412_!#$gGC$g$'+-7,/$'3?3?f$'+-F3?$6792(*,/&/&/GaGC,/(*.&/$'GZ
/a
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GC$'GC,/4+ N GC,/$'(*.3J$V$'(*.0,/$'e_72+*#+d &/23X,/+-,/79,/^&01$VGC,/A4+-7,/4+*1$Le24+-V:-243?3?,/-Z;
,/+-GCF83J#779,/7
+ /a S
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.3?g&/fGC$'GC,/+ N 7F8#&Z
Notas
f,/+-GCF83J#77,/4+3/

$'Gw#+-g$'NF$'+-GC,/+1$;& &/$'+-A4#`B$g1$M24GCFA3J$'GZ
variable
a$;]$;3=GC$/!h#T"/.^3=(*24GCF3=3U2E,/+-,/7,/&/,/e^3U&/2GXd&/23J$'G 7F8#&/$;GZ
Uso
, BD3)$'&$'GCF,/&/2E1$g&/fW8$;79:-f N k
SET DATESTYLE TO ISO;
I4,/&/,/F3U i _ .3?g724+-GC#&/FGX72++g2E(*GaF8I4&/^Gk

SET GEQO ON=4;
, BD3) i V fGC#d ^&/243)1$g1$'W8$;7CF82k

SET GEQO = DEFAULT;
, BD3)&/He2+-f:-23=3?,/fH$;3t-4$'&/$'TR'PQ&/,/W8243?+-,/-k
SET TIME ZONE PST8PDT;
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS ahora;
ahora
--------------1998-03-31 07:41:21-08
, BD3)&/He2+-f:-23=3?,/f.^3= F8^&/,/-k

SET TIME ZONE Europe/Rome;
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS ahora;
ahora
--------------1998-03-31 17:41:31+02
x
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2f:-^T%/
A4$'+-$;3=&'$;+ N w58724+L&/X$;N7$'.7,/+V1$(/ V#/V ?h
/hw ?h variable
!L<?Z'EGC,/+-F,/Gf1$ V.3?/aSahh$'Gg&/,/A4$'3?(*$'+-F$
1,/W8$'3J$9+-F8$'R-!#$h.0$'3?(*,/F8$%GC4&/2#++-,/72d ^&/243g$'+-F$'3J2.^3="&/h$'GC.$'7,/]79^79,/+1$E&/he2+-
:-243?3?,/-k
SET TIME ZONE { expresin_de_valor_del_intervalo | LOCAL }
SHOW
Nombre
SHOW
#$'GCF83?f&/2Gw.^3=(*$;F83J2G $'+hF8,/$'(*.02E1$$?B$;79#7,/+h1$g&/fGC$'GC,/4+
Synopsis
SHOW palabra_clave
Entradas
palabra_clave
$;GC$6$'&72(*+-12V/.^3=24I4F$'+-$'3)(*G ,/+-W8243?(*7,/4+j1$Q&/24Gw3JA#(*$;+-F82Ga1,/GK.2c

+-,/I4&/$'GZ
Outputs
NOTICE:
variable is value SHOW VARIABLE
$;+-GK`B$g!4#$GK$61$'d#$'&/d$GC,F8212%:-f,/12_I4,/$'+ Z
NOTICE:
Unrecognized variable value
$;+-GK`B$g!4#$GK$61$'d#$'&/d$GC,d &/#$6+-2%$',/GKF$Z
,&/G d3?,/I4&/$'G 1$$'+-F23=+-2 ! 2EM ! +-2E$;GKF+h1$']+-,/1GZ
NOTICE: Time zone is unknown SHOW VARIABLE
x^
Descripcin
/!h#
(*2GCF83?3?&/792+-]A#3?7,/4+7F8#^&>1$#+.^3=;(*$'F3J2@$'+F8,/$;(*.21$j$?B$;79#7,/+

1#3?+-F8$6#+-gGK$;GK,/+ Z
\$'GCF8G>d3?,/;I&/$;G>GK$Q&/$'G>.#$;1$QGC,/A4+-3#+%d&/23)#GC+-12L&/61$'7&/3?7C,/+#/*TVGK$Q.#$'1$
3J$'GCF8;#3=^30GC#%d&/230.231$;W$;7CF82f792+V&/61$'7&/37,/4+_!
/gZ[2G).3?;(*$'F83J2G)Tb&/2G)d&/23J$'G
GC24+hGC$'+-GC,/I4&/$'GXg(*TGC7#&/GwTE(*,/+-GC79#&/^GZ
Notas
/!h# $;Gw#+-H$'F8$;+-GC,/4+h1$'&&/$'+-A4#CBD$g1$M2GCF8A43J$'GZ

$'GC$'/ !/.3?g]NB^3>&/2Gwd&/23J$'G 1$#+-Hd3=,/Î4&/$Z
Utilizacin
#$;GCF83?g$'&$'GCF,/&/2E1$gW8$'7:-5
<?k
DateStyle
SHOW DateStyle;
NOTICE:DateStyle is Postgres with US (NonEuropean) conventions
#$;GCF83?g&/H724+-]A4#3=^79,/+h1$'&2.F8,/(*,/e^1243)A4$'+-'F,/792_5

SHOW GEQO;
NOTICE:GEQO is ON
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E:-^TE+-,/+-A4+/h#1$']+-,/12E$;+ -Z
TRUNCATE
Nombre
TRUNCATE
n
7,/f#+-HF8Î4&/
<Ck
geqo
Synopsis
TRUNCATE [ TABLA ] NOMBRE
Entradas
nombre
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$&/gF8I4&/fgF83J#+-73=Z
Salidas
TRUNCATE
$;+-GK`B$g3J$'F23=+-1-2EGC,4&/fF8Î4&/f:-HGC,/12Ed7,/10H58F3J#+-79^1'<-$',/F82GC(*$'+-F$Z
Description
Lhw %3J$'(#$;d $w3?.,/1^(*$'+-F8$wF241G)&/GU]&/G)1$w#+ FI4&/-Z ,/$'+-$X$'&(*,/GC(*2V$'W8$'7F2
a
!#$%$'&Uha.$'3J2&+-23?$;7243?3J$S3g&/hF8Î4&/j3J$'GC#&/Fh(*^Gb3=^.,/12)Z i Gb(*GH$'W8$'7F8,/d2*$'+
F8Î&/^GaA43?+-1$'GZ
Usage
3J#+-73&/HF8I4&/
tablagrande
TRUNCATE TABLE tablagrande;
Compatibilidad
SQL92
& a6Vhw +-2E$',/GCF8$g$;+ N 4Z
i
n^l
UNLISTEN
Nombre
UNLISTEN
$=BDH1$.03?$;GKF3)F8$;+-7,/4+hf&/Ga+-2F8,/]77,/24+-$'G
Synopsis
UNLISTEN { nombre_notif | * }
Entradas
nombre_notif
h24(*I43J$g1$6&/f+-2F8,/]779,/+j.3J$'d,/(*$'+-F$3J$'A4,/GKF3?10 Z
$6&/,/(*.,/3?+hF82124Ga&/2GX3J$'A4,/GKF3J24G $'+h$;GK7#7:-f.3?f$'GCF$I47-$;+-1XZ
Salidas
UNLISTEN
\V7#GC$g1$3J$'7,/I42_1$!#$g&/H1$'7&/3^79,/+hGC$g:-H$=BD$'7#F812Z
Descripcin
h/a GK$h#GK.3?I4243?3?3f#+3?$;A,/GCF3?2hh ?a $',/GKF$'+-F$Zc)Lh i 7+-79$;&/

V
7#^&/!#,/$'33J$'A4,/GCF83J2H$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$w1$w&/QGC$'GC,/+E7F8#^&1$wM2GKFA3J$;GU$'+V&/672+-1,/7,/4+E1$w+-24F,/]7c
7,/4+
ZKH792+-1,/7,/+GCF8$;3=,/GC72% )7+-7$'&/HF2412GQ&/2GQ3J$'A4,/GKF3J24Ga&/,/GCF8$;+-$'3=
1$&/fnombre_notif
GC$'GC,/+^79F#&Z
^4DJA0z >724+-F,/$'+-$g#+-H1,/GC7#GK,/+j(*Gw$;NF$'+-GCf1$;& #GC2%1$g / T%hh ? agZ
Notas
+-2_+-$'7$'GC3=,/^(*$'+-F8$Q:-f1$6GK$;3)#+h+-2(*I43J$1$Q79&/GC$6d &/,/124R'.0$'3J2_.#$;1$

CGnombre_clase
$'3U7#&/!4#,/$'3>71$;+-g58GCF83?,/+-A<-d&/,/1f1$6:-GCF8f^f79^3=7`F8$'3J$;Ga1$&/3JA2Z
+ )Lh i GC24I43J$&/A42&a!#$+-2
i &aI^*7 -4$'+-1+-2(*#$'GCF3=*$'3?3J23?$9G"GC,a#GKF$'1:-7$#6
$'GCF8#d,/$'3?"F8$;+-1,/$'+-12*58$'GC7#7:-+-12<CZ^P6^1"I^*7 -4$'+-1$=BD$'7#F83?"#F24(*F,/7(*$'+-F$hLh
/
w79#+-12_F$'3?(*,/+-$Z
)V+-h3J$'GCF83?,/779,4+!4#$"GC$h1I4"$'+@d $;3=GC,/2+-$'GV+-F8$;3=,/23J$'Gb1$%M2GKFA3J$;GKR0!#$h:-7j!#$h#+
!#$H+-2%GK$f723=3J$;GK.2+-1,/$'3?H724+&/HF8Î&/H$;+7#3=GC2%1$'I4/HGC$'3U$'+-F83J$;792(*,/c
&/nombre_clase
&/1R;TH+-2_GK$g1f7F8#&/(*$;+-F8$4Z
n
Usage
M3=GC#GK73?,/I4,/3=GC$gf#+h3J$'A4,/GCF83J2E$;N,/GCF8$;+-F8$4k

postgres=> LISTEN virtual;
LISTEN
postgres=> NOTIFY virtual;
NOTIFY
ASYNC NOTIFY of virtual from backend pid 12317 received
)V+-d
3=^124Gk
$;eg!#$
)Lh -i GC$:-f$=BD$'7#F12R'.2GKF$'3?,/243J$'G 72(*+-12Gw @GC$'3?+%,/A4+-2c
postgres=> UNLISTEN virtual;

UNLISTEN
postgres=> NOTIFY virtual;
NOTIFY
- notice no NOTIFY event is received
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$gVh/a$;+ Z
UPDATE
Nombre
UPDATE
#I4GCF8,/F#T$gd&/23J$'G>1$g72&/#(*+-Gw$;+j#+-HFI4&/
Synopsis
UPDATE tabla SET columna = expresin [, ...]
[ FROM lista ]
[ WHERE condicin ]
Entradas
table
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$#+-HFI4&/g$;N,/GCF$'+-F8$4Z
n^m
columna
i &+-24(*I43J$g1$&/g792&/#(*+-b$'+
expresin
)V+-f$;N.3J$'GC,/+hd
tabla
^&/,/1f2Ed&/23UgGK$;3>GC,/A4+-12Eg&/f724&/#(*+--Z
lista
i G #+-g$'F8$;+-GK,/+h+-2V$'GCF8+-1^3)1$6M24GCFA3J$'G !#$6.$'3?(*,/F8$Q&/f.3[,/79,/+h1$672&/#(*+-G
1$2F83?G F8I4&/^Gw$'+"&/H72+-1,/7,/4+j hi i Z
condicin
P62+-GC#&/F8$j&/j7&/#GC#&/ i i P .3?h#+@1$'GC73=,/.7,/+(*GL$'F$'+-GCj1$"&/j7&/#GC#&/
h
i i Z
Salidas
#
UPDATE
$;+-GK`B$g2I4F8$;+-,/12EGC,4:-H:-I4,/12_;N,/F2)Z i &GC/(*I42&/2

3J$'.3J$9GC$'+-FH$'& +-(*$'3J2E1$g]&/^G
!#$g:-+hGC,/12E7F#&/,/e;1GZ , $;Gw,/A4#&fR^+-,/+-A4##+-H]&/HW#$67F8#&/,/e^10-Z
#
Descripcin
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V
7$'+&/L724+-1,/7,/+*114Z 24&/^(*$'+-F8$H+-$'7$'GC,/FV,/+-1,/793 &/G6792&/#(*+-G6!#$bGC$'3=^+(*21,/]79^c
1GZ
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=
=
o AZ GC$'^R.0#$;1$gGC#I4GKF,/F8#,/3
#+h+-,/72"$;&/$'(*$'+-F2%1$g#+-H&/,/GCF8^RN#+j3=^+-A2_1$g$'&/$'(*$;+-F82GQ2E#+-b&/,/GCF8b72(*.&/$'FH792+j#+-
+-,/7f.$'F,/79,/+ Z
$'I4$gF8$;+-$'3 .$;3=(*,/GC2"1$g$;GK73?,/I4,/3 $'+j&/bF8I4&/H.^3=H.21$'3>(*241,/]73?&/RGC4724(*2%.$;3=(*,/GC2
1$&/$'7F#3=g1$g7#^&/!#,/$'3UF8I4&/f7#T424Gwd &/23J$'G GC$'+h(*$'+-7,/2+-12GX$'+h&/H724+ 1,/79,/+j hi c
i Z
Uso
M3=7(*I4,/3)&/f.&/I43?f
3?(*.23>
3?(*F,/7$'+h&/H72&/#(*+-H79^F8$'A423=-k
UPDATE pelculas
SET categora = Dramtica
WHERE categora = Drama;
SELECT * FROM pelculas WHERE categora = Dramtico OR categora = Drama;
code |ttulo
|did|fecha_prod|categora
---+------------+--+-------+-------+---BL101|El tercer hombre |101|1949-12-23|Dramtica
P_302|Becket
|103|1964-02-03|Dramtica
M_401|La paz y la guerra|104|1967-02-12|Dramtica
nx
|durac
| 01:44
| 02:28
| 05:57
T_601|Yojimbo
DA101|Das Boot
|106|1961-06-16|Dramtica | 01:50
|110|1981-11-11|Dramtica | 02:29
Compatibilidad
SQL92
^g1$']+-$#+-HGC,/+-FN,/Ga1,/W8$'3J$'+-F$.3?g&/g79&/^#GK#&/])LM
\ i k
UPDATE tabla SET columna = expresin [, ...]

WHERE CURRENT OF cursor
12+-1$
cursor
,/1$'+-F,/]7f#+h7#3=GC23>I4,/$;3=F2)Z
VACUUM
Nombre
VACUUM
,/(*.,/fT%^+-&/,/ef#+-fI4GC$1$g1F24G M24GCFA3J$'G
Synopsis
VACUUM [ VERBOSE ] [ ANALYZE ] [ tabla ]
VACUUM [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ tabla [ (columna [, ...] ) ] ]
Entrada
i
i a _
(*.3?,/(*$g#+h3J$'.23=F$1$'F&/&/12V1$&/g7F8,/d,/111$6d ^79##(
.3?g71F8Î&/ Z
\V"\V^ Xi
\V7F8#&/,eg&/G $'GCF1/GCF,/79^G>1$724&/#(*+-Ga#GC1G .23U$;&42.F,/(*,/e123U.03=1$'F$'3?(*,/c
+-3-&/X(*^+-$'3?w(*G$']79,/$;+-F8$a1$a$?B$;79#F3 #+-X792+-GC#&/F8-Z[^G$;GKF1GKF,/7G3?$;.3[$'GC$'+-F+
&/L1,/GK.$;3=GC,/+1$g&/2GQ1F2GQ$'+j79^1H792&/#(*+--Z i GCF8b,/+-W8243?(*7,/+$'Gwd ^&/,/24GCb79#^+-12
:-TE&/H.024GC,/I4,/&/,/111$g$?B$;7#7,/+h1$'GC1$d3?,/24Ga.#+-F24GZ
tabla
i &+-24(*I43J$w1$w#+-6F8I4&/X$'GC.$;79]79QQ&/Q!#$QGC$Xd6Q3J$';&/,/e30$'&d7##(Z i &$'GCF+-13

$'G :-7$'3?&/2EfF241^Gw&/G FI4&/GZ
n^n
columna
i &a+-2(*I43J$1$#+-724&/#(*+-*$'GC.$;79]7^+-&/,/e3=Z i & $'GCF+-13H$'G_:-7$'3?&/2@.3?

F821G &/Ga792&/#(*+-GZ
Salida
VACUUM
i &792(*+-12_:-HGK,/12E7$'.F'12ET%&/HI4GC$61$1F24Ga$'GCF8gGK,/$;+-12E&/,/(*.,/^1-Z
NOTICE: -Relation tabla-
i &$'+-7I4$'e;12E1$63J$'.23=F$.3?
tabla
NOTICE: Pages 98: Changed 25, Reapped 74, Empty 0, New 0; Tup 1000: Vac
3000, Crash 0, UnUsed 0, MinLen 188, MaxLen 188; Re-using: Free/Avail.
Space 586952/586952; EndEmpty/Avail. Pages 0/74. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
i &+-&/,/GC,/Gw.^3=&/
tabla
(*,/GC(*-Z
NOTICE: Index indice: Pgina 28; Tuples 1000: Deleted 3000. Elapsed 0/0
sec.
i &+-&/,/GC,/Gw.^3=#++-1,/79$6$'+h&/fFI4&/f1$'GCF,/+-2)Z
Descripcin
>LL% GK,/3?d$g.3?g12Gw.03?2.GC,/F82GX$'+hM2GKFA3J$;Gw724(2E(*$'1,/2E.3?g3J$'7&/(*3&/(*7$;c

+-(*,/$'+-F24RTEF8(I,/;+h.3=3J$'724&/$;79F3,/+-W8243?(*7,/+.^3=$'&24.F,/(*,/e1243=Z
>LL%
I43J$b71_7&/GC$L$'+*&/_I^GK$b1$b1F82GCR4&/,/(*.,/E&/2G3?$;A,/GCF3?2G1$LF3?+-GC797,/2+-$'G
T%.0GK^1'GfT*7F8#^&/,/e'%&/Gf$'GCF81/GCF8,/7Gg$'+&/24Gf7F8&/2A424Gf1$'&GC,/GKF$'(*-Z^Gg$'GCF1/GCF,/79^G
(*+-F$'+-,/1Gf,/+-79&/#T4$'+$;&)+-(*$'3J2*1$EF#.&/$'GbT$'&+-(*$'3J2*1$E.A4,/+-Gb&/(79$;+-10^Gb$'+
F821G &/Ga7&/GK$;GZ
f$=BD$'7#7,/4+h1'
$ >LVJ
.$;3=,/1,/7(*$'+-F$#(*$;+-F83?f&/fd$'&/27,/111$&/gI^GK$g1$1c
F82Gw^& .3J247$'GC3)&/G 724+-GC#&/F8^GX1$'& #GC#3?,/2)Z
Notas
fI4GC$1$61F82G I4,/$'3?F8g$'Gw$;& 24I;BD$'F,/d 2E1$'& 724(*^+-120UVL] Z
a$;792(*$'+-1^(*24G!#$V&/_I^GK$b1$V1^F82G6.3=,/+-7,/.^&07F8,/d_GC$'V&/,/(*.,/1_71_+-279:-$L.3?
(*+-F$'+-$'3g&/GH$'GCF81GCF8,/7Gb3J$'&/^F8,/d'(*$;+-F8$"7F8#&/,/e^10GZ ,/+@$'(*I43JA2R-&/j724+ GK#&/F
UV
VJ
.#$;1$gGC$'3>$?B$'7#F1f$'+h7#&/!#,/$;3>(*2(*$'+-F2>ZCM^3=F,/7#&/3=(*$;+-F8$'R'1$'GC.$'Ga1$g724c
.,/3U#+ V7&/GC$fA3?+-1$f$'+jM24GCFA3J$;GQ2"1$'GC.$'Gw1$fI23?3=^3 #+A43=^++-(*$'3J2"1$f3J$'A4,/GCF83J2GCR
.#$'1$hGK$;3L#+-I4#$'+-,/1$'$;(*,/F8,/3b#+-72+-GC#&/F8
UVL]
Z i GCF82^79F#&/,/e;3=&/2G%7c
F8^&/24A424GV1$'&)GK,/GCF$'(*72+F8212G_&/2GV7(*I4,/24GV3J$'7,/$'+-F$'GCR0T.$'3?(*,/F,/3=h&U23JA+-,/e^123g1$
724+-GC#&/F8^G%1$jM2GCF8A43J$'G%F24(*^3L&/GE(*$=BD243J$'G_1$'7,/GC,/24+-$;G%& .&/+-$;3b&/^GE72+-GK#&/FG%1$j&/24G
#GK#^3=,/2GZ
n
Uso
i & GC,/A#,/$;+-F8$g$'Ga#+h$=BD$'(*.&/2_1$&/f$=BD$'7#7,/4+h1$;&472(*+-12>LV]$;+"#+-HF8I4&/f$;+"&/
I4GC$1$1^F82G 1$g3J$'A3J$9GC,/4+ k
regresin=> vacuum verbose analyze onek;
NOTICE: -Relation onekNOTICE: Pages 98: Changed 25, Reapped 74, Empty 0, New 0;
Tup 1000: Vac 3000, Crash 0, UnUsed 0, MinLen 188, MaxLen 188;
Re-using: Free/Avail. Space 586952/586952; EndEmpty/Avail. Pages 0/74.
Elapsed 0/0 sec.
NOTICE: Index onek_stringu1: Pages 28; Tuples 1000: Deleted 3000. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
NOTICE: Index onek_hundred: Pages 12; Tuples 1000: Deleted 3000. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
NOTICE: Index onek_unique2: Pages 19; Tuples 1000: Deleted 3000. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
NOTICE: Rel onek: Pages: 98 -> 25; Tuple(s) moved: 1000. Elapsed 0/1 sec.
NOTICE: Index onek_stringu1: Pages 28; Tuples 1000: Deleted 1000. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
NOTICE: Index onek_hundred: Pages 12; Tuples 1000: Deleted 1000. Elapsed 0/0 sec.
VACUUM
Compatibilidad
SQL92
h2E$;N,/GCF$$'&724(*^+-12UVL4
$'+ N -Z
n^
n
Captulo 15. Aplicaciones
!J&JP\\!]x4tJ&PL!&!]P%!
b
createdb
Nombre
createdb
*]]'!'!P(PGb,z4
Synopsis
createdb [ options ] dbname [ descripcion ]
Inputs
P G host
!]\! PG PGb\C!%\JGP
%%,]t
!P' postmaster
Pt port
G,*,tbS (c6bLT3IPZ!,! W!3L!,
!\0P44,3 postmaster ,Gb%! ]h
cP
G,t\ username
4\VP

,*b
7 #

,'#<
,
Y4JbV createdb ,4#4\PP(!JJ%%!P
,!
,
#\bt]]
J b datadir
*P#,tb
!&]G&!'!bPOt,Gb#!'
G'!
!bG!%<]PP3]<b(!,,\ %*P
!'b'!
!bPO,G,!
C!'!b

,*P! encoding
!GC!,!,G\!4P!*P!4x
V4GtP
!'!b
dbname
!P\!0GVP]0**!!!P\!V
*VbLP!O!'!bPOP,z43,,Gb2!PPC
\P0h,!'L!<!bPP\\VP\&LIJt
!z\
description

C*P\,%*J\\,#44GP!#V%
! P\b
,!
!C*P -h -p -U -W -e P3CG!O,t\'
Outputs
!'!'P(',!,cb\,
CREATE DATABASE
V!'b
createdb: Creacion de la base de datos fallida.
createdb: Comentario a la creacion fallida. (La base de datos fue creada.)
!P\tnz*P7tJV%!J!P&4 P!!#G,L*!
!LG(!<!b\G\'P!t ,!J*,!&!, !IP\!
z4
!#"%$ &' $)( *
&+*-,.*-/%"3

P\b!,GC!,I
z \W,tP&7!*P ,!,tP&!,\b
!4GVP!
\bt! 0!,G 21.3465%37865:9;:<+3 t\(P!!
Descripcion
%VJG]!%!bLPGb,z4<!!%tJbJ
createdb
\
!4
*P
,,z,4!
'!&!P
JG h#,!,Y\!z4 21.3465%3=7865>:94:<+3
%createdb
<!,b\b 0!]c4 ?JG #!J
<,*P4!!!O!bPbVbn\P!PGb]<( psql
!P!CGc(JG,t!PC!hGOO!P<b,*b!P
J PGb!bI\ !,CP!*P4C!
]
!'PtV! psql ],t'P , libpq

Uso
t',n]'!'!P
$ createdb demo
CREATE DATABASE
AB
demo
b!4Pt!PhC!bV!
&!'!b@
!&,GC!,Gb&
\\ ,G,hV!Ltn,c\!4!Lz4EFG"%*-H
&2"E( *2&I*-,.*-/%"O
t4\G!!b demo !Yb\V,6\\7
! C!,tbK
JLLL !\J!
!P LATIN1 34\!],
b]G !M @
$ createdb -p 5000 -h eden -E LATIN1 -e demo
CREATE DATABASE "demo" WITH ENCODING = LATIN1
CREATE DATABASE
createlang
Nombre
createlang
bc4
!'
b'!'P\P]'!'!P
?ON
Synopsis
createlang [ opciones_conexion ] [ nom_leng [ nombre_bd ] ]
createlang [ opciones_conexion ] -lista|-l
Inputs
createlang
b
P(b<\b@
langname
!*#hP\#!,b0!0t\T!,,U##3
!! createlang bPJP langname GP4!!\VRQ
!'\!
S !\UT
nombre_bd
!GC QW V
'!
PG'
N!P

Y''
&Phb,O&Gb!Ph
L&!b!4
!&!2
\R V,C<Pb\bVLRQL!(\!PP\
createlang
P\,P(!&*PI.@
A
P G host
!!\! PG!XPP postmaster YP#
t!n
b port
!GC!'zV (zzP!z\J%,0P', postmasYPb!,cP
ter
\' username
4#P!'G&]P2
7 #

!b',G#P<
Outputs
! J\PQJ!%P&\JJhGP\#!b\b4,cbP*c#&ZQ
t
*PP*P
T,OP\!Tc4Z

XPcreatelang
O!b2'b\RV#-echo
[U
hXPOP!!,I
Descripcin
'b!Wt4 N!(\,4!J\P
createlang
L!<!bPh!PcVW?4b\b createlang t,4b'!Ph@
plsql pltcl
?4#!2b,!#t\Y!,h* !Y% N!!P4!
\bJ!#t&\!&c4 G%\,!4 createlang
#!# ,PWVX
P4\ P*!t; 0! . 123;65%3^]_a`-b:c%:b3 3X
P
\h
Notas
4bde *:_f t

tn!
Uso
t'
pltcl
$ createlang pltcl
A
createuser
Nombre
createuser

bc4
Synopsis
createuser [ opciones ] [ nombre_usuario ]
Inputs
P G host
!GC!,P\
! PC!'XP%GP'
, postmaster *P
b puerto
!#,b\ (cY\,P*n43P0!0 postmaster
,!'O,cP
,
U,Gbt
(P!O createdb t
+Q
z,<
,
#\bt],Gb

,,!
!,t\b
zO!'P
J ,,!
\!
ztV,n('!b
!G,
!,t\b
zPP(PI
? !!
\!
ztV,nbO!tP
#P\
cV*,GbV P\,
\b P7\V!
!,c#IJ tcreateuser
nt!bJVh,*,Gt%zJ,'n,
#Ph#P(
id_usuario
!&,t\b',P4&tV
V
P&G&!Pb!bV
4OOb
Ag
G,*P\!GtW!PcV6!G3,2P!b3\
! &ih!b!&P!OP<IbO#bc4T
z&!bPPh\
0!,hP]\P3 ]
*V#
R Q]!&*P\!P
!C*P -h -p -e P3<b\b' [ !OP psql -U -W
\RV,0
!0 ,4C!,!'#b'bIn
nombre_usuario
Outputs
cP! !V
CREATE USER
4V2!PtV
,!
z&!&0 c\,GL!&,tP!!I*0&\PGbP0! 21.34:1jcD<kcl:1.mn

X
PO!
createuser: creation of user "username" failed
Descripcin

#VGPcVT2cP\b
P(O*P
*b!40#] pg_shadow !,0*,n(!P(PGb,%usesu
!PPt% ,ItIb%*P\!z4 21.34:1=c8<ic%:o
createuser
12
mn %+
VL!,b\b !%PcV ?J> Q #!4,G,
T,\P\W!*,'tP4P
\!7!0,GbPVPbPJX
Vb!Pc!b7
psql !OP!0POG#J%!!%(!]!P
PLPt!JV'X
P
&<*,!p ?4\\ !P!n!,
!,h'!&P!P]Ct psql libpq

createuser
per
Uso
t',n#!
joe
#]'!&!PO!,*bk@
$ createuser joe
Is the new user allowed to create databases? (y/n) n
Shall the new user be allowed to create more new users? (y/n) n
CREATE USER
tV*,'!\\\ joe !PGb\,'XP0!,

b!,b#P\b#b]],#*k@
JLLUL
$ createuser -p 5000 -h eden -D -A -e joe

CREATE USER "joe" NOCREATEDB NOCREATEUSER
CREATE USER
Aq
dropdb
Nombre
dropdb sr
t

!'!bPOPGb,z4Ib
Synopsis
dropdb [ opciones ] nombre_bd
Inputs
P G host
!GC!,h\3! L!#XP33 postmaster ,GYV
*Pt,!
Pt puerto
!'I% (c#J4I,c postmaster b!
*PI,
G,t\ nombre_usuario
#\
!&GV*P#P

,*bt
7 #

P!*P3'#G#P<
,
U,Gbt
#bb< dropdb ,t
+Q
z,<
,
#\bt],Gb

,t*b
?4b( !b!b !'Pt\P3
+
V!PP\2
nombre_bd
!GC!,P\'!
G,O
!P
t! &G,h!
cbb(,,b!'PGb,z4T
!C*P -h -p -U -W -e
G0\,

A
Outputs
!'!'P
G!PtV,cb
DROP DATABASE
4 ]!
zGOP!h4 O\PP(\O!,tP!,,(u0!(!PWvC

X
PO\
dropdb: Database removal failed.
Descripcin
!,Gb&!&!'P!PcVcbbt!PV&t!b',Gb
dropdb
\!&G,#tV!']'!&!bO3,n
&PPt! C*CP(!P\!#cV\!wvC
dropdb
PL\!Cb\,t *b 4bc4< 4bV\! !
VPt!n!<!PP!\!%!<bLbx
VP!PI!%
psql !hbt!0O,#%3G,t!PO!L!!P<Y P
Y\ Y, &!nPc\R V, ,%PJP]!7S
t,
!',Pt!
t psql libpq G&
Uso
t'!b'!
!P
demo
,,,t!P!
G,O'!bOPh!*l@
$ dropdb demo
DROP DATABASE
t'!b'!&!P
!4PP\bh!, C -JLLL
#!P0 #demo
b
],#\ I @
$ dropdb -p 5000 -h eden -i -e demo
Database "demo" will be permanently deleted.
Are you sure? (y/n) y
DROP DATABASE "demo"
DROP DATABASE
droplang
Nombre
droplang sr
AA
Pt
b&!
P\P!']'!'P(PcV
Synopsis
droplang [ opciones de conexin ] [ nombre_lenguaje [ nombre_bd ] ]
droplang [ opciones de conexin ] -list|-l
Inputs
droplang
'(bO\,V#RQ,]!'\!@
nombre_lenguaje
G,*O\!,O,!P\,*P6!,*6
t2 droplang P# nombre_lenguaje hS !
0]R Q,!'P\!PI
S !\UT
nombre_bd
!GC!!,!'W V
'!
PG'!'Ptz

Y444!%P'b,&4Gb!P&4]!J!P&!#
!&!2
\R V,\V
b
\,P,\RQV!4\!
\
droplang
P\,P(!&*PI.@
P G host
!GC!,P\
! PC!'XP]

Pt postmaster
Pt puerto
!GC!,C!,tb4 (zVPPPGP'z postmaster ,!'
*PI,I
G,t\ nombre_usuario
#\
!&GV*P#P

']bt
7 #

P#!
#G#P<
Outputs
!\Q0!VP%\]!tP&I7&>QnPIc!\]G th,
*PUP*
S\#2bW\ScVZPt,GP!,t
droplang
X
P!b2Y'\R V-echo
0
Ay
Descripcin
,<tOtC4!2b(!(P\,VIGbb(J&
droplang
&!<!bbc4< droplang *b\b&*,L!P!2b,z@ plsql pltcl
?43P,!3P\P *6,!UJPt!PV!
\bLb!JhP\!Phz4 h\,!(G droplang L
(P\P]nX
P P!OG2{0! 7O1.n-|a]U:`-b:c%:b3 (XPn!b
Notas
4b e Uf h#

Uso
t'
pltcl
$ droplang pltcl
dropuser
Nombre
dropuser sr
Pt
Gt4b
Synopsis
dropuser [ opciones ] [ nombre_usuario ]
Inputs
P G host
!GC!,OP\! PL!XPU3, postmaster G#P
tb
Pt puerto
!*3bW (cZP<hP0h postmaster
*PI,
,
U,Gbt
#bb<
,
#\bt],Gb

A}
createdb
+QP<
,t*b
?4b('P!
!b
nombre_usuario
G,*]PP\!'!PcV]]hPt!n!
P\
!VI',S0*PSPcPSP\Gn\G
*V#R Q]!'P\!P
!C*P -h -p -e P3<b\b' [ !OP

\R V,0 P#!P 4!#O#'P,cb
psql -U
-W
Outputs
cP! !V
DROP USER
?4# Pt!4Ptn
!G!0WtP \,G2b!P'!!,YP0\bt!0!
cD<3%1 Ct
X
P!!,I
dropuser: deletion of user "username" failed
7-1.n-|
Descripcin
thGPcVI,~]OO!
!bO

tdropuser
4Pc&(GP(P usesuper b!V,
*G pg_shadow C!
!0!,GbhO!'PGb,z4<
,<b0!P G,!P\!c4 7-1.n-|c8<+3%1
dropuser
PL\!Cb\,t*b 4bc4< 4bV\! !
VPt!n!<!PP!\!%!<bLbx
VP!PI!%
psql !hbt!0O,#%3G,t!PO!L!!P<Y P
Y\ Y, &!nPc\R V, ,%PJP]!7S
t,
!',Pt!
t psql libpq G&
Uso
t'
joe
!z!Ph!'!&!PO!2l@
$ dropuser joe
DROP USER
t0Pt
n!t
!nb\,T P<,! XJLLL *P
tP0 !Vjoe
V]
*P],Gl@
$ dropuser -p 5000 -h eden -i -e joe
User "joe" and any owned databases will be permanently deleted.
Are you sure? (y/n) y
A
DROP USER "joe"

DROP USER
ecpg
Nombre
!\!3cV PGP,P*,G! PtP!V,#z4!
ecpg
Synopsis
ecpg [ -v ] [ -t ] [ -I include-path ] [ -o outfile ]
Inputs
ecpg
'O,\PO0RQ,]!'\!@
file
Outputs
ecpg
*,P#! VP,
stdout
G!P!
Descripcin
pgaccess
Nombre
pgaccess
yB
b'P!VbV!PGb,
file1 [ file2 ] [ ... ]
Synopsis
pgaccess [ dbname ]
Entradas
dbname
!P\
!']''!bOIb
Salidas
Descripcin
P'!]
P*'
bO!P!'
!,0,GbP
pgaccess
,!t hb ,**OP
b\!&*,!bObt+V!'bP(P#PGV! ZfI\ ZfM[
\@
pgaccess
?4,hO!
!bO##!b\! ,*!V! P
G
zCtb #P4*! ,P\'!
G#P<
cOcl
zG
!nx(,0P ~/.pgaccessrc
P# pgaccess \b+@

hbLbP P3XPI\!
P(
?4X

\L,!b\ N3!4
\!,!3RQ''P
\
b!IbV#!I
P\\,']!',!!&!P
?L!M

#\b!'bt!'
'
,cPc!' P<I,tPO 4 0'2
W U
4P> b!P(\
bP!'\\,P%*\]
P%,'
!GC!',nP!M
P!,*P
I
P&PIbV,,\O\t
!!PM
P!
#P
],*
r PtGbZ W
?-N!,P(,bPZ n!,VGbVP3,zb! 4!zb
b#Gbb
,\h!Pb

\PYGPJ !!7Pbt P\T
P(\P Q!
P#*P
pgaccess
\@
y
! n!b\bO\!' I ed 8 d + e

?4\*,*PO\I
zP,\P(PPO!'bt!bP!!P(Ph,z!IO t
select * from invoices where year=[parameter "Year of selection"]
,!b!4!']PGb]!',*P3b2
zb<!&*P#G,t !b !,,
']!7b'!!V]7P!E
G!'b
0
P#G,*,* pgaccess ,t\b+@

,*Phb(,c,,I
r Ptt
P#b pgaccess ,t\b+@
t(!V*PO\b
0 #P!!O!'P!P#!n
_ Nh!,(
Pt!(I,
P#P pgaccess ,t\b+@

tI
,*PI
r Pt
P#P\ pgaccess C\+@
\(G(!']b'Gb2
\b b\ NV!
\Pbb
n!,hPt\O!']G&!'!b
Gn \,Gb(!&\,(Ptt
P#P\tP pgaccess \+@
?4P\tPO!!P<P,
4#\!!'!_ NV!
\
?4!,]P!bP<!
PO!V#!,!'P
P#G pgaccess \@
tPz
Y!
!\tb(!OPhP
y
pgadmin
Nombre
!PO t\,'!_NV\b\xV!'!
!pgadmin
b !#
J;c#
Synopsis
pgadmin [ nombre de datosfuente [ nombre de usuario [ palabraclave ] ] ]
Entradas
nombre de datosfuente
!P\(!OVGb
!r PGb,z4Ib( Pb(!4
nombre de usuario
40P\&!LGt4+P!J
I!
palabra clave
477\+Pt\<*
nombre de usuario
Resultados
Descripcin
t\,&!<PJICtL!_NMP \b V!\

pgadmin
nO!
!b!'PJ !P#8J ;
#n
,*b Q! @
!btOc43PtI
b&!]\P\?L!ZCtJ&!%!b b ! G,*,
Gb P\!'t P<V
bObt4P P<Vt
PPP!
GP##\tPt]!&#!&G2
P!'(b!'YPYz P
yg
L!t'\bhI!PI
?L!M
\t r !'!P
\!!P]7!V!b Q !*, %

?
GVGb4t,!\b4!J'C!4<!z!!!%
!pgadmin
P b
@ !c##0 !\ ,G,t n
Notas
b
@ !c# !\ ,G,t n
pg_dump
Nombre
pg_dump
!cbt&]'!&!PO!PO#! V!'t
Synopsis
pg_dump [ base_de_datos ]
pg_dump [ -h husped ] [ -p puerto ]
[ -t tabla ]
[ -a ] [ -c ] [ -d ] [ -D ] [ -n ] [ -N ]
[ -o ] [ -s ] [ -u ] [ -v ] [ -x ]
[ base_de_datos ]
Entrada
pg_dump
*C
P<b(\bO!']RQ!&*P\!l@
base_de_datos
Q
!\!VV!!Pcbt
&*P\,GYP!zPh!&t'!',Pt4c
]PO!b ,z\]O!,G2
!\]P\
,(!&*,
yq
]P\PP(P<!&!
0
]P\P<P#\O!'b!bP
0
base_de_datos
ct\'<*P\&!P&!b!!P 4\,&%P
\4tI!Gb,!4<\ zL\G\!
P!%b]<L!<C(PL!b!G!JJ
*P!
P!, pg_dump +

P\<O#P(!,!P,It!Gb'Oz,GYP!t
]P(!P!'P,b,P< Ct'*!
0
]Pz,\]O!,!*P !b
0
tabla
0
]Ct'
tabla
\b
h
4J,\C(\!#!%J!]!%P\J!]G
*&!'
!*
P\!VtP Q
!'c!J!D? !h*P\!Phttc,P4
Pt\P0!&CP
!!

\R V,b4P'Gb'\,P&!JRQJ!JP\!4P
pg_dump
\
bP!'PI.@
husped
puerto
! GC!,P\
! WV,G,!'XPJ,0]*zG
,GYPtb!,
!PP!(3P*C'!P\0P4J!

*postmaster
PI#
G,*P,tb!
,t, (cVI,GP!
VGP,!
!P\
4PcJ* postmaster
,GYP&!%LGLYh!,cP
!UMh!SYP!]!3W:J_ SO%!!3\,
GPY P],*!,2
4(bPJ*PJ!Ox!
nombre_de_usuario clave_de_acceso
y
Salida
pg_dump
{P]!# 4tP
stdout
La conexin con la base de datos template1 fall. connectDB() fall:

Est el postmaster ejecutndose y acceptando conexiones en el Socket
de UNIX en el puerto puerto?
!3t
7 W VS,G
* pg_dump
!P2zP
,Gb
\ postmaster
!!' postmaster
G'
tb!
WV7! JGb7,!#C,tb#*P,*bn*c7GbJ
+h0,\]!'bb**P t&
Gbb'(C,O!'
b#,t!,
La conexin con la base de datos base_de_datos fall. FATAL 1: SetUserId: el usuario nombre_de_usuario no est en pg_shadow
4,C'
!'IP!
0
P
V'P
\
!V,*4] Pb
3!\pg_shadow
!P!
b
JGb(!,,t\%<CLG(!(!PI b(L!\bt!
!'
P
dumpSequence(tabla): SELECT fall
Nota: pg_dump ejecuta internamente las directivas SELECT. Si tiene problemas ejecutando pg_dump, verifique que puede seleccionar la informacin de la base de datos mediante el uso de, por ejemplo, psql.
Descripcin
nVbt]CtOPCLO!O!bPbnJV ]!O
pg_dump
b!0P\!PL!]*!P< <!G3Pt\ 0!bcb0
!,n!hCtLPGbW Qn
<!<!b V,bhXPh4
bbtI
P! P'(P!bOh,b!P
P%!,!!P]Cpg_dump
',n Q! *! \P!
_ ?4!P\b bP!##!b%P!07\b\!Ib\!!
\b'C! \R V#,!'\! ,t\b3!
hbILCIP4L&L!(!P&<L&\!!
pg_dump
PWP0P W V!Vt pg_dump !,4c\
G!]G!%4P,%J!* ,G,*\b%%J4!
\*PO!O,
',tPt
Notas
bJP<\bP!L\b,&G3t\,]!J!
pg_dump
!3t'InO\b \P!
OPO!z,\
yA
,V6 Q!
,I!P
\G\0b!b
pg_dump
\
,_P<C,C!P('
Q!,OG
\0\PI
\b]P,PLt!!(,bL!O!P<0!
pg_dump
!P,O!
\\!
Uso
t'!'!
!b!,\\\'
,l@
% pg_dump > db.out
t',h,Gb'!
!P@
% psql -e base_de_datos < db.out
pg_dumpall
Nombre
pg_dumpall
cbt&P!O!'!bObO## 4!'
Synopsis
pg_dumpall
pg_dumpall [ -h mquina ] [ -p puerto ] [ -a ] [ -d ] [ -D ] [ -O ] [ s ] [ -u ] [ -v ] [ -x ]
Entradas
pg_dumpall
]PO!b ,z\]O!,G2
0
b
P(b<\bO!'RQ]!&!,z@
]P(P(P\P(!'*!,(!,*!
0
]P(P(P\P(P3P\O!'btb
0
yy
ct\'<*P\&!P&!b!!P 4\,&%P
\&t!4!&*GnP\c nP!b!POG
CtO,G,!G*P\!,!P*
]P(!P!'P,b,P< C!&*!
b
0
]Pz,\]O!,!*P O!b
0
4J,P]!]*,Gn*!%P\]!%Gt0V
!'
!GC\Qz\P!'!,P
!b
,P!V? !h!htzP,'\#!,z,
!'b
b\R V\CVP
Gb
\bP\VRQV!JP!'\
pg_dumpall
P\,P(!&*PI.@
husped
Q
P
',z\L!&'X
P,
c&,GY P
b,*b!
!
!n(#GP,C!'!P\PP4]#,!']postmaster
PI
puerto
Q
! #b\bt,( (zU7, ,\!#!P\7J3T,

*P,GYV postmaster C IP Mh\,P!',
JU ,P
t&!
,PtV 3P !!P2
4(bPJ*PJ!Ox!
Salida
pg_dumpall
P# V*P
nombre_de_usuario clave_de_acceso
stdout
La conexin a la base de datos template1 fall. connectDB() fall: Est postmaster ejecutndose y aceptando conexiones en el Socket UNIX
en el puerto puerto?
Y!St(CP
\XPY
pg_dumpall
*2cP
b
\,b ,tpostmaster

postmaster YV
tP
!%*P,*b\]\ % V,GCW4b7,**zG7(!
y}
thW,\!4bb**P7,tVVb b!
**!,(!&b
La conexin a la base de datos base_de_datos fall. FATAL 1: SetUserId: el usuario nombre_de_usuario no est en pg_shadow
JGb0b%!]+P!],]P
00P]\
!VzPGb, b&*P#!\Gpg_shadow
b!Phb
#0b]\t],OJG!]!bPI P*b]4\\Gb!PO!P

dumpSequence(tabla): SELECT fall
Nota: pg_dumpall ejecuta internamente directivas SELECT. Si tiene problemas ejecutando pg_dumpall, asegrese de que puede consultar informacin de la base de datos
usando, por ejemplo, psql.
Descripcin
G0!_ N0P
P!]J%!!b%PJSS! n
cpg_dumpall
\RV,\,*4bVv !P 'P4b

G,
!%! b
(,VbO %nP!,nPtbn(*,PXPb*\
pg_dumpall
!
]!&G,(!&!PO P!b!'n(!P
P\7b00P,#! pg_dump -f -t base_de_datos
!pg_dumpall
pQ#\b!c
V,t' Z fM d +J X
PPt\P3P#4b]bt
!b!<
,%
Uso
t'P!OG,O'!b@
% pg_dumpall > db.out
Sugerencia: Puede usar la mayora de las opciones de pg_dump con pg_dumpall.
t',h,Gb'!
!P@
% psql -e template1 < db.out
Sugerencia: Puede usar la mayora de las opciones de psql cuando vuelva a cargarlas.
y
psql
Nombre
psql
bc43,t*b
\
Synopsis
psql [ options ] [ dbname [ user ] ]
Summary
n<,t\ P b]bc4<@z,!P0b]OV

psql
,tb* % P z4 ]#,GbZ?4bt
#'P J3!!P C!,(]\P\b *P\\!(tP
&,x4bL#btbh3b\V
#!Ltb4b
Description
Connecting To A Database
]!Pc4&bzZP!]S*PLbT!bzG
psql
PbP \CPb*C! PGb\]PtC\
0G,t
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!b\<c*

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P\UPYPOP
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b,bCPL
',P3P3&\!&PnV0 Gbt P
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G,t ,c psql #b003b\
Entering Queries
UPt\(Pb psql !V\CL# \3& 3#

(*b0bVP#
KpWW*Ph,c\
psql
$ psql testdb
Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.
Type:
}B
\copyright for distribution terms

\h for help with SQL commands
\? for help on internal slash commands

\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
\q to quit
testdb=>
4 JP\ %G,(\Jz47!,t,I !t !'n

L,# 0& b\b\P0, <?J#L!Ph
,t\biz %J70TP
tn,%
cO
## PC
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,,,,(V ]m<+5%3W` 'I !`-bnO 5% mpsql

?
psql Meta-Commands
4 #P,h
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4 psql 2P P\\!V# (\psql
psql
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G bP P\\,& \pset
z 3\P
LP\\7!,t(PPM L#LC,title
P#title
#
*P03 !U
P \c S dbname S username TwT
\connect
! PP#4!,'<c!n'G,\2 &
P ,*bP0< dbname - L,z!b(\LG \,<
username (P\b
th\
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!,&h L!PG,nP# &b,0Vbtb psql # P
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Nota: This section only shows a few examples specific to psql. If you want to learn SQL
or get familiar with PostgreSQL, you might wish to read the Tutorial that is included in the
distribution.
L ,c\( P b%'tJP!hP2#P&
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testdb=> CREATE TABLE my_table (
testdb-> first integer not null default 0,
testdb-> second text
testdb-> );
CREATE
#P PP0
b'!b.@
testdb=> \d my_table
Table "my_table"
Attribute | Type
|
Modifier
-------+------+------------first
| integer | not null default 0
second
| text
|
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testdb=> \set PROMPT1 %n@%m %~%R%#

peter@localhost testdb=>
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...
peter@localhost testdb=> SELECT * FROM my_table;

first | second
-----+----1 | one
2 | two
3 | three
4 | four
(4 rows)
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peter@localhost testdb=> \pset border 2
Border style is 2.
+-----+-----+
| first | second |
+-----+-----+
|
1 | one
|
|
2 | two
|
|
3 | three |
|
4 | four
|
+-----+-----+
(4 rows)
Border style is 0.
first second
--- ---1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
(4 rows)
Border style is 1.
peter@localhost testdb=> \pset format unaligned
Output format is unaligned.
peter@localhost testdb=> \pset fieldsep ","
Field separator is ",".
peter@localhost testdb=> \pset tuples_only
Showing only tuples.
peter@localhost testdb=> SELECT second, first FROM my_table;
one,1
two,2
three,3
four,4
4b
' P\\!z@
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peter@localhost testdb=> \a \t \x
Output format is aligned.
Tuples only is off.
Expanded display is on.
-[ RECORD 1 ]first | 1
second | one
gBB
second | two
second | three
second | four
Appendix
Bugs and Issues
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Nombre
pgtclsh
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Synopsis
pgtclsh [ base_de_datos ]
Entrada
base_de_datos
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base_de_datos
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vacuumdb
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vacuumdb
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Synopsis
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[ -table tabla [ ( columna [,...] ) ] ] [ [-d] nombre_bd ]
Entradas
vacuumdb
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Captulo 16. Aplicaciones del sistema
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initdb
Nombre
initdb

]b#!
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Synopsis
initdb [
[
[
[
[
[
-pgdata|-D dbdir ]
-sysid|-i sysid ]
-pwprompt|-W ]
-encoding|-E encoding ]
-pglib|-L libdir ]
-noclean | -n ] [ -debug | -d ] [ -template | -t ]
Inputs
!b dbdir
dbdir
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initlocation
Nombre
'tP,
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Synopsis
initlocation directory
Entradas
directory
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$ export PGDATA2=/opt/postgres/data
$ initlocation PGDATA2
$ createdb testdb -D PGDATA2/testdb
4b,\b b\&IQ bP(!Q'tU@

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$ initlocation /opt/postgres/data
$ createdb testdb -D /opt/postgres/data/testdb
ipcclean
Nombre
!\\]\Ctb!(G,XPP!,!Z
ipcclean
bCP
Synopsis
ipcclean
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#
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pg_passwd
Nombre
pg_passwd
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Synopsis
pg_passwd filename
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% psql -h hyalos -u unv
Username: pg_guest
Password:
Bienvenido al monitor interactivo de PostgreSQL:
Lea por favor el archivo COPYRIGHT para los trminos de derechos de autor del tipo de PostgreSQL.
Escriba \? para la ayuda en comandos slash (/)
Escriba \q para salir
Escriba \g o terminar con punto y coma para ejecutar la consulta
Usted est conectado actualmente con la base de datos: unv
unv =>
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user=pg_guest password=xxxxxxx");
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pg_upgrade
Nombre
Ct\b
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Synopsis
pg_upgrade [ -f filename ] old_data_dir
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postgres
Nombre
postgres
z#P*,G4bO!':h
Synopsis
postgres [ dbname ]
postgres [ -B nBuffers ] [ -C ] [ -D DataDir ] [ -E ] [ -F ]
[ -O ] [ -Q ] [ -S SortSize ] [ -d [ DebugLevel ] ] [ -e ]
[ -o ] [ OutputFile ] [ -s ] [ -v protocol ] [ dbname ]
Entradas
postgres
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Nota: Para Windows NT, el porte de la parte del servidor Postgres se ha conseguido
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Plataformas no soportadas
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Captulo 18. Opciones de Configuracin

Parmetros de configuracin (configure)
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Nombre de directorios y ficheros:
-prefix=PREFIX
ficheros de instalacin independiente de la arquitectura en PREFIX
[/usr/local/pgsql]
-bindir=DIR
ejecutables de usuario en el DIR [EPREFIX/bin]
-libdir=DIR
libreras de cdigo objeto en el DIR [EPREFIX/lib]
-includedir=DIR
ficheros de cabeceras C en el in DIR [PREFIX/include]
-mandir=DIR
documentacin man en el DIR [PREFIX/man]
Caractersticas y paquetes:
-disable-FEATURE
no incluir la FEATURE (lo mismo que -enableFEATURE=no)
-enable-FEATURE[=ARG] incluir FEATURE [ARG=yes]
-with-PACKAGE[=ARG]
usar PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
-without-PACKAGE
no usar PACKAGE (lo mismo que -with-PACKAGE=no)
-enable y -with opciones reconocidas:
-with-template=template
usar el fichero plantilla del sistema operativo
ver directorio plantilla
-with-includes=incdir
sitio donde estn los fichero cabecera para tk/tcl, etc. en el DIR
-with-libs=incdir
buscar libreras tambin en DIR
-with-libraries=libdir
buscar libreras tambin en DIR
-enable-locale
activa el soporte local
-enable-recode
activa el soporte de codificacin cirlica
-with-mb=encoding
activa el soporte para multibyte
-with-pgport=portnum
cambia el puerto de inicio por defecto
-with-maxbackends=n
define el nmero mximo por defecto de procesos servidores
-with-tcl
construye interfaces Tcl y pgtclsh
-with-tclconfig=tcldir
tclConfig.sh y tkConfig.sh estn en DIR
-with-perl
construye interfaces con Perl
-with-odbc
construye el paquete del driver ODBC
-with-odbcinst=odbcdir
cambia el directorio por defecto de odbcinst.ini
-enable-cassert
activa los chequeos de afirmacin (depurando)
-with-CC=compiler
usa el compilador de C especificado
-with-CXX=compiler
usa el compilador de C++ especificado
-without-CXX
previene la construccin de cdigo C++
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# Makefile.custom
# Thomas Lockhart 1999-06-01
POSTGRESDIR= /opt/postgres/current
CFLAGS+= -m486 -O2
# documentation
HSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/html
PSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/print
Soporte Local
Nota: Escrito por Oleg Bartunov. Ver Olegs web page 1 para ms informacin sobre el
soporte de lengua local y Rusa.
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8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
LC_ALL = (unset),
LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
LANG = (unset)
are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
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Nota: Puedes desear obtener la versin del MIT si tu proveedor te proporciona una versin, ya que en algunos puntos de venta est deliberadamente capado o proporcionado
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Atencin
Debe usted asegurarse de que su base de datos no se actualiza
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Captulo 21. Instalacion en Win32
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src
copy include\config.h.win32 include\config.h

nmake /f win32.mak
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Instalacion de las librerias
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Usando las librerias
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Captulo 22. Entorno de tiempo de ejecucin

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Usando pg_options
Nota: Contribucin de Massimo Dal Zotto 1

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#timestamp
980127.17:52:14.173
980127.17:52:14.174
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.19:52:14.292
980127.19:52:14.413
980127.19:52:14.466
#pid
[29271]
[29271]
[29271]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
#message
StartTransactionCommand
ProcessUtility: drop table t;
SIIncNumEntries: table is 70% full
Async_NotifyHandler
Waking up sleeping backend process
Async_NotifyFrontEnd
Async_NotifyFrontEnd done
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option=valor_entero
option
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# Establece el valor de
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option
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verbose=2
query
hostlookup
showportnumber
Opciones reconocidas
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=(7%*+,-,e%=?(i%0>:<3%+,#&(7/1:<(i#&(7/14-,%/1:<(q(*+0>5#&%/14 >?Postgres
95? Su;5=3@.5 (94(7)/1(7/
%1%4-,(*/149+,U`%+,=(7g% +,%L:<% N +,%
XJK3%/14(7+c0>#&%/14 @%=V%u%-,;5/1%=
pg_group
@=?-,`c-,+,(*;-,W%+Z;=3@^S
Crear Usuarios
Crear Grupos
0>:<3%+,#&(7/1:<(L/1&_1%JR3/1%qCD=?#&%C%0>-,+4(i0>=(7%7=Y;=3@ 4(L33%=V-,S%J[\3(9%1%4-,=M

+,5wG%0>:3%+,-,e%=V+,93/1B%&3/1B(7/+,%&:% N +,%
S8=L(VPQ(7#&@+,âPQ5+,+,J5-,/1M
(7=V:-,/1:<K@;;5=3@ m ;=/1%#&(7XG;=J-,4X;5pg_group
=+,-,:<yPQ5+,+,J5table
R`%+,3(7 m @:_1%0>'5(7=?X *X
$v*Xx 71yf~jGT|Lvx*PQ+,+,Jq;5=V%/1:-,/1(7=?:G/LC
:U;5=?3@@:<_1%0>'5(7=?>FI~M
uTuPQ5+,+,J5"02%#&@5"4(g@;5;=3@5/"aV;=/1%#&(a?T+G/1# N =?(Y4(7+G;5=3@S?T:(0>%#&M
@[4( N (4(i(*=3/1-,0>%#&(7/1:<(9%+,CD%/13#&7=?-,02^S~[%1%4%
3 N =?%J%45
3r:=u-,;/1u4(
@3/1:3%02-,/"S26;=J-,4gaT+c-,4n4(*+c;5=3@S2T+c:<-,@4(7+c0>%#&@(*I-,/1:JO4( N (
4(u(7=W/1-,M
0>q@%=?% 0>%4%u;5=3@S26;5=5+,-,:Va%u+,-,:%L4(u-,4&4(d3%=V-,I\3(u@(7=?:(7/1(*02(*/]%+;=3@^S2T:<(
0>%#&@(7W4(Y:-,@L-,/1:cS
Asignar usuarios a los Grupos
Control de Acceso
85:<;=(7Y@=@=?0z-,5/1%i#&(*02%/1-,#&@%=?%u@(7=?#&-,:-,=W% +,533%=V-,Y+,-,#&-,:<%=W(7+1%0>0>(7\3(

5:<=5"33%=?-,5W:(7/14=?/q%U364%:<5S
jZ3@.(7=Vd3%=?-,564(+,%d%(4( %:<5
5jG3@(7=?3%=?-,54("+,% N %("4("4%:<5 m %\3(7+,+,^\53(6:-,(*/1(7/ (7+702%#&@
%0>:-,`%415y.-,;/1=V%/O:<54I+,g0>/1:=+,(7g4(
%0>0>(7i4(702=?-,:<5g%/1:(7=?-,=V#&(*pg_user.usesuper
/1:(U0>/]4
(7{G0>(*@02-,/1(7a+,%Y%02:<3%+,-,e%02-,/1(7Y4(*+10>%:+,;5O4(*+1-,:<(7#&%i/1O(7:/[@(7=?#&-,:-,4%U(7+133%=?-,K/1K:-,(*/1( (*+10>%#&@
%0>:-,`%4XGJ]/13/10>%L( @.(7=?#&-,:(
+,%
4(7:=30>0>-,5/4(*+50>%:<+,;4(7pg_user.usecatupd
+-,:(7#&% m +,%d#&4-,)0>%0>-,/4(U36(7:<=?30>:<3=V%yzS
8=V-,`-,+,(7;5-,W4(%020>(7
T+.3K4(+,U@=V-,`-,+,(7;5-,U4(%0>0>(7K@%=V%+,-,#&-,:%=g+,%i+,(*02:<3=V%X(70>=V-,:<3=V%J[+,%@3(7:%
4(=(7;5+,%"%
+,%602+,%(*6(U:<=V%:%(7/ 1?>?2>? S
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4(7+ZJ:<(7#&%1S
Funciones y Reglas
%C3/102-,/1(7
J[+,%U=(7;5+,%@(7=?#&-,:(7/R%i+,d33%=?-,5U-,/1(7=?:%=I0>54-,;5[(7/R(*+(7=?`-,4=I4(
+,% N %(]4(O4%:<5i\3(&:=933%=?-,5i@3(74(7/(VPQ(70>3:<%= -,/% N (7=?+,^S # N 5i#&(70>%/1-,M
#&5g@(7=?#&-,:(7/K%u+,I33%=?-,I%+,P<%= z>>>"l> 0>/]=(7+,%:-,`%d-,#&@3/1-,4%4gS%u/1-,0>%
@=5:<(70>0>-,5/R(7C(*02:<-,`%i(7U3/n(7:<=(70>_1]0>5/1:<=5+ N =(L\3-,(*/@3(*4(L4(7)/1-,=YC3/10>-,5/1(* m @=
(VPQ(7#&@+,X7(70>=?- N -,=(7/9:<% N +,%h0>5/q0>%#&@ljGkLy5J=?(*;+,%S%# N -,7/9(Y=(*02#&-,(7/14%Y%34-,:<%=
(7;3-,#&-,(*/1:gJi%+,(7=?:%*W(*/
X
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pg_class pg_user
pg_group
Funciones
%gC3/10>-,/1(7I(70>=?-,:%W(7/]0>3%+,\3-,(*="+,(7/1;53%PQ(u(*{G0>(7@:<9jGkL[(d(VPQ(70>3:%/K@=6(7+5(*=V`-,4=
m (7+6(*=V`-,4=
4(]+,% N %(]4(]4%:90>/(7+W#&-,#&@(*=V#&-,B\3([(7+633%=V-,
S5postgres
Ti@5- N +,(]0>%# N -,%= +,%
4(O+,% N %(O4(O4%:<5iC3/c02-,/1%&02/(*+"3(*=?M-,44(
(7:=30>:3=?%4(64%:<5-,/1:(*=V/1%4(7+7(7=?`-,45=1@=+,5^3postgres
3%=V-,X4(*4("4(7/1:<=
4(6C3/10>-,5/1(*
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(7:<(
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0>3%+,\3-,(7=^-,:<(7#&%4(g02/1:=+Z4(Y%020>(7^S?T:<(Y(*"3/i@= N +,(7#&%-,/1_1(7=(7/1:<(Y%Y+,%lC3/10>-,5/1(7
4(7)/1-,4%"@=l+,W33%=?-,56(7/FLS
Reglas
Caveats
FY#&r(7/+,%iCD3/10>-,/1(79jGkX+,%i=?(*;+,%L:<%# N ,(*/(](VPQ(70>3:<%/02/+,%[-,4(7/1:<-,4%4Jr+,
@(7=?#&-,564(7+Z33%=?-,i\3(U+,+,%#&9%+Z(7=?`c-,4=4(U+,% N %(4(Y4%:S
_1(7=(i%=(i/1n@.+,%/1u:<n(*{G@+,-,0>-,:<+,J3@@=?:"(7/10>=VJ5@:<(744%:%q-,/1-,4(C68:<;=(* m :<_13;5_

:_1(*=?([-,/1:_1-,/;:@=(7`(7/1:3(7=?C=?#(*/10>=VJ5@:-,/1;4%:<%RsK-,:<_1-,/3(7=M4()/1(74C3/102M
:-,/1yzS_1(*=(6%=("/1d@+,%/1:<d(7{@+,-,0>-,:+,Jd3@@=?:Z(7/10>=VJ5@:<(74i/1(7:<s5=?'u0>/1/1(70>:-,/1X2(7-,:<_1(7=<X
@(7/14-,/1;i%
::<%+=?(*s=V-,:<(Cc:_1(UC=5/1:<(7/14gw N %0>'(*/14O@=5:<02+S
(7=L/1%#&(7X";5=?3@/1%#&(*K%/14%50>-,%:<(74J5:(*#-,4(7/1:-,)(7=? m (S ;S Xl:<_1(n0>/1:(7/1:<K5C
yG%=(W%3#&(749: N (g3/1-,\3(g:_1=3;5_13:%I4%:<% N %*(5S? /1@=(74-,0>:% N +,(
=pg_user.usesysid
(73+,:"#&%Ji50>0>3=h-,C1:_1(*J9%=(I/15:VS

Captulo 24. Agregar y Eliminar Usuarios

@(7=?#&-,:(d\3(d33%=V-,Y(7@(70>,)0>5g%0>02(*4.%/O%8:;5=?(*S
(*+,-,#&-,/1%
dropuser
3createuser

3%=V-,WJi@=(`-,(7/1(\3(U7:g%0>0>(741%/%
85:<;=(7S
T:%6=?4(7/1(76+,9%C(*02:<%/q%d+,I33%=V-,g0>/O=(7@(70z:9%d8:;5=(7G/19:<-,(7/1(*/O(7C(*02:<i(*/
5:<=56@=?-,`c-,+,(*;-,I4(*+533%=?-,99(7/K3[(*:<%4L02/]=(*@(*0:q%+5-,:(*#&%u5@(*=V%:<-,ì3 N J%M
0>(7/1:(5S

Captulo 25. Gestin de Disco

Localizaciones Alternativas
jZ( @3(74(L0>=(7%*=Y3/1% N %(L4(L4%:

(*/n3/1%9+,0>%+,-,e%0>-,/n4-,CD(*=(7/1:( %9+,%9(7:% N +,(*02-,4%i@5=
4(7C(202:<d43=?%/1:<("+,%g-,/1:%+,%02-,/"S|6(70>3(7=4(l\3(6:4+,%0>0>(75% N %(64("4%:0>3=V=(7/
=(7%*+,#&(7/1:(u%L:<=V%`c(*I4(7+@=50>(7(7/[(7;53/14@+,%/1X%\3( *:<( 4( N (u@.54(*=6%0>02(*4(7="%
0>3%+,\3-,(7=(7@(70>-,)02%02-,/"S
jZ(02=(7%*/n+,50>%+,-,e%02-,/1(7
%+,:(*=V/1%:-,`%UJ&=(7CQ(7=(7/10>-,%U#&(74-,%/1:(L3/1%q`%=?-,% N +,(L4(L(7/1:<5=?/1
\3(94%q(7+h@%:<_o% N +,3:&_1%:<%K+,%-,:3%0>-,/r4(i%+,#&%0>(7/1%#&-,(7/1:R4(*(*%4.%cST:%q`%=?-,%M
N +,(O4(](7/1:<5=?/1B4( N (O(*:<%= 4(7)/1-,4%&%/1:(*i4(]\3(](7+6@=02(*o(7/(*;3/14r@.+,%/1r(7%
%=?=V%*/10>%4iJ94( N (U(7=l#&4-,)0>% N +,(
#&(74-,%/1:<(U+,%d0>3(7/1:%u4(*+5%4#&-,/1-,:=?%4=l4(U@:;5=(7S
FY3%+,\3-,(*=`%=?-,% N +,(94(L(7/1:<5=?/1&@3(74(i(7=Y3:-,+,-,e%4%9@%=?%9=?(*CD(2=?-,=V(i%q3/1%q+,50>%+,-,e%02-,/
%+,:<(7=V/1%:-,`%7X- N -,(7/(U=(70>5#&-,(*/14%U+,%d3:<-,+,-,e%0>-,5/4(Y3/K/1# N =(U4(`%=?-,% N +,(0>/K@=(*)ZPQ
8u Y@%=?%U(7`-,:<%=02/1C3-,/KJ90>5/-,0>:90>/O:=?%"`%=?-,% N +,(7S
Nota: En versiones previas de Postgres, tambin estaba permitido utilizar un nombre de
path absoluto para especificar una localizacin de almacenamiento alternativa. Se prefiere el mtodo de especificacin de variables de entorno, puesto que concede al administrador del sistema ms flexibilidad en la gestin del almacenamiento en disco. Si prefiere utilizar paths absolutos, puede hacerlo definiendo "ALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS"
y recompilando Postgres. Para hacer esto, aada cualquiera de estas lneas
#define ALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS 1
al archivo src/include/config.h, o especifique

CFLAGS+= -DALLOW_ABSOLUTE_DBPATHS
en su Makefile.custom.
|6(*023(7=41(\53(9+,%0>=?(*%0>-,5/4(q3/1% N %(94(q4%:u+,%(VP<(*0>3:<%=?(*%+,#&(7/1:<(q3/@=50>(7&4(

+,% N %(L4(L4%:<5U(7/n(7;3/14[@+,%/1^S8=+,[:<%/1:<5X0>3%+,\3-,(7=Y`c%=?-,% N +,(i4(L(7/1:<5=?/1&\3(
(7@(70>-,)\3(
3/1% +,0>%+,-,e%0>-,/%+,:(*=V/1%:<-,`%d4( N (U(7="4(7)/1-,4% %/1:(764(
\3(
(7+5@=02(*i(7/
(7;3/14q@+,%/1q(7%%=V=?%*/102%4S>8%=V%u4(*)/1-,=63/1% +,02%+,-,e%0>-,5/O%+,:(*=V/1%:-,`%u%@3/1:%/149%
8u Y
X7@=V-,#&(*=?(70>=?- N %
/home/postgres/data
% setenv PGDATA2 /home/postgres/data
@%=?%I4(7)/1-,=+,%`%=?-,% N +,(g4(I(*/1:=?/1\53(Y(7=?3:<-,+,-,e%4%I0>5/i+,%l5=4(*/1(7h-,;3-,(*/1:(7S?~5=M

#&%+,#&(7/1:<(7X\3(*=V=?g4(7)/1-,=c(7:%g`%=?-,% N +,(6(*/ (7+7)0>_1(7=U4("-,/1-,0>-,%+,-,e%0>-,/ 4(7+*3@(7=133%=?-,
4(
85:<;=(7X

@%=?%u%(7;53=V%=h\3(d(7:u4(7)/1-,4q%+%=?=?%7/10>%="(*+c-,:(7M
.profile
#&%1SjZ(U@.3(74(
3:-,+,-,e%="0>3%.cshrc
+,\3-,(7="`%=?-,% N +,(
4(U(7/c:=V/1@%=?%d=(7C(7=-,=?(u%u3/1%u+,02%+,-,e%0>-,5/
%+,:<(7=V/1%:-,`%7X7%3/1\3((@=(7)(7=(Y\3(Y+,%"`c%=?-,% N +,(7l(*:<7/q@=(*)ZPQ%4%*"02/q!8u YZ!@%=V%
(7+,-,#&-,/1%=^0>/1CD3-,/(*lJi+,%@5- N -,+,-,4%4O4(Y0>5/-,0>:W0>/K:<=V%l`%=?-,% N +,(7XL3K=(7(70>=V-,:<3M
=V%cS
8%=V%I0>=(7%*=^3/9%=(%Y4(g%+,#&%0>(7/1%#[-,(7/1: 4(g4%:<5(7/98u YZX2%(7;5=(7(I4(g\3(
J%Y(7{-,:(gJ @3(74(g(7=(70>=?-,:u@=(7+%4#&-,/1-,:=?%4=4(g@5:<;=(7S (7@/ho37
me/postgres
4(74(I+,%d+,-,/1(7%d4(=4(7/1(7X(*0>=?- N %
% setenv PGDATA2 /home/postgres/data
% initlocation $PGDATA2

Creating Postgres database system directory /home/postgres/data

Creating Postgres database system directory /home/postgres/data/base
8%=V%0>5#&@= N %=+,%d/13(7`c%U+,50>%+,-,e%02-,/1X0>=(7(3/1% N %(U4(Y4%:<5":(*:1(70>=V- N -,(*/14

% createdb -D PGDATA2 test
% dropdb test
Captulo 26. Gestin de una base de datos

jZ-c(7+1@=;=?%#&%
4(d85:<;=(*U(*:<L0>%=;Z%4JO(7/[(?P<(70>30>-,/1X5@54(7#&50>=(7%*=
%+,;53/1% N %(7Y4postmaster
(d4%:0>5/[+,%Y\3((7{@(7=?-,#&(7/1:<%=VS2T/](7:(u450>3#&(7/1:<K4(702=?- N -,=(7#&
+,%"5=4(*/1(7 N -,02W@.%=V%U;(7:<-,5/1%=l3/1% N %(U4(Y4%:S
Creacin de una base de datos
jZ3@.5/1;5%#&g\3(
\3-,(7=(U0>=(7%*="3/1% N %(U4(
4%:<56+,+,%#&%4%d#&- N %(5S83(*4(U_1%0>(7=?+,i0>5/
(7+Z-,;3-,(*/1:(
=4(7/"a
% createdb nombredb
85:<;=(76+,(U@(7=?#&-,:<(U02=(7%*=h023%+,\53-,(7=l/1#&(*=?L4( N %(7"4(U4%:<W(7/3/1%d#&\53-,/1%u4%4%7X

JR3:<(74r(q0>/1`-,(7=V:<(9%3:#&:<-,02%#&(7/1:(i(*/o(7+^%4#&-,/1-,:=?%4=4(9+,% N %(q4(i4%:u\3(
%0>% N %4(u0>=(7%=zS/15# N =(7Y4(d+,% N %(7Y4(d4%:<5Y_1%/[4( 0>#&(7/1e%=6@5=W3/&0>%=?%70>:<(7=
%+,C% N *:-,0>5X*J39+,5/1;5-,:34q(7:Y+,-,#&-,:%4%%Y0>%=?%0:<(7=(7S~ :45l+,l33%=V-,l(7:</9%3M
:=?-,e%4l@%=?%U0>5/1`(7=?:<-,=V(U(7/q%4#&-,/1-,:<=?%4=?(*l4( N %(7"4(4%:SzjZ-Z8:;5=(7"=?(*02_1%e7%
+,%K=4(7/4(0>=(2%= N %(*u4(94%:<5X(7d\3(K/1(70>(7-,:<%K\3(q(7+h%4#&-,/1-,:=?%4=U4(7+h-,:(*#&%
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-,:<(7#&%6-5+,(Y50>3=?=((7S
Acceso a la base de datos
/1% `(7eL\3(u_1%L0>/1:<=3-,4]+,% N %( 4(u4%:<5XG@3(74( %020>(74(=W%L(*+,+,%L@=W+,5-,;3-,(*/1:(*

#&(74-,a
TZPQ(70>3:%/14R(7+h@=;=?%#&%#&5/1-,:<5=d4(q:(*=V#&-,/1%+4(8:<;5=?(* m

y6\53(+,(q@(7=?#&-,:(
-,/1:<=5430>-,=<X(74-,:<%=^J9(?P<(*023:<%=5=4(*/1(7WjGkO4(3/#&49-,/1:<(7=V%02:<psql
-,`S
b T02=?- N -,(7/14L3/K@.=?;5=V%#&%
(7/KF\3(U3(U+,% N - N +,-,5:<(70>%d4(U=3:-,/1% libpq SzT:L+,(U@(7=M
#&-,:<(q(*/1`c-,%=5=4(*/1(7djGk4(*4(9FJR N :(*/1(7=U+,%u=(7@3(7:<%7dJ#&(*/1%zP<(*u4(i(7:%4
(7/&3n@=;=?%#&%1S>T:%L-,/1:(7=?C%eL(4-,0>3:<((7/&(7+.450>3#&(7/1:< 5
g$1?> 2>O?
>?1?
S
83(74(L\3(9\3-,(7=?%q(VPQ(70>3:%=Y(7+^@.=?;5=V%#&%
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+,% N %(Y4(U4%:<psql
5
(*0>=?- N -,(7/14+,%d5=4(*/"a
b
nombredb
% psql nombredb
|6(*02- N -,=?
0>5#&L=(7@3(7:%U(7+-,;53-,(7/1:<(U#&(7/1%PQ(a
Welcome to the Postgres interactive sql monitor:
type \q to quit
You are currently connected to the database: nombredb
nombredb=

T:(W-,/14-,0>%:<-,`c
+,(W-,/1CD=?#&%Y4(g\53(I(*+#&/1-,:=^4(6:<(7=V#&-,/c%+(W(7/10>3(7/1:<=V%I4-,@3(7:
J \3(
@3(74(g(70>=V- N -,=0>/13+,:<%"jGkLq(7/9(*+G(7@%0>-, 4(g:=?% N %PQ0>=(2%4 @=(*+G0>-,:%4u#&5/1-,:<c=4(
:(*=V#&-,/1%+$ST+@=;5=V%#&%
=(7@/14(6%g0>54-,;54(6(70>%@(6\3(60>#&-,(7/1e%/L0>/L+,% N %=?=?%
-,/1`(7=V:<-,4%X! G!2S>8=6(VPQ(7#&psql
@+,X@3(*4(
N :<(7/1(7=6%J534%u N =(
+,%-,/1:<%{G-I4(u`%=?-,%*Y5=4(7/1(*
jZkO4(Y85:;5=(76(70>=V- N -,(7/14a
nombredb=> \h
/1%I`(7eI\3(g_1%:<(7=?#&-,/1%4u4(g-,/1:=430>-,=3l02/13+,:%(7/i(*+(7@%0>-,u4(W:<=V% N %zP<X*@3(*4(
@%%=^(7+0>5/1:<(7/1-,4L4(U7:<(%+(7=V`-,4=4(85:<;=(76(70>=V- N -,(*/14a
nombredb=> \g
T:O+,(4-,0>(L%+.(7=?`c-,45=g\3(L@=02(*( +,%90>5/13+,:%cSjG-.:<(7=?#&-,/1%930>5/13+,:<%902/R@3/1:]J
0>5#&%X1/1n(7 /1(70>(7%=?-,n\53(-,/1:<=?43e0>%+,%O(70>3(7/10>-,%G;S
@=50>(7%*=VK%3:#&:<-,0>%M
#&(7/1:<( 0>5/c3+,:<%
:<(7=?#&-,/1%4%Y(*/&@3/1:KJO02#&%1S8%=?%L+,(*(7=Wpsql
+,%0>5/13+,:%U4( 3/&)02_1(*=5X
(7/q+,3;5%=l4(Y-,/1:=430>-,=V+,%"-,/1:<(7=?%0>:-,`%#&(7/1:<(7X(70>=?- N %1a
nombredb=> \i fichero
8%=V%%+,-,=l4(
psql
nombredb=
\q
Ji`5+,`(7=h%
/1-,{X(70>=V- N %ca
:(*=V#&-,/1%=VdJi+,(d4(7`5+,`(7=?
(7+-,/1:<7=?@=(7:(U4(U5=4(7/1(*S m 8%=?%
0>/150>(7=l#&g=4(7/1(7
psql
4(i
(70>%@(7Xc(70>=V- N %G_r(7/+,%K(7/1:<=?%4%q4(7+#&5/1-,:<c=VS yl5u(*@.%0>-,5u(*/ N +,%/10> m (7@%0-,X
:% N 3+,%4.=(7J%+,:<54(q+,,/1(*%yW@3(74(7/o3%=V(+,- N =(7#[(7/1:(q(7/B+,%0>5/13+,:<%jZkgSG5
0>5#&(7/1:<%=?-,5(*/r3/1%O5+,%O+,,/1(7%K(q-,/14-,0>%/B#&(74-,%/1:(q45 ;53-,/1(7 m *yzSG54+,n\3(
`%J%q4(*4(i+,u;53-,5/1(7 _1%:<%(7+)/o4(9+,%q+,,/1(*%K(7=?q-,;/1=?%4^Su0>5#&(*/1:%=?-, \3(
% N %7=0>%/#&+,:-,@+,(*L+,/1(7%X1\3(q(7:/o4(7/1:<=?&4(q3/1%K+,,/1(7%K(9(7/10>-,(*=V=?%/r(*/1:=(91wZ9SSS
*wGX3/1%d0>5/1`(7/10>-,/O\3(U(U:<5#&L@=(7:%4%U4(YfD/1;5=?(*S
J
Destruccin de una base de datos
jZ-3:(74n(7Y(7+1%4#&-,/1-,:<=?%45=W4(d+,% N %(u4( 4%:Y#&- N %(7XG@3(74( 4(7:=3-,=?+,%L3%/14(7+

-,;3-,(7/1:<(U=?4(7/q4( /1-,{a
% dropdb nombredb
T:%Y%0>0>-,5/9(*+,-,#&-,/1%
C,-,0>%#&(7/1:<(I:<545"+,6)0>_1(7=l%0>-,%4l0>5/q+,% N %(g4(I4%:<5lJ/1
@3(74(I(*=l-,/1`(7=?:-,4%X@=l+,i\53(U+,94( N ((7=h3%4%U02/;=?%/@=(70>%*302-,/"S
T":%# N -,*/K@.5- N +,(U4(7:<=?3-,=h3/1% N %(U4(4%:"4(74(3/1%d(7-,5/KjGkLK3%/14a
drop database nombredb
Copia de seguridad y restauracin

Atencin
Deben realizarse copias de seguridad de las bases de datos regularmente. Dado que Postgres gestiona sus propios ficheros en el sistema,
no se recomienda confiar en los sistemas de copia de seguridad del
sistema para las copias de respaldo de las bases de datos; no hay garanta de que los ficheros estn en un estado consistente que permita
su uso despus de la restauracin.
85:<;=(7l@=@=?0>-,/1%4l3:-,+,-4%4(7l@%=?%I=(7%+,-,e%*=^+,%l0>5@.-,%l4(I(*;3=?-,4%4q4(Y3-,:(7M
#&%1a
@%=?%U0>5@.-,%W4(Y(*;3=?-,4%44( N %(7"4(4%:W-,/14-,`-,43%+,(*6J
@%=?%Upg_dump
=(7%+,-,e*%=0>5@-,%W4(Y(*;3=?-,4%4O4(U:<4%
+,%
-,/1:%+,%0>-,5/K4(3/1%d5+,%d`(7ecS pg_dumpall
%I02@-,%Y4(W(7;3=?-,4%4q4(W3/1%+,% N %(W4(g4%:<5h@3(*4(W=(7%+,-,e%*=V(g3%/14u+,%-,;53-,(7/1:<(
5=4(*/"a
% pg_dump nombredb
nombredb.pgdump
Ji@.3(*4((7=h=?(*:%3=?%74%
3%/14
cat nombredb.pgdump | psql nombredb
T:%Y:*02/1-,0>%@3(74(g3%=V(Y@.%=V%Y#&`c(*= N %(*l4(Y4%:<l%U3/1%U/13(7`%+,50>%+,-,e%02-,/9J@%=?%
=(7/1# N =?%= N %(764(4%:6(*{G-,:<(7/1:(*S S
Bases de datos grandes

Autor: Escrito por Hannu Krosing 1 on 1999-06-19.
%49\3(d85:<;=(7g@(7=?#&-,:(d:% N +,%g4(
#&%J5=6:%#&%cq\3(u(*+@(*=V#&-,:<-,4q@=6(7+c-,:(*#&%
4()0>_1(7=5X@3(*4(U=(73+,:%=^@= N +,(7#&:<-,02L(7+Z`+,02%4i4(3/1%d:<% N +,%
%
3/K)02_1(*=5XJ5%d\3(
(7+Z)0>_1(7=i=(73+,:%/1:((*;3=?%#&(7/1:<(3@(7=?%=?U(7+:<%#&%1i#&{G-,#&L@(7=?#&-,:-,4^S
FY#&
(*0>=?- N (Y(*/9:43:X*@3(74(g3%=+,%l_1(7=?=V%#&-,(7/1:%l?/1-,{
@%=?%5=?:<(7%=(7:<5
@- N +,(7pg_dump
6@= N +,(7#&%a
L4(`5+,0>%4602#&@=?-,#&-,45a
b
% pg_dump nombredb | gzip > nombrefichero.dump.gz
+,%
=(*023@(*=%#&5W0>5/"a
% createdb nombredb
% gunzip -c nombrefichero.dump.gz | psql nombredb
% cat nombrefichero.dump.gz | gunzip | psql nombredb
(U@+,-,:Va

% pg_dump nombredb | split -b 1m - nombrefichero.dump.
JL+,9=(70>3@(2=V%#[5602/"a
% createdb nombredb
% cat nombrefichero.dump.* | pgsql nombredb
85=^3@3(7:X(7+/15# N =(Y4(7+G)0>_1(7= m
y5J(7+G0>/1:(7/1-,4L4(I+,%U%+,-,4%Y4(
/1&:<-,(7/1(9@5=U\5390>-,/102-,4-,=Unombrefichero
0>/o(*+^/1# N =(q4(i+,% N %(i4(94%:S 4(7#&X+,%
Npg_dump
%(I4(I4%:<5=?(*:<%3=?%4.%@3(74(g:(*/1(7=^3/9/1# N =?(I4-,:-,/1:<5X7@5=^+,\3(Y(*:<(Y#&(*0>%/1-,#[
:%# N -,*/q(76(7C(70>:-,`@%=?%
=(7/15# N =?%= N %(7"4(4%:S
Notas
1S_1%/c/13
:<=?3:VS (7(
Captulo 27. Tratamiento de problemas

Fallos de inicio de Postmaster
%J`%=V-,%l@5- N +,(7"=?%e/1(7l@%=?%\53(@:<#&%:(*=h/1L@3(74%Y-,/1-,0>-,%+,-,e%=?(SVFI5#&@=3( N (
(7+)0>_1(7=R4(9=(7;-,:<=&4(@:#&%:<(7=<X.n-,/1,0>-,(7+,R#&%/13%+,#&(7/1:( m -,/r=(74-,=?-,;-,=U+,%K%+,-,4%
(7:/14%=9+,%u4(U(7=?=5=(2y.@%=?%
`(7="+,g#&(7/c%PQ(7g\3(
%@%=$(*02(*/"S+,;53/1q4(U+,5W@- N +,(7
#&(7/1%PQ(764((7=?=5=5/%3:<5(*{G@+,-,0>%:<-,`5X@(7=+,56_1%Ji\3(U@3(74(*/q/19(7=V+,6:%/1:<a
FATAL: StreamServerPort: bind() failed: Address already in use
Is another postmaster already running on that port?
T:/15=?#&%+,#&(*/1:(U-,;5/1-,)0>%
+,L\3(3;-,(*=(az%0>0>-,4(7/1:<%7+,#&(*/1:(U_1%
-,/1-,0>-,%43/1%
(7;53/14%
-,/1:%/10>-,%u4(d@5:<#&%:(7="(7/O(*+c#&-,#&@3(7=?:q(*/](7+5\3( J5%u(u(*:<u(VPQ(70>3:%/14q3/1^S2jG-,/
(7# N %=;ZX-(7+#&(*/1%PQ(L4( (7=?=?=g4(7+./10>+,(7O/1](7U!44=?(2
%+,=?(*%74J]-,/R3(*!6]%+,;53/1%
`%=V-,%*/1:(*XG@.3(74(U(7:<%=l0>3=?=?-,(7/149:<=?i@= N +,(7#&%cS8="(VPQ(7#&@.+,5X(7+5:=?%:<%=l4(U-,/1-02-,%=l3/1%
(7-,5/4(@.5:#&%:<(7=h(7/3/@3(7=V:<i4((7=?=5==(7(7=?`c%*4i@.3(74(@=430>-,=h%+,;5i0>#&a
$ postmaster -i -p 666
FATAL: StreamServerPort: bind() failed: Permission denied
Is another postmaster already running on that port?
IpcMemoryCreate: shmget failed (Invalid argument) key=5440001, size=83918612, permission=600

FATAL 1: ShmemCreate: cannot create region
/]#&(7/1%P<(02#&]*:<(@- N +,(7#&(7/1:<(-,/14-,0>%i\3( (7+.+,-,#&-,:(L-,#[@3(7:O%+1:%#&%1]4(u+,%

e/1%I4(d#&(7#&=V-,%0>5#&@%=?:<-,4%I(7g#&(7/15=W\53(u=(7%u4(
N 3C<CQ(7= \3( 8:<;5=?(*Y(7: -,/1M
:(*/1:%/140>=(7%=S m }@3(74(Y-,;5/1-,)02%=l\3(U/1L4-,@5/1(U4(5@=?:(U@%=?%+,%
#&(7#&=V-,%d0>#&M
@%=?:-,4%Y4(I:-,@jGJE0>/1);53=?%4L(*/q3K/10>+,(7^S yFY#&%=?=?(*;+, :<(7#&@=V%+G@3(74(I:=?%:<%=
4("-,/1-,0>-,%=1@5:<#&%:(7=10>5/3/ /1#&(7=d4( N 3C<C (7=?g#&(*/15=14(6+,
/1=?#&%+ m @%=?*#&(7:<=?UMyzS
jZ-/&(7# N %=;X4( N (7=?,%L=(70z5/1);13=?%=W3/10>+,(7O@%=?%L-,/10>=(7#&(7/1:<%=W(7+.:<%#&%1O@(7=?#&-,:-,4
@%=?%K+,%K#&(7#&=V-,%O02#&@%=?:-,4%1ST:<(K#&(7/1%PQ(K@3(74(%@%=$(70>(7=
0>3%/14R:=?%:<(4(q-,/1-,0>-,%=
`%=V-,%*(*-5/1(7U4(@:#&%:<(7=g(7/&+,%L#[-,#&%L#&\3-,/1%X5-(7+1:<5:<%+.4((*@%0>-,K/1(*02(*%=V-,
(7{02(*4.(U(*+5+,#&-,:(U-,#[@3(7:L@5=h(7+/102+(7S
IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left on device) key=5440026, num=16, permission=600
/O#&(7/1%PQ( 0>#&K*:<( 5 -,;5/1-,)0>%\3(d( _1%J% \3(74%4q-,/&(*@.%02-,q(*/[(7+4-,02-,;5M

/1-,)02%9\53(9+,%90>%/1:<-,4%4o#&{-,#&%94(i(*#&C5=
@.(7=V#&-,:<-,4u@=Y(7+/10>+,(7&@%=?%i(7+jGJE
(7u#&(*/15=
\3(q+,%K0>%/1:<-,4%4B\3(q8:;5=(7 -,/1:(*/1:%K02=(7%*=VSFI5#&n%/1:<(7X.@3(*4(q(*`c-,:<%=(*M
:(L@.=? N +,(7#&%q-,/1-,0>-,%/14[(*+^@:#&%:<(7=0>/o3/n/13#&(7=&4(L@=50>(*
N %02'5(7/14L#&(7/15=
m @%=#&(7:<=LM~yX@.(7=L(7=?,%U#&(VPQ5=h\3(
-,/102=(*#&(7/1:%=V%(7++,,#&-,:<(U-,#&@3(7:L@=l(7+/10>+,(7^S
Problemas con la conexin del Cliente
/1%i`(7eL\3(L:-,(*/1(L(7+@:<#&%:(*=Y(7/R(VPQ(70>30>-,/1X1%+.:<=?%:%=I4( 02/1(70>:<%=Y0>/n*+#&(*4-,%/1:<(
3/1%
%@+,-,0>%0>-,/q02+,-,(*/1:(@.3(74(@=430>-,=V(I3/C%+,+,@=l`%=?-,%l=V%e5/1(*SV5"(VPQ(7#&@+,64(

#&(7/1%PQ(7h4(W(7=?==.#&:<=?%4h%\35/L@%=?%Y0>+,-,(7/1:<(7 N %%41"(*/L+,%h`c(*=V-,/1(7h=(70>-,(7/1:<(7
4( +,- N @\5+,
0>+,-,(7/1:<(7 N %%4Y(7/&:=?% N - N +,-,5:<(70>%4( -,/c:(7=?C%e @3(74(7/]@=?430>-,=W5:<=5
#&(7/1%PQ(7X02/#&6i#&(7/16-,/1CD=?#&%0>-,5/"S
connectDB() - connect() failed: Connection refused
Is the postmaster running (with -i) at server.joe.com and accepting connections on TCP/IP port 5432?
T:(W(7+(7hC%+,+,u;5(7/17=?-,0>u4(g~u@3(*4u(7/10>5/1:<=V%=3/i@:#&%:<(7=^02/i(*+\3(I0>5#&3/1-,0>%=M
#&(7$S83(74(Y50>3=?=V-,=l%+,;L%0>3%/14i(U-,/1:<(7/1:<% 3/1%d0>#&3/1-,02%02-,/KFY8WwZf8[L#&(74-,%/1:<(
50>'5(7:1 /1-,{u0>/O3/@:<#&%:(*=l+,0>%+a
connectDB() - connect() failed: No such file or directory
Is the postmaster running at localhost and accepting connections on Unix socket 5432?
%U+,:<-,#&%
+,,/1(*%
(7":-,+Z@.%=V%`c(*=V-,)0>%=^\3((*+Z02+,-,(*/1:(Y(7:
:<=V%:%/14 4(Y02/1(70>:<%=^45/14((
3@.5/1(U\53(4( N (_1%0>(7=?+,^SzjZ-Z(*/=?(*%7+,-,4%4O/19_1%JL/1-,/1;/K@:<#&%:(*=l(VPQ(70>3:</14(U%+,+,,X
(7+1#&(*/1%zP<(L4(u(7=?=5=W4(*+./102+,(*O(7=?i4(7+c:-,@O4( FY/1(7{G-5/R=(7_13%4%O4( ~K(7{-,:(
(7+5)0>_1(7=iq4-,=(70>:=V-,X0>5#&q+,I%/1:<(7=?-,5=(*S m Tg@%=V:<-,0>3+,%=#&(7/1:<(u-,#&@=?:%/1:<(d:(7/1(*="(7/
0>3(*/1:%q\3(qFY/1(7{-,5/o=(7_13%4%7^(7/(7:(90>5/1:<(7{: 5 /1&-,;/1-,)^02%q\3(q(7+@:#&%:<(7=
_1%J5%Y=(*02- N -,4u+,%Y@(7:<-,0>-,5/94(I0>/1(7{-,5/qJ +,%Y_1%J5%=(70>_1%e%*47(7/L(7:(g0>% (g@=4302(g3/
#&(7/1%PQ(i4-,C(7=(/1:<(7Xc0>5#&&(i`(7=?1S y}L:<=5d#&(7/1%P<(*d4(i(7=?==X50>#&&(7+4(i!FY/1/1(70>:-,/
:-,#&(*453:<!W1-,/14-,0>%/R@= N +,(*#&%#&U-,#[@5=?:%/1:(7X0>5#&O+,%9C%+,:%4(0>/1(70>:-,`-,4%4(*/
+,%
=(74gS
No pg_hba.conf entry for host 123.123.123.123, user joeblow, database testdb
T:O(7
+,]#&d@= N % N +,(i\3(L N :(*/1;%q-02/1-,;3(i0>/1:%0>:<%=Y0>/3/n@5:<#&%:(*=X@(*=
7:(9/1n\3-,(7=(_1% N +,%=U0>5/B3:(*4gSGFY#&n3;5-,(7=(9(7+h#&(*/1%zP<(7X(7+h@:#&%:<(7=
=(7_1%K+,%
@(7:<-,0>-,5/&4(u0>5/1(7{-,/&@5=\3( /1O(*/1023(*/1:=?%L3/&=(7/1;5+,5/&4( %3:<5=?-,e%*02-,/R(7/[3n)0>_1(7=
4(0>/1);53=?%02-,/@;5_ N %1S 0>5/1C
Password authentication failed for user joeblow
W#&(7/1%PQ(7W02#&i*:(U-,/14-,0>%/K\3(U_1%d0>5/1:<%0>:%4i0>/K(*+5@.5:#[%:<(7=<XJq7:<(U(7:U4-,M
@3(7:U%g_1% N +,%=102/3:<(74X>@(7=U/1d+,d_1%=?g_1%:%g\53(63@(*=(6(7+7#&7:<54
4(6%3:=?-,e%0>-,5/
(7@(70>-,)0>%4.K(7/&(7+.)0>_1(7=@;5_ N %1S 0>5/1CzSFI5#&@.=?3( N ( +,%L0>+,%`(u\3((7:<L(7/1`-,%/14X5K3
@=5;5=?%#&%Lf T~(7= N (7=5X5-(7+#&(7/1%PQ(L4((*=V==I#&(*/10>-,5/1%9%+,;53/1]4( (75U:-,@.5
4(%3:<(7/1:<-,02%02-,/"S
FATAL 1:
SetUserId: user joeblow is not in pg_shadow
T:%I(7^5:<=V%I`%=?-,%/1:(W4(WC%+,+,u4(g%3:(7/1:<-,0>%0>-,5/"a/1u(I_1%I(VPQ(70>3:<%4d+,%Y5=4(*/L4(W8:<;5=?(*
0>=(7%*:(73(*=*G@%=V%
(*+Z/15# N =(U4(Y33%=?-,i-,/14-,02%4S
FATAL 1:
Database testdb does not exist in pg_database
~_1%J N %( 4(d4%:<5Y0>/&(7( /1# N =( N %PQ(7+10>/1:=+.4( (7(d@:<#&%:(*=VS~:(7( \3(
-/1R(7@(70>-,)02%(7+/15# N =(94(q+,% N %(94(q4%:X.(%@+,-,02%q@=
4(7C(70:<R3/15# N =(94(
33%=V-,(7/85:<;=(7X+,i\53(U@3(74(/1i(*=h+,L02=?=(70>:^S
Depuracin de mensajes
T+
@=(7(7/1:%[0>%-,5/1%+,#&(7/1:(]#&(*/1%zP<(79\3(]@3(74(7/(7=4(K%J34%[(*/+,%
postmaster
5+,3
0>-,5/]4(d@=? N +,(7#&%SjG-c4(7(7%u`(7=6#&(*/1%zP<(*Y4(
4(7@3=?%0>-,5/O4(
XG@3(*4(
-,/1-,0>-,%=V+,L0>5/+,%
@0>-,5/KM4OJ9=(74-,=V-,;5-,=+,%
%+,-,4%
%d3/)0>_1(*=?4(U=(7;5-,:postmaster
=â
% postmaster -d > pm.log 2>&1 &
jZ-G/1i4(7(7%U`c(*=h(7:<5W#&(7/1%PQ(7X@3(74((*0>=?- N -,=
% postmaster -S
J[(7+
(*/1:=?%=?i(7/R#&4[jG-,+,(7/10>-,S~:(*(i\3(L/1](i-,/10>+,3J5(L(7+-,# N +,
G(7postmaster
/(7++,:<-,#&i(VPQ(7#&@+,XJ%
\53(U(7+@:<#&%:(*=l((VPQ(70>3:<%=VU(7/(*;3/14L@+,%/1^S
pg_options
T+)0>_1(*=?O5@.02-,/1%+
0>5/c:-,(7/1(i@0>-,5/1(*d4(L(VPQ(70>30>-,/n3%4%
@=Y(*+
N % 0>'(*/14&@%=V%u0>5/1:<=5data/pg_options
+,%=6#&(7/1%PQ(7Y4(d(VPQ(70>302-,/]JK:=I@%=?#&(7:<=5W%PQ3:<% N +,(7S2K\53(
_1%0>(I-,/1:<(7=(7%/1:<(W%U(7:<(I)0>_1(7=u(7l(*+_1(70>_14(I\53(Y(7=?(*+,(7,4u@.5=(*+ N %0>'(7/14q0>3%/14u=(7M
0>- N (I3/1%
(71%+jZfu8*X_1%02-,(*/14 %Z@- N +,(Y02%# N -,%=^5@0>-,/1(7"4((VPQ(70>30>-,5/q-,/q:<(7/1(7=
\3(Y=(*-,/1-,02-,%=8:;5=(7S?%l5@0>-,/1(7l(7@(70>-,)0>%4%h(*/9(7:(I)02_1(*=?u@.3(74(7/9-,/10>+,3-,=^@3/1M
:i4(O4(7@3=?%0>-,5/3%4i@=(*+6@.%\3(7:<(O:=?%0>( m
yI
@%=?7#&(*:=i/13#&*=V-,0>W\3(U@.3(74(3%=(7+ N %0>'(*/14O@backend/utils/misc/trace.c
%=?%U0>5/1:<=5+,%=h3O0>5#&@=?:%#&-,(*/1:^S
jZ(@3(74(7/4(*)/1-,=6/13(*`c%6@0>-,5/1(7gJq@%=?#&(7:<=56(7/
Ji(*/
S
backend/include/utils/trace.h
%"5@.02-,/1(764(U@;5@:-,/@3(74(7/q(*@.(70>-,)0>%=?(0>5/(7+@%=V#&(*:=
4(8:;5=(7a
-T
postgres opciones -T "verbose=2,query,hostlookup-"
%lC3/10>-,5/1(*63%4%l@.%=V%-,#&@=?-,#&-,=l(7=?=5=(2"Ji#&(*/1%zP<(*64(Y4(7@3=?%70>-,/@3(74(7/i%_15=?%
3%=Y+,%q3:-,+,-,4%4 ?$1 S7d#&(7/c%PQ(7d-,#&@=(75u(*/:<453:"[:<4(7=?=5/@=(70>(74-,415
@=h3/1%d(7:<-,\3(7:<%d-,/1C5=?#&%:<-,`c%U\3(U-,/10>+,3J(U+,%dC(70>_1%
Ji_15=?%
Ji(7+@-,4O4(7+ N %0>'5(7/14ga
#timestamp
980127.17:52:14.173
980127.17:52:14.174
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.19:52:14.292
980127.19:52:14.413
980127.19:52:14.466
#pid
[29271]
[29271]
[29271]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
#message
Async_NotifyHandler

T:(dC5=?#&%:<#&(VPQ5=?%L+,%+,(7;- N -,+,-,4%4R4(u+,5Y=(*;-,:=XZJO@(7=?#&-,:(d0>5#&@.=?(*/14(7=6\3 N %0>M

'(*/14I02/10>=(7:u(*:<I_1%0>-,(7/14u\3IJ (7/L\3I#&#&(7/1:<lSG%# N -,*/9_1%0>(W#&hC0>-,+(*02=?- N -,=
;3-,/1(7 m 0>=?-,@:yh(7/R%s'[O@(7=?+.\3(L#&/1-<:<=V-,0>(7/R(7+)0>_1(7=O4(=?(*;-,:<=?K@%=?%L4(7:(*02:<%=
(7=?=5=$(*UO@= N +,(*#&%Y(7/R+,% N %( 4(4%:<5X5K@%=?%L0>5/1:<% N -,+,-,e%=g(7:<%4,:<-,02%Y:(7#&@.5=?%+,(7
4(+,%":<=V%/1%0>0>-,/1(7S
6#&(*/1%zP<(*g-,#&@=(76@=lJ5+,5;q3%/q+,%d3:<-,+,-,4%4O4(Y=?(*;-,:<=L}u}FY ST+Z3
4(J5+,5;@3(74(q(*=
02/1:=+,%4n@=u+,% @0>-,/1(7=?(*C(7=(/1:<(7%O*+h(7/BJ+,;hS (7;5=V%M
0>-,%4%7#[(7/1:(*Xl#&30>_1%qC3/10>-,5/1(*+,+,%#&%/4-,=?(*02:<%*#&(7/1:(&%
@%=?%[#&5:<=V%=L3
#&(7/1%PQ(7d(*/:<453:"[:<4(7=?=YJ&(*:<%q%+,-,4%9/1&@3(74(L(7=Y=?printf()
(*4-,=?-,;-,4%i%qJ5+,;R[-,/10>+,3-,=
-,/1C5=?#&%0>-,5/ N =?(YC(70>_1%UJ9_1=?%1SzjG(7=?,%U%02/1(VPQ% N +,(U\3(U:<54%"+,%"+,+,%#&%4%"%
@=?-,/1:Cc@3M
4-,(7=?%7/K(7=h=?(*(7#&@+,%e*%4%"@=l+,%d#&%02=L8|"fD~iJq+,%d%+,-,4%
%d:<4(7=?=h(U0>%# N -,%=?%/q@%=?%
\3(63%=?%/ T8|"fD~qu(7/ 39+,3;5%=<X>4(6#&54d\3(W(6@34-,(7=?%/ 02/1:<=?+,%=1:4%+,%^%+,-,4%
4(3/#&4i3/1-,C5=?#&(S
T+ZC5=?#&%:<i4(*+Z)0>_1(7=
(7602#&i-,;53(a
pg_options
# comentario
opcin=valor_entero
opcin
opcin+
opcin-
# set value for

# set opcin =
# set opcin =
# set opcin =
opcin
1
1
0
~:(7(U\3(
@3(74((7=h:%# N -,*/O3/1%d% N =(2`-,%0>-,5/4(7+/1# N =(U4(U@M
0>-,5/4(7)/1-,4palabra_clave
L(7/
S
E7%( g?>hc>7>5 @.%=V%63/1%Y+,-,:<%Y0>#&@+,(7:<%g4(W+,%5@0>-,/1(7hJu3@- N +,(W`c%+,5=(7S
Notas
1S#&%-+,:â 4e
02S 3/1-,:</"S -,:
Captulo 28. Recuperacin de bases de datos

T:%
(70>0>-,/K/1(*02(*-:%
(7=h(70>=V-,:<%1S>+,;5/`c+,3/1:%=V-,

Captulo 29. Pruebas de regresin

fD/1:<=?30>-,/1(7gJi%/1+,-,-,W4(7+Z:(*:c4(=(7;5=(-,/
q:(7:<q4(]=(7;5=(7-,5/4(]8:;5=(7jGkL5/3/0>5/PQ3/1:0>5#&@.+,(7:B4([@=3( N %i@%=?%
+,%-,#&@.+,(7#&(7/1:<%0>-,5/[4(ujGkR(7# N ( N -,45Y(*/[85:<;=(7jGkgS2|"(7%+,-,e%/]@=3( N %I:<%/1:<q N =(
5@.(7=V%02-,/1(7UjGkLo(7:</14%=<X50>#&[:%# N -,*/R N =(L+,%U02%@.%0>-,4%74(*
%1%4-,4%@=85:<M
;=(*jkLgS
:<(7:<Y4( =(7;5=(-,/&C3(7=5/[4(7%=V=G+,+,%45=V-,;5-,/1%+,#&(7/1:<(@=#"5+,+,JKFY_1(*/&JK/14=(7s
$ 3X>JuC3(7=5/ (7{:(*/1%#&(7/1:<(g=(*@%7%4wZ=(7(*#&@%\3(*:%4@5=53=V/1-,(*=Ju_1#&%0>'M
_1%=?:zS*8%=?%985:<;=(7jGko`ccS i(7/n%4(7+,%*/1:(i+,d:<(7:
4(L=(7;5=(-,/C=V#&%/@%=?:<(4(L0>%4%
=(7+,(7%*(U5)0>-,%+S
+,;53/1% N %(74(4%: 85:<;=(7jGk0>5=?=(70>:%#&(7/1:<(-,/1:%+%4% J::%+,#&(*/1:(CD3/10>-,M
/1%+,(7U@3(74(*/nC%+,+,%=I(*/%+,;53/1[4(L(*:<5
:(*:h4(=(7;5=(7-,5/R4( N -,4O%9@= N +,(*#&%
0>/+,%
=(7@1=(*(*/1:%0>-,/4(7+@3/1:%:%/1:<(UJq(7+@5=?:(4(Ue/1%d_15=?%=?-,%1SzW:<(7:W%0>:3%+,(*6/
(7`%+,3%745W3%/1493/O(7/10>-,+,+,q%+,;5=V-,:<#&9!4-,C<C!XJq/]#&3Jq(7/1- N +,(7W%d@(7\3(*1%g4-,C(7M
=(7/10>-,%76(7/(7+-,:(7#&%cS8%=?%:(7:<W%@%=(/1:<(7#&(7/1:<(UC%+,+,-,4X-(U(7{%#&-,/1%/q(7:<%W4-,CD(*=?(2/1M
0>-,%X@3(74(7/q=(7`(7+,%*=h/1i(7=l-,;5/1-,)02%:-,`%S
%/15:<%L N =(O:(*:L4(K=(7;5=(7-,5/4(K% N %P<%3#&(7/+,o-,;53-,(7/1:( m (7{0>(7@c:r(*/0>%
-,/14-,0>%4yza
b %"-,/1:=30>0>-,5/1(7W5/K0>5#&@%:- N +,(7"0>5/K /1-,{SzE(7%U+,%
/15:<%d% N %PQS
b jG(3%/q+,%65@0>-,/1(7g@=l4(7C(0>:<i(7{0>(7@:<i4/14((U-,/14-,0>%1S
b T+Z33%=V-,L@:<;5=?(*W(7"(*+53@(7=33%=?-,i8:<;=(*S
b %
=3:<%
4(+,%6C3(7/1:(*W(*dwG3=7wG=?0GwG@;5\5+ m 5/@- N +,(7g:=?%6=3:%yzS
b %
=3:<%
4(+,g(VPQ(70>3:<% N +,(7"(7dwZ3=7wG+,02%+wZ@;5\+ m /O@.5- N +,(765:<=V%W=3:%yzS
Entorno de regresin
8%=V%@=(7@%*=?%=
+,5:<(7: 4(q=(7;=(2-,5/1X^_1%;5% R& (*/B(7+h4-,=(70>:<5=?-,R4(+,:(7:< 4(
=(7;5=?(2-,5/"S>T:q0>#&@-,+,%u3/]@=;=?%#&%dF0>5/OCD3/10>-,/1(7I(7{:<(7/14-,4%685:<;=(7jGk&(*/]3/
+,- N =(7=V%
0>#&@%=?:-,4%1SVjG(Y;5(7/1(7=?%/9%+,;3/1W;53-,5/1(* m 0>=V-,@:<yjZkO+,0>%+,-,e%4lJL%=02_1-,`
4(K%+,-,4%K02#&@%=?%:<-,`cL@%=?%O+,i:<(7:L\3(O+,i/1(70>(*-,:<(7/"S%]+,0>%+,-,e%0>-,/B=(7(7#&@+,%e*%
#&%0>=5"(7/+,W%=0>_1-,`5"4(UC3(7/1:<(7"0>5/K=3:%"% N +,3:%6J9/1# N =(764(33%=V-,^S
~=V#&%+,#[(7/1:(*XG+,I:<(7:W4(
=?(*;=(2-,5/O4( N (7/K(7="(VPQ(70>3:<%45W@="(7+533%=?-,9@:;5=(7gJ5%
\3(L(7+4-,=(70>:=?-,]=0GwZ:<(7:VwZ=(7;5=(J&3 N 4-,=(70>:=V-,U/o4(3o@=5@.-,(74%*4gS7jZ-(VPQ(70>3:<%
+,5:<(7:^4( =(7;5=(-,/R02/[:=K33%=?-,(7+.4-,=(70z:=V-,K=0GwZ:<(7:zwG=(7;5=(74( N (d:(*/1(7=W@(7=M
#&-,564(U(70>=V-,:<3=?%
@%=?%U(7(U33%=?-,S
/1:<(7h(*=V%I(7:<=V-,0>:%#&(7/1:<(Y/1(70>(7%=?-,u(VPQ(70>3:%=(7+@:#&%:<(7=^0>5/i+,%e/1%Y_15=?%=?-,%4(*+-,:(7M
#&%u(7:% N +,(*02-,4%d(*/O8jGX@(7=9J5%u/1q(7g/1(70>(*%=?-,^S>83(74(d(?P<(*023:<%="+,I:<(7:I4(d=(*;=(2-,/
N =(i3B0>5/1);53=V%0>-,/B_1% N -,:3%+^4(*+@:<#&%:(*=VST+^;3-,/ m 02=?-,@:<y"4(7+^:(*:"(*:<% N +,(70>(7M
=V +,%L`%=?-,% N +,( 4(d(7/1:=?/1O8u'@%=?%%(7;53=?%=6\3( +,:(*:<Y4(7@(*/14-,(7/1:<(7Y4(d+,%Le/1%
_15=?%=?-,%L@=43e0>%7/R+,
=(*3+,:<%4U(*@(7=?%4.S7( :4%C5=?#&%X53-,:<(7#&%i4( N ( @=5M
@=?0>-,/1%=+,- N =(7=?,%4(g@=V:<(Y@.%=V%I+,%Ye/1%_1=V%=V-,%Y8jZx8 X2 +,5l:<(7:4(7@(7/14-,(7/1:(*
4(9+,%Ke/1%_15=?%=?-,%KC%+,+,%=V*/"SG8%=?%q02#&@= N %=U\3(3B(*\3-,@@=V:<%K(*:<5X.(70>=V- N %q+,
-,;3-,(7/1:<(a
setenv TZ PST8PDT
date

%5=4(7/!4%:<(7!g4(%=?=?- N %:<-,(7/1(q\3(K4(*`c+,`(7=U+,%K_1=?%O%0>:<3%+4(*+h-:<(7#&%O(*/r+,%e5/1%

_15=?%=?-,%W8jGx8SjG-7+,% N %("4(64%:^8jGx8 9/1
(7:g4-,@/1- N +,(7X2(7/1:<5/10>(7(7+-,:<(7#&%
:-,(*/1( \3( 4(7`5+,`(7=W+,%L_c5=?%i(7/[uAB^S2jZ-.+,%e5/c%L_1=V%=?-,%L8jGx8 n/1K(7:i4-,@/1- N +,(7X
@3(74(I(7:% N +,(*02(*=h+,%W=(7;5+,%"@%=?%U(7%
e5/1%d_1=V%=V-,%
(*{G@+,-,0>-,:<%#&(7/1:<(S
setenv PGTZ PST8PDT7,M04.01.0,M10.05.03
Estructura de directorios
Nota: Esto debera ser una tabla en la seccin anterior.
input/ .... .Archivos fuente que son convertidos, usando make all, en
alguno de los archivos .sql en el subdirectorio sql
output/ ... .Archivos fuente que son convertidos, usando make all, en
archivos .out en el subdirectorio expected
sql/ ...... .Archivos sql usados para ejecutar los tests de regresin
expected/ . .Archivos .out que representan lo que *esperamos* que parezcan
los resultados
results/ .. .Archivos .out que contienen lo que los resultados *realmente*
parecen. Adems es usado como almacn temporal para el test de
copia de tablas.
Procedimiento para el test de regresin
%h-,/1:<=?30>0>-,5/c(7"(7:/i@=? N %41%l(7/93/i|6(74%:-,/13{

`(7=?-,5/9cS I3%/14(*+G-,/1:*=V@=(*M
:(u4(d5=4(7/1(* N %_"ST{02(*@:q4/14(u(u-,/14-,\3(7X(*;3=?%#&(7/1:<( C3/10>-,5/1(u(7/&+,% #&%J55=?,%
4(g-,:<(7#&%SVf/1:<=3020>-,/1(7"0>5#&
J
02%# N -,%/i#&30>_1L+,%l5@0>-,/1(7l\3(I4( N (I3%=
( %/1:<(764((70>- N -,=h(*:<%6-,/1:<=30>02-,/1(7S
(7/q0>%4%
@+,%:%C=V#[%S Ih?Z?IpsV2)tar
8%=V%3/1%d-,/1:%+,%0>-,//13(7`%di-(7:
%0>:<3%+,-,e%*/1493/1%
`(7=?-,5/%/1:<(7=?-,5=h4(8:<;=(*a
* ,+>.-5
0/5?>1- 02525?
1ST+G%=0>_1-,`cOwG3=*wG=?0GwG@;\+?wG=0GwG:(7:VwZ=(*;=(2wG|6T ABTO:-,(7/1(Y-,/1:=30>02-,/1(764(7:<%+,M
+,%4%I@%=V% +,%(?P<(*0230>-,/&( -,/1:<(7=?@=(7:%*0>-,5/&4( +,Y:(7:<U4(u=(7;5=(2-,/"S*\3(-,;53( (7
3/1%
`c(*=V-,/O#&60>=V:<%1a
jZ-Z(*+5@.5:#&%:<(7=/1i(U(7:<
(VPQ(70>3:%/14LJ5%X-,/1-,0>-,(U(7+@:#&%:<(7=l(*/q3/1%d`c(*/1:%/1%
\53(
(7:4-,@/1- N +,(
(70>=V- N -,(*/14
postmaster
i-,/1-,0>-,(U(7+4(7#&/1-,i@.5:#&%:<(7=h(7/(7;3/14i@+,%/1L(702- N -,(*/14

cd
nohup postmaster > regress.log 2>&1 &
TZP<(*023:<(U@:<#&%:(*=l4(*4(+,%d0>3(*/1:%d4(Y3@.(7=33%=?-,94(Y85:;5=(7 m /1=?#&%+,#&(7/1:<(U+,%
023(*/1:%
@:;5=(7yzS
Nota: No ejecute postmaster desde la cuenta de root.
1SjG-Z_1%
(?P<(*023:<%4 %/1:<(7=?-,5=?#&(7/1:<(U+,5":<(7:64(=(7;5=(-,/1X N 5=?=(Y(*+Z4-,=(70>:=V-,4(I:=?% N %PQ
02/"a
cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress
gmake clean
~/1(*02(*-,:%](*0>=?- N -,=d!;5#&%'5(K0>+,(7%/1!Y-l(*+,%]@=V-,#[(7=V%K`(7eO\3((7:](?P<(*023/1:<%4R+,

:(7:<S
S TZPQ(70>3:<(+,56:<(7:64(U=(7;5=?(2-,/"ST0>=?- N %
1
gmake all
1S TZPQ(70>3:<(+,56:<(7:64(U=(7;5=?(2-,/"ST0>=?- N %
gmake runtest
v1S
( N (7=?,%d N :<(7/1(7="(*/]+,%u@%/1:<%+,+,% m Jq%4(7#[W(*0>=?-,:q(*/O(7+5%=0>_1-,`RSwG=?(*;=(7S 3:y13/1%
(*=V-,( 4(+,,/1(*%-,/14-,0>%/14]\53 :(*:<
_1%/n@.%%4J[\3L:<(7:U_1%/&C%+,+,%4^S(7/1;5%9(7/
023(*/1:% \3( @3(*4(u(7="/15=?#&%+1\3(u%+,;53/1K4( +,Y:(7:<YCD%+,+,(S8%=V% +,5Y:<(7:<C%+,+-,45X
3(q4-,C<C6@%=?%02#&@%=?%=U+,%=02_1-,` 4(9+,54-,=(70>:=?-,5OSwG=(73+,: JSwG(7{@(70>:(*4gSjGCD%+,+,%3%:<xX(70>=V- N %
%+,;L02#&i(*:<â
diff -w expected/float8.out results
1S (7@3*64((VP<(*0>3:<%=+,56:(*:6J9(7{%#&-,/1%=+,W=(73+,:%45X(*0>=?- N %
dropdb regression
gmake clean
@%=?%U=(70>3@(7=?%7=h(7+Z(7@%0>-,L(7/4-,02L:(*#&@5=?%+Z3%4L@5=h+,56:<(7:S

Anlisis de Regresin
"=(*3+,:<%415"(I(*/1023(*/1:=?%/9(7/i+,5l%=0>_1-,`54(7+G4-,=(70>:<5=?-,KSwG=(73+,:S?T:<5"=(73+,:%4.
@3(74(*/(7=.02#&@%=?%40>/i+,h=(73+,:%44(7+4-,=?(*0:=?-,KSwZ(*{G@(*02:<(74i3%/14u4-,C<CVS m T+
;3-,/ m 0>=V-,@:<y4(*+:<(7:_1%02(W(7:< @5=3:<(74X*J 4(VPQ%+,%h4-,CD(*=(7/10>-,%(7/[SwG=?(*;=(7-,/"S 4-,C<CQS y
W%=0_1-,`g@3(74(*//1i0>5=?=(7@/14(7=?(Y4(UC5=?#&%
(7{%0>:<%1SVT+;53-,5/K4(7+:(*:1-,/1C5=?#&%=?
4(73/1%u4-,C(7=(2/102-,% 0>5#&q!$CD%-,+,3=(*! m C%+,+,yXG@.(7=9+,%4-,CD(*=(/10>-,% @3(74(
4( N (*=V(
%u@(7\3(71%
`%=V-,%*0>-,5/1(*6(*/1:=(W@+,%:<%C5=?#&%h(*/i+,6#[(7/1%P<(*l4(I(*=V==<X0>#&@=V:<%#&-,(7/1:< 4(I+,%+,- N =(7=V%
#&%:<(7#&-,0>%X.(*:0GS!%+,+,!U4((*:<((*:<-,+,n/1-,/14-,0>%/o/1(70>(7%=?-,%#&(7/1:<(q3/B@= N +,(7#&%02/
85:<;=(7S
85=
:<%/1:X(7/1(70>(7%=?-,R(7{%#&-,/1%=
+,% 4-,C(7=(2/10>-,%4(0>%4%:(*:W!C%+,+,-,4!0>5/B(*+h)/B4(
4(7:<(7=?#&-,/1%="-1(7{-,:(d3/]@= N +,(7#&% =(7%7+,#&(*/1:(5SI-,;53-,(7/1:<(7Y@3/1:<5Y-,/1:<(7/1:<%/[@=@5=M
0>-,5/1%=3/1%d;53%
@%=?%
4(*:(7=?#&-,/1%=-3/1%U4-,C(7=(7/10>-,%U(*W-,;/1-,)0>%:<-,`c%dL/1S
Diferencias en los mensajes de error
+,;53/14( +,:(7:<U4(u=(7;5=(7-,/[-,/10>+,3J5(7/&-,/1:<(7/10>-,/1%4%#&(7/1:<( `%+,=(7Y4(d(7/1:<=V%4%/1

`+,-,45Sh#&(7/1%PQ(7h4(W(7=?==@3(74(*/L`(7/1-,=:<%/1:u4(7+024-,;5u4(I8:;5=(70>#&4(g+,%
=3:-,/1%"4(-,:<(7#&%
4(I+,%
@+,%:<%C5=?#&%U(*/q+,%
\3(/1W(*/102/1:<=?(*#&5SzT/q(*+Z+,:-,#&90>%X7+,
#&(7/1%PQ(7u@3(*4(7/n`c%=?-,%*=U(7/1:<=?(L@.+,%:%CD=?#&%X1@(*=]4( N (*/=(4(VPQ%=-,/1C=V#&%0>-,/o-,#&-,+,%=VS
T:%U4-,C(7=(2/10>-,%d(7/n+,d#&(7/1%PQ(7
4%=V/n0>#&[=(73+,:%4]3/n:(*:l!C%+,+,-,45!W\3(i@3(74(
(7=h`%+,-,4%4L#&(*4-,%/1:<(3/1%d-,/1@(70>0>-,5/"S
Diferencias en fechas y horas
AB30>_1
4(+,5
=(73+,:%44(LC(70>_1%iJ]_15=?%95/R4(7@(*/14-,(7/1:<(7U4(7+.(7/1:<5=?/1[4(L+,%Le5/1%
_15=?%=?-,%1SZi%02_1-,`94(O=(7C (7=(7/10>-,%](7:</;(*/1(7=V%45L@%=?%]+,%[e/1%[_1=V%=?-,%[8jG^x8
m (7='5(7+,(7J>XZFI%+,-,C5=?/1-,%yJK%@%=$(7/1:<(7#&(7/1:<(u@.3(*4(7/O@%=(70>(=WC%+,+,I-1+,Y:(7:<Y/1K(d(VPQ(70>3M
:%/O0>5/](7:%ue/1%_1=?%=?-,% (*:<% N +,(70>-,4%1ST+@=5;5=V%#&%d\3( (?P<(*023:<%u+,5Y:<(7:I4(d=(7;5=(-,/
(7:% N +,(*0>(+,%9`c%=V-,% N +,( 4((7/1:<=V/1&8u' %i8jGx8 r@.%=V%L%(*;3=?%=g=(73+,:%4U@%=(0>-,M
4S
8%=(0>(d\3(d%+,;3/1I-,:(7#&%I/1%0>(7@:<%7/O+,%-,/1:%{G-,I=(70>#&(7/14%4.% @%=?%d(7:% N +,(*02(*="(7{M
@+,-,0>-,:%#&(*/1:(6+,%=(7;5+,%^4(6+,%Ye5/1%I_1=V%=?-,%g+,02%+,>@3(74(W(7=.\53(g/1(*02(*-,:(W3%=3/1%gC5=?#&%
4-,:-,/1:<%
@%=?%
(7:<% N +,(70>(7=^8u'r(7/(7:%6#&\3-,/1%S
+,;53/15U-,:(7#&%
\3(i3%/R+,- N =(7=?-,%7U%/1:-,;53%U4(e/1%U_15=?%=?-,%UCD%+,+,%/&%+.%@+,-,0>%=g+,%
0>5=?=(70-,/1(7U4(%_1=V=K4(+,3ei+,%=g(7/R+,%C(70>_1%Y%/1:(*=V-,=(7%it5*X50>%3%/14\3(L+,%
_15=?%
4(i(7%dC(70>_1%U%@%=(2e0>%/n(7/n8jGr%@(*%=Y4(i:<54^ST:&4%=?9@-,(i%q4-,C(7=(2/102-,%
+,50>%+,-,e%4.%6(7/+,W=(73+,:<%464(+,56:(7:<S
Diferencias en punto flotante
+,;53/15Y4( +,U:<(7:Y-,#&@.+,-,02%/[0>%+,0>3+,%=6/1#&(7=5Y4(uM N -,:< m %:xy%L@%=?:<-,=64(u+,%Y02M

+,3#&/1%Y4(d3/1%L:<% N +,%1SjZ(d_1%/[ N (7=?`c%4q4-,C(7=(7/10>-,%7Y(*/[+,5=(73+,:<%4.\3( 4(*`c3(*+,`c(*/
C3/102-,/1(7h#&%:(7#&:-,0>%(7/i0>+,3#&/1%h4(W:<-,@%:xcSh:<(7:h0>/6%:xYJu4(W;5(7#&(7:=?,%
5/[@.%=V:<-,0>3+,%=#&(7/1:<( @=@(7/15g%@(*\3(71%Y4-,C(7=(2/10>-,%I(7/1:<=(u@.+,%:%CQ5=?#&%SjG(
@=(70>-,%
3/1%902#&@%=?%0>-,/n0>/+,3@.%9@5=I@%=?:(L_13#&%/1%9@.%=V%L4(7:(*=V#&-,/1%=Y4-,C(7=(2/10>-,%d\3(L/1=M
#&%+,#&(7/1:<((U(7/10>3(7/1:<=V%/K
@-,0>-,/1(76%d+,%
4(7=(70>_1%U4(7+@3/1:L4(70>-,#&%+S
+,;53/15"(7=?==?(2"4((71%+,(7l4(7+Z-,:(*#&%
0>5/q@s m y1JL(7{@ m y54-,)(7=(7/i4(Y+,W#&(*02%/1-,#&
\3(U(7@(7=?%U(*+%0>:3%+Z0>4-,;L4(8:<;=(*S
Diferencias en polgonos
E%=V-, 4(K+,:(7:<L-/102+,3J5(7/B@(7=?%0>-,5/1(*L0>/B0>5=4(7/1%4%* N =((*+l02%+,+,(VPQ(7=&4(K}%M

'+,%/14gwZ(7=V'5+,(7J]FYOS5
4%:d4(9(*:<(L#&%@%q`-,(7/1(7/n(7{@=(2%45
02#&&@+,,;55/1u0>3M
JU`c*=V:<-,0>(7
(*:</R=(7@=(2(*/1:%45U(7/n@%=(
4(/1#&(7=
5%:x m +,%:<-,:34J&+,/1;5-,:34r4(7M
0>-,#&%+,yzSf/1-,02-,%+,#&(7/1:(*X(0>=(7%/oJ+,+,(7/1%/r%+,;53/1%:% N +,%u0>/B0>5=4(7/1%4%X14(7@37 (
0>=?(2%/r%+,;3/1%d`c-,:<% m E"-,(7sy6_1%0>-,(7/14&(*+7"5-,/r4(94u:<% N +,%u3%/14R(7+^5@(*=V%45=4(
-,/1:(*=V(70>0>-,5/]4(u@.5+,;/15 m188 yXJK4(7@(7I(u=?(*%7+,-,e%3/[jG(7+,(*02: N =?(d+,%L`-,:%cS2FY3%/14
0>5#&@%=V%#&I+,Y=(73+,:%415Y4(d4-,C(7=(2/1:(*Y@+,%:<%C5=?#&%XG+,%I4-,C(7=(2/102-,%Y%@%7=(*02(*/](7/O(7+
(7;3/14i9:<(7=0>(7=h+,3;5%=h%d+,%d4(7=(70>_1%
4(*+5@3/1:<94(*02-,#&%+Sz%6-,/1:<=3020>-,/(*WjGk]45/14(
(4%/(7:<56@= N +,(7#&%6/O+,%6-,;53-,(7/1:<(7a
QUERY: SELECT * from street;
QUERY: SELECT * from iexit;
Diferencias aleatorias
%Jq%+5#&(7/1I3/O02%94(d:<(7:.(7/O=V%/145#S 53:.\3(d(7:<% 4-,(*1%49@%=?%d@=4302-,=l=(73+,M

:%45"%+,(7%:=V-,SzT:i02%3%\3(U=V%/145# C%+,+,((*+:(7:14(=(7;5=?(2-,5/K0>%4%`c(*e1SzT02=?- N -,=
diff results/random.out expected/random.out
4( N (W@=4302-,=.3/1% 3/1%h@0>%h+,/1(7%h4(g4-,C(7=(2/10>-,%h@=(*:<%I=V%e5/1X@(7=d:<=V%`c%=?-,%M

0>-,5/1(76(7/@3/1:<%5:<%/1:(Ui(7/q%=\3-,:<(70>:3=?%"4-,:-,/1:<%W@.3(74(7/q0>%3%=#&W4-,CD(*=(/10>-,%S
Los archivos expected

%=02_1-,`
C3(7=/r%4%*@:<%4 4(7+l#&/15+,:-,0>o%=?0z_1-,`cn5=?-,;5-,/1%+
./expected/*.out
@.=?@=02-,/1%4R@=0"D+,+,JFY_1(7/"SE(7=V-,/1(7 #&#&4(7=?/1% 4(9(7:
expected.input
%=0_1-,`5 ;5(7/1(7=?%4%*u(7/`%=V-,%d#&\3-,/1%u4(i4(7%=?=5+,+,[_1%/o-,4&3:<-,:3-,4%u4(7@37
4(
3/1%L0>3-,4%4% m >y-,/1@(70>0>-,/"SAB302_1%I4(
(7:%Y#&\3-,/1%Y4(
4(7%=?=5+,+,q(*:</O(VPQ(7M
0>3:<%/14R`%=?-,%7/1:<(74(7+h /1-,{]}Lj m 5=(7(71jZ X.-,/13{GX.(7:0>yW(7/o_1%=4s%7=(qfD{x1ST+l%=0_1-,`
5=?-,;5-,/1%+
CD3(d0>=(7%41O(7/]3/[-,:<(7#&%jZ8|"FjG5+,%=V-,Y1S 3%/14(7+10>M
4-,;5n4( expected.input
S3(q02#&@%=?%4&0>/B3/r%=0>_1-,`cR0>=(7%*4R(7/B3/
-,:<(7#&%dfpostgres5-1.02a5.tar.gz
x
jG5+,%=V-,61S
J9+,%W4-,C(*=?(*/102-,%*gC3(7=/+,%#&(*/1:(
(7/+,g@+,,;55/1W4(U@3/1:<
:%/1:(I(7/q(7+G:<(7=0>(7=4;-,:< %U+,%U4(*=(0>_1%U4(7+G@3/1:<L4(*02-,#&%+S m `(7%#&l%=V=?- N %yZT+Z%=0_1-,`
5=?-,;5-,/1%+
(q N :<3`cn4(9+,%O(7/1:<=(7;5%K1S K4(9@:;5=(702/1:=3-,4%
@=9"+,+,J]sample.regress.out
FI_1(7/&JK( -,/10>+,3J( %\3.@.%=V% =(7C(2=(7/10>-,%1S2(7/14=?,%\3(_1% N (7=?(d(VPQ(70>3:<%40>/
3/1%g#&\3-,/1%I TF8J%g\53(W(*+
(*/L+,%g`(7=?-,5/L1S *Y4(6@5:<;=(7
Makefile.global
:-,(*/1(8}L|~qABT%+,@_1%1S
Archivos de comparacin especficos de la plataforma
FY#&q%+,;53/1q4(
+,5I:<(7:W@=5430>(7/K=(73+,:%45W-,/1_1(7=(7/1:<(7g%u+,%u@+,%:<%C5=?#&%d3%4%X_1(7M
#&5W@=5@=0>-,5/1%#&563/1% C=?#&%d@%=?%
3@.+,-,="+,5W%=0>_1-,`cW4(U02#&@%=?%0>-,/O(7@(*02-,)0>
@%=?%0>%4% @+,%:<%C5=?#&%1S>=(*023(*/1:(7#&(*/1:(u(u4%L+,%#&-,#&%i`%=V-,%02-,/[(7/&#[+,:<-,@+,(7@+,%:<%M
C5=?#&%.(*/o`(7e4(q4%=U3/o%=0>_1-,`&4(q0>#&@%=?%0>-,5/o(*@%=?%74R@%=?%q0>%4%q@+,%:<%C5=?#&%X
(7{-,:<(L3/n%=02_1-,Ò;3,%9\53(q4(*)/1(L\53i%=02_1-,`]4(L02#&@%=?%0>-,/3%=VS7 (iCD=?#&%9\3(7X
@%=?%K(*+,-,#&-,/1%=
C%+,+,5 :<5/1:<i4(q3/1%O@+,%:<%C=V#&%(7/r@%=V:<-,0>3+%=<X.4( N (9(7+,(*;-,=
n02=(*%7=d3/

)02_1(*=?4(u=(73+,:%45Y`%=?-,%/1:(*XGJ]%1%4-,=W3/1%L+,/1(7%L%+.%=0_1-,`cO;3%XZ\53((7!#&%@% 4(

=(73+,:%415!2S
FY%4%+,,/1(*%
4(7+%=0_1-,`9;53,%
(*W4(+%
-,;53-,(7/1:<(
C5=?#&%
testname/platformnamepattern=comparisonfilename
T+/1# N =(Y4(*+G:(*: m :(*:/1%#&(*y(7l(7/10>-,+,+,%#&(7/1:<(Y(7+/15# N =(I4(7+G#&43+,L4(I=(7;5=(2-,/q4(

(7(
:(*:(7/O@%=?:-,0>3+,%=VST+c@%:<=?5/O4(7+c/1# N =(d4(u+,% @+,%:<%CQ=V#&% m @+,%:<CD=?#&/1%#&(7@%*::<(7=?/1y
(7:d;5(7/1(*=V%4%+5(7:-,+,i4(U(7{@= m *y m \53(d(*W3/1%u(7{@=(-,/]=(7;53+,%=0>5/K(7+,# N +,;:[-,#&M
@+,,0>-,:<
%+@=?-,/102-,@.-,5yzS$T:%g(W0>5#&@=3( N %g0>/L(*+/1# N =(W4(6+,%g@+,%:<%C5=?#&%W:<%+02#&d`-,(7/1(
(70>=V-,:<i(7/q0>/1);hS ;53(7ZSzT+/1# N =(U4(7+Z)0>_1(7=i4(Y02#&@%=?%0>-,/ m 0>#&@%=?-,/1)+,(7/1%#&(7y
(7"(7+/1# N =(U4(7+Z3:<-,:3:<94(7+Z)0>_1(7=i4(=(73+,:%4"4(U0>5#&@.%=V%02-,/"S
85=(?P<(*#&@+,a(7+6:(*:4(K=?(*;=(7-,/-,/1:<&-,/10>+,3J5([3/1%R(*/1:=?%4%[4(*+,- N (7=?%4%[4(]3/`%+,=
\3( (*Y4(7#&%-,%4q+,%=?;5@%=?%0>% N (*=6(7/[3/&-,/1:<1S2T+c#&(7/1%PQ(4( (*=V==6(7@(70>,)0>\3( (*
@=5430>-,4(7"4(7@.(7/14-,(7/1:<(4(U+,%
@.+,%:%C=?#&%7/13(7:<=V%d@+,%:%C=V#&%4(U=(7CQ(*=?(*/102-,%U%02%
ERROR:
pg_atoi: error reading "100000": Numerical result out of ran-
ge
@(7=(7/q3/ N 3(*/q/1#&(7=i4(Y5:<=V%6@+,%:<%C=V#&%" /1-,{u%0>%

ERROR:
pg_atoi: error reading "100000": Result too large
T/(*:<([02%Xl@.=?@=02-,/1%#&q3/1%n`%=?-,%/1:<(&4(7+g%=0_1-,`4([0>5#&@%=?%0>-,/1Xl-,/1:<M:M
+,%=;(ZS 3:XG\3(d-,/102+,3J5(d+,% -,/1:<%{G-,Y4(d(*:<(
#&(7/1%PQ(d4(
(7=V==VS>8%=?%d/1q#&:=?%=6(7:I!C%M
+,+,5!^:<5/1:<5W(7/+,%"@+,%:<%C5=?#&%"88 X(7+=?(*3+,:<#&%@ m #&%@%4(U=(73+,:%4.y1-,/10>+,3J(
int2/hppa=int2-too-large
\3(9(9%0>:<-,`c%=?9(7/o023%+,\53-,(7=U#&\3-,/1%(7/(7+\3(q+,%q%+,-,4%K4(i0>/1);S ;53(702#&-,(7/10>(

@=g_1@@%$S>}:=?%Y+,,/1(*%Y(7/&(7+c=?(*3+,:<#&%@[(*+,(70>0>-,5/1%/&+,%`c%=V-,%*/1:( 4(7+1%=?0z_1-,`cK4( 0>#&M
@%=?%70>-,/O@%=V%5:<=V%W@+,%:%C=V#&%*W45/14(U(7%U%@=5@.-,%4S
Captulo 30. Notas de versiones

Version 6.5.3
T:%I(7 N %-,0>%#&(*/1:(g3/1%+,-,#&@-,(*e%I4(g+,%`(7=?-,5/9cS vS cS?(7#&h%1%4-,4u3/i/13(7` @;5%0>M

0>(7"\3(U(U@(7=4-,(7/+,%
1S v1S 7X(-,/1:<%+,%4i3/1%d0>=V=(*0-,5/K(7@(70>-,)0>%
@%=?%
~^S
Migracion a v6.5.3
< (=(7\3-,(*=?(Y3/43#&@WwZ=(7:<5=(7"@%=V%%\3(7+,+,g\3(U(*:<(7/(VPQ(70>3:<%/14L3/1%dcS v1S *S
Lista Detallada de Cambios

Version actualizada de pgacces 0.98
Parche especifico para NT
Correccion para reglas de volcado en tablas heredadas
Version 6.5.2
T:%(7 N %-,0>%#&(*/1:(u3/1%i+,-,#&@-,(7e%L4(+,%L`c(*=V-,/&1S v1S 1S*(7#&02=?=?(*;-,K3/1%i`%=?-,(74%*4

4(@= N +,(7#&%"=(7@=V:<%415W@5=33%=V-,64(U1S v5S 1S
Migracion to v6.5.2
< (=(7\3-,(*=?(Y3/43#&@WwZ=(7:<5=(7"@%=V%%\3(7+,+,g\3(U(*:<(7/(VPQ(70>3:<%/14L3/1%dcS v1S *S
corregidas las subselect+CASE (Tom)

Aadida configuracion de SHLIB_LINK para los portes de solaris_i386 y solaris_sparc(Daren Sefcik)
Correciones para CASE y WHERE en clausulas "join"(Tom)
Correcion para aborto en BTScan(Tom)
Reparada la comprobacion para UNIQUE redundante e indices PRIMARY KEY(Thomas)
Mejorado para que se compruebe las restricciones en multi-columnas(Thomas)
Correcion para Win32 que tenia problemas con MB habilitado(Hiroki Kataoka)
Permite a yacc de BSD y a bison compilar codigo pl(Bruce)
Corregido el trabajo con SET NAMES
corregidos los int8 (Thomas)
Correccion del consumo de memoria de "vacuum"(Hiroshi,Tatsuo)
Reduccion del consumo total de memoria de "vacuum"(Tom)
Correcion para timestamp(datetime)
Correcciones de problemas en las reglas de paso al analizador sintactico(Tom)
Correccion del problema de cuotas en mkMakefile.tcldefs.sh.in y mkMakefile.tkdefs.sh.in(
This is to re-use space on index pages freed by vacuum(Vadim)
documentado -x para pg_dump(Bruce)
Correcin para operadores unarios en la regla de paso al analizador sintactico(Tom)
Comentado el FileUnlink de exceso de segmentos durante mdtruncate() (Tom)
Enlazamiento en Irix corregido por Yu Cao yucao@falcon.kla-tencor.com =

Reparado el error logico en LIKE: no debia devolver un LIKE_ABORT

cuando alcanza el final de un patron antes del final del texto(Tom)
Reparada limpieza incorrecta de montones de memoria reservadas durante aborto de transaccion(Tom)
Version actualizada de pgaccess 0.98
Version 6.5.1
T:%
(* N %-,0>%#&(7/1:<(3/1%d+,-,#&@-,(*e%
4(+,%d`(7=?-,5/1S vcSz(7#&W0>=V=(7;5-,i3/1%U`c%=V-,(74%4K4(
@= N +,(*#&%"=?(*@5=?:<%74W@.5=h33%=?-,W4(Y1S v1S
Migracion to v6.5.1
< (=(7\3-,(*=?(Y3/43#&@WwZ=(7:<5=(7"@%=V%%\3(7+,+,g\3(U(*:<(7/(VPQ(70>3:<%/14L3/1%dcS v1S

Aadido un fichero NT LEAME
Correciones de portabilidad para linux_ppc, Irix, linux_alpha, OpenBSD, alpha
Eliminado QUERY_LIMIT, utilizar SELECT...LIMIT
Correcion para EXPLAIN en herencia(Tom)
Parche para permitir "vacuum" en tablas con multi-segmentos(Hirosi)
Correcion para la selectividad del optimizador R-Tree(Tom)
Corregida laguna el descriptor de ficheros ACL(Atsushi Ogawa)
Nueva expresion del codigo de sub arboles(Tom)
Se evitan escrituras en disco para transacciones de solo-lectura(Vadim)
Correccion para eliminacion de tablas temporales si la ultima transaccion fue abortada (Bruce)
Correccion para prevenir que sean creadas tuplas demasiado largas(Bruce)
correciones en plpgsql
Se permiten numeros de puerto de 32k - 64k(Bruce)
Aadido ^ precidence(Bruce)
Renombrados ficheros ordendo llamados pg_temp a pg_sorttemp(Bruce)
Correcion para microsegundos en valores temporales(Tom)
Limpieza de la fuente del Tutorial
Nuevo porte a linux_m68k
Correccion para la ordenacion de NULLs en algunos casos(Tom)
Corregidas las dependencias para librerias compartidas(Tom)
Corregido fallos tecnicos que afectaban a GROUP BY en subselects(Tom)
Correccion para algunas alarmas del compilador (Tomoaki Nishiyama)
Aadido soporte para Win1250 (Checo) (Pavel Behal)
Version 6.5
T:%`c(*=V-,/n#&%=?0>% 3/R%`c%/102(u;5=V%/14( (7/R(7+.0>/150>-,#&-,(7/1:<[\3( (7+.(7\3-,@O4(4(*%=V=5M

+,+,R:-,(7/1(94(*+0>54-,;5RC3(7/1:(q\3(9_1(7=(74%#&u4(9(7=?'5(7+,(7JGSE(7=?%* \3(@4(7#& %1%4-,=
#&%J55=(7YC(7%:3=(2U#&%YCD%02-,+,#&(*/1:(7XZ;=?%0>-,%Y%+1-,/c02=(7#&(*/1:K(7/&:<%#&%1JO(7{G@.(7=V-,(*/10>-,%4(
/13(7:=#&3/14-,%+,#&(7/1:<(
(7{:(7/1L(7\3-,@L4(4(7%=?=5+,+,^S
(%\53-53/0>5/10>-,93#&%=?-,i4(Y+,5W#&%W/1:% N +,(7W0>%# N -,a

FY/1:=+4(q0>5/10>3=?=?(*/102-,%q#&3+,:<-,M`c(*=V-,/ m ABEFIF (7/-,/1;+,(*A3+,:<-,M`c(*=V-,/o0>5/10>3=?=(7/10>J
0>5/1:<=5+,y
T:(7+-,#&-,/1%L/13(7:=q`-,(VPQ N +,5\53(*O% /1-,`(7+14(d:% N +,%XGJK+,=(7(7#[@+,%7e% 0>5/]3/ N +,5M
\3(794(*+-,:(*#&% \53(u(7W3@(7=?-,5="%u+,%d#&%J5=V-,%u4(
+,I-,:<(7#&%W4( N %(7g4(U4%:
02#&(7=0>-,%+,(7ST/n3/R-,:(7#&%9:<=?%4-,0>-,5/1%+,Xc0>%4%L=(7;5-,:<=O\53(L(7
#&4-,)0>%4]( N +,M
\3(7%u_1%:% \3( (d0>5/1)=?#&%+,% :=?%/1%0>0>-,5/1XG@=(7`-,/1-,(7/14i+,(70>:3=?%I@=65:<=5g33%M
=V-,^S?ABEFIF3:<-,+,-,e%I4(g#&54u/1%:3=?%+(*+0>%=?%0>:(*=#&3+,:-,M`(7=?-,5/L4(I8:;5=(7jGkL9@%=?%
@(7=?#&-,:-,=\3(U+,%"+,(70>:<3=V%"0>/1:-,/13(7/K+,(7J5(7/14L4%:"0>5/1-,:(*/1:(7W43=V%/1:(I+,%d%0>:-,`-,M
4%4n4( (702=?-,:<3=V%1S*%Y(70>=V-,:<3=V%U0>/1:-,/13%/n3:-,+,-,e%/14K(7+-,:<(7#&%U4(:<=V%/1%0>0>-,M
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Lista Detalla de Cambios

Correciones de errores
-----Correcion de las funciones de conversion text<->float8 y text<->float4(Thomas)

Correcion para creacion de tablas con constraints con mixed-case(Billy)
Cambiado comportamiento de exp()/pow() para generar error en underflow/overflow(Jan)
Correcion de error en pg_dump -z
Limpiezas de invasiones de memoria(Tatsuo)
Correcion para abortos de lo_import(Tatsuo)
Ajustes en el manejo de nombres de tipo de datos para suprimir dobles comillas(Thomas)
Uso de coersion de tipo para emparejar columnas y DEFAULT(Thomas)
Correccion de deadlock de este modo solo verifica una vez despues de un segundo de espera(Bruce)
Correciones para agregaciones y PL/pgsql(Hiroshi)
Correcion para aborto de subquery(Vadim)
Correccion de libpq para la funcion PQfnumber y nombres que no distinguen mayusculas-minusculas(Bahman Rafatjoo)
Correcion para objetos grandes escritos-en-medio, no bloques extra, consumo de memoria(Tatsuo)
Correcion para pg_dump -d o -D y entrecomillado de caracteres especiales en INSERT
Reparados serios problemas con dynahash(Tom)
Correjidos problemas de portabilidad para INET/CIDR
Correcion de problema con error de selectividad en ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN(Bruce)
Correcion del ejecutor de ese modo trabaja merjejoin de diferentes tipos de columnas(Tom)
Correcion de error para selectividad de OR en Alpha
Correcion para problema de selectividad de indice OR(Bruce)
Correcion \d para que muestre de ese modo la extension apropiada para char()/varchar()(R
Correcion en el codigo del tutorial(Clark)
Mejoras en la comprobacion de destroyuser(Oliver)
Correcion para Kerberos(Rodney McDuff)
Correcion para borrado de la base de datos mientras los buffers no se han limpiado(Bruce
Correcion la secuencia nextval() para que pueda asi distinguir mayusculasminusculas
Correcion para operador !!=
Borrado de buffers antes de destruir los ficheros de las base de datos(Bruce)
Correcion del caso en que el ejecutor evalua las funciones dos veces(Tatsuo)
Se permite a las acciones de secuencia netxval distinguir mayusculasminusculas(Bruce)
Correcion de optimizador de indexacion para que no trabaje para numeros negativos(Bruce)
Correcion de perdidas de memoria en ejecuciones con fjIsNull
Correcion de perdidas de memoria para aggregate(Erik Riedel)
Se permite que username contenga una almohadilla (#, dash en ingles) en los permisos GRANT
Limpieza de NULL en los tipos inet
Limpieza de errores en tablas del sistema(Tom)
Correcion de problemas de PAGER y del comando \?(Masaaki Sakaida)
Reducido el tamao de fichero de multi-segment por defecto a 1GB(Peter)
Correcion del volcado de CREATE OPERATOR(Tom)
Correccion para escaneo hacia atras de cursores(Hiroshi Inoue)
Correccion para COPY FROM STDIN cuando se utiliza \i(Tom)
Correcion para una subselect cuando es comparada dentro de una expresion(Jan)
Correcion para manejo de devolucion de error mientras se duelven registros(Tom)
Correcion de problemas con referencia a tipos de array(Tom,Jan)
Se previene oid de UPDATE SET (Jan)
Correcion de pg_dump asi a opcion -t puede manejar nombres de tabla en mayusculasminusculas
Correciones para GROUP BY es casos especiales(Tom, Jan)
Correcion de perdidas de memoria en queries falladas(Tom)
DEFAULT soporta ahora identificadores mixed-case(Tom)
Correcion para que multi-sefment utilice DROP/RENAME de tabla, de indice(Ole Gjerde)
Dehabilitacion de uso de pg_dump con las dos opciones -o y -d(Bruce)

Se permite a pg_dump volver adecuadamente permisos de GROUP(Bruce)

Correcion para GROYP BY en INSERT INTO table SELECT * FROM table2(Jan)
Correccion para computaciones en vistas(Jan)
Correciones para agregaciones en array con indices(Tom)
Correccion para como maneja DEFAULT entrecomillado simple en valores que requieren demasiadas comillas
Correccion de problema de seguridad con no super-usuarios que importan/exportan objectos de gran tamao.(Tom)
Vuelta atras de transaccion que crea table la limpia adecuadamente(Tom)
Correccion para permitir que tablas largas y nombres de columnas generen nombres en serie adecuados(Tom)
Mejoras
-------Aadida la utilidad "vacuumdb"
Se acelera libpq por mejor asignacion de memoria(Tom)
EXPLAIN utiliza todos los indices(Tom)
Implementadas las expresiones CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF(Thomas)
Nuevo formato de salida de pg_dump(Constantin)
Aadida la cadena min()/max() a las funciones(Thomas)
Extendidas nuevo tipo de coersiones para agregaciones(Thomas)
Nueva contribucion moddatetime (Terry)
Actualizacion a pgaccess 0.96(Constantin)
Aadida rutina para byte unico en tipo de caracter "char"(Thomas)
Mejorada la funcion substr()(Thomas)
Mejorado el manejo de multi-byte (Tatsuo)
Control de concurrencia Multi-version /MVCC(Vadim)
Nuevo modo Serialized(Vadim)
Correcion para tablas por encima de 2gigs(Peter)
Nuevo SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL(Vadim)
Nuevo LOCK TABLE IN ... MODE(Vadim)
Actualizado el driver ODBC(Byron)
Nuevo tipo de datos NUMERIC(Jan)
Nueva SELECT FOR UPDATE(Vadim)
Manejo de "NaN" e "Infinity" para valores de entrada(Jan)
Mejorado el manejo de date/year(Thomas)
Mejorado el manejo de conexiones con el motor de base de datos(backend)(Magnus)
Nuevas opciones ELOG_TIMESTAMPS y la opcion USE_SYSLOG para ficheros de registro(Massimo
Nueva opcion TCL_ARRAYS (Massimo)
Nueva INTERSECT y EXCEPT(Stefan)
Nuevo pg_index.indisprimary para restro de claves primarias(DArcy)
Nuevas opcion pg_dump para permitir el borrado de tablas antes de su creacion(Brook)
Acelaracion de las rutinas de salida de registro(Tom)
Nuevo nivel de aislamiento de READ COMMITTED (Vadim)
Nuevas tablas/indices TEMP (Bruce)
Se evita el ordenamiento si el resultado ya esta ordenado(Jan)
Nueva optimizacin para la asignacion de memoria(Jan)
Se permite a psql ejecutar \p\g(Bruce)
Se permiten multiples reglas de acciones(Jan)
Aadida funcionalidad LIMIT/OFFSET (Jan)
Mejorado el optimizador cuando se unen un numero grande de tablas(Bruce)
Nueva introduccion a SQL de La Tesis de Doctorado de S. Simkovics(Stefan, Thomas)
Nueva introduccion a procesamiento del motor de base de datos (backend) de la Tesis de Doctorado de S. Simkovics(Stefan)
Mejorado el soporte para int8(Ryan Bradetich, Thomas, Tom)
Nuevas rutinas para convertir entre tipos int8 y text/varchar(Thomas)
Nuevos planes arboreos, donde se unen meta-tablas(Bruce)
Habilitadas consultas por la mano derecha por defecto(Bruce)
Se permite que el numero maximo de procesos en servidor (backends) se parametrice en el momento de la configuracion
(-with-maxbackends and postmaster switch (-N backends))(Tom)
GEQO por defecto tenga ahora 10 tablas porque el optimizador se acelera(Tom)
Se permite NULL=Var para MS-SQL portabilidad(Michael, Bruce)
Modificados contrib check_primary_key() y consecuentemente "automatic" or "dependent"(An

Se permite que psql \d en una vista muestre la consulta(Ryan)
Se acelera el LIKE(Bruce)
Correciones/prestaciones Ecpg , vease fichero src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog(Michael)
Correciones/prestacines JDBC , vease src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG(Peter)
Se hace que el operador % tenga precedencia como /(Bruce)
Aadida la nueva opcion postgres -O para permitir cambios en la estructura de tablas del sistema(Bruce)
Actualizado el script contrib/pginterface/findoidjoins (Tom)
Major aceleracion en vacuum de lineas borradas con indices(Vadim)
Se permitte la ejecucion de diferentes versiones de funciones no-SQL basadas en argumentos(Tom)
Aadida la opcion -E que muestra las consultas actuales enviadas pro \dt y sus amigos(Masaaki Sakaida)
Aadido numero de version en los banners de arranque de psql(Masaaki Sakaida)
Nuevo contrib/vacuumlo que elimina objetos grandes no referenciados(Peter)
Nueva inicializacion para tamaos de tablas, asi las tablas no vacuumeadas se ejecutan mejor(Tom)
Mejorados los mensajes de error cuando una conexion es rechazada(Tom)
Soporte para array de campos char() y varchar() (Massimo)
Revision del codigo has para incrementar fiabilidad y prestaciones(Tom)
Actualizacion a PyGreSQL 2.4(DArcy)
Cambiadas las opciones de depuracion asi -d4 y -d5 producen diferentes displays de nodos(Jan)
nuevas opciones: pretty_plan, pretty_parse, pretty_rewritten(Jan)
Mejor optimizacion de estadisticas para los accesos a tablas del sistema(Tom)
Mejor manejo de tamao de bloque no por defecto(Massimo)
Mejorado el optmizador de comsumo de memoria GEQO(Tom)
UNION soporta ahora ORDER BY de columnas que no estan en la lista de target(Jan)
Mejoras grandes en libpq++ (Vince Vielhaber)
pg_dump utiliza ahora -z(ACLs) por omision(Bruce)
cache de procesos en servidor (backend), aceleracion de memoria(Tom)
Se hace que pg_dump lo haga todo en una transaccion snapshot(Vadim)
correcion de perdidas de memoria para objetos grandes, correccion para pg_dumping(Tom)
INET escribe ahora respecto a la netmask para comparaciones
Se hace que VACUUM ANALYZE solo utilice un readlock(Vadim)
Se permiten vistas (VIEW) en UNIONS(Jan)
pg_dump puede generar ahora snapshots consistentes en bases de datos activas(Vadim)
Cambios en el Arbol Fuente
------------Mejorado el emparejamiento en el porte(Tom)
Correcciones de portabilidad para SunOS
Aadido porte para NT/Win32 del proceso en el servidor (backend) y se habilita carga dinamica(Magnus and Daniel Horak)
Nuevo porte a Cobalt Qube(Mips) ejecutando Linux(Tatsuo)
Porte a NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Porte a NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Porte a NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
Correccion para configuracion de tcl/tk(Vince)
Eliminada la clave CURRENT para consultas por regla(Jan)
carga dinamica en NT ahora funciona(Daniel Horak)
Aadido soporte para ARM32(Andrew McMurry)
Mejor soporte para HPUX 11 y Unixware
Mejorado el manejo de ficheros para ser mas uniforme, previene lagunas en los descriptores de ficheros.(Tom)
Nuevos comandos de instalacion para plpgsql(Jan)

Version 6.4.2
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Correcion para problema de constante de fecha y hora en algunas plataformas(Thomas)
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< (=(7\3-,(*=?(Y3/43#&@WwZ=(7:<5=(7"@%=V%%\3(7+,+,g\3(U(*:<(7/(VPQ(70>3:<%/14L3/1%dcS 1S

Aadida la opcion -N a pg_dump para forzar dobles comillas alrededor de los identificadores. Este es la opcion por omision(Thomas)
Correccion para NOT in donde la clausula causa abortos(Bruce)
Correcion para el coredump de EXPLAIN VERBOSE (Vadim)
Correcion para problemas de shared-library en Linux
Correcion del test de existencia de tabla para permitir combinacion de mayusculas y minusculas y
espacios en blanco en el nombre de tabla(Thomas)
Fijacion de un par de problemas de pg_dump
La configuracion empareja mejor entradas similares en la platilla template/. (Tom)
Cambios en la construccion de los nombre de la funcion de SPI_* a spi_*
Correcion para la clausula OR WHERE(Vadim)
Correciones para nombres de tablas con mayusculas y minusculas(Billy)
Correcion para contrib/linux/postgres.init.csh/sh (Thomas)
rebasamiento de memoria en libpq corregido
Correciones para SunOS(Tom)
Se cambia el comportamiento de exp() para generar error en negativos(Thomas)
pg_dump fixes for memory leak, inheritance constraints, layout change
Actualizado pgaccess a 0.93
Se corrige el prototipo para plataformas de 64-bit
Correciones para Multi-byte(Tatsuo)
Nueva pagina de manual ecpg
Corregidos rebasamientos de memoria(Tatsuo)
Correcion para fallos en lo_import()(Bruce)
Mejores busquedas para el programa de instalacion(Tom)
Correciones para zona horaria(Tom)

Correciones para HPUX(Tom)
Se utiliza coersiones de tipo implicito para emparejar valores DEFAULT(Thomas)
Anadidas rutinas para ayudar a tipo de caracter bytes-solo(single-byte) (internal)(Thoma
Correcciones para compilacion de libpq en Win32(Magnus)
Actualizacion a PyGreSQL 2.2(DArcy)
Version 6.4
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Correciones de errores
-----Correcion para una minuscula perdida en PQsetdb/PQfinish(Bryan)
Se elimina char2-16 de los tipos de datos, se utiliza char/varchar(Darren)
Pqfn no maneja un mensaje de NOTICE(Anders)
Reducidas elevadas esperas por ocupacion a causa de bloqueos en transacciones con muchos procesos en servidor(backends) (dg)
Deteccion de bloqueos de transacciones atascadas (dg)
Correcion para masrcas de tiempo en estilo "ISO" en decodificacion y codificacion(Thomas
Correccion del problema con borrado de tabla (drop) despues de deshacer (rollback) una transaccion(Vadin)
Cambiado mensaje de error y eliminado mensaje actualizado no funcional(Vadim)
Correccion para verificacion de la matriz (array) de COPY
Correccion para SELECT 1 UNION SELECT NULL
Correccion para perdidas de buffer en llamadas a objetos grandes(Pascal)
Cambio de propietario de tipo oid a int4(Bruce)
Correccion de error en la compatibilidad con oracle de las funciones btrim() ltrim() y r
Correccion de invalidacion en rebasamientos de cache compartida(Massimo)
Prevencion de perdidas en descriptores de ficheros en COPYs fallidos(Bruce)
Correccion para perdidas en la pg_select de libpgtcl(Constantin)
Correccion de problemas con usuario/contrasena de mas de 8 caracteres(Tom)
Correccion de problemas con manejo de NOTIFY asincronos en el proceso en servidor(backen
Correccion de muchas entradas de sistema malas(Tom)
Mejoras
-------Actualizacion de ecpg y ecpglib, vease src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog(Michael)
Se muestra en indice utilizado en un EXPLAIN(Zeugswette)
EXPLAIN invoca una regla de sistema y muestra plan(es) para la reescritura de consultas(Jan)
Conocimiento multi-byte de muchos tipos de datos y funciones, via configure(Tatsuo)
Nuevo configure con la opcion -with-mb(Tatsuo)
Nueva opcion initdb -pgencoding(Tatsuo)
Nueva opcion createdb -E multibyte(Tatsuo)
Select version(); ahora devuelve la version de PostgreSQL(Jeroen)
Libpq permite ahora clientes asincronos(Tom)
Se permite la cancelacion desde el cliente de una consulta en el proceso en servidor(backend)(Tom)
Psql cancelas las consultas ahora con Control-C(Tom)
Usuarios de Libpq no necesitan dar consultas dummy para obtener mensajes NOTIFY(Tom)
NOTIFY envia ahora al PID del emisor, asi que puedes decir si eras tu mismo(Tom)
La estructura de PGresult ahora incluye un mensaje de error asociado, si lo hay(Tom)
Se definen los argumentos "tz_hour" y "tz_minute" como date_part()(Thomas)
Se anaden rutinas para convertir entre varchar y bpchar(Thomas)
Se anaden runtinas para permitir el dimensionamiento de
varchar y bpchar dentro de las columnas de destino(Thomas)
Se anade un bit a las etiquetas (flags) oara soportar
zona horaria y minutos en la devolucion de fecha(Thomas)
Se permiten mas variaciones en numeros de coma flotante (por ej. ".1", "1e6")(Thomas)
Se corrigen el analisis sintactico de menores unarios empezando con espacios(Thomas)
Se implementa TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE por especificaciones SQL92(Thomas)
Se verifica i se ignora adecuadamente constraints de columna FOREIGN KEY(Thomas)
SE defina USER como sinonimo de CURRENT_USER por especificacines de SQL92(Thomas)
Se habilita HAVING en clausulas pero no se corrije en ningun otro lugar aun.
Se hace el tipo "char" un sinonimo de "char(1)" (actualmente implementado como bpchar)(Thomas)
Se guarda el tipo de cadena si esta especificado por el manejo de la clausula DEFAULT(Thomas)
Operaciones de coercion abarcan diferentes tipos de datos(Thomas)

Se permite a algunos indices utilizar columnas de diferentes tipos(Thomas)
Anadidas capcidades para coersiones de tipo automatico(Thomas)
Depuraciones para objetos grandes, de este modo un fichero es truncado en su apertura(Peter)
Depuraciones de la lectura de lineas(Tom)
Se permite que psql \f \ tomen los espacios en blanco como delimitadores(Bruce)
Se pasa el pg_attribute.atttypmod al frontal de la aplicacion para las longitudes de los campos(Tom,Bruce)
Libreria de compatibilidad con Msql en /contrib(Aldrin)
Se elimina el requerimiento de que las clausulas identificadoras ORDER/GROUP BY
estuvieran incluidas en la lista de la busqueda(David)
Se convierten columnas para emparejarlas en las clausulas de UNION(Thomas)
Se elimina fork()/ecec() y solo se hace fork()(Bruce)
Depuraciones en Jdbc(Peter)
Se muestra el estado del proceso en el servidor (backend) en la
linea de comandos de ps(solo funciona en algunas plataformas)(Bruce)
Pg_hba.conf tiene ahora una opcion sameuser en el campo de la base de datos
Se hace que lo_unlink tome el parametro oid, no el int4
Nueva DISABLE_COMPLEX_MACRO para compiladores que no pueden manejar nuestras macros(Bruce)
Libpgtcl maneja los NOTIFY ahora como un evento Tcl, no se necesitan enviar consultas tontas(Tom)
Depuraciones en libpgtcl(Tom)
Anadida una opcion -error al comando pg_result de libpgtcl(Tom)
Anadido parche locale, vease docs/README/locale(Oleg)
Correccion para pg_dump con ella la sintaxis de CONSTRAINT y CHECK es correcta(ccb)
Nuevo codigo contrib/lo para eliminar grandes objetos huerfanos(Peter)
Nuevp comando psql "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO encoding" para prestaciones
multi.byte, vease /doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
codigo /contrib/noupdate para revocar permisos de actualizacion en una columna
Libpq puede ser compilada ahora en win32(Magnus)
Anadido PQsetdbLogin() en libpq
Nuevo tipo entero 8-byte, comprobado por el configure del soporte para OS(Thomas)
Mejor soporte para nombres entrecomillados de tabla/columnas(Thomas)
Se rodean los nombres de tabla y columnas con dobles comillas en pg_dump(Thomas)
PQreset() trabaja ahora con contrasenas(Tom)
Handle case of GROUP BY target list column number out of range(David)
Se permite UNION en las subconsultas
Anadido auto-dimensionamiento a la pantalla a los comandos \d?(Bruce)
Se utiliza UNION para mostrar todos los resultados de \d? en una consulta(Bruce)
Se anade la prestacion de busqueda de campo \d?(Bruce)
Pg_dump utiliza menos peticiones \connect(Tom)
Se hace que la opcion -z de pg_dump trabaje mejor, se documenta en la pagina de manual(Tom)
Se anade la clausula HAVING con total soporte para subconsultas y uniones(Stephan)
Texto completo de las rutinas de indexado en contrib/fulltextindex(Maarten)
Los ids de transacciones se almacenan ahora en memoria compartida(Vadim)
Nuevo PGCLIENTENCODING cuando ejecutan el comando COPY(Tatsuo)
Soporte para la sintaxis SQL92 "SET NAMES"(Tatsuo)
Soporte para LATIN2-5(Tatsuo)
Anadido el caso UNICODE los test de refresion(Tatsuo)
Depuracion de gestor de bloqueos, nuevos modos de bloqueos para LLL(Vadim)
Se permite el uso de indice en clausulas OR(Bruce)
Se permite "SELECT NULL ORDER BY 1;"
La explicacion VERBOSE del plan lo imprime, y ahora imprime en bonito el plan al
fichero de log del postmaster(Bruce)
Se anaden indices al display para el comando \d(Bruce)
Se permite el GROUP BY en funciones(David)
Nuevo pg_class.relkind para obejtos grandes(Bruce)
Nuevo modo de enviar libpq mensajes NOTICE a diferentes localizaciones(Tom)
Nuevo comando de escritura \w para psql(Bruce)

Nuevo /contrib/findoidjoins escanea columnas oid para encontrar relaciones de union(Bruce)

Se permite que sean considerados indices compatibles binarios cuando se verifican
indices validos para una clausula de restriccion conteniendo una constante(Thomas)
Nuevo codigo ISBN/ISSN en /contrib/isbn_issn
Se permite NOT LIKE, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, y NOT BETWEEN constraint(Thomas)
Nuevo sistema de reescritura corrige muchos problemas con reglas y vistas(Jan)
* Reglas en trabajos relacionados
* Cualificaciones de eventos en trabajos de inserciones/actualizaciones/borrados
* Nueva variable OLD para referirse a CURRENT, CURRENT se eliminara en un futuro
* Las reglas de actualizacion se pueden referir a NEW y OLD en la regla cualificacion/accion
* Inserciones/actualizaciones/borrados en vistas de trabajo
* Reglas multiples de accion se soportan ahora, rodeadas entre parentesis
* Usuarios normales pueden crear vistas/reglas en las tablas en las que tengan permisos de RULE
* Las reglas y las vistas heredan los permisos del creador
* No hay reglas a nivel de columna
* No hay reglas de ACTUALIZACION NUEVA/VIEJA (UPDATE NEW/OLD)
* Nuevas vistas de sistema pg_tables, pg_indexes, pg_rules y pg_views
* Solo se puede ejecutar una accion en las reglas de SELECT
* Re escritura total revisada, tal vez para la 6.5
* manejo de subselects
* manejo de agregaciones en vistas
* manejo de inserciones dentro de una seleccion desde una vista ahora funciona
Los indices del sisteme ahora son multi-clave(Bruce)
Los tipos Oidint2, oidint4, y oidname types se eliminan(Bruce)
Se utiliza cache del sistema para mas busquedas en tablas del sistema(Bruce)
Nueva lenguaje de programacion en el proceso en servidor(backend) PL/pgSQL en backend/pl
El nuevo tipo de datos SERIAL, auto crea la secuencia/indice(Thomas)
Se permite la comprobacion de declaraciones sin recompilar(Massimo)
Mejoras en el bloqueo de usuario(Massimo)
Nuevo comando setval() para configurar el valor de una secuencia(Massimo)
Auto eliminacion del fichero de socket de unixsi no hay un postmaster ejecutandose(Massi
Paquete de traceo condicional(Massimo)
Nuevo comando UNLISTEN(Massimo)
Psql y libpq se compilan ahora bajo win32 utilizando win32.mak(Magnus)
Lo_read ya no almacena rastros NULL (Bruce)
Los identificadores son truncados ahora internamente a 31 caracteres(Bruce)
Opciones de createuser estan disponibles ahora en la linea de comando
Anadido soporte para codigo de enteros de 64-bit, configuracion comprobada, tipos de int8(Thomas)
Se previene la perdida de un descriptor a causa de un COPY fallido(Bruce)
Nuevo comando pg_upgrade(Bruce)
Directorios Updated /contrib (Massimo)
Nueva setencia CREATE TABLE DEFAULT VALUES disponible(Thomas)
Nueva sentencia INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES disponible(Thomas)
Nueva prestacin DECLARE y FETCH(Thomas)
Estructuras internas de libpq ahora no se exportan (Tom)
Se permiten indices con mas de 8 claves(Bruce)
Se elimina el teclado ARCHIVE, que ya no se utiliza(Thomas)
La opcion -n de pg_dump para suprimir comillas alrededor de los identificadores
se deshabilita las columnas del sistema para las vistas(Jan)
nuevos tipos INET y CIDR para direcciones de red(TomH, Paul)
No mas comillas en las salidas de psql
pg_dump ahora vuelca las vistas(Terry)
nuevo SET QUERY_LIMIT(Tatsuo,Jan)
------------Limpieza de /contrib (Jun)
Enlazadas algunas pequenas funciones llamadas para cada registro(Bruce)

Inline some small functions called for every row(Bruce)
Correcciones paraAlpha/linux
Limpiezas para Hp/UX (Tom)
Test de regresion para Multi-byte (Soonmyung.)
Se elimina la opcion -disabled del configure
Se define PGDOC para que utilice POSTGRESDIR por defecto
Se hace la regresion opcional
Se eliminan corchetes extras en el codigo de pgindent(Bruce)
Se anade soporte para la libreria compartida bsdi(Bruce)
Nueva soporte para opcion de configuracion -without-CXX support(Brook)
Nueva FAQ_CVS
Actualizado flowchart de proceso de servidor en tools/backend(backend)
Cambiado atttymod de int16 a int32(Bruce, Tom)
Se corrige Getrusage() para plataformas que no lo tienen(Tom)
Se anade PQconnectdb, PGUSER, PGPASSWORD a la pagina de manual de libpq
NS32K platform fixes(Phil Nelson, John Buller)
Correcciones para Sco 7/UnixWare 2.x (Billy,others)
Correccines para Sparc/Solaris 2.5 (Ryan)
Pgbuiltin.3 esta obsoleto, movido a los ficheros de documentacion(Thomas)
Aun mas documentacion(Thomas)
Soporte para Nexstep(Jacek)
Soporte para Aix (David)
Pagina de manual para pginterface(Bruce)
Todas las librerias compartidas tienen numero de version
Unidas todos los defines de las librerias compartidas de SO-especificos dentro de un unico fichero
Comprobacion de configuracion TCL/TK mas inteligente(Billy)
Configuracion de perl mas inteligente(Brook)
confdigure utiliza install-sh facilitado si no se encuentra script de instalacion(Tom)
nueva Makefile.shlib para configuracion de librerias compartidas(Tom)
Version 6.3.2
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Cambios
----Mejoras en la deteccion del configure para tcl/tk(Brook Milligan, Alvin)
Mejoras en las paginas de manual(Bruce)
correcciones para BETWEEN y LIKE (Thomas)
correccion para psql \connect utilizado por pg_dump(Oliver Elphick)
Nuevo driver odbc
pgaccess, version 0.86
eliminado qsort, se utiliza ahora la version de libc, depuraciones(Jeroen)
correcciones para buffer excedidos que se han detectado(Maurice Gittens)
correcciones para buffer excedidos en libpgtcl(Randy Kunkee)
correccion para UNION con DISTICNT en ORDER BY(Bruce)
se comprueba en el configure el gettimeofday (Doug Winterburn)
Correccion para el error "indices no usados"(Vadim)
Adicciones a la documentcion(Thomas)
Correcciones para perdida de memoria en el proceso en el servidor(backend)(Bruce)
limpiezas en libreadline (Erwan MAS)
Eliminado DISTDIR(Bruce)
limpieza de las dependencias de Makefile (Jeroen van Vianen)
correcciones para ASSERT (Bruce)
Version 6.3.1
jZ3#&%=V-,â
b jG5@=?:(%4-,02-,/1%+@%=?%U0>/PQ3/1:<c64(0>%=?%0:<(7=(7"#&3+,:-,M N J5:(S
b |6(*@%=?%70>-,/O4(Y+,%d5=4(7/1%0-,5/K4( N J5:(*W@%=V%
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b 0>:<3%+,-,e7%02-,/1(76#&(7/1=(7W@.%=V%U@(7=?#&-,:-,=-,/1:%{-,6jZkgS
b AB(VPQ5=?%"%
+,%d%3:<54(*:(70>0>-,/q4(+,%d0>5/1);53=V%0>-,/43=V%/1:(+,%d-,/1:<%+,%0>-,5/"S
~ (Y=(7\3-,(*=?(g3/q43#&@WwG=(7:=(I@.%=V%Y%\3(*+,+,5"\3((?P<(*023:<(7/9cS 1S? /9#&%'(I4-,:0>+,(7%/1X
#&%'5(7XJ]#&%'5( -,/1:%+,+,.(7:4K+,O\3( ( =?(*\3-,(7=(S> ( N (7=?-,%L=(7M(7/1+,%e7%= m =(7MQ+,-,/1'5yh023%+,M
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:%+,%02-,/qJi#&-,;=?%0>-,5/@%=?%
`1S

Cambios
----depuracione/correcciones para ecpg, ahora en version 1.1(Michael Meskes)
depuracion en pg_user(Bruce)
correccion para objetos largos para pg_dump y tclsh(alvin)
correccion de LIKE para multiples subrayados adyacentes
correccion para redefiniciones en la construccion de funciones(Thomas)
depuraciones para ultrix4
actualizacion a pg_access 0.83
actualizacion de la pagina de manual CLUSTER
Soporte para juego de caracteres multi-byte, vease doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)

correccion para configure -with-pgport
correccion para pg_ident
correccion de big-endian para comunicaciones en el proceso servidor(backend)(Kataoka)
correccion para SUBSTR() y substring() (Jan)
varias correcciones para jdbc (Peter)
libpgtcl improvements, see libptcl/README(Randy Kunkee)
Correccion del error "Datasize = 0" (Vadim)
Se previene la ocultacion de \do(Bruce)
Eliminadas entradas de juegos de caracteres Ruso duplicadas
depuracion para Sunos4
Se permiten claves opcionales de TABLA en LOCK y SELECT INTO(Thomas)
Opciones de CREATE SECUENCE para permitir enteros negativos(Thomas)
Se anade "PASSWORD" como un identificador de columna valido(Thomas)
Se anade comprobacion de los campos objeto en UNION (Bruce)
Correccion para el porte a Alpha(Dwayne Bailey)
Correccion para matrices con texto conteniedo comillas(Doug Gibson)
Correccion para la compilacion en Solaris(Albert Chin-A-Young)
Se indentifica mejor librerias e includes de tcl y tk(Bruce)
Version 6.3
%J V> @=(7:%0>-,/1(7W/13(7`%IJ#&(VPQ=V%I(7/](*:<% `c(*=V-,/"S2(d%\3-3/ N =(7`(7X-,/10>5#&M

@+,(7:<L3#&%=?-,â
b AB302_1%@=(*:<%0-,/1(7/13(*`c%X-,/10>+,3J5(7/14d0>%@%02-,:<%*02-,/::%+7@%=?%"3 N 0>5/c3+,:<%jGkt
m :<54(7:%d%\3-(7{G0>(7@.:+,%
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b jG5@=?:(g@%=?%I`c%=?-,% N +,(7l4(g(7/1:=?/1 4(7++,%4u4(7+0>+,-,(*/1:(g@%=?%I(7@(70>-,)0>%=e5/1%Y_15=?%=?-,%
JL(7:-,+,i4(C(70>_1%1S
b fD/1:<(7=?C%eL4( 02/1(7{-,5/ m 50>'5(7:y@%=V%02/1(7{-,5/c(7d0>+,-,(7/1:<(wG(*=V`-,4=VS*T:O(7
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4(*CD(20>:L%-\3(U/1(70>(7-,:%W-,/1-,0>-,%=
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@0>-,5/KM-,
postmaster
b AB(VPQ5=(7 #&(*02%/1-,#&L4(%3:<5=?-,e%0>-,/B0>5/0>5/1:<=?%(7/1%1SG@(7=?#&-,5L4(K:<% N +,%O@=
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b T+Z`-,(VPQ9(7:-,+i4(:-,#&(U:<=V%`c(7+U_1%d-,4i(7+,-,#[-,/1%4SjG(_1%/K#&(?P<=?%4i+,W=(*3+,:<%4S
Nota: Bruce Momjian escribio las siguientes notas para presentar la nueva version.
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G(*=?0>(2=5X+,%U02%#&@50>_1%= m yh@(*=V#&-,:<-,=?%/R%_15=?%i3/R%0>0>(7O#&%
=?%@-,4K\3(L`%=0>_1%= m yl
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@%=?%W(7+7%0>0>(7
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T:% (7I+,%@=V-,#&(*=V% `(7=?-,/[\3(u=(7%*+,#&(7/1:(u=(7\3-,(7=(d3/1%(*{G@+,-,0>%0>-,/[@%=?%u+,533%=?-,5
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(7:% N %3:-,+,-,e%/14iJ5%
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Migracion a v6.3
jZ(W=(*\3-,(7=(6+,%3:<-,+,-,e%0>-,/i4(g3/
u4(g3/
@%=?%g:4l%\3(7+,+,l\3(
4(7(7(*/q#&-,;=?%=4%:<564(0>3%+,\3-,pg_dump
(7=h`(7=V-,/%/1:(*=V-,pg_dumpall
=4(U85:;5=(7S

Correccion de errores
-----Correccion de cursores binarios rotos por implementacion de MOVE (Vadim)
Correccion para fallos de la libreria tcl(Jan)

Correccion para el manejo de matrizes (arrays), por Gerhard Hintermayer
Correccion de error en acl, y se elimina pqtrace duplicado (Bruce)
Correccion para psql \e con fichero vacio (Bruce)
Correccion para texcat en campos varchar() (Bruce)
Correccion para DBT Sendproc (Zeugswetter Andres)
Correccion para problema de sintaxis en vacuum analyze(Bruce)
Correccion para indentificadores internacionales(Tatsuo)
Correccion para agregaciones en tablas heredadas (Bruce)
Correccion fr substr() para datos fuera de rango
Correccion para select 1=1 o 2=2, select 1=1 and 2=2, y selec sum (2+) (Bruce)
Correccion para mostrar estado de del resultado cuando no hay tty de salida. La opcion -q
aun no lo devuelve (Bruce)
Correccion para count(*), argumentos con vistas y tablas multiples y sum(3)(Bruce)
Correccion para cluster (Bruce)
Correccion para PQtrace start/stop muchas veces (Bruce)
Correccion para una variedad de problemas como bloqueos ms recientes en espera
que tienen bloqueo antes que procesos en espera mas viejos, y teniendo gente bloqueada
en lectura no se comparte bloqueo si proceso que escribe esta esperando para cojer el
bloqueo, y los procesos escritores que esperan no obtienen prioridad sobre los
procesos lectores que esperan(Bruce)
Correccion para abortos en psql cuando se ejecutan consultas desde ficheros externos (James)
Correccion para el problema de multiples ordenaciones por columnas, cuando la primera
tiene valores NULL (Jeroen)
Utilizacin correcto soporte de funciones de la tabla hash para float8 e int4(Thomas)
Re-enable JOIN= option in CREATE OPERATOR statement (Thomas)
Se cambia la precedencia de los operadores booleanos para emparejarlos con el comportamiento esperado(Thomas)
Se genera elog(ERORR) en enteros que sobre-crecen (Bruce)
Se permite argumentos multiples en las funciones de clausulas de constraint(Thomas)
Se comprueba los literales booleanos de entrada para true, false,yes,no,1,0
y se envian a elog(ERROR) si no se reconocen(Thomas)
Correccion para objetos de gran tamano importante
Correccion para GROUP BY mostrando duplicados(Vadim)
Correccion para exploracion de indice en MergeJion(Vadim)
Mejoras
-------Sub consultas con las palabras claves EXISTS, IN, ALL y ANY (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
Nuevo Manual del Usuario(Thomas, others)
Aceleracion por alineamiento de algunas funciones frecuentemente llamadas
Deteccion real de bloqueos(deadlock), no mas expiraciones por tiempo(timeout)(Bruce)
se anaden las "constantes" SQL92 CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
CURRENT_USER(Thomas)
Se modifica la sintaxis para ser compatibles con SQL-92(Thomas)
Se implementa las clausulas SQL PRIMARY KEY y UNIQUE utilizando indices(Thomas)
Se reconoce la sintaxis SQL92 para CLAVES FORANEAS (FOREIGN KEYS). Se pone una
aviso (notice) en el elog (Thomas)
Se permite la clausula de restriccion NOT NULL UNIQUE (cada una de ellas
permitidas separadamente antes)(Thomas)
Se permite el estilo de arrojar no constantes (::") Postgres (Thomas)
Se anade soporte para las constantes boleanas de SQL3 TRUE y FALSE (Thomas)
Se soporta la sintaxis SQL92 para IS TRUE/IS FALSE/IS NOT TRUE/IS NOT FALSE(Thomas)
Se permiten cadenas mas cortas para literales booleanos(por ej. "t", "tr", "tru")(Thomas
Se permiten identificadores de delimitacion SQL92(Thomas)
Se implementa decodificacion para cadenas binarias y hexadecimales SQL92 (b10 and x1F

Support SQL92 syntax for type coercion of literal strings

(e.g. "DATETIME now")(Thomas)
Se aade conversiones para tipos int2, int4, y OID a y desde texto (Thomas)
Se utilizan bloqueos compartidos cuando se crean indices (Vadim)
La memoria libre reservada para una consulta de usuario dentro de un bloque de transaccion
despues de esa consulta sea hecha, se habia desactivado <= 6.2.1(Vadim)
Nueva declaracion SQL, CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAJE (Jan)
Nuevo interfaz para el motor de base de datos en el servidor (backend)Lenguaje Procedural (PL)
Postgres(Jan)
Se renombra la opcion pg_dump -H a -h(Bruce)
Se anade soporte Java para contrasenas, fechas euopeas (Peter)
Se utilizan indices para operaciones LIKE y ~, !~ (Bruce)
Se anade funciones hash para fecha (datetime) y marca de tiempo (timespan) (Thomas)
Se elimina Time Travel(Vadim, Bruce)
Se anade paginacion para \d y \z, y se corrige \i (Bruce)
Se anade soporte para conexiones de dominio Unix (Unix domain socket) al motor de base de datos y a
la libreria del frontal(Goran)
Se implementa CREATE DATABASE/WITH LOCATION y la utilidad initlocation(Thomas)
Se permiten mas palabras reservadas SQL92 y/o Postgres como identificadores de
columnas(Thomas)
Aumenta el soporte para SQL92 SET TIME ZONE...(Thomas)
SET/SHOW/RESET TIME ZONE utilizan la variable de entorno del motor de base de datos (backend) TZ(Thomas)
Se implementa SET keyword = DEFAULT y SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT(Thomas)
Se habilita SET TIME ZONE utilizando la variable de entorno (Thomas)
Se anade la variable de entorno PGDATESTYLE a la inicializacion del frontal y del motor de base de
datos(backend)(Thomas)
Se anaden las variables de entorno PGTZ, PGCOSTHEAP, PGCOSTINDEX, PGRPLANS, PGGEQO a la libreria de
inicializacion del frontal(Thomas)
Se configura automaticamente la zona horario en los test de regresion con "setenv PGTZ PST8PDT"(Thomas)
Se anade la tabla pg_descripcion para informacion sobre tablas, columnas, operadores, tipos y
agregaciones (Bruce)
Se incremente el limite de caracteres de 16 a 32 en los nombres de tablas/indices de sistema(Bruce)
Se renombran los indices del sistema(Bruce)
Se anade la opcion GERMAN para SET DATESTYLE(Thomas)
Se define un "ISO-style" formato de salida de fecha extendida con los campos "hh:mm:ss"(Thomas)
Se permite valores fraccionales para tiempos delta (por ej. 2.5 dias)(Thomas)
Se valida la entrada de numeros mas cuidadosamente para tiempos delta(Thomas)
Se implementa el dia del ano como una entrada posible para date_part()(Thomas)
Se definen las funciones timespan_finite() y text_timespan() (Thomas)
Se elimina materia archivada(Bruce)
Se habilita una base de datos de autentificacion pg_password que esta separada del fichero de contrasenas
del sistema(Todd)
Se vuelcan los permisos ACLs, GRANT, REVOKE(Matt)
Se definen funciones de longitud de cadena text, varchar y bpchar(Thomas)
Correccion para el manejo de herencia en consultas, y computos de coste(Bruce)
Se implementa CREATE TABLE/AS SELECT (una alternativa a SELECT/INTO)(Thomas)
Se permite NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL en restrccines(Thomas)
Se implementa UNIONes para SELECT(Bruce)
Se anade UNION, GROUP, DISTINCT a INSERT(Bruce)
varchar() almacena solo los bytes necesarios en disco(Bruce)
Correccion para BLOBs(Peter)

Mega-Parche para JDBC... vease README_6.3 para lista de cambios(Peter)
Se elimina "opcion" no utilizada de PQconnectdb()
Nuevo comando LOCK y pagina de manual describiendo bloqueos(deadlocks)(Bruce)
Se anaden nuevos comandos psql \da, \dd, \df, \do, \dS, and \dT(Bruce)
Mejora de psql \z para mostrar secuencias(Bruce)
Se muestran NOT NULL y DEFAULT en tabla psql \d (Bruce)
Nuevo fichero de arranque de psql .psqlrc(Andrew)
Se modifican el script de muestra del arranque en contrib/linux para mostrar syslog(Thomas)
Nuevos tipos para direcciones IP y MAC en contrib/ip_and_mac(TomH)
Conversiones de tiempo en sistema Unis con tipos date/time en contrib/unixdate(Thomas)
Actualizacion del material contrib(Massimo)
Se anade soporte para conexion Unix (Unix socket) para DBD::Pg(Goran)
Nueva interfaz para python (PyGreSQL 2.0)(DArcy)
El nuevo protocolo para frontal/motor de base de datos(backend) tiene un numero version, byte de orden de
red (Phil)
Caracteristicas de seguridad en pg_hba.conf mejorada y documentada, muchas depuraciones(Phil)
CHAR() tiene ahora acceso mas rapido que VARCHAR() o TEXT
prepocesador SQL embebido en ecpg
Se reduce la carga de columnas del sistemas(Vadim)
Se elimina la tabla pg_time(Vadim)
Se anade el atributo pg_type para indentificar tipos que necesitan longitud (bpchar, varchar)
Se anade informe de final de linea fuera de termino cuando el comando COPY falla
Se permiten que los permisos en VIEW se configuren separadamente de las tabla subyacentes.
Por seguridad, se utiliza como apropiado GRANT/REVOKE en vistas(Jan)
Las tablas ahora no tienen por omision GRANT SELECT TO PUBLIC. Debes conceder explicitamente esos permisos.
Limpieza de ejemplos en el tutorial(Darren)

------------Se anaden nuevas herramientas de desarrollo html, y caracteres flotantes en /tools/backend
Correccion para compilacion en SCO
Porte a computador Stratus, Robert Gillies
Anadido soporte para shlib para BSD44_derived & i386_solaris
Se hace la configuracion de Make mas automatizada(Brook)
Se anade script para comprobar los resultados del test de regresion
Se separan las funciones de verificacion sintactica en ficheros mas pequenos, agrupados juntos(Bruce)
Se renombran heap_create a heap_create_and_catalog, rename heap_creatr
a heap_create()(Bruce)
Parche para bloqueos en Sparc/Linux (TomS)
Se elimina PORTNAME y se reorganiza el material especifico de puertos(Marc)
Se anade fichero de optimizador README(Bruce)
Se elminan algunas recursiones en el optimizados y se limpia algo de codigo ahi(Bruce)
Correccion para bloqueo en NetBSD(Henry)
Correccion para el make libptcl(Tatsuo)
Parche para AIX(Darren)
Cambio IS TRUE, IS FALSE, ... a la expresiones utilizando "=" mas que a llamadas a funcion
istrue() o isfalse() para permitir optimizacion(Thomas)
Varias correcciones relacionadas con NetBSD/Sparc(TomH)
Bloqueos para linux Alpha(Travis,Ryan)
Se cambian elog(ALARMAS)(WARM) a elog(ERROR)(Bruce)
FAQ para FreeBSD(Marc)

Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)

Un parche menor para HP/UX vs 9(Stan)
New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
Parches para Unixware(Billy)
Nuevo bloqueo i386 para giro de bloqueo en asm(Billy)
Soporte para procesos en servidor (backends) multiplezados se elimina
Comienza un porte a OpenBSD

Comienza un porte a AUX
Comienza un porte a Cygnus
Se anaden funciones de cadena para la suite de regresion(Thomas)
Se expanden unos pocos nombres de funcion anteriormente truncados a 16 caracteres(Thomas
Emilinada llamadas a malloc() no necesitadas y reemplazadas con palloc()(Bruce)
Version 6.2.1
%
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update pg_aggregate set aggfinalfn = cash_div_flt8
where aggname = avg and aggbasetype = 790;
jZ(Y/1(70>(7-,:%U_1%0>(7=h(*:i%U:4%6+,% N %(*64(Y4%:<56(7{-,:(7/1:<(7X-,/10>+,3J(*/149:<(7#&@+,%:<(71S
Lista Detalladas de Cambios

Cambios en esta version
--------------Se permite bombres de columna TIME y TYPE (Thomas)
Se permite un rango grande de true/false como valores booleanos(Thomas)
Se soporta la salida de "now" y "current"(Thomas)
Manejo de DEFAULT con INSERT de NULL adecuado(Vadim)
Correccion para el proble de contar relaciones de referencia en el gestor de buffer(Vadim)
Se permite que las cadenas (strings) se extiendan a lineas, como ANSI(Thomas)
Correccion para cursor recursivo con ORDER BY(Vadim)
Correccion de computacion de avg(cash)(Thomas)
Correccion para especificacion de una columna dos veces en un ORDER/GROUP BY(Vadim)
Documentada nueva funcion de libpq que devuelve las lineas afectadas, PQcmdTuples(Bruce)
Funcion desencadenadora (trigger) para insertar nombres de usuario para INSERT/UPDATE(Brook Milligan)
Version 6.2
jZ(W=(*\3-,(7=(I3/L43#&@WwG=?(*:=?(g@%=?%I%\3(*+,+,5l\3(I4(7(7(7/L#&-,;=?%=4%:l4(74(W`(7=?-,/1(7
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Migracion desde v6.1 a v6.2
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Correcion de errores
-----Correccion de problemas con pg_dump para herencia, secuencias, tablas archivo(Bruce)

Correccion de errores de compilacion en desbordamientos para shifts, unsigned y prototipos malos

de Solaris(Diab Jerius)
Correccion de errores en lineas aritmetricas geometricas (malos calculos de intersecciones)(Thomas)

Comprobacion de intersecciones geometricas en los puntos de finalizacion para evitar lo feo del redondeo(Thomas)
Se cojen tentativas no-funcionales de borrado(Vadim)
Se cambia los nombres de la funcion de tiempo para ser mas consistentes(Michael Reifenberg)
Se comprueba las divisiones por cero(Michael Reifenberg)
Correccion para error muy antiguo que hacia que tuplas cambiadas/insertadas por un coman
fueran visibles para el propio comando (de ese modo teniamos multiples actualizaciones
de tuplas actualizadas, etc)(Vadim)
Correccion para SELECT null, fail FROM pg_am(Patrick)
No se permite SELECT NULL como EMPTY_FIELD(Patrick)
Se elimina senas innecesario de contrib/pginterface
Correccion OR(donde x!= 1 o x sea nulo no devolvera tuplas con x NULL)(Vadim)
Correccion para la funcion time_cmp (Vadim)
Correccion en el manejo de funciones con argumentos que no tiene el atributo primero en
las clausulas WHERE (Vadim)
Correccion de GROUP BY cuando el orden de las entradas es diferente del orden en la lista de
seleccion (Vadim)
Correccion de pg_dump para agrgaciones sin sfunc1(Vadim)
Mejoras
-------El parametro del optimizador genetico por defecto GEQO es ahora 8(Bruce)
Se permite el uso de parametros en la lista de consulta teniendo agraciones en las funciones(Vadim)

Se anade driver JDBC como una interfaz(Adrian & Peter)
Utilidad pg_password
Se devuelve el numero de tuplas insertadas/afectadas por una INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(V
Los disparadores (triggers) son implementados con CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3) (Vadim)
SPI (Interfaz de Programacion en el Servidor) permite la ejecucin de consultas dentro de
funciones C (Vadim)
Implementado NOT NULL (SQL92) (Robson Paniago de Miranda)
Se incluyen palabras reservadas para el manejo de cadenas (strings), uniones externas (outer
joins) y uniones (unions) (Thomas)

Implementados comentarios extendidos ("/* ... */") utilizando estados exclusivos(Thomas)
Anadido comentarios de una sola linea "//" (Bruce)
Eliminadas algunas restricciones de caracteres en nombres de operadores(Thomas)
Implementado DEFAULT y CONSTRAINT para tablas (SQL92)(Vadim & Thomas)

Anadido operador de concatenacion de texto y funcion (SQL92) (Thomas)
Soporte para sintaxis WITH TIME ZONE (SQL92) (Thomas)
Soporte para sintaxis INTERVAL unidad TO unidad (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se definen los tipos (de datos) DOUBLE PRECISION, INTERVAL, CHARACTER,
y CHARACTER VARYING (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se define el tipo FLOAT(p) y DECIMAL(p,s), NUMERIC(p,s) rudimentariamente (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se define EXTRACT(), POSITION(), SUBSTRING(), y TRIM() (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se define CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se anade sintaxis y avisos para UNION, HAVING, INNER y OUTER JOIN (SQL92)(Thomas)
Se anaden mas palabras reservadas, la mayoria para cumplir con SQL92(Thomas)
Se permite la entrada de tiempo hh:mm:ss para tipos de marca de tiempo/tiempo
relativo (timespan/reltime) (Thomas)
Se anaden rutinas center() para lseg, path, polygon(Thomas)
Se anaden rutinas distance() para circle-polygon, polygon-polygon(Thomas)
Se verifica explicidad para puntos y poliginis contenidos en los poligonos
utilizando un algoritmo de cruzamiento de ejes(Thomas)

Se anade rutina para convertir circle-box(Thomas)
Se unen operadores conflictivos para diferentes tipos de datos geometricos(Thomas)
Se reemplaza el operador de distancia "<===>" con "<->"(Thomas)
Se reemplaza el operador "above", "!^" con ">^", y el operador "below", "!|" con "<^"(Th
Se anaden rutinas para recorte de texto en ambos extremos, subcadenas y posiciones de cadena(Thomas)
Se han anadido rutinas de conversion circle(box) and poly(circle)(Thomas)
Se permite que las ordenaciones se almacenen en memoria antes que en ficheros(Bruce & Vadim)
Se permite que funciones y operadores con tipos internamente identicos finalicen con exito(Bruce)
Speed up backend startup after profiling analysis(Bruce)
Se alinean frecuentes llamadas a funciones para mejorar las prestaciones(Bruce)
Se reducen las llamadas open() (Bruce)
psql: Se anade correccion para PAGER \h y \?,\C
Correccion para el paginador psql cuando no hay tty(Bruce)
Nueva utilidad entab (Bruce)
Funciones generales de disparadores para integridad referencial (Vadim)
Funciones generales de disparadores para tiempo transcurrido (Vadim)
Funciones generales de disparadores para la prestacion AUTOINCREMENT/IDENTITY (Vadim)
Se implemente MOVE (Vadim)
------------Parches para HPUX 10 (Vladimir Turin)
Anadido soporte para SCO (Daniel Harris)
parches para mkLinux(Tatsuo Ishii)
Se cambia la terminologia geometica de caja de "length" a "width"(Thomas)
Se desaprueban campos incrmentales temporales no almacenados en el codigo geometrico(Thomas)
Se eliminan instrucciones de reinicio de INSTALL(Bruce)
Se mira en /usr/ucb antes de instalar(Bruce)
Correccion para el codigo de ejemplo de c++(Thomas)
Anadido -o a la pagina de manual de psql(Bruce)
Se previene que la longitud de la cadena relname no asignada sea copiada dentro de la base de datos (Bruce)
Depuracion del uso de NAMEDATALEN (Bruce)
Correccion para nombres pg_proc por encima de los 15 caracteres de salida(Bruce)
Anadida la funcion strNcpy() (Bruce)

eliminados algunos (void) repartidos que son innecesarias(Bruce)

nuevo directorio de interfaces(Marc)
Se remplazan las llamadas fopen() con llamadas a las funciones fd.c(Bruce)
Se hacen las funciones estaticas donde es posible(Bruce)
Se encierran las funciones no usadas con #ifdef NOT USED(Bruce)
Se eliminan las llamadas a difftime() en el soporte de estampacion de fecha para corregir SunOS(Bruce & Thomas)
Cambios para Digital Unix
Correccion de portabilidad para pg_dumpall(Bruce)
Se renombra pg_attribute.attnvals a attdisbursion(Bruce)
Pagina de manual "intro/unix" ahora es "pgintro"(Bruce)
Pagina de manual "built-in" ahora es "pgbuiltin"(Bruce)
Pagina de manual "drop" ahora es "drop_table"(Bruce)
Anadidas paginas de manual "create_trigger", "drop_trigger"(Thomas)
Anadidas constraints a los test de regresion(Vadin 6 Thomas)
Anadidos comentarios a la sintaxis del test de regresion(Thomas)
Anadido PGIDENT y programa de soporte(Bruce)
Commit masivo al ajecutar PGIDENT en todos los ficheros *.c y *.h(Bruce)
Ficheros movidos al directorio /src/tools(Bruce)
Guias de programacion de SPI y disparadores(triggers)(Vadim & DArcy)
Version 6.1.1
Migracin desde v6.1 a v6.1.1
T:% (7Y3/1% `c(*=V-,/&4(u0>=V=(*020>-,/1(7I#&(7/1=(7S~(u/1(70>(7-,:% `c+,0>%4^wZ=(70>%=;Z%4(74(

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Cambios en esta versin
--------------Correcciones para SET con opciones (Thomas)
se permite a pg_dump/pg_dumpall preservar la propiedad de todos los
objetos/tablas (Bruce)
la nueva opcin \connect de psql permite cambiar el cdigo de usuario sin
cambiar de base de datos.
correccin de la opcin -debug de initdb (Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
limpieza de lextest (Bruce)
correcciones en la rutina hash (Vadim)
correccin en la aritmtica de construccin del mes en fecha/hora (Thomas)
correccin en la manipulacin del horario en zonas horarias en algunas
migraciones (Thomas, Bruce, Tatsuo)
timestamp sobrecargado al utilizar funciones standard (Thomas)
otras limpiezas del cdigo en rutinas de fecha y hora (Thomas)
\d de psql ahora es insensible a las maysculas (Bruce)
los comandos con \ de psql ahora pueden tener ; final (Bruce)
correccin de huecos de memoria en psql cuando se utiliza \g (Bruce)
correcciones mayores para la manipulacin final de la comunicacin con el
servidor (Thomas, Tatsuo)
Correcciones para el ensamblador de Solaris y los ficheros de
include (Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
pg_dumpall devuelve ahora el status correcto, corregida la portabilidad (Bruce)
Version 6.1
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Correccin de errores
-------------comprobaciones en la longitud empaquetada en rutinas de la librera
parche de prioridad en el gestor de bloqueos
comprobaciones para sub/sobrecarga de float8 (Bruce)
correcciones en cruces de mltiples tablas (Vadim)
correccin de un aborto de SIGPIPE (Darren)

correcciones sobre objetos grandes (Sven)

se permite que los ndices btree manipulen NULL,s (Vadim)
correcciones en timezone (DArcy)
select SUM(x) puede devolver NULL cuando no hay filas (Thomas)
se corrigen errores del optimizador interno y del ejecutor (Vadim)
se corrigen problemas cuando bucles internos en < o <= no tienen filas (Vadim)
se previene la re-inversin de clusulas join de ndices (Vadim)
corregida la clausula join para mltiples tablas (Vadim)
corregidos hash y hashjoin para vectores (Vadim)
correccin en btree para el tipo abstime (Vadim)
correcciones para objetos grandes (Raymond)
corregidos huecos en el buffer en ndices hash (Vadim)
corregido rtree para el uso de barridos internos (Vadim)
correcciones esenciales para el uso de barridos internos, limpiezas (Vadim, Andrea)
se impide la colocacin de buffers locales innecesarios (Vadim, Massimo)
corregidos huecos de buffers locales en abortos de transacciones (Vadim)
corregidos huecos de memoria del gestor de ficheros, limpiados (Vadim, Massimo)
corregidos huecos de memoria del gestor de almacenamiento (Vadim)
corregido que btree duplique la manipulacin (Vadim)
corregida la reencarnacin de tuplas borradas causada por vacuum (Vadim)
corregido SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE hace campos de longitud cero (Bruce)
corregidas muchos huecos de memoria de psql, pg_dump y libpq utiliando Purify (Igor)
Mejoras
--------estadisticas de optimizacin de atributos (Bruce)
nuevo cdigo de carga masivo btree mucho ms rpido (Paul)
aadido BTREE UNIQUE para cdigo de carga masiva (Vadim)
nuevo aspecto del cdigo de depuracin (Massimo)
cambios masivos en libpq++ (Leo)
el nuevo optimizador GEQO acelera la optimizacin en tablas multi-tabla (Martin)
nuevo mensaje de alarma para inserciones no nicas en claves nicas (Marc)
update x=-1, sin espacios, ahora es vlido (Bruce)
se elimina la manipulacin de identificadores sensibles a las mayusculas (Bruce, Thomas, Dan)
la depuracin del servidor ahora imprime un rbol agradable (Darren)
nuevas funciones de caracteres de Oracle (Edmund)
nuevas funciones de palabra clave con texto plano (Dan)
se cambian a mensajes diferentes no tal clase y insuficientes privilegios (Dan)
nueva funcin ANSI timestamp (Dan)
nuevos tipos ANSI Time y Date (Thomas)
mueve grandes grupos de datos en el servidor (Martin)
ndices btree multicolumna (Vadim)
nuevo comando SET var TO valor (Martin)
status de transaccin de actualizacin en las lecturas (Dan)
nuevos ajustes locales para tipos de caracteres (Oleg)
nuevo generador de series de nmeros SEQUENCE (Vadim)
ahora es posible GROUP BY una funcin (Vadim)
reorganizada la prueba de regresin (Thomas, Marc)
nuevos pesos de operaciones en el optimizador (Vadim)
nueva opcin psql \z grant/permit (Marc)
nuevo tipo de datos MONEY (DArcy, Thomas)
incrementada la velocidad de comunicacin por el socket tcp (Vadim)
nueva opcin VACUUM para estadisticas de atributos, y para ciertas columnas (Vadim)
muchas potenciaciones de tipos geomtricos (Thomas, Keith)
Pruebas de regresin adicionales (Thomas)
nuevas variables de estilo de datos (Thomas, Vadim, Martin)
ms operadores de comparacin para ordenar tipos (Thomas)

nuevas funciones de conversin (Thomas)
no ms formato btree compacto (Thomas)
ser permite a pg_dumpall preservar la propiedad de las bases de datos (Bruce)
nuevas variables SET GEQO=# y R_PLANS (Vadim)
el viejo optimizador (!GEQO) puede utilizar planes del lado derecho (VADIM)
merjorado el control de tipos en el traductor de SQL (Bruce)
nuevos comandos SET, SHOW y RESET (Thomas, Vadim)
nueva opcin USER \connect basededatos
nueva opcin destroydb -i (Igor)
nuevos comandos de psql \dt y \di (Darren)
SELECT "\n" ahora genera nueva lnea (A. Duursma)
nuevas funciones de conversin de la geometra desde el formato anterior (Thomas)
Cambios en el arbol fuente
----------------nuevo guin de configuracin (Marc)
aadida la opcin de configuracin de lectura de lnea (Marc)
nuevos ficheros de plantillas especificas del Sistema Operativo (Marc)
ya no se necesita editar Makefile.global (Marc)
se reordenan los ficheros de include (Marc)
parche para nextstep (Gregor Hoffleit)
se elimina cdigo especfico de WIN32 (Bruce)
se elimina la opcin -e de postmaster, se mantiene slo la opcin postgres -e (Bruce)
se mezcla el cdigo de libreras duplicadas en clientes y servidores (Martin)
ahora trabaja con eBones, Kerberos internacional (Jun)
ms soporte a libreras compartidas
c++ incluye limpieza de fichero (Bruce)
Aviso sobre flex errneo (Bruce)
Correcciones en la portabilidad para DG-UX, Ultrix, Irix, AIX.
Version v6.0
\3(*+,+,5Y\3( \3-,(7=?%/[#&-,;5=V%=W4%:I4(*4(u`(7=?-,/1(7Y@=(7`-,%I4(u8:<;5=?(*U/1(*0>(7-,:%=?/
_1%0>(7=3/K`+,0>%4wG=(70>3@(2=V%02-,/"S
Migracin desde v1.09 a v6.0
T:%u#&-,;5=V%0>-,/[/1(70>(7-,:<% 3/]`c+,0>%4q0>5#&@.+,(7:q4(u+,% N %(d4(

4%:I1S t J3/1% =(70>3@(2M
=V%02-,/q4(+,g4%:W(*/q1S 1S
Migracin desde versiones previas a v1.09 hasta v6.0
kL3-,(*/1(7l\3-,(7=?%/9#&-,;5=?%=4(74(g+,%l-,/1-,0>-,%+,(7l`(7=?-,5/1(*6cS 4( N 7( =?,%*/9%0>:3%+,-,e%=V(W@=?-,#&(7M

=&%K+,%K`c(*=V-,/r1S tX1J5%O\3(q(7+hC=V#&%:R4(9%+,-,4%O4(9FY}8 $ (9#&(VPQ5=?n%O@%=?:<-,=U4(q+,%
`(7=V-,/1S 5S


Correccin de errores
-------------Error ALTER TABLE - corriendo el proceso postgress se necesita re-leer la definicin
de la tabla.
Se permite que vacuum se ejecute sobre una tabla o sobre la base entera (Bruce)
Correcciones en tablas.
Corregido una sobre-escritura en tabla en escritura de memoria (Kurt)
Corregido un error en btree elusivo en rango/no en rango (Dan)
Correciones en los ndices hash para algunos tipos como time y date.
Correcciones para la explosin del tamao de pg_log.
Corregidos los permisos en lo_export()(Bruce).
Corregidas lecturas no inicializadas de memoria (Kurt).
Corregido un error ALTER TABLE ... char(3) (Bruce)
Corregidas una pocas lagunas de memoria pequeas.
Corregida la manipulacin de EXPLAIN de opciones y cambiado el nombre de opcin del
path completo.
Corregida la salida de permisos de grupos de acl
Lagunas en la memoria (localizadas y eliminadas con herramientas como Purify (Kurt))
Mejoras menores de las reglas del sistema.
Se corrige NOTIFY
Nuevas instrucciones para ejecutar-comprobar.
Repaso general del cdigo del analizador/traductor para informar correctamente de los
errores e incrementar la velocidad.
Pg_dump -d ahora manipula correctamente los NULL (Bruce)
Se evita que SELECT NULL mate el servidor (Bruce)
Se informan adecuadamente erores cuando las columnas de INSERT ... SELECT no casan.
Se informan adecuadamente errores cuando se estn insertando nombres de columna que no
son correctos.
Psql \g nombrefichero ahora trabaja (Bruce)
Corregido un problema de psql con instrucciones mltiples en una lnea con mltiples
salidas.
Eliminados oids de sistema duplicados
SELECT * INTO TABLE . GROUP/ORDER BY daba un error de enlace si la tabla exista (Bruce)
Varias correciones a consultas que mataban el servidor
Las comillas al principio de una cadena a insertar produce un error (Bruce)
El lanzamiento de una consulta vaca ahora devuelve un status de vaco, no slo
la consulta " " (Bruce)
Mejoras
--------Se aade una pgina de manual para EXPLAIN (Bruce)
Se aade la capacidad de indice UNIQUE (Dan)
Se aade control de acceso vigilando nombre_host/usuario, ms que slo nombre_host y usuario.
Se aade el sinnimo != para =E (Bruce)
Se permite "select oid,* from table"
Se permite a ORDER BY especificar columnas por nmero, o por tabla.columna que no
son alias (Bruce)
Se permite el comando COPY desde la apliacin cliente (Bryan)
Se permite a GROUP BY que utilice alias de nombres de columnas (Bruce)
Se permite la compresin actual, no slo en la misma pgina (Vadim)
Se permite la opcin de instalacin-configuracin para auto-ayudar a todos
los usuarios locales (Bryan)
Se permite a libpq que distinga entre textos con valor y nulo (Bruce)
Se premite a los usuarios diferentes de postgres con privilegios de createdb
ejecutar destroydb.
Se permiten restricciones sobre quin puede crear funciones C (Bryan)
Se permiten restricciones sobre quien puede hacer COPY del servidor (Bryan)
Se pueden reducir tablas, pg_timer y pg_log (Vadim & Erich)
Cambiado el nivel de debug 2 para imprimir slo consultas, cambiado el formato de
la cabecera del debug (Bruce)
Se cambia la representacin de las constantes decimales desde float4 a float8(Bruce)
Ahora se fija el formato de fecha europeo cuando se arranca el postmaster.
Se ejecutan las funciones con el nombre en minscula si no se encuentran
con el nombre exacto.
Las correcciones del procesado de agregados/GROUP, permiten
select sum(func(x),sum(x+y) from z
Gist est ahora incluido en la distribucin (Marc)
Autenticacin Idendde usuarios locales (Bryan)
Se implementa el calificador BETWEEN (Bruce)
Se implementa el calificador IN (Bruce)
Libpq tiene PQgetisnull()(Bruce)
Mejoras de Libpq++
Nuevas opciones en initdb(Bryan)
Pg_dump permite volcar los oids (Bruce)
Pg_dump crea los ndices tras cargar las tablas, por velocidad (Bruce)
Pg_dumpall vuelca todas las bases de datos, y la tabla de usuarios.
Adiciones a Pginterface para los valores NULL (Bruce)
Se previene la ejecucin de postmaster como root
\h y \? son ahora legibles (Bruce)
Psql permite punto y coma escapados (\;) en cualquier parte de la lnea (Bruce)
Se cambia el promp de comandos de Psql para lneas intermedias en consultas
o en lneas entre comillas (Bruce)
Las variables char(3) de Psql se muestran ahora como (bp)char en salidas \d (Bruce)
El cdigo de retorno de Psql es ahora ms ajustado (Bryan?)
Se actualiza la sintaxis de la ayuda de Psql (Bruce)
Se re-visita y corrige vacuum (Vadim)
Se reduce el tamao de las diferencias de regresin, se elimna la
diferecia del nombre de la zona horaria (Bruce)
Se eliminan parmetros de tiempo de compilacin para capacitar
distribuciones binarias (Bryan)
Gestin inversa de mscaras HBA (Bryan)
Autenticacin segura de usuarios locales (Bryan)
Se incrementa la seguridad de vacuum(Vadim)
Vacuum ahora tiene opcin VERBOSE (Bruce)
Cambios en el rbol fuente
----------------Todas las funciones tienen ahora prototipos que se comparan contra las llamadas.
Se permite inhabilitar facilmente las declaraciones en Makefile.global(Bruce).
Se cambian las constantes oid utilizadas en el cdigo para los nombres de #define
Se desacoplan las defines de sparc y solaris(Kurt)
gcc -Wall compila limpiamente con avisos (warnings) slo a partir de construcciones
no corregidas.
Gran reorganizacin/reduccin del fichero de include (Marc).
Make ahora para en fallos de compilacin(Bryan)
Reestructuracin del Makefile(Bryan, Marc).
Se mezcla bsdi_2_1 con bsdi(Bruce)
Se elimina el programa MonitorSe cambia el nombre de Postgres95 a PostgreSQL
Nuevo fichero config.h(Marc, Bryan)
PG_VERSION se fija ahora a 6.0 y lo utiliza el postmaster.
Adiciones a la portabilidad, incluyendo Ultrix, DG/UX, AIX, y Solaris

Se reduce el nmero de #defines, se centralizan las #defines

Se eliminan OIDS duplicadas en las tablas del sistema(Dan)
Se elimina informacin duplicada en el catlogo del sistema o errores de informe(Dan)
Se eliminan muchas #defines especficas del sistema operativo.
Generacin/localizacin del fichero de objetos reestructurada(Bryan, Marc)
Reestructuradas las localizaciones de ficheros especficas de la
migracin(Bryan, Marc)
Corregidas variables no utilizadas/no inicializadas.
Version v1.09
K-,(*/1:X1_1(*#&5
@%=?%74O4(L=(7;5-,:<=?%=W+,5
02%# N -,5U4(74(1S L%icS t1S +,;3/1d4( +,5
0>%# N -,56+,-,:%46(7/q1S
(*:<% N %/qJ5%
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Version v1.02
Migracin de v1.02 a v1.02.1
\35:<(7/1(*#&5I3/O/13(7`9)02_1(*=?i4(
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3/;3-,/@%=V%U02/1`(7=?:-,=h+,56%/1:<-,;3g)0>_1(7=5"%0>-,-S
Nota: Las siguientes notas son para el beneficio de los usuarios que quieren migrar
bases de datos desde postgres95 1.01 y 1.02 a postgres95 1.02.1.
Si est usted arrancando con postgres95 1.02.1 de nuevas y no necesita migrar una base
de datos antgua, no necesita leer lo que sigue.
8%=V%Y%0>:<3%+,-,e%7=^%/1:<(7=?-,=?(* N %(*l4(Y4%:l@5:<;=(7tv`(7=V-,/1(7l1S 1S I%U+,%`c(*=V-,/

1S *1S X(=(7\53-,(7=(7/q+,W-,;53-,(*/1:(*g@%a
1S9 =?=V%*/1\3(
3//13(7ì@:<#&%:(*=l1S S
1S9 1%4-+,%l/13(7`%"CD3/10>-,/1(7"Ji@(7=?%4=("-,/10>+,3-,464(1S *1S U% N %(7l4(Y4%:"1S *
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4%: 1S qn1S *XJ%@+,-,0>%/14&+,%0>/13+,:<% -,/10>+,3,4%%+^)/1%+l4((*:<()0>_1(7=^SGjG(
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%44CQ3/10GS \+a
% psql testdb -f addfunc.sql
\3(*+,+,5 \3(q(7:*/r%0>:3%+,-,e%74 N %(7u4(94%:<u1S q N :(7/14=?/3/r%`-,n0>3%/14

(VPQ(70>3:(7/B+,%i4i+,:<-,#&%L-,/1:<=3020>-,/1(7i(7/B(7+")02_1(*=5X@3(*LJ5%[(7:/B@=(7(7/1:<(7(7/
1S 5S~i_1%JL#&:-,`9@%=?%
@=(70>3@%7=?(S
Procedimiento de Volcado/Recarga Procedure
jZ-G(7:d-,/1:<(7/1:%/14i=(70>%=$;5%=3/@;43#&@Oi0>@J9:<% N +,(7/1%#&(U:<i:<453:<Z(7/#&49:<(7{G:<

;(*/1(7=?%4h02/q3/1%U`(7=?-,5/q@.=?(*`c-,%X*/1(70>(7-,:<%=?(VPQ(70>3:<%=(7+Z;53-,5/q4(I(74K-,;53-,(7/1:(I N =(
(7+Z)0>_1(7=L jGFYfDf%/1:<(7"4(0>%=;Z%=?+,L(*/K+,% N %(Y4(4%:SzT+ZC5=?#&%:<L%/1:<-,;53i3:-,+,-,e% N %UX
0>5#&9(*/14M5CM4%:<%7X#&-,(7/1:<=?%I\3(
(7+5/13(7`q#&%=0>%74="4(
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(76dS $SG%# N -,7/1X+,%"02%4(7/1%"`%0>,%"(U0>%=;%/q%_15=?%
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E(7%U+,%d@;-,/1%
4(7+Z#&%/13%+4(0>@J9@%=V%
N :<(7/1(7=4(7:<%+,+,(7602#&@+,(*:S
sed s/^\.$/\\./g
in_file
out_file
jZ-(*:<93:(74o0>%=;5%7/14]3/1%0>@-,% N -,/1%=?-,%9#&

`-,(VPQ%X[3/1%90>@-,%9\3(i/1[@=02(*4(4(
:43:X/1i_1%J90>%=?%70>:<(7=l(*/14M5CM4.%:%XJi@=l(7+,+,L/1i(U/1(70>(7-,:<%
0>5/1`(7=?-,5/"S
- following lines added by agc to reflect the case-insensitive
- aadidas las siguientes lneas por agc para que no sea sensible a las mayusculas
- regexp searching for varchar (in 1.02), and bpchar (in 1.02.1)
- regexp buscando varchar (en 1.02) y bpchar (en 1.02.1)
create operator ~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);

Mantenimiento y desarrollo del cdigo fuente.
* equipo de voluntarios extendido por todo el mundo.
* el rbol fuente se encuentra ahora en CVS en ftp.ki.net
Mejoras
* psql (y la librera libpq que subyace) tiene ahora muchas ms opciones
para dar forma a sus salidas, incluyendo HTML
* pg_dump ahora extrae el esquema y/o los datos, con muchas mejoras para
asegurar que se complete.
* se utiliza psql en lugar de monitor en los guiones de rdenes de administracin.
monitor ser despreciado en la siguiente versin.
* mejoradas las funciones de fecha/hora
* la comparacin/insercin/actualzacin de NULL corregidos/potenciados.
* la librera y el interprete de rdenes de TCL/TK corregidos para que trabajen
tanto con tcl7.4/tk4.0 como con tcl7.5/tk4.1
Errores corregidos (anque demasiados numerosos para mencionarlos)
* ndices
* gestin de almacenamiento
* comprobacin de punteros a NULL antes de dereferenciarlos
* Correcciones en el Makefile.
Nuevas Migraciones
* aadida la migracin a SolarisX86
* aadida la migracin a BSDI 2.1
* aadida la migracin a DGUX

Version v1.01
Migracin desde v1.0 a v1.01
%g-,;53-,(7/1:<(7/15:<%I5/[@%=V% N (7/1(*)0>-,4(

+,U33%=?-,5g\3( \3-,(*=(7/]#&-,;5=?%= N %(7I4(
4%:<5"4(@.5:;5=(7tv
1S
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4%:<5"%/1:<(7=?-,5=(7X/1L/1(70>(7-,:%d3:(*4O+,(7(7=+,9-,;53-,(7/1:(5S
8%=V%Y\3(@.5:;5=(7tv`c(*=V-,/q1S YCD3/10>-,/1(0>5/ N %(*64(I4%:<5l0>=(7%41%"0>5/q@:;5=(7tv
`(7=V-,/1S X7(U=(7\53-,(*=(/+,g-,;3-,(*/1:(7W@%a
1S95- PQ(u+,%u4(*)/1-,0>-,/]4(
~ ABT YZuT~ *( /]=0GwZAB%*'(7)+,(S ;+, N %+c%udJ}fD ~ ABTM
T~ %
cS
1S9 (*02-,4%
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!@.;_ N %!(7/L3i4-,=(0>:<5=?-,d4(
4%:4("/1-,`(7+73@(7=?-,5= m :<,@.-,02%#&(*/1:(l(7+7`c%+,5=c4(636e8uI y?S$=?0GwG+,- N @\hwG@;_ N %
#&3(7:=?%d3/K(?P<(*#&@+,i4(-,/1:<%{-,S
N SujG-1/1\3-,(7=(d%3:(*/1:-,0>%0>-,5/ N %%4%u(7/](*+15=4(*/1%4.=<X@3(74(u3:<(74R0>#&(7/1:<%=
+,%d+,,/1(7%
HBA = 1
(7/=0GwGA%'(*)+,(5S ;+, N %+

FY#&@=3( N (O\3(O+,%]%3:<(7/1:<-,02%02-,/ N %%4.%[(*/B(7+"5=4(*/1%4.= (K_1%[%02:<-,`%4
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+,g@%g L&%/1:(7=?-,=(7X(7+553:<MDCM:_1(*M N { 1S 7
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0>/1(70>:%=h%
+,% N %(7"4(4%:WcS
1S9FI5#&@.-,+,(U(U-,/1:%+,(Y1S X*@(7=L~q}(VPQ(70>3:<(U(7+Z@%i-,/1-,:<4 N S
1S9 /1:<(7l4(Y_1%02(*=/1-,/1;53/1%
:=?%
0>%X7@%=(g3q@5:<#&%:(7=1S XJL=?(*@.%+,4.(Y34-,=?(*02:<=V-,
e8uI(7{-,:<(7/1:<(S
v1S95- PQ(U3]`%=?-,% N +,(Y4(U(7/1:<5=?/1i8u I %
3 N %(*64(Y4%:<561S X7@.(7=L)GPQ(7+,%d4(C=?#&%
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(3:-+,-,e%/"S
1S9AB4-,)\3(U(7+Z)0>_1(7=%e8u I]wG8uET|"jZf}~ 4(v1S U%
v1S
51S9 =?=V%*/1\3(
3//13(7ì@:<#&%:(*=l1S
x1S9 1%4% +,%/13(7`%YC3/102-,/1(7JO5@(*=V%45=(2-,/102+,3-,4%U(*/&1S N =( N %(7Y4( 4%:<5
1S 1SVT:<i(U_1%0>((?P<(*023:<%/14(7+/13(7ì(7=?`c-,45=1S 02/1:<=V%d3O@=5@-,% N %(4(4%:
1S XcJn%@+,-,0>%/14&+,%u0>/13+,:<% 3/1-,4% JR%+,`%4%u(7/o(*+h)02_1(*=?&cS *:1S cS \+SZjG(
@3(74(_1%02(*=hC%0>-,+,#&(7/1:<(4(*4(Y@\+SjZ-3 N %(4(4%:W(+,+,%#[%d!:(7:<4 N !2a
% psql testdb -f 1.0_to_1.01.sql
J9(7/1:<5/10>(76(VPQ(70>3:<(U+,56-,;3-,(7/1:<(7W02#&%/14 m 0>@-,%=J9@(*;%=4(74(Y%\3,yza
- funciones incluidas aadidas que son nuevas en 1.01
create function int4eqoid (int4, oid) returns bool as foo
language internal;
create function oideqint4 (oid, int4) returns bool as foo
language internal;
create function char2icregexeq (char2, text) returns bool as foo
language internal;
create function char2icregexne (char2, text) returns bool as foo
language internal;
language internal;
language internal;
language internal;
language internal;
language internal;
language internal;
create function texticregexeq (text, text) returns bool as foo
language internal;
create function texticregexne (text, text) returns bool as foo
language internal;
- funciones incluidas aadidas que son nuevas en 1.01
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
create operator
ticregexne);
= (leftarg = int4, rightarg = oid, procedure = int4eqoid);

= (leftarg = oid, rightarg = int4, procedure = oideqint4);
~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexeq);
!~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexne);
~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
!~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = tex-

Incompatibilidades:
* 1.01 es compatible hacia atrs con 1.0 si el usuario sigue los pasos
marcados en el fichero MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01.
En caso contrario, 1.01 no es compatible con la base de datos 1.0
Potenciaciones:
* se aade PQdisplayTuples() a libpq y se modifican monitor y psql para que lo utilicen.
* se aade la migracin a NeXT (requiere la implementacin de SysVIPC)
* se aade la sintaxis CAST .. AS ...
* se aaden las palabras clave ASC y DESC
* se aade internal como un posible lenguaje para CREATE FUNCTION
las funciones internas son funciones en C que se han linkado estticamente en el
servidor de postgres.
* se ha aadido un nuevo tipo "name" para identificadores de sistema (nombres de tablas,
nombres de atributos, etc.) Esto reemplaza al viejo tipo char16.
La longitud del nombre se fija en la definicin (#define)
NAMEDATELEN de src/Makefile.global
* un manual de referencia legible que describe el lenguaje de consulta.
* se ha aadido un control de acceso basado en el ordenador. Se utiliza un fichero de
configuracin ($PGDATA/pg_hba) para almacenar los datos de configuracin.

Si el control de acceso basado en el ordenador no es deseable, comente

HBA=1 en src/Makefile.global.
* cambiada la manipulacin de reges para hacerla uniforme con el cdigo regex de
Henry Spencer sin mirar la plataforma. Es cdigo regex est incluido en la distribucin.
* aadidas funciones y operadores para expresiones regulares insensibles a las mayusculas.
Los operadores son ~* y !~*.
* pg_dump utiliza COPY en lugar de un bucle de SELECT para incrementar el rendimiento.
Errores corregidos:
* corregido un error del optimizador que provocaba volcados de memoria cuando
se utilizaban llamadas a funciones en comparaciones en la clusula WHERE.
* se cambian todos los usos de getuid a geteuid se modo que se utilicen los
uids efectivos.
* psql devuelve ahora status distintos de cero en los errores cuando se usa c
* se aplican los parches pblicos 1-14
Version v1.0
Cambio en el Copyright:
* Se ha aflojado el copyright de Postgres 1.0 para que sea
libremente modificable para cualquier propsito. Lea por favor el fichero
COPYRIGHT.
Gracias al Profesor Michael Stonebraker por hacerlo posible.
Incompatibilidades:
* los formatos de fecha tienen que ser MM-DD-YYYY (o DD-MM-YYYY si est usted utilizando
EUROPEAN STYLE). Esto sigue las especificaciones SQL-92.
* "delimiters" es ahora una palabra clave.
Potenciaciones:
* se ha aadido la sintaxis LIKE de sql
* el comando copy ahora recibe una especificacin opcional USING DELIMITER.
Los delimitadores pueden ser cualquier cadena de un nico carcter.
* se ha aadido la migracin a IRIX 5.3.
Gracias a Paul Walmsley y otros.
* se ha actualizado pg_dump para trabajar con una nueva libpq.
* se ha aadido \d a psql
Gracias a Keith Parks
* se ha incrementado el rendimiento de regexp para arquitecturas que utilizan
regex de POSIX regex debido a la memorizacin (caching) de patrones precompilados.
Gracias a Alistair Crooks
* una nueva versin de libpq++
Gracias a William Wanders
Errores corregidos:
* se pueden especificar usuarios arbitrarios en el guin (script) createuser.
* ya funciona \c para conectar a otras bases de datos.
* se ha corregido una mala entrada en pg_proc para float4inc()
* los usuarios con el campo usecreatedb fijado, ya pueden crear bases de datos
sin ser el superusuario.
* se eliminan las entradas del control de acceso cuando la entrada ya no tiene
ningn permiso.
* corregida la implementacin de formatos de fecha/hora no portables.
* aadidas marcas (banderas=flags) kerberos en src/backend/Makefile
* libpq ya trabaja con kerberos.
* se han corregido errores tipogrficos en el manual de usuario.
* btree con ndices mltiples no ha trabajado nunca, pero ahora le decimos que
no trabajan cuando intenta utilizarlo.
Postgres95 Beta 0.03

Cambios incompatibles:
* BETA-0.3 ES INCOMPATIBLE CON BASES DE DATOS CREADAS CON VERSIONES PREVIAS
(debido a cambios en el catlogo del sistema y a cambios en la estructura de los ndices).
* las dobles comillas (") se desprecian como un carcter de limitacin para cadenas literales;
necesitars convertirlas a apostrofes ().
* el nombre de los agregados (como int4sum) se renombran de acuerdo con el SQL
estndar (por ejemplo sum).
* la sintaxis CHANGE ACL se reemplaza por la sintaxis GRANT/REVOKE.
* los literales flotantes (como 3.14) son ahora del tipo float4 (en lugar del float8
de versiones anteriores); deber realizar un transformado de tipos si su instalacin
depende de que siga siendo float8.
Si rechaza realizar el transformado de tipos, y asigna un literal flotante a un
campo de tipo float8, es posible que los valores almacenados sean incorrectos!
* se ha recompuesto totalmente LIBPQ para que las aplicaciones cliente (frontend) puedan
conectarse a multiples servidores (backend).
* el campo usesysid de pg_user se ha cambiado de int2 a int4 para permitir mayores
rangos de identificadores de usuarios de Unix.
* los portes a los sistemas operativos netbsd/freebsd/bsd se han consolidado en un
unico port derivado de BSD44. (Gracias a Alistair Crooks).
Cumplimento del estndar SQL (los siguientes detalles cambian para hacer a posgres95
ms ajustado al estndar SQL-92):
* se han incluido los siguientes tipos SQL: smallint, int(eger), float, real,
char(N), varchar(N), date y time.
Los siguientes son alias de los tipos postgres existentes:

smallint -> int2

integer, int -> int4
float, real -> float4
char(N) y varchar(N) se han implementado como tipos text truncados.
Adems, char(N) rellena a blancos el espacio no utilizado.
* se utiliza el apstrofe () para limitar cadenas literales; " (adems de \) se soportan
para permitir insertar un nico lmite en una cadena.
* se utilizan los nombres de agregados de SQL estndar (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT)
(Tambin, se pueden ahora sobrecargar los agregados, es decir, puede usted definir
su propio agregado MAX para disponer de un tipo definido por el usuario).
* se ha eliminado CHANGE ACL. Se aade la sintaxis GRANT/REVOKE.
- Se pueden dar privilegios a un grupo utilizando la palabra clave "GROUP".
Por ejemplo:
GRANT SELECT ON mi_tabla TO GROUP mi_grupo;
La palabra clave PUBLIC tambin est soportada para autorizar a
todos los usuarios.
Slo de pueden otorgar o retirar privilegios a un usuario o grupo cada vez.
"WITH GRANT OPTION" no est soportado. Slo los propietarios de clases pueden
cambiar el control de acceso.
- El control de acceso de defecto es autorizar a los usuarios slo a leer.
Deber usted autorizar explcitamente el acceso en insercin/actualizacin a
los usuarios. Para cambiar esto, deber modificar la lnea
src/backend/utils/acl.h
que define ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT
Errores corregidos:
* se ha corregido el error segun el cual los agregados de tablas vacas no
trabajaban adecuadamente. Ahora, los agregados ejecutados sobre tablas vacas
devuelven las condiciones iniciales de los agregados. As, COUNT de una tabla
vaca devuelve correctamente el valor 0. MAX/MIN de una taba vaca devolver
una tupla de valor NULL.
* se permite el uso de \; dentro del monitor.
* el mecanismo de notificacin asincrono LISTEN/NOTIFY ya trabaja.
* NOTIFY en el cuerpo de las reglas de accin ya trabaja.
* ya funcionan los ndices hash, y los mtodo de acceso en general deberan
funcionar mejor. La creacin de grandes ndices btree debera ser mucho ms
rpida. (Gracias a Paul Aoki).
Otros cambios y potenciaciones:
* se aade la instruccin EXPLAIN utilizada para analizar el plan de ejecucin
de una consulta. (es decir: "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" muestra el plan de
ejecucin de la consulta).
* los mensajes WARN y NOTICE ya no muestran tiempo de ejecucin en s mismos.
Para activar el tiempo de ejecucin en los mensajes de error, descomente en
src/backend/utils/elog.h:
la lnea
/* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */
* En una violacin del control de acceso, se dar el mensaje
"Either no such class or insufficient privilege"
Este es el mismo mensaje que se devuelve cuando no se encuentra una clase. Esto
disuade a los usuarios no privilegiados de sospechar la existencia de clases

privilegiadas.
* se han hecho algunos cambios adicionales en el catlogo del sistema que no son
visibles para el usuario.
cambios en libpgtcl:
* se aade la opcin -oid al comando de tcl "pg_result". pg_result oid devolver
el oid de la ltima tupla insertada. Si el ltimo comando no fue una insercin,
pg_result -oid devuelve "".
* el interface de objetos largos est utilizable como comandos tcl pg_lo*:
pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.
Potenciaciones de la Portabilidad y Nuevas Migraciones:
* Se han limpiado problemas con flex/lex. Ahora, se debera poder utilizar flex
en lugar de lex en cualquier plataforma. Ya se harn asumciones sobre la forma
de analizador sintctico elegido basadas en la plataforma que utilice.
* Ahora se soporta la migracin a Linux-ELF. Se han probado varias configuraciones:
Se sabe que la siguiente configuracin funciona:
kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24
todo en formato ELF.
Nuevas utilidades:
* ipcclean aadido a la distribucin
habitualmente no se necesita ejecutar ipcclean, pero si cae su servidor y
deja segmentos de memoria ocupados, ipcclean los limpiara para usted.
Nueva documentacin:
* se ha revisado el manual del usuario y se ha aadido la documentacin de libpq.

Cambios incompatibles:
* La declaracion SQL para crear una base de datos en CREATE DATABASE en lugar
de CREATEDB. De modo similar, el borrado de una base de datos en DROP DATABASE en lugar
de DESTROYDB. Sin embargo los nombres de los ejecutables createdb y destroydb
permanecen igual.
Nuevas herramientas:
* pgperl - una interfaz Perl (4.036) para Postgres95
* pg_dump - una utlidad para volcar una base de datos postgres en un fichero
fichero de script conteniedo los comandos de creacion. Los ficheros script estan
en formato ASCII y pueden ser usados para reconstruir una base de datos, incluso

en otras maquinas y otras arquitecturas. (Tambien es bueno para convertir

una base de datos Postgres 4.2 a base de datos Postgres95.)
Los siguientes portes han sido incorporados en postgres95-beta-0.02:

* el porte a NetBSD por Alistair Crooks
* el porte a AIX por Mike Tung
* el porte a Windows NT por Jon Forrest (hay mas gente pero aun no han hecho nada)
* el porte a Linux ELF por Brian Gallew
Los siguientes errores han sido corregidos en postgres95-beta-0.02:
* lineas nuevas no acaban en escape en COPY OUT y problemas con COPY OUT cuando
la primera linea es un .
* no se puede escribir un "retur" para utilizar el id del usuario por omision en "createuser"
* SELECT DISTINCT en tablas grandes aborta
* Problemas en la instalacion en Linux
* monitor no acepta el uso de localhost como PGHOST
* psql genera un volcado de memoria cuando ejecuta \c or \l
* la etiqueta "pgtclsh" desaparecida de src/bin/pgtclsh/Makefile
* libpgtcl tiene un nmero de puerto de defecto codificado en duro
* SELECT DISTINCT INTO TABLE se cuelga
* CREATE TYPE no acepta variable como longitud interna ("internallenght")
* resultados incorrectos utilizando mas de 1 agregado en una SELECT

E(7=?-,/-,/1-,0>-,%+S
Tiempos Resultantes
T:W/+,5W:-,(7#&@6=?(*3+,:<%/1:<(7"4(U(VPQ(70>3:%=h+,W:<(7:14(Y=(7;=(*-,/q0>5/K+,W0>5#[%/145
% cd src/test/regress
% make all
% time make runtest
I:-,(*#&@5 N %PQ-,/13{i1S 5S 5@.%=(0>(7/O:(*/1(7=W3/1%`%=?-,%0>-,5/O4(d%@=5{-,#&%41%#&(7/1:<( vf

4(U(VPQ(70>30>-,5/O%u(VP<(*0>30>-,/1X@=(73#[- N +,(*#&(7/1:<(d4( N -,49%u`%;3(*4%4.(*I4(U@+,%/1-,)0>%0>-,5/O(7/
+,56-,:<(7#&%W#&3+,:<-,:%=(7%S
v6.5
FY#&i_1%d-,4L(7+Z0>%i@%=?%
`(7=?-,/1(76@=(70>(24(7/1:<(7X+56:-,(7#[@5W(7/1:=(Y`c(*=V-,/1(7W/1L5/
4-,=(0>:<%#&(7/1:<(i02#&@%=?% N +,(7U@3(7:<&\3(i(i_1%/n%1%4-,4[/13(7`5
:(*:l4(i=?(*;=(2-,5/"ST/
;(*/1(7=?%+,X+,%
`1S vU(*W#&%W=?%@-,4%\3(U`(7=V-,/1(76@=(70>(74(7/1:<(7S
5-,(7#&@L02/
4(*% N -,+,-,:<%4â
fsync()
Tiempo
Sistema
02:00 Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 O2 -m486
04:38 Sparc Ultra 1 143MHz, 64MB, Solaris 2.6
5-,(7#&@W0>/
fsync()
_1% N -,+,-,:<%4â
Tiempo Sistema
8%=V%Y(7+-,:<(7#&%
-,/13{d%/1:(*=V-,=<X*+,%U3:<-,+,-,e%0>-,/94(I4-,02"pBMjGFYjGf5#&(VPQ=?(*6\53(+,5 m `-,(7M
P<y.f T]02/1430>(7/%
3/1%d#&(VPQ=V%U4(U3/vf (*/+,%d`c(7+50>-,4%44(U+,56:(*:c4(=(7;5=(7-,5/"S
v6.4beta
h:-,(*#&@5l@%=V%Y(7:%Y`(7=?-,/9/1 5/i4-,=(70>:%#&(*/1:(W0>5#&@.%=V% N +,(*h%%\3(7+,+,l4(I`(7=?-,5M

/1(7"@=(70>(74(2/1:(*W@3(*:<i\53(%+,;3/1g:<(7:c4(Y=(7;=(*-,/q%4-,0>-,/1%+,(7"_1%/-,4i-,/10>+,3-,4S
~q N :<%/1:<(7X(7/O;(*/1(7=?%+,XZ+,% `1S @.3(74(
(7=W+,(7`(7#&(7/1:<(d#&%I=?%@-,4% \3(u`(7=?-,5/1(*Y@=(7M
0>(74(7/1:<(7 m ;=?%0>-,%7X=30>(_b yzS
Tiempo
Sistema
v6.3
h:-,(*#&@5l@%=V%Y(7:%Y`(7=?-,/9/1 5/i4-,=(70>:%#&(*/1:(W0>5#&@.%=V% N +,(*h%%\3(7+,+,l4(I`(7=?-,5M

/1(7@.=?(*0(74(*/1:(7^@3(7:
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-,/102+,3-,45hJ
%+,;53/15W:(7:. N +,(7:<5g-,/102+,3J5(7/14i+,5I:<-,(7#&@g4(`c-,%PQ(
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m ;=?%0-,%X=30>(_b yzS
Tiempo
Sistema
04:12 Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 O2 -m486
v6.1
Tiempo
Sistema
06:12 Pentium Pro 180, 32MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2 -O2 -m486
12:06 P-100, 48MB, Linux 2.0.29, gcc
39:58 Sparc IPC 32MB, Solaris 2.5, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O -g

Captulo 31. Arquitectura

Conceptos de Arquitectura de Postgres
/1:<(74(g0>/1:-,/13%=X24( N (*=V%W3:(74q0>5/10>(7=+,%I%=\3-,:<(70>:3=?% N -,02%I4(*+-,:(*#&%Y8:;5=(7S

T+h0>/150>-,#&-,(7/1:<o4(q0>5#&-,/1:(7=?%0>:<%/r+,% @%=?:(* 4(8:;5=(7 4( N (7=?,%%0>+,%=?%=(K%+,;5
43=?%/1:(i(7+^-,;3-,(7/1:<(0>%@:3+,^ST/o+,%dP<(*=?;5%4(i+,% N %(7u4(i4%:<5X185:;5=(7 3:<-,+,-,e%K3/
-,#&@+,(]#&54(*+,r0>+,-,(7/1:(5wZ(7=?`-,4=4(]!@=50>(7@5= 33%=?-,!2S/1%&(7-,5/4(]85:<;=(7
0>5/1-,:(U(*/K+,6-,;53-,(7/1:<(7g@=0>(756/1-,{ m @=5;5=?%#&%y0>5@(7=?%/14â
/@=0>(7L4(*#&5/1-,93@(*=V`-,5= m
yX
postmaster
b +,%d%@+,-,0>%0>-,5/4(U-,/1:<(7=?C%0>(4(7+533%=V-, m CD=/1:(*/14](7/-,/1;+,*y m @5=h(VPQ(7#&@+,X(7+@=5;5=V%M
#&%
yXJ
psql
b +,l3/1L#&l@=02(*l(7=?`c-,4=(7h4(g%0>0>(7 %U+,% N %(Y4(g4%:<5 mN %0>'5(7/14(*/q-,/1;+,*y
m (7+Z@=0>(7
#&-,#&5yzS
b
postgres
/R/1-,0>
#&%/1(VPQ%q3/1%90>5+,(70>0>-,/o4%4%L4( N %(7d4(4%:d(*//1-,0>[_1:zS
G%+G02+,(70>0>-,postmaster
/9(Y4(7/1#&-,/1%
3/1%-,/1:<%+,%0>-,/9L3/i-,:<(SV%l%@+,-,0>%0>-,5/1(*l4(IC=/1:(*/14K\3(
\3-,(7=(7/&%020>(74(2=g%i3/1% N %( 4( 4%:<5U4%4% (7/R3/1%i-,/1:%+,%02-,/R=(7%+,-,e%*/R+,+,%#&%4%Y%L+,%
+,- N =(7=V%1S%d+,- N =(*=V%
(7/1`,%d(7+=(7\53(7=V-,#[-,(7/1:i4(7+33%=V-,9%d:<=?%`c*W4(+,%d=?(*4O%+
m ">
?I?D>zY5dz>5A> m %yQyX5\3-,(7/n(7/R3o:<3=V/c]%=?=V%/102%3/n/c3(*`cpostmasO@=50>(7
ter
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F 5?0gQ * -5Ri>
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5 z>SA> m 0>yy?S
B @%=?:-,=Y4(i%\3,X1(7+@=50>(7&0>+,-,(7/1:<(qJR(*+^(7=?`-,45=(i0>#&3/c-<0>%/n(7/1:<=?(i(*+,+,5u-,/r-,/1M
:(*=V`(7/10>-,/4(7+
ST/0>5/1(70>3(7/10>-,%X^(7+"@=0>(7
(*:<[-,(7#&@=(
0>5=?=V-,(*/14X*(7@(7=?postmaster
%/14u+,+,%#&%4%X*#&-,(*/1:=?%l\3(I+,5l@=0>(75l0>postmaster
+,-,(7/1:<(IJ(7=?`-,45=^`-,(7/1(*/9J
`%/"Sz%d+,- N =(7=?,%
@(*=V#&-,:<(U%
3/K/1-,02i@=50>(7i0>+,-,(7/1:<(U:<(7/1(7=h#&+,:-,@+,(7W0>5/1(*{G-,/1(7
0>5/&@=0>(75(7libpq
=?`c-,4=(7S*jG-,/&(7# N %=;55XZ+,%i%@+,-,0>%0>-,5/&0>+,-,(7/1:<(-,;53(L-,(*/14]3/&@=0>(7
#&5/1M_1( N =?%1SV%60>/1(7{-,5/1(7"0>/K#&3+,:<-,_1( N =?%402+,-,(*/1:(5wZ(7=?`-,45=/1(7:/q%02:<3%+,#&(7/1M
:(u5@=?:%4%Y(7/
S2 /1%L-,#&@+,-,0>%0>-,/&4( (*:<%i%=\3-,:<(70>:3=?% (7Y\3((7+
Jq+,I(7=V`-,4=(76-libpq
,(*#&@=(
02=?=?(*/K(*/]+,%u#&-,#&%u#&\3-,/1% m (*+(7=?`-,45=l4( N %(postmaster
4(
4%:yX
#&-,(7/1:<=V%^\3(g(7+0>+,-,(7/1:<(g@3(74(W0>5=?=(7=1(7/i0>3%+,\3-,(*=-,:<-,^S? ( N (W3:(74q:<(7/1(7=(*:<u(7/L023(*/1M
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@3(74(g3%=^@%=?%%0>0>(74(*=%U+,%l@=@-,(74%4("%:=?- N 3:l4(7+%=;3#&(7/1:<@.%=V%+,+,%#&%=%
C3/102-,/1(7S
Ejemplos
8%=V%g-,+,3:<=V%=.3/1%C3/10>-,/LjGkq(7/10>-,+,+,%X20>5/1-,4(*=(g+,
-,;53-,(7/1:<(7X*\53(W(W@4=?,%I3%=.@%=?%
0>%=;Z%=h(*/3/1%d0>3(7/1:<% N %/10>%=?-,%1a
create function TP1 (int4, float8) returns int4
as update BANK set balance = BANK.balance - $2
where BANK.acctountno = $1
select(x = 1)
language sql;
/33%=?-,o@4=V%[(VPQ(70>3:%=u(7:<%[C3/10>-,/@.%=V%O02%=?;5%*=Ke*1S ](*/+,%[023(*/1:%[5]4(O+,%
-,;3-,(7/1:<(UC5=?#&%1a
select (x = TP1( 17,100.0));

T+h#&-,/1:<(7=(7%/1:<(q(?P<(7#[@+,-,;53-,(7/1:(O:<#&%O3/1%]%=;53#&(7/1:<n(7/10>-,+,+,4(:<-,@TA8*X.J
4(7`3(7+,`(Y=(73+,:<%46#&+,:<-,@+,(7a
select function hobbies (EMP) returns set of HOBBIES
as select (HOBBIES.all) from HOBBIES
where $1.name = HOBBIES.person
language sql;
Funciones SQL sobre Tipos Base
%9C3/102-,/ojGko#&d-,#&@+,(9@- N +,(i/1&:<-,(7/1(i%=;53#&(7/1:dJ[(*/102-,+,+,%#&(7/1:(94(*`c3(7+,`(
3/:-,@ N %(*X:%+Z02#&
a
int4
CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4

AS SELECT 1 as RESULT LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT one() AS answer;
+-----+
|answer |
+-----+
|1
|
+-----+
~:%=\53(Y4(7)/1-,#&l3/1%U+,-,:%Y N PQ(7:<-,`L@%=V%I+,%YCD3/10>-,/ m 0>5/9(*+/1# N =?(I|6TjZ yQX*@(7=

+,%U+,-,:%U N PQ(7:<-,`c4(I+,%
0>5/13+,:%U\3(+,+,%#&%U+,%
C3/10>-,/q N =(7(70>=V- N -,+,%U+,-,:<%
N PQ(7:<-,`L4(
+,%
C3/10>-,5/"S85=h(7:X(7+=(73+,:%4L((*:-,\3(*:%d%/1s(7=h(7/q`(7e
4(U/1(S
Td0>%-:%/C0>-,+^4(*)/1-,=UC3/10>-,5/c(7ujGkLr\3(9:#&(7/o:-,@ N %(i02#&&%=;53#&(7/1:ST/
(7+c(?P<(*#&@+,4(
% N %PQ5XG/15:<( 0>#&/15Y=(7C (7=V-,#&Y% +,5Y%=;53#&(7/1:<5I4(7/1:=q4(
+,% C3/102-,/
0>5#&6e
Jme1a
CREATE FUNCTION add_em(int4, int4) RETURNS int4
AS SELECT $1 + $2; LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT add_em(1, 2) AS answer;
+-----+
|answer |
+-----+
|3
|
+-----+
Funciones SQL sobre Tipos Compuestos
+(7@(*02-,)0>%=CD3/10>-,/1(7g0>/O%=?;53#&(7/1:<5W4(U:<-,@5W02#&@3(7:<5 m :<%+,(760>5#&qTA8yX4(7M
N (7#&h/1 +,(7@(70>-,)02%=.\3Y%=?;53#&(7/1:<u\3(7=(7#& m 0>5#& _1-,0>-,#&6#&h%=?=V- N %I0>5/me
Jneyh-,/1&:<%# N -,7/R+,d%:<=V- N 3:<5
4((7(i%=;53#[(7/1:^S785=I(VPQ(7#&@+,X1 N (7=?`c(L+,%9C3/10>-,/
43 N +,(*%+,%7=?J9\53(U@=50>(7%
0>3%+Z(7=?,%
3O%+,%=?-,L-5(Y4 N +,%(5a
CREATE FUNCTION double_salary(EMP) RETURNS int4
AS SELECT $1.salary * 2 AS salary; LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT name, double_salary(EMP) AS dream
FROM EMP
WHERE EMP.cubicle ~= (2,1)::point;
+---+-----+
|name | dream |
+---+-----+
|Sam | 2400 |
+---+-----+
~:(i(7+3&4(L+,%q-,/1:<%{-,e1S %*+,%=?JZS/1:<(7d4(L%4(7/1:<=V%=?/1d(7/n(7+:(*#&%4(9+,%dC3/10>-,5M

/1(7U\3(i4(7`3(7+,`(7/R:-,@d0>#&@3(7:X14( N (7#&d@=(7(7/1:<%=g@=?-,#&(7=]+,%9/1:%0>-,/4(L+,%
C3/102-,/]@%=V%u@=J(*02:<%7=6%:=?- N 3:S2%uC5=?#&%u(7/10>-,+,+,%4(
(*{G@+,-,0>%=l(7:q(7g\3(u@4(7#[5
/15=?#&%+,#&(*/1:(U3%=+,%d/15:<%0>-,5/%:<=?- N 3:< m 0>+,%(7ycJi02+,%(5S %7:<=V- N 3:<9-,/14-,:<-,/1:%#&(*/1:(a
- esto es lo mismo que:
- SELECT EMP.name AS youngster FROM EMP WHERE EMP.age
SELECT name(EMP) AS youngster
FROM EMP
WHERE age(EMP) = 30;
30
+-------+
|youngster |
+-------+
|Sam
|
+-------+
FY#&q`(7=(7#&X-,/](7# N %=?;5XG/1q-,(7#&@.=?(
(*I(7:(
(7+0>%ST:%u/1:%0>-,/[4(
C3/10>-,5/O(7
-,#&@=V:<%/1:(0>3%/14\53(7=(7#&L3%=
3/1%]C3/10>-,5/\3(4(7`3(7+,`%O3/1%]/1-,0>%]-,/1:%/c02-,%1S
%0>(7#&
(*:<[(7# N ( N -,(7/14[+,%q-,/1:%/10>-,%90>#&@+,(7:<%4(*/1:=O4(i+,%9CD3/10>-,/1X1%:=?- N 3:[@=
%:<=V- N 3:<SzT:<i(763/(VPQ(7#&@+,i4(U3/1%
C3/102-,/K\3(U4(7`3(7+,`(Y3/1%d/1-,0>%d-,/1:%/10>-,%dTAB8Wa
CREATE FUNCTION new_emp() RETURNS EMP
AS SELECT \None\::text AS name,
1000 AS salary,
25 AS age,
\(2,2)\::point AS cubicle
LANGUAGE sql;

T/o(*:<(902%&_1(*#&5 (7@(*02-,)0>%4&0>%4%q3/1R4(9+,5 %:<=?- N 3:<u02/r3/r`%+,=U0>5/1:<%/1:(*X

@(7=]0>3%+,\53-,(*=0>5#&@.3:<%0>-,/o[(7{@=(7-,/(i@4=V%q_1% N (7=Y3:-,:<3-,4&@=U(7:%d0>5/1M
:%/1:(7S (7)/1-,=^3/1%YC3/10>-,5/90>#&L(*:<%I@3(74(g(7=4(7+,-,0>%4S+,;53/15l4(I+,%4(7)02-(7/10>-,%
#&"-,#&@=V:<%/1:(*W/O+,g-,;53-,(7/1:(*a
%d5=4(*/K4(U+,% +-,:<%d N PQ(7:<-,`q4( N (U(7=l(*{G%0>:<%#&(7/1:<(U+,%d#&-,#&% \53(d%\3(7+,+,%u(7/+,%u\3(
+,%:<=?- N 3:<5%@%=?(2e0>%/ (7/ +,%g=4(7/ FY|"TYTi 1T m
023%/14
(VPQ(70>3:(63/1%g0>/13+:%
S yS
b jG(i4( N (9(7/10>%-,+,+,%=+,%u(7{@=(7-,5/1(7 m 3%/14a a y"#&3Jn0>3-,4%4%#&(7/1:(iR`(7=?q(7+-,M
;53-,(7/1:<(U(7=?=?=*a
b
WARN::function declared to return type EMP does not retrieve (EMP.*)
+1+,+,%#&%=W% 3/1%iC3/102-,/&\3(u4(7`3(7+,`%3/1%-,/1:<%/10>-,%X5/1K@54(7#&5Y N :(*/1(7=g+,%L-,/1M

:<%/10>-,%U0>5#&@.+,(7:%cSV ( N (7#&W N -,(7/q@=J(*02:<%=^3/q%:<=V- N 3:<LC3(7=?%U4(Y+,%
-,/1:%/102-,%U N -,(7/
@%%=^+,%d-,/1:<%/10>-,%
0>5#&@+,(*:%d%
:=?%dC3/10>-,5/"S
b
SELECT name(new_emp()) AS nobody;

+-----+
|nobody |
+-----+
|None
|
+-----+
%g=V%e5/ @=+,%g\3(*X(*/L;5(7/1(7=?%+,X>4( N (*#&5^3%=.+,%g-,/1:%{G-,^4(6C3/10>-,/i@%=V%W@.=?J5(70>:%=

b
+,"%:=?- N 3:"4(+,6`%+,=(7l4(=(*:=V/14(I+,%
C3/102-,/q(7"\3((*+Z@%=?(*=^/1i0>5#&@=(*/14(
+,%
:<=V%d-,/1:%{G-, m 45:<y1@%=V%U+,%
@=5J5(70>0>-,5/0>3%/14L(02# N -,/1%u02/+,+,%#&%4%6%dC3/10>-,5M
/1(7S
SELECT new_emp().name AS nobody;
WARN:parser: syntax error at or near "."
FY3%+,\3-,(*=l0>+,(70>02-,/K4(
5=4(7/1(*W(*/K(*++,(*/1;3%PQ(
4(U0>5/13+,:<% jGk[(U@.3(*4(7/(7#&@%\3(7M
:%=ZP<3/1:<%lJi(g@3(74(*/94(7)/1-,=^0>5#&3/1%UC3/10>-,5/"S?%h=4(7/1(7l@3(*4(7/i-,/10>+,3-,=3@4%:<(7
m (7W4(70>-,=X702/13+,:% QR B / DlX I)2L D XJ LC D y1%02#&;B ,C *ED
SjG-,/K(7# N %=;55X
+,%=4(7/[)/1%+c4( N ( (7=W3/cB C *EDr\3(4(7`c3(*+,`c% +,\3(( (*@(70>-,)\53( 0>5#&K(7+c:-,@
4(=(7:<5=?/14(U+,%
C3/10>-,5/"S
CREATE FUNCTION clean_EMP () RETURNS int4
AS DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMP.salary = = 0;
SELECT 1 AS ignore_this
LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT clean_EMP();
+-+
|x |
+-+
|1 |
+-+
Funciones de Lenguaje Procedural
+,(7/1;53%PQ(7h@=02(*43=V%*+,(7h/1u(*:</0>5/1:=3-Q44(7/1:<=d4(W85:<;=(7SjZ(6@.=?@=02-,/1%/
0>5#&d#&43+,0>%=;% N +,(7S$85=.CD%`c=c4-,=V P<%(6%6+,%g450>3#&(7/1:<%0>-,5/@%=?%W(*+8i(7/ 0>3(7:-,/
@%=?%W+,4(7:<%+,+,(7 N =(6+,%g-,/1:%{G-,^Ju0>5#&d+,%I0>+,33+,%gjI(W-,/1:(7=?@=(7:<%W@=(7+7#&%/1(?P<%45=
4(7+Z8gS
%J46+,(*/1;3%PQ(7"@=02(*43=V%*+,(7"4-,@/1- N +,(7602/q+,%U4-,:<=V- N 30>-,/K(*:</14%=^4(I85:<;=(7
m 8ZFYqJL8jGkyX7J5:<=5"+,(7/1;53%PQ(7"(Y@3(74(7/94(7)/1-,=VSV -,=? PQ%(% ?*15$$? >z? ?
? @.%=V%#&6-,/1CD=?#&%0>-,5/"S
Funciones Internas
%C3/102-,/1(7U-,/1:(*=V/1%
5/nC3/10>-,5/1(*
(70>=?-,:%(7/RF\3(L_c%/R-,4O(7/1+,%e%4%7U(7:<:-,0>%M
#&(7/1:<((7/(7+@=02(* N %0>'5(7/14O4(U8:<;5=?(*Sz%
0>+,33+,%d4%
(7+Z/1# N =?(U(*/+,(7/1;3%zP<(UFB4(
+,%
C3/10>-,5/1X\3(
/19/1(70>(7-,:<%d(*=l(7+#&-,#&q\3(U(*+/1# N =(U\3(U(
4(70>+,%=%d@%=?%
(7+53i4(
jZkgS m 85=6=?%e/1(7I4(u0>#&@%:- N -,+,-,4%4R0>/[`(7=V-,/1(7I%/1:<(7=?-,=?(*XG3/1%0>%4(7/1%ujL`%0>,%
(I%0>(7@.:%Y02/9(*+G-,;/1-,)0>%44(I\53((7+/15# N =(Y4(Y+,%YCD3/10>-,/q(7/9+,(*/1;3%PQ(YFr(7l(*+G#&-,#&
\3(i(7+/1# N =(i(7/njGkLWS yl~q5=?#&%+,#&(7/1:<(7X:<54%
+,%dC3/10>-,/1(7d-,/1:<(7=?/1%d@=(7(*/1:(7U(7/n(7+
N %0>'(*/14&(d4(70>+,%=?%/K02#&C3/102-,/1(7YjGkR43=?%/1:<(u+,%u-,/1-,0>-,%+,-,e%0>-,/[4(d+,% N %(
4(d4%M
:X@(7=q3/&33%=?-,K@.54=?,% 3%=9* / D F I)R *ED Q H R @%=?% 02=(*%=6/15# N =(7Y4(u%+,-,%
%4-,0>-,/1%+,(7"@%=?%U3/1%dC3/10>-,5/K-,/1:(*=V/1%1S
Funciones de Lenguaje Compilado (C)
%YC3/10>-,5/1(*U(*0>=?-,:%(7/[F(@3(74(7/[0>5#&@.-,+,%=I(*/& N PQ(7:<5U\3((@3(*4(7/[0>%=;5%=64(
C5=?#&%4-,/1#&-,0>%X2JL3%=@%=V%I-,#&@+,(7#&(*/1:%=CD3/10>-,/1(7"jZkq4(7)/1-,4%h@=(7+33%=V-,^SV%
@=?-,#&(7=?%i`c(*e9\3(9+,%9CD3/10>-,/4(*)/1-,4%@=I(7+^33%=?-,[(7
+,+,%#&%4%i4(7/1:=[4(7+ N %0>'(7/14X
(7+0>%=;5%745=U4-,/1#&-,02R0>%=;5%(*+0>54-,;R N P<(7:<R4(9+,%KC3/10>-,5/o(7/o#&(*#&5=?-,%XJR(*/1+,%e%q+,%
C3/102-,/0>5/(7+"(VPQ(70>3:% N +,(K(7/(VPQ(70>30>-,5/4(O8:;5=?(*SZ%]-,/1:%{-,LjZk@%=?%* / D
F I)R *ED Q H R (7/1+,%e%+,%YC3/102-,/qjGkLq%Y+,%UC3/102-,/9(*/90>54-,;5 FB4(g3/1%U4(I4lC5=?#&%S?jG+,%uCD3/10>-,/]jGkR:<-,(7/1(d(7+#[-,#&/1# N =(u\3(d+,% CD3/10>-,/](7/O0>54-,;5qF(u3%u+,%@=?-,#&(7=?%
C5=?#&%1S*T+%=;53#&(7/1:<O0>%4(*/1%i(7/R+,%90>+,33+,%Ljq(7U(7+/15# N =(L4(L0>%#&-,/1 m @%:_1/1%#&(7y
0>5#&@+,(*:L4(7+)0>_1(*=?L\3(U0>5/1:<-,(7/1(
(7+ N P<(*:90>#&@-,+,%4L\3(U(U@3(74(U0>%=;Z%=h4(C=V#&%
4-,/1#&-,0>%1SjG-(7+/15# N =(g4(g+,%C3/10>-,5/9Fo(*h4-,C(7=(7/1:<(g4(7+/1# N =(I4(*(7%4u4(W+,%YC3/10>-,/
jZkX(*/1:/10>(7W(U3%
+,%d(7;53/14%
C5=?#&%1SzT/K(*:<%
C=V#&%d+,%
0>+,33+,%
j :<#&%d456%=;3M
#&(7/1:<5Y0>%4(*/1%XG(*+c@=?-,#&(7=q(7Y(*+c/1# N =?(u4(7+02%#&-,/102#&@+,(7:<4(7+c)0>_1(7=q N P<(*:K\3(
(d@.3(*4(
0>%=;%=h4(
C5=?#&% 4-,/1#&-,0>%XJ(7+c(7;53/14q(7I(*+,# N +,4(d(7/1+,%0>(
\3(d(7+c0>%=M
;%45=h4-,/1#&-,0>94( N (*=V% N 30>%=VST:(# N 5+,q4(
(*/1+,%0>(U(7g+,q(7+/c5# N =(
4(UC3/10>-,5/
(7/q(7+0>4-,;LC3(*/1:(UFS
Nota: Despus de que se use por primera vez, una funcin de usuario, dinmicamente cargada, se retiene en memoria, y futuras llamadas a la funcin solo incurren en la
pequea sobrecarga de una bsqueda de tabla de smbolos.
%90>%4(7/1%9\3(i(*@(*0>-,)0>%q(7+)0>_1(7=] N PQ(7:< m +,%q0>%4(*/1%9(7/+,%q0>+,33+,%qjGyl4( N (7=?%q(7=

(7+ V>V2 4(7+^)0>_1(7=R4(90>54-,;5R N PQ(7:<@%=V%q+,%OC3/10>-,/1X3/1-,4R@=d0>#&-,+,+,%
-,#&@+,(7SGjG-h3/r,# N +,4((7/1+,%02(9(3%O(*/r+,%O0>+,33+,%O jZX1(7+h,# N +,n4((*/1+,%02(9(
4( N (7=%I3/1-,=@=0>5#&-,+,+,%-,#&@.+,(7h:%# N -,7/1X2Ju4( N (7=?,%6(*=(7{%0>:%#&(*/1:(6(*+#&-,#& \3(W(7+
/15# N =(g4(Y+%C3/10>-,5/q(*/9(7+0>4-,;5LC3(7/1:<(IFSVT/9-,:(*#&%l/1-,{
+,%Y5=4(*/ -,#&@=?-,#&-,=V
:4d+,d,# N +,cd4(L(*/1+,%0>(L4(L3/n N PQ(7:<&\3(i(i@3(*4(L0>%=;%*=4(LC=V#&%q4-,/1#&-,0>%1S
m 8:;5=(7l/1 0>5#&@-,+,%=V3/1%UC3/102-,/q%3:<5#&:-,0>%#&(7/1:<(77(I4( N (I02#&@-,+,%=^%/1:<(7l4(I\3(
(3(U(7/3/1%d5=4(7/9FY|6TITO5~qFYfD}~SzE(7=% N %PQ@%=?%
-,/1C5=?#&%0>-,5/%4-,02-,/1%+S y

Funciones de Lenguaje C sobre Tipos Base
%d:% N +,%d-,;53-,(7/1:<(u4%d(*+:<-,@qF=(7\3(*=V-,4L@%=?%d+,5I@.%=V#&(7:=GI(*/O+,%WC3/102-,/1(7IF\53(
(0>%=;Z%=V/q(7/q85:<;=(7Sz%0>5+,3#&/1%d! (7)/1(74Of/1!4%
(*+Z)0>_1(7=4(Y0>% N (*02(*=V%Y=(7%+ m (7/q(*+
4-,=(0>:<5=?-,
yZ(7/L(7+\3(g(7+:-,@ F(7\53-,`c%+,(7/1:(g(I4(7)/1(S?jG-,/i(*# N %=;X
-5-,/10>+,3J5( .../src/backend/X7(7:W)0>_1(7=56(-,/10>+,3-,=V/O4(YCD=?#&%
%3:<5#&:<-,0>%1S
utils/builtins.h
D EggQ D * \*7g

WW?5 025>
Built-In Type
C Type
% N :<-,#&(
N 5+
N {
N J5:(7%
0>_1%=
0>-,4
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N 5+,3:<(75-,#&(
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m %:<(75-,#&(y
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m jGT.?y
m ~%#&(7y
-,4
m -,4`(70>:<5=?y
m 8I ?y
m 8}fD~qO?y
=(7;5@=G0I=l|"Tu8|6}F
|6(7+,%:-,`(75-,#&(
m :(*{G:?y
fD:<(7#&85-,/1:<(7=
m 5-,#&(7jG@%/qy
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3-,/1:
{-,4
5-,#&(7f/1:(7=?`%+
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m 6f y
Defined In
3:-,+,wG/% N :<-,#&(S _
-,/10>+,34(5wZ0GS _
3:<-,+,wG;1(*5M4(70>+,S _
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;=(*S _
~nwZ
-,/10>+,34(5wZ@:;5=(7S _
-,/10>+,34(wG0ZS _=
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;5=?(*S _
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;=(*S _
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;5=?(*S _
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;=(*S _
-,/102+,34(5wZ0GS _=
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;5=?(*S _
-,/102+,34(5wZ0GS _=
-,/10>+,34(wG@:<;5=?(*S _
-,/10>+,34(wG;(*5M4(*02+,S _
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/* 4-byte integer, passed by value */
typedef int int4;
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/* 16-byte structure, passed by reference */
typedef struct
{
double x, y;
} Point;
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int4 length;
char data[1];
} text;
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#include "postgres.h"
...
char buffer[40]; /* our source data */
...
text *destination = (text *) palloc(VARHDRSZ + 40);
destination- length = VARHDRSZ + 40;
memmove(destination- data, buffer, 40);
...
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funcs.c
#include = string.h
/* By Value */
int
add_one(int arg)
{
return(arg + 1);
}
/* By Reference, Fixed Length */
Point *
makepoint(Point *pointx, Point *pointy )
{
Point
*new_point = (Point *) palloc(sizeof(Point));
new_point->x = pointx->x;
new_point->y = pointy->y;
return new_point;
}
/* By Reference, Variable Length */
text *
copytext(text *t)
{
/*
* VARSIZE is the total size of the struct in bytes.
*/
text *new_t = (text *) palloc(VARSIZE(t));
memset(new_t, 0, VARSIZE(t));
VARSIZE(new_t) = VARSIZE(t);
/*
* VARDATA is a pointer to the data region of the struct.
*/
memcpy((void *) VARDATA(new_t), /* destination */
(void *) VARDATA(t),
/* source */
VARSIZE(t)-VARHDRSZ);
/* how many bytes */
return(new_t);
}
text *
concat_text(text *arg1, text *arg2)

{
int32 new_text_size = VARSIZE(arg1) + VARSIZE(arg2) - VARHDRSZ;
text *new_text = (text *) palloc(new_text_size);
memset((void *) new_text, 0, new_text_size);
VARSIZE(new_text) = new_text_size;
strncpy(VARDATA(new_text), VARDATA(arg1), VARSIZE(arg1)VARHDRSZ);
strncat(VARDATA(new_text), VARDATA(arg2), VARSIZE(arg2)VARHDRSZ);
return (new_text);
}
}L/}jGhwG
s(Us3+,4[:<J5@(a
CREATE FUNCTION add_one(int4) RETURNS int4
AS PGROOT/tutorial/funcs.so LANGUAGE c;
CREATE FUNCTION makepoint(point, point) RETURNS point
CREATE FUNCTION concat_text(text, text) RETURNS text
CREATE FUNCTION copytext(text) RETURNS text
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Funciones del Lenguaje C sobre Tipos Compuestos

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TUPLE
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0>5/13+,:<%
* SELECT name, c_overpaid(EMP, 1500) AS overpaid
FROM EMP
WHERE name = Bill or name = Sam;
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#include "executor/executor.h"
/* for GetAttributeByName() */
bool
c_overpaid(TupleTableSlot *t, /* the current instance of EMP */

int4 limit)
{
bool isnull = false;
int4 salary;
salary = (int4) GetAttributeByName(t, "salary", &isnull);
if (isnull)
return (false);
return(salary limit);
}
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GetAttribu(*=V%
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teByName
char *str;
...
str = (char *) GetAttributeByName(t, "name", &isnull)
%
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* CREATE FUNCTION c_overpaid(EMP, int4) RETURNS bool
AS PGROOT/tutorial/obj/funcs.so LANGUAGE c;
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N 3:^S2T/O(7+c0>%4(
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-,(7#&@=((*+%:=?- N 3:^S
Conflictos en el Espacio de Nombres
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jZkJ* / D F I)R *ED Q H R 4(7(7#&@%=?(PQ%](7+h/1# N =(K4(9+,%]C3/10>-,5/BjGk4(7+/15# N =(
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N =(70>%*=?;5%
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(7:L4( N ((7=3//15# N =(U4(YC3/10>-,/O4(F+,(*;%+,yzS
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0>%=;Z%=l0>3%+,\3-,(*=l/1#&(7=L4(U+,- N =?(*=V%"0>5#&@%=?:<-,4%6\3(U0>5/1:<-,(7/1(7/O/15# N =(764(UC3/10>-,5M
/1(70>5/-,02:<-,`5 m 02/B-,47/1:<-,0>5/1# N =(7yDX.@3(74(7/1X.4(K_1(70>_1X0>_1%@30>(7%*=u+,%K02%=?;5%4(
C5=?#&%g-,/1:<(7=(7%/1:<(7S8=6(VPQ(7#&@.+,5X-3:<(74[4(7)/1(d3/1%C3/10>-,5/O4-,/1#&-,0>%#&(7/1:<(d02%=?;5%*M
4%i\3(L=(73+,:<%i:(*/1(7=Y(*+#[-,#&]/15# N =(L\3(L3/1%9C3/10>-,5/R@(*=V:<(7/1(70>-,(7/1:<(L%i8:<;=(*X(*+
0>%=;Z%4= TFn}jZwGY4-/1#&-,0>d_1%0>(W\3(W8:;5=(7+,+,%#&(W%I+,%IC3/10>-,5/4(7/1:<=
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#&]@=(7C (7=?- N +,(7#&(7/1:<(L%i4(VPQ%=g\3(L8:<;=(*
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3OC3/10>-,/O(3(U(7/4-,C(7=(2/1:(*W%=\53-,:<(70>:<3=?%X=(70>#&(7/14%#&"\3(U/1i N =?(*02%=;3(I+,5
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0>5/O-,47/1:<-,02Y/1# N =(*Y\3(u:<5#&(*/[+,Y:-,@Y4(d%=;3#&(7/1:<I%@=@-,%4gJK+,+,%#&(7/O%+,%
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3/[#&%J55=g(7C3(7=?eq@%=?%@.=?(*@%=%=W3/&(VPQ(70>3:<% N +,( 4(*+ N %0>'(7/14&%L#&(*4-,4%1S m T:<%@0>-,5/
(7:U4-,@.5/1- N +,(U+,i(7/+,%
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FLS y
Captulo 34. Extendiendo SQL: Tipos

FY#&u(g#&(*/10>-,5/1 %/1:<(7=?-,5=?#&(7/1:<(7X2_1%J 4h0>+,%(74(W:<-,@5(7/i8:<;5=?(*a:<-,@5 N %( m 4(*M
)/1-,45(7/]3/&+,(*/1;3%zP<(4( @=;=?%#&%0-,/1yJO:-,@02#&@3(7:<5 m -,/1:<%/10>-,%yzS2(VPQ(7#&M
@+,9(7/(7:<%[(*020>-,/_1%:<%[+,594(O,/14-,0>(7L4(O-,/1:<(7=?CD%e]([@.3(74(7/(7/10>/1:=?%=u(7/
comJ
SW(?P<(*#&@+,560>5#&@.3(*:<g(7:</(7/
S
plex.sql
complex.c
funcs.sql
Tipos Definidos por el Usuario

Funciones Necesarias para un Tipo Definido por el Usuario
/o:-,@R4(7)/1-,4n@=d(*+h33%=V-,R4( N (q:(*/1(7=
-,(7#&@=(9CD3/10>-,/1(74((*/1:=?%4%Jn%+,-,4%1S
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@=
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%+,-,4%U@.%=V%(7+Z33%=?-,5ycJ90>#&i(=;%/1-,e%U(7+Z:<-,@i(*/q#&(7#&=V-,%1SV%UC3/1M
0>-,5/4(W(7/1:<=V%4%W:#&%I3/1%Y0>%4(7/1%g4(60>%=?%0>:(2=(74(*+,-,#&-,:%4%g@5=./13+,+0>5#&u3i(7/1:<=V%4%gJ
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@=/13+,+SjG3@/1;%q\3(9\3(7=(7#&u4(*)/1-,=Y3/:-,@.&02#&@+,(VPQR\3(i=(7@=(2(*/1:%/1#&(7=
0>5#&@+,(?P<S>~q%:3=?%+,#&(7/1:<(7X(7+,(*;-,#&g=(7@=(2(7/1:<%=l3/K0>5#&@+,(?P<9(*/O#&(*#&5=?-,%u0>5#&9+,%d-,M
;3-,(*/1:(U(*:<=302:<3=V%U(7/FLa
typedef struct Complex {
double
x;
double
y;
} Complex;
J[3/1%q0>%4(7/1%L4(L+,%qCD=?#&% m {XJ5yl0>#&&+,%9=?(*@=((7/1:<%0>-,5/n(7{:(*=V/1%94(L+,%902%4(7/1%1S*T:<%
C3/102-,/1(7W/15=?#&%+,#&(7/1:<(d/1q/]4-,CD0>-,+,(7g4(
(*0>=?- N -,=X(*@.(70>-,%+,#&(7/1:<(d+,%uC3/10>-,5/O4(U%+,-,M
4%1SVjG-,/(7# N %=;55X_c%J9`%=?-,5"@3/1:<5W%
=(70>5=41%=7a
+.4(7)/1-,=Y3o=(*@=$(7(7/1:<%0>-,5/R(*{G:<(7=?/1% m 0>%4(7/1%y Xc=(*023(2=4(\3(L%+.)/1%+4( N ( (70>=?- N -,=

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Complex *
complex_in(char *str)
{
double x, y;
Complex *result;
if (sscanf(str, " ( %lf , %lf )", &x, &y) != 2) {
elog(WARN, "complex_in: error in parsing
return NULL;
}
result = (Complex *)palloc(sizeof(Complex));
result- x = x;
result- y = y;
return (result);
}
%UCD3/10>-,/K4(%+,-,4%
@3(74((7=l(7/10>-,+,+,%#&(*/1:(5a
char *
complex_out(Complex *complex)
{
char *result;
if (complex == NULL)
return(NULL);
result = (char *) palloc(60);

sprintf(result, "(%g,%g)", complex- x, complexy);

return(result);
}
( N (*=V% -/1:(7/1:<%=W_1%0>(7=6+,%gCD3/10>-,/1(7Y4(d(7/1:<=V%4%J%+,-,4% -,/1`(7=V%Y+,% 3/1% %+,% 5:<=V%cS

jG-/1[+,[_1%0>(7X:<(7/14=?9@= N +,(*#&%
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0>#&@3:%4=?%yzS>T:<(d(7I3/[@= N +,(7#&%u@%=?:-,0>3+,%=?#&(7/1:<(u0>#&/[0>3%/14q_1%JK/1#&(7=
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8%=V%K4(7)/1-,=d(7+l:-,@.o0>5#&@.+,(VPQ5X^/1(70>(7-,:<%#&50>=(7%=
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33%=V-,0>5#&@+,(*{G-,/Ji02#&@+,(7{3:1%/1:<(764(0>=(7%*=l(7+:<-,@a
CREATE FUNCTION complex_in(opaque)
RETURNS complex
AS PGROOT/tutorial/obj/complex.so
LANGUAGE c;
CREATE FUNCTION complex_out(opaque)
RETURNS opaque
LANGUAGE c;
CREATE TYPE complex (
internallength = 16,
input = complex_in,
output = complex_out
);
FY#&u(I4-,0>3:-, %/1:<(7X28:;5=(7l5@.5=?:%Y::<%+,#&(7/1:<(I`(70>:<5=(7 m u%=V=?%J5yZ4(W:-,@.5 N %(S

4(*#&7X85:;5=(7W@=V:<%u`c(*02:<=?(*64(d:<-,@g4(7)/1-,4g@="(*+533%=?-,9:<%# N -,7/"SFY3%/1M
4q3:(74&4(7)/1(u3/]:-,@.5X8:;5=(7Y%3:<5#&:<-,0>%#&(7/1:<(u@=@=?0>-,/1%u@=V:<( @.%=V%u`(70>:M
=(7
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0>#&M
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0>5#&@=(7/14(0>5#&L/K@5=h4(7/1:<=S
Objetos Grandes
9:-,@.5q4-,0>3:-,45q_1%:<%&(7:(]@3/1:<B/:<45q N PQ(7:q!@(*\3(71![(7:B(*X/
#&(7/1=(7"\3(Ux](7/q:%#&%1S
Nota: 1024 longwords == 8192 bytes. De hecho, el tipo debe ser considerablemente menor que 8192 bytes, dado que las pginas y tuplas de sobrecarga de Postgres deben
caber en esta limitacin de 8KB tambin. El valor real que cabe depende de la arquitectura de la mquina.
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4(8:<;5=?(*S
Captulo 35. Extenediendo SQL: Operadores

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CREATE FUNCTION complex_add(complex, complex)
RETURNS complex
AS $PWD/obj/complex.so
LANGUAGE c;
CREATE OPERATOR + (
leftarg = complex,
rightarg = complex,
procedure = complex_add,
commutator = +
);
{0},,|4c #o|4{
SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
+-----------+
|c
|
+-----------+
|(5.2,6.05)
|
+-----------+
|(133.42,144.95) |
+-----------+
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Informacin de optimizacin de operador

Autor: Escrito por Tom Lane.
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Captulo 36. Extensiones de SQL: Agregados

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CREATE AGGREGATE complex_sum (
sfunc1 = complex_add,
basetype = complex,
stype1 = complex,
initcond1 = (0,0)
);
SELECT complex_sum(a) FROM test_complex;
+--------+
|complex_sum |
+--------+
|(34,53.9)
|
+--------+
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CREATE AGGREGATE my_count (
sfunc2 = int4inc, - add one
basetype = int4,
stype2 = int4,
initcond2 = 0
);
SELECT my_count(*) as emp_count from EMP;
+-------+
|emp_count |
+-------+
|5
|
+-------+
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CREATE AGGREGATE my_average (

sfunc1 = int4pl,
- sum
basetype = int4,
stype1 = int4,
sfunc2 = int4inc,
- count
stype2 = int4,
finalfunc = int4div, - division
initcond1 = 0,
initcond2 = 0
);
SELECT my_average(salary) as emp_average FROM EMP;
+--------+
|emp_average |
+--------+
|1640
|
+--------+

Captulo 37. El Sistema de reglas de Postgres

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Las vistas y el sistema de reglas.

Implementacin de las vistas en Postgres
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CREATE FUNCTION min(integer, integer) RETURNS integer AS
BEGIN
IF $1 < $2 THEN
RETURN $1;
END IF;
RETURN $2;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
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CREATE TABLE shoe_data (
shoename
char(10),
sh_avail
integer,
slcolor
char(10),
slminlen
float,
slmaxlen
float,
slunit
char(8)
);
datos de zapatos
clave primaria (primary key)
nmero de pares utilizables
color de cordn preferido
longitud mnima de cordn
longitud mxima del cordn
unidad de longitud
CREATE TABLE shoelace_data (

sl_name
char(10),
sl_avail
integer,
sl_color
char(10),
sl_len
float,
sl_unit
char(8)
);
datos de cordones de zapatos

clave primaria (primary key)
nmero de pares utilizables
color del cordn
longitud del cordn
unidad de longitud
CREATE TABLE unit (

un_name
char(8),
un_fact
float
);
- unidades de longitud
- clave primaria (primary key)
- factor de transformacin a cm
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CREATE VIEW shoe AS
SELECT sh.shoename,
sh.sh_avail,
sh.slcolor,
sh.slminlen,
sh.slminlen * un.un_fact AS slminlen_cm,
sh.slmaxlen,
sh.slmaxlen * un.un_fact AS slmaxlen_cm,
sh.slunit
FROM shoe_data sh, unit un

WHERE sh.slunit = un.un_name;

CREATE VIEW shoelace AS
SELECT s.sl_name,
s.sl_avail,
s.sl_color,
s.sl_len,
s.sl_unit,
s.sl_len * u.un_fact AS sl_len_cm
FROM shoelace_data s, unit u
WHERE s.sl_unit = u.un_name;
CREATE VIEW shoe_ready AS
SELECT rsh.shoename,
rsh.sh_avail,
rsl.sl_name,
rsl.sl_avail,
min(rsh.sh_avail, rsl.sl_avail) AS total_avail
FROM shoe rsh, shoelace rsl
WHERE rsl.sl_color = rsh.slcolor
AND rsl.sl_len_cm >= rsh.slminlen_cm
AND rsl.sl_len_cm <= rsh.slmaxlen_cm;
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por razones histricas en el rbol de query escrito) que se pueden ver en la entrada
pg_rewrite no son de interes para las reglas de SELECT.
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shoe_data
|4M|4xw13,shoelace_data
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
al_bundy->
al_bundy=>
INSERT INTO unit VALUES (cm, 1.0);

INSERT INTO unit VALUES (m, 100.0);
INSERT INTO unit VALUES (inch, 2.54);
INSERT INTO
(sh1,
INSERT INTO
(sh2,
INSERT INTO
(sh3,
INSERT INTO
(sh4,
shoe_data VALUES
2, black, 70.0,
shoe_data VALUES
0, black, 30.0,
shoe_data VALUES
4, brown, 50.0,
shoe_data VALUES
3, brown, 40.0,
INSERT INTO
(sl1,
INSERT INTO
(sl2,
INSERT INTO
(sl3,
INSERT INTO
shoelace_data VALUES
5, black, 80.0, cm);
6, black, 100.0, cm);
0, black, 35.0 , inch);
90.0, cm);
40.0, inch);
65.0, cm);
50.0, inch);

al_bundy->
(sl4, 8, black, 40.0 , inch);
al_bundy=> INSERT INTO shoelace_data VALUES
al_bundy->
(sl5, 4, brown, 1.0 , m);
al_bundy->
(sl6, 0, brown, 0.9 , m);
al_bundy->
(sl7, 7, brown, 60 , cm);
al_bundy->
(sl8, 1, brown, 40 , inch);
al_bundy=>
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace;
sl_name
|sl_avail|sl_color |sl_len|sl_unit |sl_len_cm
-------+-----+-------+----+-----+-----sl1
|
5|black
|
80|cm
|
80
sl2
|
6|black
|
100|cm
|
100
sl7
|
7|brown
|
60|cm
|
60
sl3
|
0|black
|
35|inch
|
88.9
sl4
|
8|black
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl8
|
1|brown
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl5
|
4|brown
|
1|m
|
100
sl6
|
0|brown
|
0.9|m
|
90
(8 rows)
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shoelace.sl_color, shoelace.sl_len,
shoelace.sl_unit, shoelace.sl_len_cm
FROM shoelace shoelace;
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al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoe_ready WHERE total_avail >= 2;
shoename |sh_avail|sl_name
|sl_avail|total_avail
-------+-----+-------+-----+------sh1
|
2|sl1
|
5|
2
sh3
|
4|sl7
|
7|
4
(2 rows)

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shoe_ready.sl_name, shoe_ready.sl_avail,
shoe_ready.total_avail
FROM shoe_ready shoe_ready
WHERE int4ge(shoe_ready.total_avail, 2);
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rsl.sl_avail,
min(rsh.sh_avail, rsl.sl_avail) AS
total_avail
FROM shoe_ready shoe_ready, shoe_ready *OLD*,
shoe_ready *NEW*,
shoe rsh,
shoelace rsl
WHERE int4ge(min(rsh.sh_avail, rsl.sl_avail), 2)
AND (bpchareq(rsl.sl_color, rsh.slcolor)
AND float8ge(rsl.sl_len_cm, rsh.slminlen_cm)
AND float8le(rsl.sl_len_cm, rsh.slmaxlen_cm)
);
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SELECT sh.shoename,
sh.sh_avail,
rsl.sl_name, rsl.sl_avail,
min(sh.sh_avail, rsl.sl_avail)
AS total_avail,
shoe_ready *NEW*, shoe rsh,
shoelace rsl, shoe *OLD*,
shoe *NEW*,
shoe_data sh,
unit un
WHERE (int4ge(min(sh.sh_avail, rsl.sl_avail), 2)
AND (bpchareq(rsl.sl_color, sh.slcolor)
AND float8ge(rsl.sl_len_cm,
float8mul(sh.slminlen, un.un_fact))
AND float8le(rsl.sl_len_cm,
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s.sl_name, s.sl_avail,
min(sh.sh_avail, s.sl_avail) AS total_avail
shoe_ready *NEW*, shoe rsh,
shoelace rsl, shoe *OLD*,
shoe *NEW*, shoe_data sh,
unit un, shoelace *OLD*,
shoelace *NEW*,
shoelace_data s,
unit u
WHERE ( (int4ge(min(sh.sh_avail, s.sl_avail), 2)
AND (bpchareq(s.sl_color, sh.slcolor)
AND float8ge(float8mul(s.sl_len, u.un_fact),
float8mul(sh.slminlen, un.un_fact))
AND float8le(float8mul(s.sl_len, u.un_fact),
float8mul(sh.slmaxlen, un.un_fact))
)
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AND bpchareq(sh.slunit, un.un_name)
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AND bpchareq(s.sl_unit, u.un_name);
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min(sh.sh_avail, s.sl_avail) AS total_avail
FROM shoe_data sh, shoelace_data s, unit u, unit un
WHERE min(sh.sh_avail, s.sl_avail) >= 2
AND s.sl_color = sh.slcolor
AND s.sl_len * u.un_fact >= sh.slminlen * un.un_fact
AND s.sl_len * u.un_fact <= sh.slmaxlen * un.un_fact
AND sh.sl_unit = un.un_name
AND s.sl_unit = u.un_name;
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Nota: Actualmente no hay mecanismos de parar la recursin para las reglas de las vistas
en el sistema de reglas (slo para las otras reglas). Esto no es muy grave, ya que la
nica forma de meterlo en un bucle sin fin (bloqueando al cliente hasta que lea el limite
de memoria) es crear tablas y luego crearles reglas a mano con CREATE RULE de forma
que una lea a la otra y la otra a la una. Esto no puede ocurrir con el comando CREATE
VIEW, porque en la primera creacin de una vista la segunda an no existe, de modo
que la primera vista no puede seleccionar desde la segunda.
Reglas de vistas en instrucciones diferentes a SELECT

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al_bundy=> INSERT INTO shoe (shoename, sh_avail, slcolor)
al_bundy->
VALUES (sh5, 0, black);
INSERT 20128 1
al_bundy=> SELECT shoename, sh_avail, slcolor FROM shoe_data;
shoename |sh_avail|slcolor
-------+-----+------sh1
|
2|black
sh3
|
4|brown
sh2
|
0|black
sh4
|
3|brown
(4 rows)
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Reglas sobre INSERT, UPDATE y DELETE

Diferencias con las reglas de las vistas.
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Cmo trabajan estas reglas

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TO object [WHERE rule_qualification]
DO [INSTEAD] [action | (actions) | NOTHING];
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shoelace_data
CREATE TABLE shoelace_log (

sl_name
char(10),
sl_avail
integer,
log_who
name,
log_when
datetime
);
shoelace changed
new available value
who did it
when
CREATE RULE log_shoelace AS ON UPDATE TO shoelace_data

WHERE NEW.sl_avail != OLD.sl_avail
DO INSERT INTO shoelace_log VALUES (
NEW.sl_name,
NEW.sl_avail,
getpgusername(),
now::text
);
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al_bundy=> UPDATE shoelace_data SET sl_avail = 6
al_bundy->
WHERE sl_name = sl7;
% xwz{ c{~c#|4;
w1_0|E y7
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace_log;
sl_name
|sl_avail|log_who|log_when
-------+-----+-----+--------------------sl7
|
6|Al
|Tue Oct 20 16:14:45 1998 MET DST

(1 row)
6,|;|49.,xw1G_,| xwz{SK|4x},|{~c |4c)_,M ,{{[|4Ux c{~

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{S|4y_,|E,},wz|4
UPDATE shoelace_data SET sl_avail = 6
FROM shoelace_data shoelace_data
WHERE bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, sl7);
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int4ne(NEW.sl_avail, OLD.sl_avail)
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o
INSERT INTO shoelace_log SELECT
*NEW*.sl_name, *NEW*.sl_avail,
getpgusername(), datetime(now::text)
FROM shoelace_data *NEW*, shoelace_data *OLD*,
shoelace_log shoelace_log;
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*NEW*.sl_name, *NEW*.sl_avai,
FROM shoelace_data shoelace_data,
shoelace_data *NEW*,
shoelace_data *OLD*,
shoelace_log shoelace_log;
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FROM shoelace_data shoelace_data, shoelace_data *NEW*,
shoelace_data *OLD*, shoelace_log shoelace_log
WHERE int4ne(*NEW*.sl_avail, *OLD*.sl_avail);

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WHERE int4ne(*NEW*.sl_avail, *OLD*.sl_avail)
AND bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, sl7);
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WHERE int4ne(6, *OLD*.sl_avail)
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shoelace_data.sl_name, 6,
WHERE int4ne(6, shoelace_data.sl_avail)
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FROM shoelace_data
WHERE 6 != shoelace_data.sl_avail
AND shoelace_data.sl_name = sl7;
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shoelace_data.sl_avail,
FROM shoelace_data
WHERE shoelace_data.sl_avail !=
shoelace_data.sl_avail
AND shoelace_data.sl_name = sl7;
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WHERE sl_color = black;
x|4{~owz,o,wz{,1xx'$[xv|{Snx'$;w1|4|mx_ )
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WHERE 0 != shoelace_data.sl_avail
AND shoelace_data.sl_color = black;
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Cooperacin con las vistas

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CREATE
DO
CREATE
DO
CREATE
DO
RULE shoe_ins_protect AS ON INSERT TO shoe

INSTEAD NOTHING;
RULE shoe_upd_protect AS ON UPDATE TO shoe
INSTEAD NOTHING;
RULE shoe_del_protect AS ON DELETE TO shoe
INSTEAD NOTHING;
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ow1,|4xxw1|c
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Nota: Este hecho debera irritar a las aplicaciones cliente, ya que no ocurre absoltamente nada en la base de datos, y por ello, el servidor no devuelve nada para la query. Ni
siquiera un PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY o similar ser utilizable en libpq. En psql, no ocurre
nada. Esto debera cambiar en el futuro.
K01 {c0c ,wzo

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shoelace
CREATE RULE shoelace_ins AS ON INSERT TO shoelace

DO INSTEAD
INSERT INTO shoelace_data VALUES (
NEW.sl_name,
NEW.sl_avail,
NEW.sl_color,
NEW.sl_len,
NEW.sl_unit);
CREATE RULE shoelace_upd AS ON UPDATE TO shoelace
DO INSTEAD
UPDATE shoelace_data SET
sl_name = NEW.sl_name,
sl_avail = NEW.sl_avail,
sl_color = NEW.sl_color,
sl_len = NEW.sl_len,
sl_unit = NEW.sl_unit
WHERE sl_name = OLD.sl_name;
CREATE RULE shoelace_del AS ON DELETE TO shoelace
DO INSTEAD
DELETE FROM shoelace_data
WHERE sl_name = OLD.sl_name;

{0|4y
,}_,|4wz|E|3o{S |4|3},4wz 900wz|4
| m|w1||3,
y_{
xw1m|K{~wzo, l n|43},{w1o,{c|4wz|K,|4no|oo,x_nn_,|4{S|
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},|4_,|x,3,|r4l}|E|{~wz{w1 |93xw1E|r{~wzo,x6 w1{> ;,
w1{S,o%|},| ` #oc > c},|4wz #x
CREATE TABLE shoelace_arrive (
arr_name
char(10),
arr_quant
integer
);
CREATE TABLE shoelace_ok (
ok_name
char(10),
ok_quant
integer
);
CREATE RULE shoelace_ok_ins AS ON INSERT TO shoelace_ok
DO INSTEAD
UPDATE shoelace SET
sl_avail = sl_avail + NEW.ok_quant
WHERE sl_name = NEW.ok_name;
{~ },,|4|>|w1{x|3m |{7yK c

al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace_arrive;

arr_name |arr_quant
-------+-----sl3
|
10
sl6
|
20
sl8
|
20
(3 rows)
6,|>|4|4low1c|w1|r%_,|33|4M0xwz0|E{~wzo,){S|4c ,0{},3c{
|4; 9wz owz,|4
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace ORDER BY sl_name;
sl_name
-------+-----+-------+----+-----+-----sl1
|
5|black
|
80|cm
|
80
sl2
|
6|black
|
100|cm
|
100
sl7
|
6|brown
|
60|cm
|
60
sl3
|
0|black
|
35|inch
|
88.9
sl4
|
8|black
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl8
|
1|brown
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl5
|
4|brown
|
1|m
|
100
sl6
|
0|brown
|
0.9|m
|
90
(8 rows)
w1{xc#o{S |4{S|4o||4y
al_bundy=> INSERT INTO shoelace_ok SELECT * FROM shoelace_arrive;
%o c},{Sn#{|xwz
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace ORDER BY sl_name;
sl_name
-------+-----+-------+----+-----+-----sl1
|
5|black
|
80|cm
|
80
sl2
|
6|black
|
100|cm
|
100
sl7
|
6|brown
|
60|cm
|
60
sl4
|
8|black
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl3
|
10|black
|
35|inch
|
88.9
sl8
|
21|brown
|
40|inch
|
101.6
sl5
|
4|brown
|
1|m
|
100
sl6
|
20|brown
|
0.9|m
|
90
(8 rows)
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace_log;
sl_name
|sl_avail|log_who|log_when
-------+-----+-----+--------------------sl7
|
6|Al
|Tue Oct 20 19:14:45
sl3
|
10|Al
|Tue Oct 20 19:25:16
sl6
|
20|Al
|Tue Oct 20 19:25:16
sl8
|
21|Al
|Tue Oct 20 19:25:16
(4 rows)
1998
1998
1998
1998
MET
MET
MET
MET
DST
DST
DST
DST
xw1;|4,;{Sy;;|4x|%},{c|4{ Mj O, M|xw1 {S|4x,w1 x

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|4|4xw1|0 ,c|w1m1},|{S%m|4,wzcm|~.|4c}, 1v,{~n|4{S
|4xw1_E
x0|>w1{,ow1 {S|4
INSERT INTO shoelace_ok SELECT
shoelace_arrive.arr_name, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant
FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive, shoelace_ok shoelace_ok;
{0x|3},o3
},{c|4{0{S|4y x |4o|4 mx|3_,|4_|_
UPDATE shoelace SET

sl_avail = int4pl(shoelace.sl_avail, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant)

FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive, shoelace_ok shoelace_ok,
shoelace_ok *OLD*, shoelace_ok *NEW*,
shoelace shoelace
WHERE bpchareq(shoelace.sl_name, showlace_arrive.arr_name);
;
wz{~)|
Mj n{y_x{S|
o,wz_,|4{M{||4xo{`w1x|},
xwz|4cc|{S|4y6|,|4_c} shoelace_ok
Z|cx|4y_,n{S|y_ x |4o|4,},
},{S,o|
sl_name = shoelace.sl_name,
sl_avail = int4pl(shoelace.sl_avail, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant),
sl_color = shoelace.sl_color,
sl_len = shoelace.sl_len,
sl_unit = shoelace.sl_unit
shoelace shoelace, shoelace *OLD*,
shoelace *NEW*, shoelace_data showlace_data
WHERE bpchareq(shoelace.sl_name, showlace_arrive.arr_name)
AND bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, shoelace.sl_name);
6wz{6_|46|3,6{|y_ Mj K|{_ |w1{,oocwz|4{{9x|K|| M

w1||M_,||4xw1_,|4{,Z,w1_xw1
jv,|4{S|xwz|4cn|{S|4yKG
shoelace
w1|{~c,c G|wzM,|4wz|%c ,|;
o w1;[},oMM{S|4y ,x|o|
},{S,o|4
sl_name = s.sl_name,
sl_avail = int4pl(s.sl_avail, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant),
sl_color = s.sl_color,
sl_len = s.sl_len,
sl_unit = s.sl_unit
shoelace *NEW*, shoelace_data showlace_data,
shoelace *OLD*, shoelace *NEW*,
shoelace_data s, unit u
WHERE bpchareq(s.sl_name, showlace_arrive.arr_name)
AND bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, s.sl_name);
)|;,|[x|m},o,c{S|4y;|;,},,w1|%}, {3|4[_,|4_|;My_{{EM{S,|4
|4yc #9{S #|{S||4x {wz{#,c|{
$dxwz#|x|},o##{S|4y yx|o|
_,|3},{S , |r|4 {|Ew1{,o ;|4lwz{~
s.sl_name,
int4pl(s.sl_avail, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant),
getpgusername(),
datetime(now::text)
shoelace *NEW*, shoelace_data showlace_data,
shoelace *OLD*, shoelace *NEW*,
shoelace_data s, unit u,
shoelace_data *OLD*, shoelace_data *NEW*
shoelace_log shoelace_log
WHERE bpchareq(s.sl_name, showlace_arrive.arr_name)

AND bpchareq(shoelace_data.sl_name, s.sl_name);

AND int4ne(int4pl(s.sl_avail, shoelace_arrive.arr_quant),
s.sl_avail);
{4|3 ,o|xwz|4cr|{S|4y,x||4xo| wz#|,||{_ |4|wz{~, o

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,|4_,|3x
y_,|4
wz{S, o |,|3K
s.sl_name,
s.sl_avail + shoelace_arrive.arr_quant,
getpgusername(),
now
FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive, shoelace_data shoelace_data,
shoelace_data s
WHERE s.sl_name = shoelace_arrive.arr_name
AND shoelace_data.sl_name = s.sl_name
AND s.sl_avail + shoelace_arrive.arr_quant != s.sl_avail;
sl_avail = shoelace_data.sl_avail + shoelace_arrive.arr_quant
FROM shoelace_arrive shoelace_arrive,
shoelace_data shoelace_data,
shoelace_data s
WHERE s.sl_name = shoelace_arrive.sl_name
AND shoelace_data.sl_name = s.sl_name;
j{S|4x,w1)|4_,|E ,w1 ||4;|rE{S|4o 4x|Ex|4{w1;|mwz{ocm}, {

ow1,o |4),wz|4{So|4{4 c_G}, {3ow1,x |4K,o,{w1c){S|4yxw1{
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,_,|4{|4
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{~c _,|33{S|4
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)x ,_ },w1c {;c},,|4xwzlM}, {|4m|_}|
|~.|4o,oM},{3
x3|4xwz|4c
|>{S|4y_,|E Mj x|4{
Nested Loop
-> Merge Join
-> Seq Scan
-> Sort
-> Seq Scan on s
-> Seq Scan
-> Sort
-> Seq Scan on shoelace_arrive
-> Seq Scan on shoelace_data
c|4wz{~_,|3 cwz|4,6
|w1{3|jwz{~30
w1_3|E{y%|4|{~
x|4{
Merge Join
-> Seq Scan
-> Sort
->
-> Seq Scan
-> Sort
->
Seq Scan on s
Seq Scan on shoelace_arrive
_,|E},{S ,o|>|4low1c|4wz|3cxc|4w1{|4;0{S|4M|E y|4o{z4|4xxw1|

c
|3{S|4y
},{ %,{~{K|4lw1{
|3
{S|4o
x ,w1
c|4wz|E|4o|4x{~G|4lcc%{~{% |4wz%x|>},{S ,o|>shoelace_data
|r,|4_%|4;EKv, 9
v,|4{S6|{~0,Mwz{~_zK{S|4c|w1|E,{SKo|4{_,|3wz6|0}, |

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},w1 Z,| , K,|4x|)cy
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_|4|4~xwz0_|4E3},|4) )))E},{|7|Eo {,|4cy_|w1%,|> {~E
|4
}x|M_,{~{>wz{Sc {1oc[4x|;o c},{Sc|w1cM c},{{Ey_ },{S|4}4{x
x|E|Ew1 },{~3 {S |4#{S x
al_bundy=> INSERT INTO shoelace VALUES
al_bundy->
(sl9, 0, pink, 35.0, inch, 0.0);
al_bundy=> INSERT INTO shoelace VALUES
al_bundy->
(sl10, 1000, magenta, 40.0, inch, 0.0);

{E_,|{|r{S|4_x{o{S |4|>) % ;y,;},{|>},w1 l,j}, {~
{S|4{
co c},o_,|{~Uo_|4G|J|}, |4c 6},{S|4},{4{,nxwzn
|41|4ow1
CREATE VIEW shoelace_obsolete AS
SELECT * FROM shoelace WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT shoename FROM shoe WHERE slcolor = sl_color);
o0x3|4
al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace_obsolete;
sl_name
-------+-----+-------+----+-----+-----sl9
|
0|pink
|
35|inch
|
88.9
sl10
|
1000|magenta
|
40|inch
|
101.6
{S|E r)))
o{S |49cy_|w1|_|{~4c r_x{7 w1|#|3,|
}c 9
o|4{~K|9,|4_ },|4{S|4x|r|4wz{SK},{S |4cS3|w1{>{Sx3{{c lv{~>o|4{
,}, ocr, },{)v, xw1y{S|4xM{{c>{S| wz4c|w1| nxny{zj {S|4{S|4
c,
,|4_0_xw1
CREATE VIEW shoelace_candelete AS
SELECT * FROM shoelace_obsolete WHERE sl_avail = 0;
G6{S|4c |3|xw101 {~c

DELETE FROM shoelace WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM shoelace_candelete
WHERE sl_name = shoelace.sl_name);

al_bundy=> SELECT * FROM shoelace;
sl_name
|sl_avail|sl_color |sl_len|sl_unit
-------+-----+-------+----+-----+-----sl1
|
5|black
|
80|cm
sl2
|
6|black
|
100|cm
sl7
|
6|brown
|
60|cm
sl4
|
8|black
|
40|inch
sl3
|
10|black
|
35|inch
sl8
|
21|brown
|
40|inch
sl10
|
1000|magenta
|
40|inch
sl5
|
4|brown
|
1|m
sl6
|
20|brown
|
0.9|m
(9 rows)
"
|sl_len_cm
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80
100
60
101.6
88.9
101.6
101.6
100
90
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La verdad es: Haciendo esto encontr otro bug mientras escriba este documento. Pero
tras fijarlo comprob un poco avergonzado que trabajaba correctamente.
Reglas y permisos
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},{,r w1{S > n|w1|{~r},{K)x|4o{S|4w1{~|4K o },,|4,|o wz{S,{#
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CREATE TABLE phone_data (person text, phone text, private bool);
CREATE VIEW phone_number AS
SELECT person, phone FROM phone_data WHERE NOT private;
GRANT SELECT ON phone_number TO secretary;
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Atencin: GRANT ALL actualmente incluye permisos RULE. Esto permite al usuario
autorizado borrar la regla, hacer los cambios y reinstalarla. Pienso que esto debera ser
cambiado rpidamente.
Reglas frente triggers
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CREATE TABLE computer (
hostname
text
- indexed
manufacturer
text
- indexed
);
CREATE TABLE software (
software
text,
hostname
text
);

- indexed
- indexed
c
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DELETE FROM software WHERE hostname = $1;
|4;,;},;}{|},4{)6m},x{|xw1,c|r|4;|4}{~c|4w1{S,E{S|4y3|4|
{~3x|4{7|4xo{~wz0oc
CREATE RULE computer_del AS ON DELETE TO computer
DO DELETE FROM software WHERE hostname = OLD.hostname;
|4{S|n9{0|4M_,|3x|31|{| oM #wz}, 9|E||4wz|_;|4 ox%|>,

DELETE FROM computer WHERE hostname = mypc.local.net;
cw1no c},,w1|{6|n{S|4_x[}{Ko|c1{},EZ_,|{~Z[}, {K|4#w1{y_y|4{

w1c_|4|{~x|4{0,{~{c|;o|m{},[wzc4_,|{~|4lw1{M},{M
{S|4y3x|4{0,
DELETE FROM software WHERE computer.hostname = mypc.local.net
AND software.hostname = computer.hostname;
v,,|4xw16_,|3|EM {S| 6o|4},{S },4,x|4 }w1c{o{S|4{3,M},M|

Nestloop
-> Index Scan using comp_hostidx on computer
-> Index Scan using soft_hostidx on software
)|c M_,|
M{~co)1|4{S|4o|
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DELETE FROM computer WHERE hostname >= old
AND hostname < ole
)|E|4},M|E|z| ,o },{~E0_,|4{m|E0{S|4y_3|{~
Hash Join
-> Seq Scan on software
-> Hash
0 w1{0_,|4{%},x|3|4
DELETE FROM computer WHERE hostname ~ ôld;
oM,M},M|E|z| ,o
Nestloop
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|4Zoc},,wz|4{w1cJ||4{x|,wz},{,{{}{o||4Zx1w0+M{S|
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#define Mag(c) ((c)- x*(c)- x + (c)- y*(c)- y)

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complex_abs_eq(Complex *a, Complex *b)
{
double amag = Mag(a), bmag = Mag(b);
return (amag==bmag);
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RETURNS bool
LANGUAGE c;

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_,|3wz,%|4
_complex_abs_ops
|40|
4_4|>{{~
17314

|E },|{~,{S| #},{~E0ox|E|
}|4oid
{~{1} x1_,|3 _wz|4{S|c
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c},o
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w1 o|4>|4o|4xwzc 3
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} |4{ {S|E_,|K c E|)|{~,xo{S|
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oid

},|4{ S{ |4E_,|%w1 c
{Sy,c|4wz
|6w1},
com4mx xo{|4c # 9,|4xwz{
plex
SELECT o.oid AS opoid, o.oprname

INTO TABLE complex_ops_tmp
FROM pg_operator o, pg_type t
WHERE o.oprleft = t.oid and o.oprright = t.oid
and t.typname = complex_abs;
+----+------+
|oid
| oprname |
+----+------+
|17321 |
|
+----+------+

o1 RQ91S 1 U T o71 o 7 V 1
|17322 | =
|
+----+------+
|17323 | =
|
+----+------+
|
|17324 | =
+----+------+
|17325 |
|
+----+------+
1)|,|4_ y,7|#x,,c|{ ,|
x|4{6x|4y,{c|4wz|9,|{S|wz|4 },|4{
{|#|4 r_,||xw1c 9wz|4{S|4x 9xoid
r_,|
w1|4|
9&$4xwz)&$4o
_{S| %,|K9 w1|{~|{~},{ |4c|w1|,wzw1 oid
xG|_|M,xwzw1,{%x.
}, {7|4xwz#{S|4~M{S|4c|4xwz%oM,
x|4wz|4o0j
{6|4xwzcExw1 3},{6ow1,4{
c,|4xw1{%,|4_K |)|) },|4{ {~
3o 3c#c}{w1w1|E|;w1 0|4xwz0|4pg_amop
l},oo;|4_,|E },|{~,{S|4|wz; {,|4
r|4x|0c|4 {_,|
xw1)c{,|4|
y_{S| y_c>#wzo>|4o|4
pg_amop
x{~l
INSERT INTO pg_amop (amopid, amopclaid, amopopr, amopstrategy)
SELECT am.oid, opcl.oid, c.opoid, 1
FROM pg_am am, pg_opclass opcl, complex_abs_ops_tmp c
WHERE amname = btree AND
opcname = complex_abs_ops AND
c.oprname = <;

{0y
mcxc; #wz{S9 },|4{ {S| 9x,wzw1,|4%|4_d|4
w1|4{So|4{`
|4
|E{{0;|4 |4M
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|4xM w1||3|_ {S|4`c|{7_,|4|4`c|4 {_,|0
y_,|4`y|f$`c{7_,|3%y, |4%`c{_,|4|4
},{lc},x|m{S|4ywz{{c`{S,w1n| }, {~wz|4
},{S|4_c|4wz||4xo{w1n|4Zc|4l
},oo ,|
_
|c|4xw1[{S,w1|[x },{w1|c|4xwzco|4| [ |
o,pg_am
_Ko||4oid
xwz% c},,|4xwz%}, {r|
|c4wz|K o|4xM|4
|
pg_amproc

ox|E|3 },|4{ {xv,{c|4{S |4o|4xw1n9{S|y_oid
xw1{{7
1, |4Mv xw1y{S|491{S| oid
o|{S|
_,|6},,xc
|4 y _,|%c},|4c|w1m|4xwzM{S,wz;,|4,{So_||4,o,
c},|4c|w1c ##{S,wz#| },|{~ {
CREATE FUNCTION complex_abs_cmp(complex, complex)
RETURNS int4
LANGUAGE c;
SELECT oid, proname FROM pg_proc
WHERE proname = complex_abs_cmp;
+----+-----------+
|oid
| proname
|
+----+-----------+
|17328 | complex_abs_cmp |
+----+-----------+
1)|m,|
xc|{Sc|
x|4{M},{S |4c|4wz|%xw1wzc[|4|%x,xw1wz{[x.
oid
}, {7|4 _ 7
{ ,|
_|4 v,|c
y{|y_{
,|0xwzo
|E
xy_,|w1|3c|4{~
INSERT INTO pg_amproc (amid, amopclaid, amproc, amprocnum)
SELECT a.oid, b.oid, c.oid, 1
FROM pg_am a, pg_opclass b, pg_proc c
WHERE a.amname = btree AND
"
o1_ 2Q9USo 1 T 7 7,1 S o S7 V 1
b.opcname = complex_abs_ops AND

c.proname = complex_abs_cmp;

{%|4o|4xw1c0y_{S| y_{>,m|4xwz{~wz|4y%|K},{%},|{~cwz{r,|m|,w1},|m
|4l4,4Mo|4c E|4xw1,w1 w1{Sw1},|4[},y },|{{S|4,wzc 3 3cc_
}|4{~{S|
INSERT INTO pg_amop (amopid, amopclaid, amopopr, amopstrategy)
SELECT am.oid, opcl.oid, c.opoid, 1
FROM pg_am am, pg_opclass opcl, complex_abs_ops_tmp c
WHERE amname = hash AND
opcname = complex_abs_ops AND
c.oprname = =;
v,{~,w1{%|4xw1|o||4,Go,x, M ,|4o|4xw1nc,o{mox|
,|30xy_,|4wz|0c|4{
pg_operator
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = eqsel::regproc, oprjoin = eqjoinsel
WHERE oprname = = AND
oprleft = oprright AND
oprleft = (SELECT oid FROM pg_type WHERE typname = complex_abs);
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = neqsel::regproc, oprjoin = neqjoinsel
WHERE oprname = AND
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = neqsel::regproc, oprjoin = neqjoinsel
WHERE oprname = AND
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = scalarltsel::regproc, oprjoin = scalarltjoinsel
WHERE oprname = < AND
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = scalarltsel::regproc, oprjoin = scalarltjoinsel
WHERE oprname = <= AND
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = scalargtsel::regproc, oprjoin = scalargtjoinsel
WHERE oprname = > AND
UPDATE pg_operator
SET oprrest = scalargtsel::regproc, oprjoin = scalargtjoinsel
WHERE oprname = >= AND

o1 RQ91S 1 U T o71 o 7 V 1
G}, {wzcm }, {7 {S|4yxw1{c ,

,|4x {},oM|>|4xw1|3wz},
INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
SELECT oid, Two part G/L account
FROM pg_type WHERE typname = complex_abs;

Captulo 39. GiST Indices

G1 {~co x {S| j |xw1|4Owzw1}#,j , |4{_||4 ) i)))yxwPjo
c,x{S|1|4{S| w1||4x_,|c|{S|o)||j0|4wzw1}jx_11wz}# , |4{`|4| ) i)))}|4{
jc_c|4lwz|6cE|4owz{%wz|4{S|4xwz|K|4[|4xwzn|K6_|)|Kwz 0|K,|4{_|4|4
w1wz}#,|},o o |4{_||4 |# i)))_, k~
Autor: Esta extraccin de un e-mail enviado por Eugene Selkov Jr. 4 contiene buena informacin sobre GiST. Seguramente aprenderemos ms en el futuro y actualizaremos esta
informacin. - thomas 1998-03-01
,|4 c},|4n| {r_,|m|4w1|;c_,|;|wzm},x },|4{Sn}, {Ecc|4 1ox

|y{~;},{wz{>|z|c},>j[), _c4w1 M|
o |;jc_)|4xw1)|4|4
{|>},xwz{S|
x
src/backend/access/gist
lc},|4)w9|4{_||4R l||4Z Z,wz{ ,ooZ| mcw1 %|4c,|4xwz{~
c|4oxc|ro|4|}o|4},{> x.)},y_ 4wz|4{|4wz|4{S %wz|4xw1
oc(
| +Mwz[n |{~_| + w1|)c|4w1 3|4c xw1{wz|Kx},wz|4mc|4oxc
1{7 _ l|4x},yolwz|4y|4{7w1|4{_w1|4lw1_4x|3wzc4Mjnw|4{|4|4R m.
G|7|~.|4c},|mox.|;x}|M_,|M_|4{S| cK,,c|w1|4G|7{S|4c|w1[
,w1{|4_o|0jcc|
,o j},|4{Sm;;wz|4y_;,o |4o { |4
c|4wz|#y_{|#|ox.}{~9o c},{S{~dKw1{S 7|~.|4c}, 7wzc4K1o {S|4lo|4},wz
}, y o w1,_|E,|4{{ { o|4{
test=> create index pix on polytmp
test-> using gist (p:box gist_poly_ops) with (islossy);
ERROR: cannot open pix
(PostgreSQL 6.3
Sun Feb
1 14:57:30 EST 1998)
M|4w1||4x|4wzG,||4xw1|c|4xy_|M||4{{S{,},{| o|x|4{
y__,||4|{~4c
},{S|y,wz{0 |4x{{ {S|41c{0w1c4M0M w103c#_z ~6_,|3xy|4{{
_,|46_,|y,|4U|_ wz{ xy{,6|M,n1, , y_oo 1wzc|%61,|4wz|4
{y|43 w13{{%c},,|40c},{Sx|%1_4|6|z,wz7n
, z||
_,|
},|4x {S|3|4xw1xU|3},{S| |Ecm|4
cl}|4{S%mc|0y,wz{0cw1|4|{~%c|4
w1{_,|3%w1wz0y|4wz|3 c},|4wz|4wz|3x}, _|
K}, owz9|;#,|w1|4
M1o}|,wz{
|4U_||M{y;vo
n9G{S|4{S| {Go ||z
w1,wz{|)},xwzy_{S|4! p6},{~Ko|4{1,o{ w1|w16cw1|4|{~y_|4{ },|4{S
xK,m|4xo{w1 {|>c_|4,|4c,%}, {Sq
| gxc},|4c|4wz|>))1,o{y_,mc
K|w1 j}|4{S6o{S|4K_,|3 {~3|4#,M}, o%c}, {~wz|E_,|3|c_||>{y_`
c},#1,|4w1|4||~.|4c},c|w1c|4w1|#,|4x.
|},y`x{S1xc},|4c|4wz|
|4lw1{~.|K|{So_wz{ _Z_|4,|
},{S|4_c|4wz|
c|4o,x,}, |)_,||4xw1K,
_|4 },{|4z6|E},y`x{S9|,|wz{S%ox |4M},y_x_`jx{Sj},yy_xwzx
$ 3 c_ 3_,|Ko|6% 0,o|4{S 3
1,|4{S cw1 0x {o
| ro,|4 x},{S w1 w1},
|
,o |4Ewz},|4oxw1y,|4{K||4x c|w1|K,|4x|4o,%{xw1{)|)_{|4
,wz>,c},{9,|)},{S|4wz|4x>},{6o w1|w1{96yo}|4{S,|K|4xw1
0|4{S|4%#o c,o[
M6,M cc|4wz{m|4M}, _}{ j x_`

- - theres a memory leak in rtree poly_ops!!

- - create index pix2 on polytmp using rtree (p poly_ops);
(- - existe una fuga de memoria en el rtree poly_ops!!)
(- - crea un ndice pix2 en polytmp utilizando rtree (p poly_ops)
v,|4x3_,|0}, {~0|4xw1{{S|4,m ,,c|4{S6|3_|4{ |3v,xw1y{S|4wz|4{~ {|

w1|w1Ko ,wzUxxw1|c6x|)_ Mw1,_|_,|)wz{~{|4}, xw1cxwz|4{#|4n,
|4Ec,w1
Uno w1,,{6n{~,|4wz{|j,J{~w1 },|4{Swzc4Jy_{|4o|4{nc
|~.|4c}, #|3,w1 M|3 wz{S|4|_
Notas

wzw1}# jzj |4{|4|4j ) i)))yxw

wzw1}# jx_11wz}# , |4{`|4| ) i)))}|4{~x òzc
$wzw1}# j|4}, o |{~|4|4j |4# i)))
cw1 |_ 4{ v
co ` y
1wz}#jx1wz}# o |4{~| |4 |4#j},,7jyw~j},y_y w~}y_yxw wzy_
wzw1}# jy_ow o |4{_||4 |4# i)))yxw
Captulo 40. Enlazando funciones de carga dinmica

)|4x},,4|Eo{S|4{%{S|4yxw1{{,01,o;|0}, {|,,{ |4wz{~.%|4xwz3},{o
w1oc|w1|Kwz|4{c v,xwzy_{S|4xx|4c{Sy||Ko{Sy_{>|o|4{S|Ko,y_.|4wz
1|_ y
,, w1|4oo c},{w1_,|c},|c|4wz||4x1,o, cx|M
c|4o .o
nwz|4{{c|4wz|4_v,xwzy_{S|40o{Sy_%|o yn|4w1|4n},n|6|~.|4o,omc|4
%_,|6|0| |{~ ,[|6},|4{cw1{r_,|6|4oyx|m {Sy4,coc|w1|4
},,|4|;w1||4{0_,|oc},{|4{3|4xw1|M yG|;yc|4x},|4o`j|wzx|4o
oc|4l},o6{S|4_| c|4wz|Koc{S|44{#6oc}o[|4|4M|4o|4x{Mw1|
|E_,|0},,|0o{Sy_{x,91,o|9|4M,|{~_ {v, wzy_{S|#|4|~.|4o,ox;wz|4x|0_,|
|4xw1|>},{So|4x%3 c6{S|},|ow1K |E0_|4{xM
)|4|3|4xwz{},{S|4}{~m},{~
||4{1;{S|4||{zl;{S|41{d||4|4{#},y#|3c,|4oc
}, {| o1K|4l|{z1.4}, {xj|4o|4xwzE1 {~c m|4x},| o |4
cx_0},_,|4wz|43|6},{S,|4m|6{S|4y{S|x ,|4,{S|4ow1 {~

w1||4m_{|z|4n},|r|4x9w +M|r},{So|4xjjo c},{S|4|96PGROOT/src/regress
_,|r{S|4m|4xwz},{S,|4x
%||4{~3wz|4|4{y,},{S _|c
0xy_,|w1|3wz|4{c y
x|3,x{~3c#|4w1|_
E 2w ) 1 x9yoz O) 1 o |{|4_,|)v, wzy{|3 |
o co|4{SM z|w1
,o|4{S z|w1cx|6o}M||x|4{_{>v,xw1y{S|43|4|~.|4o, c
1,o |4
c_
{|4|4,o|4{S%,|4;x}, |49}{~3,o |49|>},{So| #v, xw1y{S|4
v, wzy{|>o|wzM,|c|4oxc|o{Syco6},{S },{So ;}, {#|4
xxw1|c
},|{~wz_
z; So x _ o ; KS1 |{7|4c_,|m,xw1|4o|
o~ }E 1 o > 1 o %
o ,o|{6.|4wzm
,|E},{ ,o{ w1{S%w1},m,|3o|4{S6.|4wzm1},{|~.|4c}, j,
},{S y_{c;|~.|4o,w1|;[,M_ wz|4ooc}{~wzlxw1[x|;{S|;},{3c|[|4
},{S y_{cE|Eo,y,{~ |E|4 1
xy_,|4wz|4{S|4xw1{o |4y|4|4{|4m wz#x|3},o;wzc4Mwz|4lw16y,|4wz|_

{S,w1
0 {S|4M},{0o{S|4{
1,o|4|4m|{x,wz|#| {z

|3|c},|4{o j`1;{S|41|{{|0
{S| wz{ #_x|49},{~

c,)|
|0x|
|4xwz0|~.|4o,w16|x|4{_ {v,xwzy_{S|4
Sugerencia: Las rutas relativas tambien funcionan, pero hay que terner en cuenta que
seran relativas al directorio donde reside la base de datos (que es generalmente invisible para las aplicaciones finales). Obviamente, no tiene sentido hacer la ruta relativa
al directorio en el que el usuario inicial la aplicacion final, dado que el servidor puede
estar ejecutndose en una mquina distinta.
_,x,{mv, wzy_{S|9|4|Ex|{o},0|3{S| {{| {

{S,wz),0

{,|4|3 {S|4o

|6m1,o cx|{Eo},%|6||4{>|,o|4{Sn z|w1,wzn|40x,}, {,|m|,|{~_ {
v, wzy{|7x|r|z|4o,wz>o c),,{v, wzy_{S|) c)|4x,{_,|9oE|l},{So|
,`x1Mo|4{|4 , |{S%|4 |4 {S|4owz{%|>_|4_x,},|4{ {m||37jmm|z| ,wz|
},{~E|4 ,,{%d},xwzy_{S|4x|4,M|4{{ {|4lw1{S|4c4c|w1|3o c,
c{|,|c |4, |4) ,o|4{S0 z|w1
||4)|4xw1{|4Ko,ow1
|4wz{S|Ex o #xc #|4, 9|4;v, wzy{|
#oc},{6| M {~nc|4wz|[Zx},|n|n; },o|M|4x},|4o|4
|4o|{7},{#,x{,9wz|4{|,|4o{Sy4,{,,co
|4x_xw1|c`) 0|#_,|
|4xwz% o{{0|>,{~x|3|4o c}, {| _,|3_|4y
M|4xxw1|4c
},|4{wz

ULTRIX
c,)1o4|4xo{~{,,o|4{S 7.|4wz|#o{Sy>,co>z) n
`) nnw1||
y_,c|4oxcn},{mwz|4o0 c},{w1,xn},{>nw1w1 c}w1|m{|wz{
o|4E>w1|{~1x|#|4o{Sy_{,coSv,{ w1{E}{~wz|4 w1|{S|4c _,|r{S|.|4xo{~{
,o{Sy {com;}{w1_|jm;},,{|c#,{_|4{S4|{~# w1|4o9 c
},{w1x.MK nj6,oK{S|4xwz{~oo|4>_,||4|
},{ ,o{o, |{M z|w1
o;0 },oM1]
);wz|4x|E_,|E|w1{w1E|4,c|4{S(
)K|4wz|4{` `xv,{7|~.|4c},
# simple ULTRIX example
% cc -G 0 -c foo.c
},{S,o|6,o|4{Sn .|4w1ccn1 c|m},,|4,|mx|{Eo{Sy_ccoc|w1|%|4

v,xwzy_{S|40xM6
|E{S|4{|> {Sy_E%|4Ko`
DEC OSF/1
x.m) Kj},,||3o_|4{w1{o,|{, |4{S;.|4wz;|4,.|4wz; c},{wz

|~.|4o,w1,6|4 o c%o M|4o,# },o|lx3{S|4M|| |4xw16|_
# simple DEC OSF/1 example
% cc -c foo.c
% ld -shared -expect_unresolved * -o foo.so foo.o
4.|4wzmo c},{w16{|,wzwz|E},,|4|3|w1 o|4#x|{o{Sy_6|4v, xw1y{S|4 ,K|4x

},|4o,_,|E|4lc{S|E|o|4{SK 4.|4wzK},{30 {S|4m|ro{|o0|>{|4c{S|
|4,o|4{S.|4wzUoc},{~wz1w1|{~c|4 xE|4,y{K,||4#,|4#,o|4{S .|4w1
{c`
Sugerencia: En realidad, Postgres. no se preocupa del nombre del fichero, mientras sea
un fichero objeto compartido. Si prefiere denominar el nombre del fichero compartido con
la extensin .o, esto estar bien para Postgres, siempre que se asegura de que se envia
el nombre correcto al comando de creacin. En otras palabras, ha de ser consistente. Sin
embargo, desde un punto de vista prctico, no recomendamos esta prctica, dado que
puede acabar confundindole respecto a que ficheros han sido convertidos en objetos
compartidos, y que ficheros no. Por ejmplo, es muy dificil escribir Makefiles para realizar
un enlace automtico, si tanto los ficheros objeto, como los objetos compartidos tienen la
extensin .o
jl|4,o|4{S_,|9|4x},|4oor)|4%.|4wz c},{wzr},oo6lx|ro y_{~
SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.x y HP-UX
x.mj,6K llj {9 KmMv,onl r, |{ r z|w1 r},,|4|o{S|4{|0o c},

|47o y_1,|4w1|M U},{c|4wz{S)|}|4o|4)|4o c}, {zoU_,|x|},{S ,o|
,
wz|4o c},{w1,x#},x#|4o|4x{#|4Mv1onxoc;xy|o,_},{
c|4wz{ )o|0_,|)|4_oc},{| |
Mv,o
nU},{S ,o)||4 cM y
|4},||4wz|;|m}xo`1`v xw1 ,|4},|4|w |`v 1 1|4},{c|4wz{S
n|4c6y_,9{|wz{ o |4r_,|{cc|w1| n| |{~#|4){S_,wz|4ow1,{

v x,o|4{Sm 4.|4wz;)|3o_|4{w1{x||,wz|4ooc},{~wz,m|4
|4wz{|r|4)|>Mv,1(no;E} M1~j K|4xw16,|3oc} },|{SK|
{S|4|4cc},|K_,|3 9oc},{3o|4{wz%|4xw1%x
# simple HP-UX example
% cc +z +u -c foo.c
% ld -b -o foo.sl foo.o
c E, |{ 6 xc|o E|4cKw1|{~ {#,x|4oo |o{|)K

{S||mo{S|4o G|m1, |4)_,|;, |{c||47|;[_,|;o{Sy_{31},{0|z|4n},
},,|4|>{~|E
ooM|3
w1|4o
o c},{~wz%o|4{Sn xxxz6,KK
|4y%x`
# simple SunOS 4.x example
% cc -PIC -c foo.c
% ld -dc -dp -Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o
%z6 {# |4

# simple Solaris 2.x example
% cc -K PIC -c foo.c
% ld -G -Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o
# simple Solaris 2.x example

% gcc -fPIC -c foo.c
% ld -G -Bdynamic -o foo.so foo.o
,
)| |>wz|4o c},{wzx4},,|4|rw1||4{_,|E|4x},| ,o{wz|4ooc
},{w1o|41{c|c|4w1|rwz|4o|>xxw1|c4o c6 w1|4o|
%cw1|4cw1ox|4M0|4
|>{S||4|3

Captulo 41. Triggers (disparadores)

v,xwzy_{S|46w1||y%wz|4{1 |6o|w1|o cv,|4{ov,_wz xocG
, 1 _o v,lc4[|43}, |%c{rm1,o| o cnoo|4
3 d
w1{yy_|4{~;wz{_,|3|4_|4wzw1{yy_|{70_|4 j UM6|4xw1Mx },{wz|4;
_|4{~x wz,` owz,c|4wz|3|49}x|0|4x},|4o, { n |4 Mj
)6Kv, |E,{|y_xwz{S6on%,M|4_|4w16w1{yy_|{
Creacin de Triggers
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ON relation name FOR EACH ROW|STATEMENT
EXECUTE PROCEDURE procedure name ( function args );
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typedef struct TriggerData
{
TriggerEvent tg_event;
Relation tg_relation;
HeapTuple tg_trigtuple;
HeapTuple tg_newtuple;
Trigger *tg_trigger;
} TriggerData;
tg_event
describe los eventos para los que la funcin es llamada. Puede utilizar
las siguientes macros para examinar tg_event:
TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(event) devuelve TRUE si el trigger se dispar antes;
TRIGGER_FIRED_AFTER(event) devuelve TRUE si se dispar despus;
TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(event) devuelve TRUE si el trigger se dispar para un
evento a nivel de fila;
TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_STATEMENT(event) devuelve TRUE si el trigger se dispar
para un evento a nivel de sentencia.
TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(event) devuelve TRUE si fue disparado por un INSERT;
TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(event) devuelve TRUE si fue disparado por un DELETE;
TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(event) devuelve TRUE si fue disparado por un UPDATE.
tg_relation
es un puntero a una estructura que describe la relacin disparadora. Mirar
en src/include/utils/rel.h para ver detalles sobre esta estructura. Lo ms
interesante es tg_relation->rd_att (descriptor de las tuplas de la relacin)
y tg_relation->rd_rel->relname (nombre de la relacin. No es un char*, sino
NameData. Utilizar SPI_getrelname(tg_relation) para obtener char* si se
necesita una copia del nombre).
tg_trigtuple
"
es un puntero a la tupla por la que

tupla que se est insertando (en un
actualizando (UPDATE).
En caso de un INSERT/DELETE esto es
cutor si
no se desea reemplazar la tupla con
es disparado el trigger, esto es, la

INSERT), borrando (DELETE) o
lo que se debe devolver al Ejeotra (INSERT) o ignorar la operacin.
tg_newtuple
es un puntero a la nueva tupla en caso de UPDATE y NULL si es para un INSERT
o un DELETE. Esto es lo que debe devolverse al Ejecutor en el caso de un
UPDATE si no se desea reemplazar la tupla por otra o ignorar la operacin.
tg_trigger
es un puntero a la estructura Trigger definida en src/include/utils/rel.h:
typedef struct Trigger
{
Oid
tgoid;
char
*tgname;
Oid
tgfoid;
FmgrInfo
tgfunc;
int16
tgtype;
bool
tgenabled;
bool
tgisconstraint;
bool
tgdeferrable;
bool
tginitdeferred;
int16
tgnargs;
int16
tgattr[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
char
**tgargs;
} Trigger;
tgname es el nombre del trigger, tgnargs es el nmero de argumentos en
tgargs,
tgargs es un array de punteros a los argumentos especificados en el CREATE
TRIGGER. Otros miembros son exclusivamente para uso interno.
Visibilidad de Cambios en Datos
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empiezan tras la consulta Q, no importa si son iniciados desde Q (durante
su ejecucin) o una vez ha acabado.
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#include "executor/spi.h" /* Necesario para trabajar con SPI */
#include "commands/trigger.h" /* -"- y triggers */
HeapTuple trigf(void);
HeapTuple
trigf()
{
TupleDesc tupdesc;
HeapTuple rettuple;
char *when;
bool checknull = false;
bool isnull;
int ret, i;
if (!CurrentTriggerData)
elog(WARN, "trigf: triggers sin inicializar");
/* tupla para devolver al Ejecutor */
if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(CurrentTriggerData->tg_event))
rettuple = CurrentTriggerData->tg_newtuple;
else
rettuple = CurrentTriggerData->tg_trigtuple;
/* comprobar NULLs ? */
if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(CurrentTriggerData->tg_event) &&
TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(CurrentTriggerData->tg_event))
checknull = true;
if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(CurrentTriggerData->tg_event))
when = "antes ";
else
when = "despus ";
tupdesc = CurrentTriggerData->tg_relation->rd_att;
CurrentTriggerData = NULL;
/* Conexin al gestor SPI */
if ((ret = SPI_connect()) < 0)
elog(WARN, "trigf (lanzado %s): SPI_connect devolvi %d", when, ret);
/* Obtiene el nmero de tuplas en la relacin */
ret = SPI_exec("select count(*) from ttest", 0);
if (ret < 0)
elog(WARN, "trigf (lanzado %s): SPI_exec devolvi %d", when, ret);
i = SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0], SPI_tuptable->tupdesc, 1, &isnull);

elog (NOTICE, "trigf (lanzado %s): hay %d tuplas en ttest", when, i);
SPI_finish();
if (checknull)
{
i = SPI_getbinval(rettuple, tupdesc, 1, &isnull);
if (isnull)
rettuple = NULL;
}
return (rettuple);
}

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}4wzw1 x y_,y_|
vac=> create
for each row
CREATE
vac=> create
for each row
CREATE
vac=> insert
NOTICE:trigf
INSERT 0 0
trigger tbefore before insert or update or delete on ttest

execute procedure trigf();
trigger tafter after insert or update or delete on ttest
execute procedure trigf();
into ttest values (null);
(fired before): there are 0 tuples in ttest
- Insertion skipped and AFTER trigger is not fired

vac=> select * from ttest;
x
(0 rows)
vac=> insert into ttest values (1);
NOTICE:trigf (fired before): there are 0 tuples in ttest
NOTICE:trigf (fired after ): there are 1 tuples in ttest
^^^^^^^^
remember what we said about visibility.
INSERT 167793 1
x
1
(1 row)
vac=> insert into ttest select x * 2 from ttest;
NOTICE:trigf (fired after ): there are 2 tuples in ttest
^^^^^^^^
remember what we said about visibility.
INSERT 167794 1
x
1
2
(2 rows)
vac=> update ttest set x = null where x = 2;
UPDATE 0
vac=> update
NOTICE:trigf
NOTICE:trigf
UPDATE 1
vac=> select
x
1
4
(2 rows)
vac=> delete
NOTICE:trigf
NOTICE:trigf
NOTICE:trigf
NOTICE:trigf
ttest set x = 4 where x = 2;

(fired before): there are 2 tuples in ttest
(fired after ): there are 2 tuples in ttest
* from ttest;
from ttest;
(fired before):
(fired after ):
(fired before):
(fired after ):
there
there
there
there
are
are
are
are
2 tuples in
1 tuples in
1 tuples in
0 tuples in
^^^^^^^^
remember what we said
ttest
ttest
ttest
ttest
about visibility.
DELETE 2
x
(0 rows)
Nota: Aportacin del traductor.Manuel Martnez Valls

En la version 6.4 ya existian los triggers, lo que eran triggers para tuplos, (FOR EACH
ROW) pero no para sentencias (FOR STATEMENT), por eso creo que es importante
poner disparadores para sentencias, no disparadores solo.
Los trigger son parte de lo que se conoce como "elementos activos" de una BD. Asi como
lo son las constraints tales como NOT NULL, FOREIGN KEY, PRIMARY KEY, CHECK.
Una vez definidas ellas "se activaran" solo al ocurrir un evento que las viole, un valor nulo
en un campo con NOT NULL, etc
Por que entonces llamar triggers a los triggers? ;Con ellos se quizo dar mas control al
programador sobre los eventos que desencadenan un elemento activo, se le conoce en
ingles como ECA rules o event-condition-action rule. Es por ello que los triggers tienen
una clausula BEFORE, AFTER o INSTEAD (por cierto pgsql no tiene INSTEAD) y bajo
que evento (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) pero de esta forma el trigger se ejecutara para
tuplo (o fila) sometido al evento (clausula FOR EACH ROW) pero el standard (que pgsql
no cubre completamente) dice que puede ser tambien FOR EACH SENTENCE.
Esto provoca que se ejecute el trigger para toda la relacion (o tabla) para la cual se define
(clausula ON). La diferencia para los que lo han programado, por ejemplo en plpgsql,
queda clara entonces: cuando es FOR EACH ROW en la funcion pgsql que implementa
el trigger se tiene un objeto NEW y uno OLD que se refiere a la tupla completa, en el
trigger de STATEMENT tiene un objeto NEW y OLD que son la relacion (o tabla) completa
Esta claro entonces que es un poco mas dificil implementar un trigger para statement
que para fila (todavia pgsql no lo tiene).
Finalmente este es un buen ejemplo de que por que pgsql dice que "implementa un
subconjunto extendido de SQL92", no hay trigger en SQL92, son del SQL3.

Captulo 42. Server Programming Interface

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Interface Functions
SPI_connect
Nombre
SPI_connect
|4ow1,{},{S o|4{S|>w1%wz|3jv cy|4{~
Synopsis
int SPI_connect(void)
Inputs
M |
Outputs
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Description
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SPI_finish
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Usage
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Algorithm
SPI_connect
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SPI_finish
Nombre
SPI_finish
)o | wz_ ,{},{S o|4,{S|>1{S wz|3jv cy|4{~
Synopsis
SPI_finish(void)
Inputs
M |
Outputs
w
v /.E j },{S},|{~6xo|4owz|4
v )
K
MM O |41{S M,1o| wz|4},{S o|4,{d|
Description
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w1SPI_finish
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Usage
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Algorithm
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SPI_exec
Nombre
_SPI_exec
,|4{
{S| wz|4#;|4j|owz }M},{~x|4{ },4|{ },w1|4{_|4l|4o,w1|
Synopsis
SPI_exec(query, tcount)

Inputs
o{7
query
wz{~y6owzy;,|4{m},
w
tcount
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Outputs
w
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+M |3{S|4wz,{~|9
v /
.E) xc|0,wzw1%| y7 > G R+#|j|4o,wz|4
v /
.Ej , 1,w wj U Mn |+M#|4l|4o,w1|
v /
.Ej M U M,
+M|4j| ,wz|4
v /
.E Mj Mj 1{ ; Uj |
+M|4l|4owz|4
v /
.E),M),L
+M|4l|4owz|4
v /
.E)v, )v L
+M|4l|4o,w1|
Description
o{S|4wz|4; |j| ,wz}, 1},{x|4{ },|4{ },wz|4{3|4j| ,wz|4Mwz|
_SPI_exec
,|4{m1 {
w1,},|l
tcount
Usage
%x , U|o|4J{S o| wz|4},{S |,{S|

%|{wz|4w
)
|4l|4o,w1|4#w1|_,|4{M1{w1,}|4>{S|4w1,{|4nMw1|_,|4{Mxo tcount
)xy
cK{S|4xw1{ow_wz|E,c|4{ w1,},|41
{ +oMwz|>_,|4{/
+M|r|4l|4o,w1|tcount
9{|4lc},|4
SPI_exec ("insert into table select * from table", 5);
wcxw76w1,},|3wz|Kx|4{wz|4Gw1w1_| |j|4o,wz[ 7 ,{>_,|4{u+

xoo|4xx1,w1|40 1|4yw1_|3_,| +M |3{S|4wz{|4#
+M,P+
Nota: You may pass many queries in one string or query string may be re-written by
RULEs. SPI_exec returns the result for the last query executed.
|c wz,9,c|{; 3wz,},|4M1{h+Mow1|c1xw13,|4{~+MM|j|4o,wz|4{S|w1,{|4

Gwz|;y _{|%v },{Sjo|4x|Z1 wv (.3) jv (.3
{S|4w1,{|4 jv },{S o|xx|4 )w1|4O c,x|y>}, wz|4{mv j,},|4l|
jv wz,},w1|6wzcoo|4x
wz|%||4ow1|4wz,},|4 xcMKwzw
1{S|4|43
c|4 v ,},|4l|#,,x|_ 1j|4|EU|4c {%cy_|c|4SPI_finish
w1
cm{S|4wz,{~; |3 wz|31, +My;1|4ywz|_,|4
SPI_exec
v
v
v
v
v
v

)
)Z,M|{~%#;K {
) KMM O},{So|4,{S|r#,tcount
o|ow1|49
6v, 6v,,j 6xw1
) 9 ,6j
M K 9;
Kv,K
.3MK wz_},|3 _,|4{m,_, +M1wz#x , w o ,{
Algorithm
},|4{ {cw1|31 P+M,y7
SPI_exec
)o |ow1_ ,{},{So|4,{d|>1{ wz|Ejv cy|4{M1{||4jc|c{mo

x |
wz|
|4x|o
1w rc|0;,{}{ o|4,{d|0_
w1 #o w|E,x|4%c{S|_||EUpalloc
|4c {~%cy|4cSPI_connect
|4w~
SPI_prepare
Nombre
SPI_prepare
|4ow1,{},{S o|4{S|>w1%wz|3jv cy|4{~
Synopsis
SPI_prepare(query, nargs, argtypes)
Inputs
query
6,|4{6xw1{y
nargs
M,c|4{},,w},{~c|w1|4{9;~{Sy_MK11, wz

argtypes
v wz|4{xw w1},|3 )w1%},w{Syc|w1
Outputs
_
v wz|4{wz%M|j|4o,wzM},;1},{~x|4{ }|4{ },wzc|4{
Description
o{S|4w1|4#n{|w1,{9|4l|4o,w1 },},{~x|4{ },|4{ },wzc|4{_,w
SPI_prepare

|4x w|4l|4o,wz|Ew1|3,|4{j, ;|Eo|4{S
o| wz|4},{S |,{S|_
Usage
{Sy_,c|{ _},{c|4wz|4{796{Sy_;K11, wz 14M{SycK|
)0 ;w1|4{S|># w/0M_,|4{
l|4owz ,},{S|},4{S|4|j|4o,wz},#rxc|4wzc|4rc,o1xw1|4{7x;w1r1|4w1,{S|Ec
|E,x|41, wz|3xc|3_,|4{X
+M |3|4l|4o,wz|4c%w1c|l
|M},{S|4w1,{|4U
c|;,|J GUo,{{S|4w owzZ #w1|
SPI_prepare
},{So|4,{S|Exo|
1{S|4|4c|4c {~% w1|4 {3},j|4|
SPI_finish
SPI_saveplan
_x,o |x1,E1, },wz|4
{ +M |E{S|4wz{|4Kw1|~{ +Mx|4 y|4w_3M)}
[ w1 |0jv {S| x,
w +M|6x|4w7|%w1|K,|6{S|w1,{|4cjv |j| o_|4jo|4}w7w1w
wrx|4w,wz;v KU;c_,|4{MrMK,{{Sy ) {{Sy_ )%(
{Syw1},|4MK9
SPI_saveplan
Nombre
SPI_saveplan
j_|40},xx|4},
Synopsis
SPI_saveplan(plan)
Inputs
_
query
vx|4},
"
Outputs
_
j| ,wz;}MowzxM),,oo|4xx1`
v {S|x,w

v
)Z;},m9M)
) KMM O},{S o|4,{S|>,1 |4owz|4
v
Description
xw1 {S|4M[},},{S|},{S|
|nc|4c {J},{Swz|4ow1|4
1SPI_saveplan
{ 1{S|4| y;
{7w1|Ewz{x wzSPI_prepare
cy_|{~
SPI_finish
wz|m ,{{S|4w_|4{ U v,xwzy_{S|4)wz|4{S|m)wz[w1[xwz{S|M}{|},4{S|Z},)Gw1|
x_xw1| w1 y%1|4w1o;wz|4 1{S wz|4{S|E1 {|4l|4o,w1 + |3c},|c|4wz|4
1,w1,{S|
|{~x l Ecwz|4{w1_|4jw1|{|0wz|Kwzw1{|,|},{S|4}{S|4},>wz|
ox|4_,|w_ wz 0 _ ,{r}{ o|4,{S|
cw1|Ko,{{S|4w|x 4Kx|
wz
SPI_execp
|4l|4o,w1|rw1#_|4},
Usage
x_|4>},x|M},%1},{|},4{S|M
;c|4c {~K},{S w1|4owz|4
1SPI_saveplan
{ 1{S||y[_
nwz|%w1{xow1SPI_prepare
cy_|{>G{S|4wz,{0;}, w1|4{
w1Gw1|x_|4},SPI_finish
cUx_|wz|n}wz|4{6{S|4wz,{~|c #_{4|_ '+M_
o|4o)_w1}, w1|{MK; { w|4wz|4{+M|4m},{S|4},{~y)>},m {,xy6m{S|4
},{S|}{S|4},Mjv |j|4o};x|4|E_|P +M
Nota: If one of the objects (a relation, function, etc.) referenced by the prepared plan is
dropped during your session (by your backend or another process) then the results of
SPI_execp for this plan will be unpredictable.
SPI_execp
Nombre
SPI_execp
,j|4o,wz|4
},;1{S
SPI_saveplan
Synopsis
SPI_execp(plan,
values,
nulls,
tcount)
Inputs
_
plan
j| ,wz;}
)w1,
values
ow1,j},{~c4| wz|4{7|
o{7
nulls
{{~m,|4x {yX+Mw},{c|4wz|{y_|4wM)
owz|4MK,P+M|
j owz|4#;K wP+M|4
w
tcount
M,c|4{w1,},|#1 {+Mo},M#wz%|E|j| ,wz|4
Outputs
w
|4wz,{~#w1|3xc|>,|E
q+M|4
MK{
)
v )Z;SPI_exec
plan
v v
#M) tcount
+M#,
} {S|4},{S|4L+MwzM c|0},{4c|w1|{~
values
v w1,}w1|
w1|4
SPI_exec
x, o|4xx1,
v },{d o|4x|
w1|4
SPI_exec
x, o|4xx1,
plan
Description
wz {|0m},},{S|4},{S|4G
x1|6c|4c {c},{Swz|4ow1|1{
1SPI_execp
{| |4y%
{wz|3wz{~xowzSPI_prepare
Mcy_|4{~
SPI_finish
wz|m ,{{S|4w_|4{ U v,xwzy_{S|4)wz|4{S|m)wz[w1[xwz{S|M}{|},4{S|Z},)Gw1|
x_xw1| w1 y%1|4w1o;wz|4 1{S wz|4{S|E1 {|4l|4o,w1
+ |3c},|c|4wz|4
1,w1,{S|9|{~x l
+M {~6{{ ,4wz|4{S|9#wz|>_w16w1K{S|4,x|>},{S|4},{S|4};w1|
ox|4_,|w_ wz 0 _ ,{r}{ o|4,{S|
cw1|Ko,{{S|4w|x 4Kx|
wz
SPI_execp
|4l|4o,w1|rw1#_|4},
Usage
MK,w1|
nulls
SPI_execp
x,c|4w1w_,|41_{S|E;6M)9
Nota: If one of the objects (a relation, function, etc.) referenced by the prepared plan is
dropped during your session (by your backend or another process) then the results of

SPI_execp for this plan will be unpredictable.
Interface Support Functions
1,ow1 |4x {|4M|4P+ c%|E,x|46o| wz|4, |4owz|4},{S |,

{S|4
SPI_copytuple
Nombre
SPI_copytuple
U|4o},%wz,},|3M,},},|4{l|4owz {owz|4lw
Synopsis
SPI_copytuple(tuple)
Inputs
M|4}},|
tuple
},,wwz,},|Ewz%|3o },|4
Outputs
M|4}},|
},|4wz,},|
1M)
# wM)wz|3o},h+Mxoo|4xx1,
tuple
MK;
M)
tuple
Description
c_|9
o},M ,wz,},|0,},},|{l|4o,w1 {o w1|4lw~ j|4|3wz|0| wz
SPI_copytuple
U
|4c{6Zy_|c|4w~
Usage

SPI_modifytuple
Nombre
SPI_modifytuple
U,|4wz}|3{S|4wz
Synopsis
SPI_modifytuple(rel, tuple , nattrs
, attnum , Values , Nulls)
Inputs
|w1
rel
M|4}},|
tuple
},,wwz,},|Ewz%|3c ,|4
w
nattrs
M,c|4{wzw1{,w1|E,c|{~Mw1wz,
w
attnum
{{~m ,c_|{~ wz|3wzw1{,w1|4f+Mo{|rw16|3oy_|

)w1,
Values
M|+ _,|4 {w1|3w1wz{~,wz|4}|4o|
o{7
Nulls
oMw1wz{~,wz|4{S|EM)4
Outputs
M|4}},|
M| + wz}|+Mw1c,owz
1M)
# wM)wz|3c 1X+Mx, o|4xx1,
MK; tuple M)
tuple
v {S|x,w

v
)Z;{S|4M){7w1,},|>#;K {w1wzo)
{7w1wz, MK,{ ,|4
M ,Kw1|{|>#;_w1wz{~,wz|E,c|4{Mwzwz 1wzw1,)
{0,c
v
Description
SPI_modifytuple

U,|4;cwz,},|n ,},},|4{K,j|4o,wz{) w1|jw~j|4|nwz|cx|4owz
U|4c{6Zy_|c|4w~
Usage
#x,o |x1,,},wz|4{
w1w1|M|+w1,},|M6{S|w1,{|4||+wz,},|Kowz|4U
,},},|4{l|4o,w1 {7o w1|jw1x|4|>Z|c{mcy_|c|4w1v,xx|4wz,},|3w y_|4#
SPI_fnumber
Nombre
SPI_fnumber
_,#wz|3w1wz{,w1|E,c|4{71{7x},|4o|wzw1{,w1|
Synopsis
SPI_fnumber(tupdesc, fname)
Inputs
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
o{7
fname
_|4c|
Outputs
w
zw w1{,w1|E,c|{
|x|4|4),c|{ w1wz{~,wz|
v M ,Kw1|Ec|4wzw1{,w1|># w1,
Description
{S|w1,{#wz|3wzw1{,w1|E,c|{1{wz|3w1wz{_,wz| +Mwzc|>1c|
SPI_fnumber
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
SPI_fname
Nombre
SPI_fname
#w1|3wzw1{,w1|>c|E1 {wz|3}|4o|w1wz{wz|
Synopsis
SPI_fname(tupdesc, fname)
Inputs
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
o{7
fnumber
wzw1{,w1|E,c
|{
Outputs
o{7
wzw1{,w1|Ec|
MKM1,c|4{9 ,w
{y|
v {S|x,wx|4ww16v M ,K |{~{S {
Description
{S|4w1,{w1|3w1wz{~,wz|Ec|31 {7wz|3x},|4o,|4wzw1{,w1|_
SPI_fname
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
Algorithm
| w1,{#0|+M_1 ow1| },%w1|3w1wz{~,wz|Ec|
SPI_getvalue
Nombre
SPI_getvalue
|4w1,{#wz|3xw1{y;_,|E w1|3x},| ,|4wzwz{~,wz|
Synopsis
SPI_getvalue(tuple, tupdesc, fnumber)
Inputs
M|4}},|
tuple
},,wwz,},|Ewz%|3|4lc|
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
w
fnumber
wzw1{,w1|E,c|{
Outputs
o{7
wzw1{,w1|E_,|>{7MK
w1wz{~,wz|EMK,
,c|{7,w{y_|>jv {| x,wx|4wwzmjv M )
% ,w1},,w1,owz_4|31jv {S| x,wx|4wwz%jv MK6)_)
Description
{S|4wz,{~%|jwz|4{1xw1{y{S|4}{|x|4w1w1 % w1|9_,|# w1|9x},|4o,|4
SPI_getvalue
wzw1{,w1|_
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
Algorithm
ow1|c|c{m#{S|4{S|mwz|3_,|_

SPI_getbinval
Nombre
SPI_getbinval
|4wz{w1|3{m_,|>wz|3}|4o|w1wz{~,wz|
Synopsis
SPI_getbinval(tuple, tupdesc, fnumber, isnull)
Inputs
M|4}},|
tuple
},,wwz,},|Ewz%|3|4lc|
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
w
fnumber
wzw1{,w1|E,c|{
Outputs
)w1,
wzw1{,w1|E{~6_,|

isnull
y61{7,_,|3Mwzw1{,w1|
v {S|x,w
v M ,K
Description
SPI_getbinval
{S|4w1,{w1|3{~%|>w1|E},|o|w1wz{_,wz|_
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
Algorithm
)|# w ow1|>|+ } |>1{7w1|3{m_,|

SPI_gettype
Nombre
SPI_gettype
|w1,{#wz|3w1},|3c|Ew1|E},| ,|4w1wz{~,wz|
Synopsis
SPI_gettype(tupdesc, fnumber)
Inputs
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
w
fnumber
wzw1{,w1|E,c|{
Outputs
o{7
|Ew1},|3c|31 {w1|3x},|4o,|4wzw1{,w1|E,c_|{
v {S|x,w
v M ,K
Description
{S|w1,{#0o },m w1|3wz_},|>c|31{wz|3}|4o|w1wz{~,wz|_
SPI_gettype
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
Algorithm
)|# w ow1|>|+ } |>1{7w1|3{m_,|

SPI_gettypeid
Nombre
SPI_gettypeid
|4wz{w1|3wz_}|3 w1|>},| ,|4w1wz{~,wz|
Synopsis
SPI_gettypeid(tupdesc, fnumber)
Inputs
,},|4)|
tupdesc
},,wwz,},|E|o{},wz
w
fnumber
wzw1{,w1|E,c|{
Outputs

|Ew1},|3 1{7w1|3x},| ,|4w1wz{~,wz|E,c|4{
v {S|x,w
v M ,K
Description
SPI_gettypeid
{S|4w1,{w1|3wz},|3 {wz|3x},|4o,|4wzw1{,w1|
Usage
zw w1{,w1|>,c|4{~{S|r0x|49
Algorithm

"
SPI_getrelname
Nombre
SPI_getrelname
|4wz,{9w1|Ec|E wz|3x},|4o,|4{S|4wz
Synopsis
SPI_getrelname(rel)
Inputs
|w1
rel
},,w{S|4wz
Outputs
o{7
|Ec|3 wz|3x},|4o,|4{S|4wz
Description
SPI_getrelname
{S|4wz,{~wz|3c|3 wz|3x},|4o,|4{S|4w1
Usage

Algorithm
},|4w1|E{|w1 Mc|Ewzm|+ xw1 {y_|
SPI_palloc
Nombre
SPI_palloc
w1|4c|4c {mM,},},|4{l|4o,w1 {o w1|4lw

Synopsis
SPI_palloc(size)
Inputs
|
size
6owz|4wx|3 xw1 {~y_|3wz% ow1|
Outputs
_
M|+ xw1 {y_|3x},o|>x},|4o|x|
Description
w1|4%c|4c {~,},},|4{)j| ,wz{owz|4lwj|4|x|4ow1 c|c{
SPI_palloc
c
y|4c|4w~
Usage

SPI_repalloc
Nombre
SPI_repalloc
|41owz|4c|4c {m}},|4{j| ,wz{o w1|4lw
Synopsis
SPI_repalloc(pointer, size)
Inputs
_
pointer
v wz|4{wz%|jxw1y%xw1 {~y_|
|
size
6owz|4wx|3 xw1 {~y_|3wz% ow1|

Outputs
_
M|+ xw1 {y_|3x},o|>x},|4o|x| +Mw1ow1|4wz9o },|41{S |jxwzy;{S|
Description
{|14 ow1|6c|c{Z,},},|{l|4o,w1 {
wz|4jw~j|4|;| wzZ Zc|4
SPI_repalloc
c
{mny|4c|4w~
Usage

SPI_pfree
Nombre
SPI_pfree
{S|4|4c|4n{;1{S ,},},|{7,j|4o,wz{owz|4lw
Synopsis
SPI_pfree(pointer)
Inputs
_
pointer
v wz|4{wz%|jxw1y%xw1 {~y_|
Outputs
M |
Description
1{S|4|4>c|c{nc,},},|{rl|4o,wz{#owz|4lwj|4|x|4ow1 [[c|4c {nc
y_SPI_pfree
|c|4w~

Usage

Memory Management
|{~_| {E ow1|

c|4c {[c|c{[owz|4lw1x, +Mcwzw w1 c|6
|owz|4lwc|{S||4[owz|4lw,|4xw1{S,ow1 G+Mw1 ,w7z |4ow1y wz 3c|
w1|{mo w1|jwz 9 ow1 M1
|4wz >{S|c| wz|[o w1|4lw +Mo
{S|ox|4;o,{~{S| w3|__ 9y|4w>,palloc
},{S| wz|{S|4x,w1%3_ #w1{Zw1U1{S|4|1 {
{S|4owz|4c|4c {~mowz|4 wMo,{~{S|4w_owz|4lw
{S| w1 UZ +Mwzoy|40w +M|4|4c|c{ w1|jwzK{S|;x,.|4ow9 #jv cy|4{0c|4
c{mny|4c|4w~
v },{So|4,{S| 7|4 +Mwz%0w +Mc|4c {~)o w1|4lwzlS,},},|4{j| ,wz{c|4c {~)o w1|jw
},{So|4,{S|Ec|4c {;owz|4lw1 |4owz|4
|41 {|>},{S o|4,{S|7o|4ow1|4;w1wz|9v cy|4{z o,{~{S|4wc|c{)owz|4lw ,},},|4{
l|4owz { wz|4jw_x)j ow1 ;c|9%wz|>}{ o|4,{S|#w1x|4__

{mjv ,wzw1%,owz#_|1{S|r |4ow1y;w1mjv {|rc|>wzpalloc
#o w1|4lw~repalloc
1wz|4{
6o|Zo,{~{S|w#o w1|jw#6wz|M}{ o|4,{S| K| 7owz
{rnjv ,w1wzc1,ow1
1|4lo|4},w {
c|KSPI_connect
_
palloc repalloc
SPI_copytuple

{S|Ec|EMwz#
o w1|jw~
SPI_modifytuple SPI_palloc
SPI_repalloc
|4[m},{S o|4,{S|)xo |4ow10{S w1|%jv cy|4{r_
wz|% ,{{S|4w
owz|4lw{S|4xw1 {S|4wz%wz|3,},},|4{l|4owz {7o w1|4lw SPI_finish
w1 #c|EMw1|3}{
o|4,{S|>c|c{mo w1|4lw{|>{S| |4 w|3,x|4mc {S|_
r_
+w>w1U{S|4wz,{Jx c|4wzyZw1Uwz|,},},|4{),j|4o,wz{w1|_|w1U owz|
c|4c {~%1{w1#Mw1|3,},},|{7o w1|jw~
v %wzmwz%,wzcwzom1{S|4|r wz #w1|3,},}|4{j| ,wz{owz|4lw
v ,wzcw1oJ1{S||Mc|4c{ wz|4,{~y|j|4o,wz3_,|4{
+M|4 wz
_,|4{m |_
Visibility of Data Changes
v,xwzy_{S|43wz%oy_|0_xw1c{S,|_4,{y%_,|4{c|4l|4o,w1 _wz6oy|4
c|
w1|9_,|{~Kwz| 1_>jK11owzjv 1,owzw1{yy_|4{x {|#_x|rwz)w1|9_,|4{
x _ {>|jc},|4 [_,|{~ Mj M, 6j r 6 %wz,},|4Ex|4{w1|{S|
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#include "executor/spi.h" /* this is what you need to work with SPI */
int execq(text *sql, int cnt);
int
execq(text *sql, int cnt)
{
int ret;
int proc = 0;
SPI_connect();
ret = SPI_exec(textout(sql), cnt);
proc = SPI_processed;
/*
* If this is SELECT and some tuple(s) fetched * returns tuples to the caller via elog (NOTICE).
*/
if ( ret == SPI_OK_SELECT && SPI_processed > 0 )
{
TupleDesc tupdesc = SPI_tuptable->tupdesc;
SPITupleTable *tuptable = SPI_tuptable;
char buf[8192];
int i;
for (ret = 0; ret < proc; ret++)
{
HeapTuple tuple = tuptable->vals[ret];
for (i = 1, buf[0] = 0; i <= tupdesc->natts; i++)
sprintf(buf + strlen (buf), " %s%s",
SPI_getvalue(tuple, tupdesc, i),
(i == tupdesc->natts) ? " " : " |");
elog (NOTICE, "EXECQ: %s", buf);
}
}
SPI_finish();
return (proc);
}
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create function execq (text, int4) returns int4 as ...path_to_so language c;
vac=> select execq(create table a (x int4), 0);
execq
--0
(1 row)
vac=> insert into a values (execq(insert into a values (0),0));
INSERT 167631 1
vac=> select execq(select * from a,0);

NOTICE:EXECQ:
0 < inserted by execq
NOTICE:EXECQ:
1 < value returned by execq and inserted by upper INSERT
execq
--2
(1 row)
vac=> select execq(insert into a select x + 2 from a,1);
execq
--1
(1 row)
vac=> select execq(select * from a, 10);
NOTICE:EXECQ: 0
NOTICE:EXECQ:
NOTICE:EXECQ:
2 < 0 + 2, only one tuple inserted - as specified
execq
--3
(1 row)
< 10 is max value only, 3 is real # of tuples
vac=> delete from a;

DELETE 3
vac=> insert into a values (execq(select * from a, 0) + 1);
INSERT 167712 1
vac=> select * from a;
x
1
< no tuples in a (0) + 1
(1 row)
vac=> insert into a values (execq(select * from a, 0) + 1);
NOTICE:EXECQ: 0
INSERT 167713 1
vac=> select * from a;
x
1
2
< there was single tuple in a + 1
(2 rows)
-
This demonstrates data changes visibility rule:
vac=> insert into a

NOTICE:EXECQ: 1
NOTICE:EXECQ: 2
NOTICE:EXECQ: 1
NOTICE:EXECQ: 2
NOTICE:EXECQ: 2
INSERT 0 2
vac=> select * from
x
1
2
2
<
6
<

select execq(select * from a, 0) * x from a;
a;
2 tuples * 1 (x in first tuple)

3 tuples (2 + 1 just inserted) * 2 (x in second tuple)
(4 rows)
^^^^^^^^
tuples visible to execq() in different invocations

Captulo 43. Lenguajes Procedurales

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HANDLER handler_function_name
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8 P8
CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE plpgsql

HANDLER plpgsql_call_handler
LANCOMPILER PL/pgSQL;
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Descripcion
Estructura de PL/pgSQL

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logtxt ALIAS FOR $1;
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RETURN now;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE FUNCTION logfunc2 (text) RETURNS datetime AS

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logtxt ALIAS FOR $1;
curtime datetime;
BEGIN
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RETURN curtime;
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CREATE FUNCTION add_one (int4) RETURNS int4 AS

BEGIN
RETURN $1 + 1;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE FUNCTION concat_text (text, text) RETURNS text AS

BEGIN
RETURN $1 || $2;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Funciones PL/pgSQL para tipos compuestos
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CREATE FUNCTION c_overpaid (EMP, int4) RETURNS bool AS

DECLARE
emprec ALIAS FOR $1;
sallim ALIAS FOR $2;
BEGIN
IF emprec.salary ISNULL THEN
RETURN f;
END IF;
RETURN emprec.salary > sallim;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Procedimientos desencadenados en PL/pgSQL
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CREATE TABLE emp (

empname text,
salary int4,
last_date datetime,
last_user name);
CREATE FUNCTION emp_stamp () RETURNS OPAQUE AS
BEGIN
- Check that empname and salary are given

IF NEW.empname ISNULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION empname cannot be NULL value;
END IF;
IF NEW.salary ISNULL THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION % cannot have NULL salary, NEW.empname;
END IF;
- Who works for us when she must pay for?
IF NEW.salary < 0 THEN
RAISE EXCEPTION % cannot have a negative salary, NEW.empname;
END IF;
- Remember who changed the payroll when
NEW.last_date := now;
NEW.last_user := getpgusername();
RETURN NEW;
END;
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER emp_stamp BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON emp
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE emp_stamp();
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CREATE FUNCTION funcname

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LANGUAGE pltcl;
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if {$1 > $2} {return $1}
return $2
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CREATE FUNCTION overpaid_2 (EMP) RETURNS bool AS

if {200000.0 < $1(salary)} {
return "t"
}
if {$1(age) < 30 && 100000.0 < $1(salary)} {
return "t"
}
return "f"
LANGUAGE pltcl;
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CREATE FUNCTION trigfunc_modcount() RETURNS OPAQUE AS

switch $TG_op {
INSERT {
set NEW($1) 0
}
UPDATE {
set NEW($1) $OLD($1)
incr NEW($1)
}
default {
return OK
}
}
return [array get NEW]
LANGUAGE pltcl;
CREATE TABLE mytab (num int4, modcnt int4, desc text);
CREATE TRIGGER trig_mytab_modcount BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON mytab
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigfunc_modcount(modcnt);
Acceso a bases de datos desde PL/Tcl
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elog DEBUG "have table $C(relname)"
}

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CREATE FUNCTION t1_count(int4, int4) RETURNS int4 AS

if {![ info exists GD(plan) ]} {
# prepare the saved plan on the first call
set GD(plan) [ spi_prepare \\
"SELECT count(*) AS cnt FROM t1 WHERE num
int4 ]
}
spi_execp -count 1 $GD(plan) [ list $1 $2 ]
return $cnt
LANGUAGE pltcl;
= \\$1 AND num
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Captulo 45. Objetos Grandes

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SQL. Este requerimiento es obligatorio a partir de Postgres v6.5, a pesar que en versiones anteriores era un requerimiento implcito, e ignorarlo resultar en un comportamiento
impredecible.
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Oid lo_creat(PGconn *conexion, int modo)

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inv_oid = lo_creat(INV_READ|INV_WRITE|INV_ARCHIVE);
Importando un Objeto Grande

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Oid lo_import(PGconn *conexion, const char *nombre_de_archivo)

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int lo_export(PGconn *conexion, Oid lobjId, const char *nombre_de_archivo)

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int lo_open(PGconn *conexion, Oid lobjId, int modo)
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int lo_close(PGconn *conexion, int fd)

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Funciones registradas Incorporadas

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CREATE TABLE imagen (

nombre
text,
contenido
oid
);
INSERT INTO imagen (nombre, contenido)
VALUES (imagen hermosa, lo_import(/etc/motd));
SELECT lo_export(imagen.contenido, "/tmp/motd") from imagen
WHERE nombre = imagen hermosa;
Accediendo a Objetos Grandes desde LIBPQ

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../src/test/examples
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#
Programa de Ejemplo
/*----------------------------------------*
* testlo.c*
prueba utilizando objetos grandes con libpq
*
* Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
*
/usr/local/devel/pglite/cvs/src/doc/manual.me,v 1.16 1995/09/01 23:55:00
*
*----------------------------------------*/
#include stdio.h
#include "libpq-fe.h"
#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h"
#define BUFSIZE
1024
/*
* importFile *
importar el archivo "filename" en la base de datos como el objeto grande "lobjOid"
*
*/
Oid importFile(PGconn *conn, char *filename)
{
Oid lobjId;
int lobj_fd;
char buf[BUFSIZE];
int nbytes, tmp;
int fd;
/*
* abrir el archivo a leer
*/
fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0666);
0) {
/* error */
if (fd
fprintf(stderr, "no se pudo abrir el archivo unix %s\n", filename);
}
/*
* crear el objeto grande
*/
lobjId = lo_creat(conn, INV_READ|INV_WRITE);
if (lobjId == 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "no se pudo crear el objeto grande\n");
}
lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_WRITE);
/*
* Leer desde el archivo Unix y escribir al archivo invertido
*/
while ((nbytes = read(fd, buf, BUFSIZE))
0) {
tmp = lo_write(conn, lobj_fd, buf, nbytes);
if (tmp
nbytes) {
fprintf(stderr, "error al escribir el objeto grande\n");
}
}
(void) close(fd);
(void) lo_close(conn, lobj_fd);
return lobjId;
}
void pickout(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len)
{
int lobj_fd;
char* buf;
int nbytes;
int nread;
lobj_fd = lo_open(conn, lobjId, INV_READ);
0) {
if (lobj_fd
fprintf(stderr,"no se pudo abrir el objeto grande %d\n",
lobjId);
}
lo_lseek(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET);

buf = malloc(len+1);
nread = 0;
0) {
while (len - nread
nbytes = lo_read(conn, lobj_fd, buf, len - nread);
buf[nbytes] = ;
%s", buf);
fprintf(stderr,"
nread += nbytes;
}
fprintf(stderr,"\n");
lo_close(conn, lobj_fd);

void overwrite(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, int start, int len)

{
int lobj_fd;
char* buf;
int nbytes;
int nwritten;
int i;
0) {
if (lobj_fd
lobjId);
}
lo_lseek(conn, lobj_fd, start, SEEK_SET);

buf = malloc(len+1);
for (i=0;i len;i++)

buf[i] = X;
buf[i] = ;
nwritten = 0;
0) {
while (len - nwritten
nbytes = lo_write(conn, lobj_fd, buf + nwritten, len - nwritten);
nwritten += nbytes;
}
fprintf(stderr,"\n");
lo_close(conn, lobj_fd);
}
/*
* exportFile *
exportar el objeto grande "lobjOid" al archivo "filename"
*
*/
void exportFile(PGconn *conn, Oid lobjId, char *filename)
{
int lobj_fd;
char buf[BUFSIZE];
int nbytes, tmp;
int fd;
/*
* create an inversion "object"
*/
0) {
if (lobj_fd
lobjId);
}
/*
* open the file to be written to
*/
fd = open(filename, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY, 0666);
if (fd
0) {
/* error */
fprintf(stderr, "no se pudo abrir el archivo unix %s\n",
filename);
}
/*
* leer desde el archivo invertido y escribir al archivo Unix
*/
while ((nbytes = lo_read(conn, lobj_fd, buf, BUFSIZE))
tmp = write(fd, buf, nbytes);
nbytes) {
if (tmp
fprintf(stderr,"error al escribir %s\n",
filename);
}
}
0) {
(void) lo_close(conn, lobj_fd);

(void) close(fd);
return;
}
void
exit_nicely(PGconn* conn)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
char *in_filename, *out_filename;
char *database;
Oid lobjOid;
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *res;
if (argc != 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "Utilizacin: %s database_name in_filename out_filename\n"
argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
database = argv[1];
in_filename = argv[2];
out_filename = argv[3];
/*
* set up the connection
*/
conn = PQsetdb(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, database);
/* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
fprintf(stderr,"Fall la conexin con la base de datos %s.\n", database)
fprintf(stderr,"%s",PQerrorMessage(conn));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
res = PQexec(conn, "begin");
PQclear(res);
/*
printf("importando archivo %s\n", in_filename);

lobjOid = importFile(conn, in_filename); */
lobjOid = lo_import(conn, in_filename);
/*
printf("como objeto grande %d.\n", lobjOid);
printf("extrayendo los bytes 1000-2000 del objeto grande\n");

pickout(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000);
printf("sobreescribiendo los bytes 1000-2000 del objeto grande con Xs\n");
overwrite(conn, lobjOid, 1000, 1000);
*/
/*
printf("exportando el objeto grande al archivo %s\n", out_filename);

exportFile(conn, lobjOid, out_filename); */
lo_export(conn, lobjOid,out_filename);
res = PQexec(conn, "end");
PQclear(res);
PQfinish(conn);
exit(0);
I. CCVS API Functions

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Programas de Ejemplo
Programa de Ejemplo 1
/*
* testlibpq.c Test the C version of Libpq, the Postgres frontend
* library.
* testlibpq.c Probar la versin C de libpq, la librera para aplicaciones
* cliente de PostgreSQL
*
*
*/
#include stdio.h
void
exit_nicely(PGconn *conn)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
char
char
int
int
*pghost,
*pgport,
*pgoptions,
*pgtty;
*dbName;
nFields;
i,
j;
/* FILE *debug; */
PGconn
PGresult
*conn;
*res;
/*
* begin, by setting the parameters for a backend connection if the
* parameters are null, then the system will try to use reasonable
* defaults by looking up environment variables or, failing that,
* using hardwired constants
*
* Se empieza fijando los parmetros de una conexin al servidor. Si los
* parmetros son nulos, el sistema probar a utilizar valores de defecto
* razonables para buscar en las variables de entorno, y, si esto falla,
* utilizar constantes includas directamente en el cdigo.
*/
pghost = NULL;
/* host name of the backend server */
/* nombre del ordenador servidor.
*/
pgport = NULL;
/* port of the backend server */
pgoptions = NULL;
vidor */
pgtty = NULL;
ver */
/*
/*
*
/*
puerto asignado al servidor */

special options to start up the backend
server */
opciones especiales para arrancar el ser-
/* debugging tty for the backend ser/* tty (terminal) para depuracin del ser-
vidor */
dbName = "template1";
/* make a connection to the database */
/* conectar con el servidor */
conn = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, pgoptions, pgtty, dbName);
/*
* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made
* se comprueba si la conexin se ha realizado con xito.
*/
if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database %s failed.\n", dbName);
fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* debug = fopen("/tmp/trace.out","w"); */
/* PQtrace(conn, debug); */
/* start a transaction block */
/* comienza un bloque de transaccin */
res = PQexec(conn, "BEGIN");
if (!res || PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "BEGIN command failed\n");
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/*
* should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid
* memory leaks
* se debera PQclear PGresult una vez que ya no es necesario, para impedir
* prdidas de memoria.
*/
PQclear(res);
/*
* fetch instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of
* databases
* se recogen las instancias a partir de pg_database, el catlogo de sistema de
* bases de datos
*/
res = PQexec(conn, "DECLARE mycursor CURSOR FOR select * from pg_database");
{
fprintf(stderr, "DECLARE CURSOR command failed\n");
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
res = PQexec(conn, "FETCH ALL in mycursor");

if (!res || PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "FETCH ALL command didnt return tuples properly\n");
/* no se han recogido tuplas de bases de datos */
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* first, print out the attribute names */
/* primero, se imprimen los nombres de los atributos */
nFields = PQnfields(res);
nFields; i++)
for (i = 0; i
printf("%-15s", PQfname(res, i));
printf("\n\n");
/* next, print out the instances */

/* a continuacin, se imprimen las instancias */
PQntuples(res); i++)
for (i = 0; i
{
nFields; j++)
for (j = 0; j
printf("%-15s", PQgetvalue(res, i, j));
printf("\n");
}
PQclear(res);
/* close the cursor */

/* se cierra el cursor */
res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE mycursor");
PQclear(res);
/* commit the transaction */
/* se asegura la transaccin */
res = PQexec(conn, "COMMIT");
PQclear(res);
/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */
/* se cierra la conexin a la base de datos y se limpia */
PQfinish(conn);
/* fclose(debug); */
}
/*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
testlibpq2.c
Test of the asynchronous notification interface
Se comprueba el interfaz de notificaciones asncronas.
Start this program, then from psql in another window do
NOTIFY TBL2;
Arranque este programa, y luego, desde psql en otra ventana ejecute
NOTIFY TBL2;
Or, if you want to get fancy, try this:
Populate a database with the following:
O, si quiere hacer algo ms elegante, intente esto:
*
alimente una base de datos con lo siguiente:
*
*
CREATE TABLE TBL1 (i int4);
*
*
CREATE TABLE TBL2 (i int4);
*
*
CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT TO TBL1 DO
*
(INSERT INTO TBL2 values (new.i); NOTIFY TBL2);
*
* and do
*
y haga
*
*
INSERT INTO TBL1 values (10);
*
*/
#include stdio.h
void
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
char
char
int
int
PGconn
PGresult
PGnotify
*pghost,
*pgport,
*pgoptions,
*pgtty;
*dbName;
nFields;
i,
j;
*conn;
*res;
*notify;
/*
*
*/
pghost = NULL;
/* nombre del ordenador del servidor */
pgport = NULL;
/* puerto asignado al servidor */
pgoptions = NULL;
/* special options to start up the backend
* server */
/* opciones especiales para arrancar el servidor */
pgtty = NULL;
/* debugging tty for the backend server */
/* tty (terminal) de depuracin del servidor */
M M
dbName = getenv("USER");
/* change this to the name of your test

* database */
/* cambie esto para asignarlo al nom-
bre de su
* base de datos de prueba */
/*
Se hace a conexin a la base de datos */
/*
*
Se comprueba si la conexin ha funcionado correctamente.
*/
{
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* Se declara el inters en TBL2 */
res = PQexec(conn, "LISTEN TBL2");
{
fprintf(stderr, "LISTEN command failed\n");
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/*
* memory leaks
*
Se debera PQclear PGresult una vez que ya no es necesario, para
*
impedir prdidas de memoria.
*/
PQclear(res);
while (1)
{
/*
* wait a little bit between checks; waiting with select()
* would be more efficient.
*
esperamos un poquito entre comprobacines; esperar con select()
*
sera ms eficiente.
*/
sleep(1);
/* collect any asynchronous backend messages */
/*
Se recoge asncronamente cualquier mensaje del servidor */
PQconsumeInput(conn);
/* check for asynchronous notify messages */
/*
Se comprueban los mensajes de notificacin asncrona */
while ((notify = PQnotifies(conn)) != NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"ASYNC NOTIFY of %s from backend pid %d received\n",
notify- relname, notify- be_pid);
free(notify);
}
MST

/*
Se cierra la conexin con la base de datos y se lmpia */
PQfinish(conn);
}
/*
* testlibpq3.c Test the C version of Libpq, the Postgres frontend
* library. tests the binary cursor interface
*
Se comprueba el interfaz de cursores binarios.
*
*
*
*
* populate a database by doing the following:
*
Alimente una base de datos con lo siguiente:
*
* CREATE TABLE test1 (i int4, d float4, p polygon);
*
* INSERT INTO test1 values (1, 3.567, (3.0, 4.0, 1.0,
* 2.0)::polygon);
*
* INSERT INTO test1 values (2, 89.05, (4.0, 3.0, 2.0,
* 1.0)::polygon);
*
* the expected output is:
*
La salida esperada es:
*
* tuple 0: got i = (4 bytes) 1, d = (4 bytes) 3.567000, p = (4
* bytes) 2 points
boundbox = (hi=3.000000/4.000000, lo =
* 1.000000,2.000000) tuple 1: got i = (4 bytes) 2, d = (4 bytes)
* 89.050003, p = (4 bytes) 2 points
boundbox =
* (hi=4.000000/3.000000, lo = 2.000000,1.000000)
*
*
*/
#include stdio.h
#include "utils/geo-decls.h"
/* for the POLYGON type */
/* para el tipo POLYGON */
void
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
main()
{
char
char
int
M _
*pghost,
*pgport,
*pgoptions,
*pgtty;
*dbName;
nFields;
int
int
PGconn
PGresult
i,
j;
i_fnum,
d_fnum,
p_fnum;
*conn;
*res;
/*
*
*/
pghost = NULL;
/* nombre de ordenador del servidor */
pgport = NULL;
/* puerto asignado al servidor. */
pgoptions = NULL;
/* special options to start up the backend
* server */
/* opciones especiales para arrancar el servidor */
pgtty = NULL;
/* debugging tty for the backend server */
/* tty (terminal)) para depurar el servidor */
dbName = getenv("USER");
/* change this to the name of your test

* database */
/* cambie esto al nombre de su base de da-
tos de
* prueba */
/*
Se hace la conexin a la base de datos */
/*
*
Se comprueba que la conexin se ha realizado correctamente
*/
{
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* start a transaction block */
res = PQexec(conn, "BEGIN");
{
fprintf(stderr, "BEGIN command failed\n");
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/*
MSc

* memory leaks
*
Se debera PQclear PGresult una vez que ya no es necesario, para
*
evitar prdidas de memoria.
*/
PQclear(res);
/*
* fetch instances from the pg_database, the system catalog of
* databases
*
se recogen las instancias de pg_database, el catlogo de sistema de
*
bases de datos.
*/
res = PQexec(conn, "DECLARE mycursor BINARY CURSOR FOR select * from test1");
{
fprintf(stderr, "DECLARE CURSOR command failed\n");
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
res = PQexec(conn, "FETCH ALL in mycursor");
if (!res || PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "FETCH ALL command didnt return tuples properly\n");
/* no se ha recogido ninguna base de datos */
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
i_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "i");
d_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "d");
p_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "p");
3; i++)
for (i = 0; i
{
printf("type[%d] = %d, size[%d] = %d\n",
i, PQftype(res, i),
i, PQfsize(res, i));
}
PQntuples(res); i++)
for (i = 0; i
{
int
*ival;
float
*dval;
int
plen;
POLYGON
*pval;
/* we hard-wire this to the 3 fields we know about */

/*
codificamos lo que sigue para los tres campos de los que
*
algo
*/
ival = (int *) PQgetvalue(res, i, i_fnum);
dval = (float *) PQgetvalue(res, i, d_fnum);
plen = PQgetlength(res, i, p_fnum);
/*
* plen doesnt include the length field so need to
* increment by VARHDSZ
*
plen no incluye el campo de longitud, por lo que necesitamos
*
incrementar con VARHDSZ
*/
T j
pval = (POLYGON *) malloc(plen + VARHDRSZ);

pval- size = plen;
memmove((char *) &pval- npts, PQgetvalue(res, i, p_fnum), plen);
printf("tuple %d: got\n", i);
printf(" i = (%d bytes) %d,\n",
PQgetlength(res, i, i_fnum), *ival);
printf(" d = (%d bytes) %f,\n",
PQgetlength(res, i, d_fnum), *dval);
printf(" p = (%d bytes) %d points \tboundbox = (hi=%f/%f, lo = %f,%f)\n",
PQgetlength(res, i, d_fnum),
pval- npts,
pval- boundbox.xh,
pval- boundbox.yh,
pval- boundbox.xl,
pval- boundbox.yl);

}
PQclear(res);
/* close the cursor */

/*
Se cierra el cursor
*/
res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE mycursor");
PQclear(res);
/* commit the transaction */
/*
Se asegura la transaccin
res = PQexec(conn, "COMMIT");
PQclear(res);
*/

/*
Se cierra la conexin a la base de datos y se limpia.
PQfinish(conn);
*/
T
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PgConnection
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PgDatabase
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PgDatabase(const char *conninfo)

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DBName

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Tuples
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Fields
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DisplayTuples
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PrintTuples
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int terseOutput = 0, int width = 0)
GetLine
int PgDatabase::GetLine(char* string, int length)
PutLine
void PgDatabase::PutLine(const char* string)
OidStatus
const char *PgDatabase::OidStatus()
EndCopy
int PgDatabase::EndCopy()
Notificacin Asncrona
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nombre de hecho no necesitan tener una relacin correspondiente previamente definida.
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Funciones Asociadas con el Comando COPY.
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data.Exec("copy foo from stdin");
data.putline("3\etHello World\et4.5\en");
data.putline("4\etGoodbye World\et7.11\en");
&...
data.putline(".\en");
data.endcopy();
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Captulo 48. pgtcl
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# getDBs :
#
get the names of all the databases at a given host and port number
#
with the defaults being the localhost and port 5432
#
return them in alphabetical order
proc getDBs { {host "localhost"} {port "5432"} } {
# datnames is the list to be result
set conn [pg_connect template1 -host $host -port $port]
set res [pg_exec $conn "SELECT datname FROM pg_database ORDER BY datname"]
set ntups [pg_result $res -numTuples]
for {set i 0} {$i < $ntups} {incr i} {
lappend datnames [pg_result $res -getTuple $i]
}
pg_result $res -clear
pg_disconnect $conn
return $datnames
}
Informacin de referencia de comandos pgtcl

pg_connect
Nombre
pg_connect }

P-E| P| ',L#~2'8,P P|
Synopsis
pg_connect -conninfo opcionesConexion
pg_connect nombreDb [-host nombreHost]
[-port numeroPuerto] [-tty pqtty]
[-options argumentosOpcionalesBackend]
Inputs (estilo nuevo)

opcionesConexion
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Inputs (estilo viejo)

nombreBD
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nombreHost
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numeroPuerto

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nombreBD
nombreBD
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argumentosOpcionalesBackend
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nombreBD
Outputs
dbHandle
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pg_connect

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pg_disconnect
Nombre
pg_disconnect }

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Synopsis
pg_disconnect dbHandle
Inputs
dbHandle
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Outputs
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Descripcin
pg_disconnect
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pg_conndefaults
Nombre
pg_conndefaults }
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Synopsis
pg_conndefaults
Inputs
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Outputs
option list
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pg_conndefaults
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pg_exec
Nombre
pg_exec }
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Synopsis
pg_exec dbHandle stringConsulta
Inputs
dbHandle
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stringConsulta
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Outputs
handleResultado
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pg_result
Nombre
pg_result }
,P9'|'|9PG ',L!PP-,E'08(8 E| ,|E'0
Synopsis
pg_result handleResult opcionResult
Inputs
handleResult
8qP||8' EI#E'08(8E|I P|!E'0|
opcionResult
8 '8 IE|IE 'R~'fE,!'P'q,E 'PR
Opciones
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Descripcin
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pg_result
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pg_exec
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pg_select
Nombre
pg_select }
|OEPE ' !PP ,E'08(8 E|8O'~ 'P#E8
_ST
Synopsis
pg_select handleBD stringConsulta
varArray procConsulta
Inputs
handleBD
8 '8 IE||8'-R''8hE 8|P-8 80P
stringConsulta
8 '8 IE|I ,|!E'9/u!'O22''8|
varArray
hE 2~'2'~ 'Pq9EE',82E'9,
procConsulta
8, 8'G'|0hP8 -|~> E98(!PP 89EE'/| P|0~8
Outputs
handleResult
2!8U988RE'9eEG|!!>%E%~,E||8'E%E!E'98h8
O,|!E'9|
Description

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pg_select
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pg_select $pgconn "SELECT * from table" array {

puts [format "%5d %s" array(control) array(name)]
}
_ _
pg_listen
Nombre
*"
pg_listen }
#)=!'| P|,
>h GP'IE|''GE~ 'PqG|!!> /
Synopsis
pg_listen dbHandle notifyName comandoRellamada
Inputs
dbHandle
8 '8 IE||8'-8 P!8 E9,fR''8
notifyName
8 '8 I#|PGP8-'|P0'8 ',EIGEhE8 E |~
comandoRellamada
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OE0OE|8/E||,9'E 'P2''8''2EP
Outputs
"'|PE|
Description
E
''0(OO GP'e | 'qE|E0' 'P(Ee! EO|G|!!>@
" /
pg_listen
)=!U|O,|,q8!8,P 2|8 E,!9PY-,8E~G9o PGR8Pf''G
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8!-0OE0- E|8%EhG|!!> (
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update
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pg_lo_creat
Nombre
pg_lo_creat }
EP>0XP~|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_creat conn modo
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
modo
8 '8 I#GP8h8 !/E~#P>0XP~|E2
Outputs
idObjeto
8,P'u9'L8,,09,|8#,>0XP~|8 E
Descripcin
pg_lo_creat

8,09/2|8-8'|R~!', 9|2~!',82-/> 0!
Uso
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GPEIEE8 E'2E'RPEE 'Po ,((8

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[pg_lo_creat $conn "INV_READ|INV_WRITE"]
c j
pg_lo_open
Nombre
pg_lo_open }
P-EP>0hP~|E
Synopsis
pg_lo_open conn idObjeto modo
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
idObjeto
8 '8 IE,'uR''8/E~IE,09/2|82
modo
8 '8 I#GP8h8 !/E~#P>0XP~|E2
Outputs
fd
'
8 'E9,E EO|(EIE!EP!0'PG|0E9'|qE '
Descripcin
pg_lo_open
Uso
#
P-E,09XP|8 8-'|R~!',L 9|R~!',E#/> 0!
yn |n SnkE9nn|E9nO
GPEhEE8-
pg_lo_close
Nombre
pg_lo_close }
'~IE,09/2|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_close conn fd
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''88|P-880P
fd
F'
8 'E9,E EO|(EI!E!8hE,!9~',~|9E0'|E '
Outputs
"'|PE|
Descripcin
pg_lo_close
#
'IEP>0XP~|8-8 '|2!'P c|2UP8P-(0 9
Uso
pg_lo_read
Nombre
pg_lo_read }
'EP>0hP~|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_read conn fd bufVar len
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
fd
F
(!O'E0P8E |/E~I#P>0XP~|E 9,G8/8 E ' Pf
c
bufVar
8 '8 uE|u2'P'EPE09IR''8uEL ,|9|of!PG|08,>9
2|82
len
8 '8 I#9G |hG 'GhE~G'0'8h~#!2G|9h8#,>0XP~|82
Outputs
"'|PE|
Descripcin
pg_lo_read
'-'IGPPE9 E 'PqP208
len
X'/O,E'I'I2'P'
bufVar
Uso
bufVar
8P !E|PGP 82''RU'8
pg_lo_write
Nombre
pg_lo_write }
! ~'P E,09XP|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_write conn fd buf len
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
fd
F
(!O'E0P8E |/E~I#P>0XP~|E 9,G8/8 E ' Pf
buf
8 '8 IE|I2'P' !0~'|hR''8IE 'P'#P>9XP|82
len
8 '8 I#9G |hG 'Gh8P!0~'|hI! ~'P'~
Outputs
"'|PE|
Descripcin
pg_lo_write
'P'uGP,oE08
len
PP9(uE,098!8E|u2'P'
buf
Usage
buf
EP!#!9'|!O'P'0|hP|,GP8 'I2'P'2
pg_lo_lseek
Nombre
pg_lo_lseek }
PE IE|E,!' 'PEP>0X2|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_lseek conn fd offset whence
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
fd
F
(!O'E0P8E |/E~I#P>0X9,G8/8 E ' ,Ef
offset
8 '8 IE,09RPP9qP!-O
whence
E|| EE8 !yn8 Hn n8"nn88n
Outputs
"'|PE|
Descripcin
!oE,!'O',|/
pg_lo_lseek
8 E,>0hP|82
Uso
whence
offset
P20-8!8I|O,G'|P E 08RE,!'O',
yn HnSn8"nn8nO
EE8 ! #8
pg_lo_tell
Nombre
pg_lo_tell }

82E'2 'IE,!'O', 9E#8 E!2EEI8 E,>0XP~|8
Synopsis
pg_lo_tell conn fd
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
fd
F
(!O'E0P8E |/8,P>0h9,G8/8E ' PEf
Outputs
offset
,09RPP9qP! (8 E8(E
Description

pg_lo_lseek
E28'R'LE,!' 'P8 EPE8u 0E

pg_lo_tell
PG'Rh8#P>0X2|8P
offset
2P0o8!8
Uso
pg_lo_unlink
Nombre
pg_lo_unlink }
P,~IEP>0XP~|E
Synopsis
pg_lo_unlink conn idObjeto
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
idObjeto
]H]^]8%!9'PE2EX'8(09,/
8%'E|9'E 8,E8 P>0P|82

P0~''G8 eR0|PG

Yofo
L L t B
Outputs
"'|PE|
Descripcin
pg_lo_unlink
PP~,P>0XP~|8-!E 'EO8
Uso
pg_lo_import
Nombre
pg_lo_import }
'GE,~0EP>0hP~|8 8!8-EE |
Synopsis
pg_lo_import conn nombreFichero
c M
G
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
nombreFichero
8#|PGP8#8 |
G
|
Outputs
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8Yq
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pg_lo_import
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pg_lo_import
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pg_lo_export
Nombre
pg_lo_export }
E,~0IEP>0hP~|8IE8 |
G
Synopsis
pg_lo_export conn idObjeto nombreFichero
Inputs
conn
8 '8 IE|I ,| 'P2''8IIE|2E 80P
idObjeto
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pg_lo_export
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Captulo 49. Interfaz ODBC

Nota: Informacin de fondo realizada originalmente por Tim Goeke 1

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Nota: La instalacin de ficheros en /share o /etc requiere privilegios de root. Muchas

etapas de la instalacin de Postgres no necesitan de este requerimiento, y usted puede
elegir otra ubicacin en que su cuenta de superusuario Postgres tenga permisos de escritura.
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Sugerencia: Recuerde que el nombre de bases de datos Postgres es por lo general una
palabra sencilla, sin nombres de trayectoria ni otras cosas. El servidor Postgres gestiona
el acceso actual a la base de datos, y slo necesita especificar el nombre desde el cliente.
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QueryOnly = Read-only Database
Test = Debugging Database
Default = Postgres Stripped
[DataEntry]
ReadOnly = 0
Servername = localhost
Database = Sales
[QueryOnly]
ReadOnly = 1
Database = Sales
[Test]
Debug = 1
CommLog = 1
ReadOnly = 0
Username = tgl
Password = "no$way"
Port = 5432
Database = test
[Default]
Database = tgl
Driver = /opt/postgres/current/lib/libpsqlodbc.so
[ODBC]
InstallDir = /opt/applix/axdata/axshlib
ApplixWare
Configuration
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Author: Contribuido por Steve Campbell 8 on 1998-10-20.
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|
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10432
27883
0.0 2.6 1740

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8|9,| q0 80
strace -f -s 1024 -p 10432
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392
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Oct 9
10:24
0:00 axnet
0:04 axmain
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Nota de Cary: Muchos de los mensajes de error de ApplixWare van hacia stderr,
pero no estoy seguro de a dnde est dirigido stderr, as que strace es la manera
de encontrarlo.
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[pid 27947] open("/usr/lib/libodbc.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT
(No existe el fichero o directorio)
[pid 27947] open("/lib/libodbc.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT
(No existe el fichero o directorio)
[pid 27947] write(2, "/usr2/applix/axdata/elfodbc:
no puedo cargar la biblioteca libodbc.so\n", 61) = -1 EIO (I/O error)
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Ejecutando la demo ApplixWare
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mAGN
Useful Macros
macro login
set_set_system_var@("sql_username@","tgl")
set_system_var@("sql_passwd@","no$way")
endmacro
Atencin
Deber tener cuidado con las protecciones de fichero en cualquier fichero que contenga informacin de nombres de usuario y contraseas.
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Captulo 50. JDBC Interface

Author: Written by Peter T. Mount 1, the author of the JDBC driver.
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archive.
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Installing the Driver
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Example
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export CLASSPATH = /usr/local/lib/finder.jar:/usr/local/lib/postgresql.jar:.
java uk.org.retep.finder.Main
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Preparing the Database for JDBC
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Importing JDBC
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import java.sql.*;
Importante: Do not import the postgresql package. If you do, your source will not compile,
as javac will get confused.
Loading the Driver
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Connection db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,pwd);
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Statement st = db.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("select * from mytable");
while(rs.next()) {
System.out.print("Column 1 returned ");
System.out.println(rs.getString(1));
}
rs.close();
st.close();
N
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Importante: For Postgres, you must access large objects within an SQL transaction.
Although this has always been true in principle, it was not strictly enforced until the release
of v6.5. You would open a transaction by using the setAutoCommit() method with an
input parameter of false:
Connection mycon;
...
mycon.setAutoCommit(false);
... now use Large Objects
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Accessing the extensions
To access some of the extensions, you need to use some extra methods
in the postgresql.Connection class. In this case, you would need to
case the return value of Driver.getConnection().
For example:
N S
Connection db = Driver.getConnection(url,user,pass);
// later on
Fastpath fp = ((postgresql.Connection)db).getFastpathAPI();
Class postgresql.Connection
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.Connection
public class Connection extends Object implements Connection
These are the extra methods used to gain access to our extensions. I
have not listed the methods defined by java.sql.Connection.
public Fastpath getFastpathAPI() throws SQLException
This returns the Fastpath API for the current connection.
NOTE: This is not part of JDBC, but allows access to
functions on the postgresql backend itself.
It is primarily used by the LargeObject API
The best way to use this is as follows:
import postgresql.fastpath.*;
...
Fastpath fp = ((postgresql.Connection)myconn).getFastpathAPI();
where myconn is an open Connection to postgresql.
Returns:
Fastpath object allowing access to functions on the
postgresql backend.
Throws: SQLException
by Fastpath when initialising for first time
public LargeObjectManager getLargeObjectAPI() throws SQLException
This returns the LargeObject API for the current connection.
NOTE: This is not part of JDBC, but allows access to
functions on the postgresql backend itself.
import postgresql.largeobject.*;
...
LargeObjectManager lo =
((postgresql.Connection)myconn).getLargeObjectAPI();
Returns:
LargeObject object that implements the API
by LargeObject when initialising for first time
public void addDataType(String type,
N
String name)
This allows client code to add a handler for one of
postgresqls more unique data types. Normally, a data type not known
by the driver is returned by ResultSet.getObject() as a PGobject
instance.
This method allows you to write a class that extends PGobject, and
tell the driver the type name, and class name to use.
The down side to this, is that you must call this method each time a
connection is made.
NOTE: This is not part of JDBC, but an extension.
...
((postgresql.Connection)myconn).addDataType("mytype","my.class.name");
...
The handling class must extend postgresql.util.PGobject
See Also:
PGobject
Fastpath
Fastpath is an API that exists within the libpq C interface, and
allows a client machine to execute a function on the database backend.
Most client code will not need to use this method, but its provided
because the Large Object API uses it.
To use, you need to import the postgresql.fastpath package, using the
line:
import postgresql.fastpath.*;
Then, in your code, you need to get a FastPath object:
Fastpath fp = ((postgresql.Connection)conn).getFastpathAPI();
This will return an instance associated with the database connection
that you can use to issue commands. The casing of Connection to
postgresql.Connection is required, as the getFastpathAPI() is one of
our own methods, not JDBCs.
Once you have a Fastpath instance, you can use the fastpath() methods
to execute a backend function.
Class postgresql.fastpath.Fastpath
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.fastpath.Fastpath
public class Fastpath
extends Object
This class implements the Fastpath api.
NN
This is a means of executing functions imbeded in the postgresql

backend from within a java application.
It is based around the file src/interfaces/libpq/fe-exec.c
See Also:
FastpathFastpathArg, LargeObject
Methods
public Object fastpath(int fnid,
boolean resulttype,
FastpathArg args[]) throws SQLException
Send a function call to the PostgreSQL backend
Parameters:
fnid - Function id
resulttype - True if the result is an integer, false
for
other results
args - FastpathArguments to pass to fastpath
Returns:
null if no data, Integer if an integer result, or
byte[]
otherwise
if a database-access error occurs.
public Object fastpath(String name,
boolean resulttype,
Send a function call to the PostgreSQL backend by name.
Note:
the mapping for the procedure name to function id needs to
exist, usually to an earlier call to addfunction(). This is the
prefered method to call, as function ids can/may change between
versions of the backend. For an example of how this works, refer to
postgresql.LargeObject
Parameters:
name - Function name
resulttype - True if the result is an integer, false
for
other results
args - FastpathArguments to pass to fastpath
Returns:
null if no data, Integer if an integer result, or
byte[]
otherwise
if name is unknown or if a database-access error
occurs.
See Also:
LargeObject
N4P
public int getInteger(String name,

This convenience method assumes that the return value is an
Integer
Parameters:
args - Function arguments
Returns:
integer result
if a database-access error occurs or no result
public byte[] getData(String name,
This convenience method assumes that the return value is
binary data
Parameters:
args - Function arguments
Returns:
byte[] array containing result
if a database-access error occurs or no result
public void addFunction(String name,
int fnid)
This adds a function to our lookup table.
User code should use the addFunctions method, which is based
upon a query, rather than hard coding the oid. The oid for a function
is not guaranteed to remain static, even on different servers of the
same version.
Parameters:
fnid - Function id
public void addFunctions(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException
This takes a ResultSet containing two columns. Column 1
contains the function name, Column 2 the oid.
It reads the entire ResultSet, loading the values into the
function table.
REMEMBER to close() the resultset after calling this!!
Implementation note about function name lookups:
PostgreSQL stores the function ids and their corresponding
names in the pg_proc table. To speed things up locally, instead of
querying each function from that table when required, a Hashtable is
used. Also, only the functions required are entered into this table,
Nz
keeping connection times as fast as possible.

The postgresql.LargeObject class performs a query upon its
startup, and passes the returned ResultSet to the addFunctions()
method here.
Once this has been done, the LargeObject api refers to the
functions by name.
Dont think that manually converting them to the oids will
work. Ok, they will for now, but they can change during development
(there was some discussion about this for V7.0), so this is
implemented to prevent any unwarranted headaches in the future.
Parameters:
rs - ResultSet
See Also:
LargeObjectManager
public int getID(String name) throws SQLException
This returns the function id associated by its name
If addFunction() or addFunctions() have not been called for
this name, then an SQLException is thrown.
Parameters:
name - Function name to lookup
Returns:
Function ID for fastpath call
is function is unknown.
Class postgresql.fastpath.FastpathArg
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.fastpath.FastpathArg
public class FastpathArg extends Object
Each fastpath call requires an array of arguments, the number and
type dependent on the function being called.
This class implements methods needed to provide this capability.
For an example on how to use this, refer to the
postgresql.largeobject package
See Also:
Fastpath, LargeObjectManager, LargeObject
Constructors
public FastpathArg(int value)
Constructs an argument that consists of an integer value
N U
Parameters:
value - int value to set
public FastpathArg(byte bytes[])
Constructs an argument that consists of an array of bytes
Parameters:
bytes - array to store
public FastpathArg(byte buf[],
int off,
int len)
Constructs an argument that consists of part of a byte
array
Parameters:
buf - source array
off - offset within array
len - length of data to include
public FastpathArg(String s)
Constructs an argument that consists of a String.
Parameters:
s - String to store
Geometric Data Types
PostgreSQL has a set of datatypes that can store geometric features
into a table. These range from single points, lines, and polygons.
We support these types in Java with the postgresql.geometric package.
It contains classes that extend the postgresql.util.PGobject class.
Refer to that class for details on how to implement your own data type
handlers.
Class postgresql.geometric.PGbox
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.util.PGobject
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGbox
public class PGbox extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This represents the box datatype within postgresql.
Variables
public PGpoint point[]
These are the two corner points of the box.
Constructors
public PGbox(double x1,
NO
double y1,
double x2,
double y2)
Parameters:
x1 y1 x2 y2 -
first x coordinate
first y coordinate
second x coordinate
second y coordinate
public PGbox(PGpoint p1,

PGpoint p2)
Parameters:
p1 - first point
p2 - second point
public PGbox(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
s - Box definition in PostgreSQL syntax
if definition is invalid
public PGbox()
Required constructor
Methods
public void setValue(String value) throws SQLException
This method sets the value of this object. It should be
overidden, but still called by subclasses.
Parameters:
value - a string representation of the value of the
object
thrown if value is invalid for this type
Overrides:
setValue in class PGobject
public boolean equals(Object obj)
Parameters:
obj - Object to compare with
Returns:
true if the two boxes are identical
Overrides:
equals in class PGobject
public Object clone()
This must be overidden to allow the object to be cloned
Overrides:
clone in class PGobject
N4
public String getValue()

Returns:
the PGbox in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
getValue in class PGobject
Class postgresql.geometric.PGcircle
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGcircle
public class PGcircle extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This represents postgresqls circle datatype, consisting of a point
and a radius
Variables
public PGpoint center
This is the centre point
public double radius
This is the radius
Constructors
public PGcircle(double x,
double y,
double r)
Parameters:
x - coordinate of centre
y - coordinate of centre
r - radius of circle
public PGcircle(PGpoint c,
double r)
Parameters:
c - PGpoint describing the circles centre
r - radius of circle
public PGcircle(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
s - definition of the circle in PostgreSQLs syntax.
on conversion failure
public PGcircle()
This constructor is used by the driver.
Methods
N
public void setValue(String s) throws SQLException

Parameters:
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
the PGcircle in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
Class postgresql.geometric.PGline
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGline
public class PGline extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements a line consisting of two points. Currently line is
not yet implemented in the backend, but this class ensures that when
its done were ready for it.
Variables
These are the two points.
Constructors
public PGline(double x1,
double y1,
N4
double x2,
double y2)
Parameters:
x1 y1 x2 y2 -
coordinate
coordinate
coordinate
coordinate
for
for
for
for
first point
first point
second point
second point
public PGline(PGpoint p1,

PGpoint p2)
Parameters:
p1 - first point
p2 - second point
public PGline(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
public PGline()
reuired by the driver
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of the line segment in PostgreSQLs
syntax
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
N S
the PGline in the syntax expected by postgresql

Overrides:
Class postgresql.geometric.PGlseg
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGlseg
public class PGlseg extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements a lseg (line segment) consisting of two points
Variables
These are the two points.
Constructors
public PGlseg(double
double
double
double
x1,
y1,
x2,
y2)
Parameters:
x1
y1
x2
y2
coordinate
coordinate
coordinate
coordinate
for
for
for
for
first point
first point
second point
second point
public PGlseg(PGpoint p1,

PGpoint p2)
Parameters:
p1 - first point
p2 - second point
public PGlseg(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
public PGlseg()
reuired by the driver
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of the line segment in PostgreSQLs
N
syntax
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
the PGlseg in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
Class postgresql.geometric.PGpath
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGpath
public class PGpath extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements a path (a multiple segmented line, which may be
closed)
Variables
public boolean open
True if the path is open, false if closed
public PGpoint points[]
The points defining this path
Constructors
public PGpath(PGpoint points[],
boolean open)
NN
Parameters:
points - the PGpoints that define the path
open - True if the path is open, false if closed
public PGpath()
Required by the driver
public PGpath(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of the path in PostgreSQLs syntax
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
This returns the polygon in the syntax expected by
postgresql
Overrides:
public boolean isOpen()
This returns true if the path is open
public boolean isClosed()
This returns true if the path is closed
N4P
public void closePath()

Marks the path as closed
public void openPath()
Marks the path as open
Class postgresql.geometric.PGpoint
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGpoint
public class PGpoint extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements a version of java.awt.Point, except it uses double
to represent the coordinates.
It maps to the point datatype in postgresql.
Variables
public double x
The X coordinate of the point
public double y
The Y coordinate of the point
Constructors
public PGpoint(double x,
double y)
Parameters:
x - coordinate
y - coordinate
public PGpoint(String value) throws SQLException
This is called mainly from the other geometric types, when a
point is imbeded within their definition.
Parameters:
value - Definition of this point in PostgreSQLs
syntax
public PGpoint()
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of this point in PostgreSQLs syntax
Nz
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
the PGpoint in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
public void translate(int x,
int y)
Translate the point with the supplied amount.
Parameters:
x - integer amount to add on the x axis
y - integer amount to add on the y axis
public void translate(double x,
double y)
Translate the point with the supplied amount.
Parameters:
x - double amount to add on the x axis
y - double amount to add on the y axis
public void move(int x,
int y)
Moves the point to the supplied coordinates.
Parameters:
x - integer coordinate
y - integer coordinate
public void move(double x,
double y)
Moves the point to the supplied coordinates.
N U
Parameters:
x - double coordinate
y - double coordinate
public void setLocation(int x,
int y)
Moves the point to the supplied coordinates. refer to
java.awt.Point for description of this
Parameters:
x - integer coordinate
y - integer coordinate
See Also:
Point
public void setLocation(Point p)
Moves the point to the supplied java.awt.Point refer to
java.awt.Point for description of this
Parameters:
p - Point to move to
See Also:
Point
Class postgresql.geometric.PGpolygon
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.geometric.PGpolygon
public class PGpolygon extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements the polygon datatype within PostgreSQL.
Variables
public PGpoint points[]
The points defining the polygon
Constructors
public PGpolygon(PGpoint points[])
Creates a polygon using an array of PGpoints
Parameters:
points - the points defining the polygon
public PGpolygon(String s) throws SQLException
Parameters:
NO
public PGpolygon()
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of the polygon in PostgreSQLs syntax
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
the PGpolygon in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
Large Objects
Large objects are supported in the standard JDBC specification.
However, that interface is limited, and the api provided by PostgreSQL
allows for random access to the objects contents, as if it was a local
file.
The postgresql.largeobject package profides to Java the libpq C
interfaces large object API. It consists of two classes,
LargeObjectManager, which deals with creating, opening and deleting
large obejects, and LargeObject which deals with an individual object.
Class postgresql.largeobject.LargeObject
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.largeobject.LargeObject
N4
public class LargeObject extends Object

This class implements the large object interface to postgresql.
It provides the basic methods required to run the interface, plus a
pair of methods that provide InputStream and OutputStream classes for
this object.
Normally, client code would use the getAsciiStream,
getBinaryStream, or getUnicodeStream methods in ResultSet, or
setAsciiStream, setBinaryStream, or setUnicodeStream methods in
PreparedStatement to access Large Objects.
However, sometimes lower level access to Large Objects are
required, that are not supported by the JDBC specification.
Refer to postgresql.largeobject.LargeObjectManager on how to gain
access to a Large Object, or how to create one.
See Also:
LargeObjectManager
Variables
public static final int SEEK_SET
Indicates a seek from the begining of a file
public static final int SEEK_CUR
Indicates a seek from the current position
public static final int SEEK_END
Indicates a seek from the end of a file
Methods
public int getOID()
Returns:
the OID of this LargeObject
public void close() throws SQLException
This method closes the object. You must not call methods in
this object after this is called.
public byte[] read(int len) throws SQLException
Reads some data from the object, and return as a byte[]
array
Parameters:
len - number of bytes to read
Returns:
byte[] array containing data read
N

public void read(byte buf[],
int off,
int len) throws SQLException
Reads some data from the object into an existing array
Parameters:
buf - destination array
len - number of bytes to read
public void write(byte buf[]) throws SQLException
Writes an array to the object
Parameters:
buf - array to write
public void write(byte buf[],
int off,
int len) throws SQLException
Writes some data from an array to the object
Parameters:
buf - destination array
len - number of bytes to write
public void seek(int pos,
int ref) throws SQLException
Sets the current position within the object.
This is similar to the fseek() call in the standard C
library.It allows you to have random access to the large object.
Parameters:
pos - position within object
ref - Either SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR or SEEK_END
public void seek(int pos) throws SQLException
Sets the current position within the object.
This is similar to the fseek() call in the standard C
library.It allows you to have random access to the large object.
Parameters:
N4
pos - position within object from begining

public int tell() throws SQLException
Returns:
the current position within the object
public int size() throws SQLException
This method is inefficient, as the only way to find out the
size of the object is to seek to the end, record the current position,
then return to the original position.
A better method will be found in the future.
Returns:
the size of the large object
public InputStream getInputStream() throws SQLException
Returns an InputStream from this object.
This InputStream can then be used in any method that
requires an InputStream.
public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws SQLException
Returns an OutputStream to this object
This OutputStream can then be used in any method that
requires an OutputStream.
Class postgresql.largeobject.LargeObjectManager
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.largeobject.LargeObjectManager
public class LargeObjectManager extends Object
This class implements the large object interface to postgresql.
It provides methods that allow client code to create, open and
delete large objects from the database. When opening an object, an
instance of postgresql.largeobject.LargeObject is returned, and its
methods then allow access to the object.
This class can only be created by postgresql.Connection
N S
To get access to this class, use the following segment of code:

import postgresql.largeobject.*;
Connection conn;
LargeObjectManager lobj;
... code that opens a connection ...
lobj = ((postgresql.Connection)myconn).getLargeObjectAPI();
Normally, client code would use the getAsciiStream, getBinaryStream,
or getUnicodeStream methods in ResultSet, or setAsciiStream,
setBinaryStream, or setUnicodeStream methods in PreparedStatement to
access Large Objects.
However, sometimes lower level access to Large Objects are
required, that are not supported by the JDBC specification.
Refer to postgresql.largeobject.LargeObject on how to manipulate
the contents of a Large Object.
See Also:
LargeObject
Variables
public static final int WRITE
This mode indicates we want to write to an object
public static final int READ
This mode indicates we want to read an object
public static final int READWRITE
This mode is the default. It indicates we want read and
write access to a large object
Methods
public LargeObject open(int oid) throws SQLException
This opens an existing large object, based on its OID. This
method assumes that READ and WRITE access is required (the
default).
Parameters:
oid - of large object
Returns:
LargeObject instance providing access to the object
on error
public LargeObject open(int oid,
int mode) throws SQLException
This opens an existing large object, based on its OID
Parameters:
oid - of large object
mode - mode of open
N
Returns:
LargeObject instance providing access to the object
on error
public int create() throws SQLException
This creates a large object, returning its OID.
It defaults to READWRITE for the new objects attributes.
Returns:
oid of new object
on error
public int create(int mode) throws SQLException
This creates a large object, returning its OID
Parameters:
mode - a bitmask describing different attributes of
the
new object
Returns:
oid of new object
on error
public void delete(int oid) throws SQLException
This deletes a large object.
Parameters:
oid - describing object to delete
on error
public void unlink(int oid) throws SQLException
This deletes a large object.
It is identical to the delete method, and is supplied as the
C API uses unlink.
Parameters:
oid - describing object to delete
on error
Object Serialisation
PostgreSQL is not a normal SQL Database. It is far more extensible
than most other databases, and does support Object Oriented features
that are unique to it.
One of the consequences of this, is that you can have one table refer
NN
to a row in another table. For example:

test=> create table users (username name,fullname text);
CREATE
test=> create table server (servername name,adminuser users);
CREATE
test=> insert into users values (peter,Peter Mount);
INSERT 2610132 1
test=> insert into server values (maidast,2610132::users);
INSERT 2610133 1
test=> select * from users;
username|fullname
-----+--------peter
|Peter Mount
(1 row)
test=> select * from server;
servername|adminuser
-------+-----maidast
| 2610132
(1 row)
Ok, the above example shows that we can use a table name as a field,
and the rows oid value is stored in that field.
What does this have to do with Java?
In Java, you can store an object to a Stream as long as its class
implements the java.io.Serializable interface. This process, known as
Object Serialization, can be used to store complex objects into the
database.
Now, under JDBC, you would have to use a LargeObject to store them.
However, you cannot perform queries on those objects.
What the postgresql.util.Serialize class does, is provide a means of
storing an object as a table, and to retrieve that object from a
table. In most cases, you would not need to access this class direct,
but you would use the PreparedStatement.setObject() and
ResultSet.getObject() methods. Those methods will check the objects
class name against the tables in the database. If a match is found,
it assumes that the object is a Serialized object, and retrieves it
from that table. As it does so, if the object contains other
serialized objects, then it recurses down the tree.
Sounds complicated? In fact, its simpler than what I wrote - its
just difficult to explain.
The only time you would access this class, is to use the create()
methods. These are not used by the driver, but issue one or more
"create table" statements to the database, based on a Java Object or
Class that you want to serialize.
Oh, one last thing. If your object contains a line like:
public int oid;
then, when the object is retrieved from the table, it is set to the
oid within the table. Then, if the object is modified, and reserialized, the existing entry is updated.
If the oid variable is not present, then when the object is
serialized, it is always inserted into the table, and any existing
N4P
entry in the table is preserved.

Setting oid to 0 before serialization, will also cause the object to
be inserted. This enables an object to be duplicated in the database.
Class postgresql.util.Serialize
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.util.Serialize
public class Serialize extends Object
This class uses PostgreSQLs object oriented features to store Java
Objects. It does this by mapping a Java Class name to a table in the
database. Each entry in this new table then represents a Serialized
instance of this class. As each entry has an OID (Object IDentifier),
this OID can be included in another table. This is too complex to show
here, and will be documented in the main documents in more detail.
Constructors
public Serialize(Connection c,
String type) throws SQLException
This creates an instance that can be used to serialize
ordeserialize a Java object from a PostgreSQL table.
Methods
public Object fetch(int oid) throws SQLException
This fetches an object from a table, given its OID
Parameters:
oid - The oid of the object
Returns:
Object relating to oid
on error
public int store(Object o) throws SQLException
This stores an object into a table, returning its OID.
If the object has an int called OID, and it is > 0, then
that value is used for the OID, and the table will be updated. If the
value of OID is 0, then a new row will be created, and the value of
OID will be set in the object. This enables an objects value in the
database to be updateable. If the object has no int called OID, then
the object is stored. However if the object is later retrieved,
amended and stored again, its new state will be appended to the
table, and will not overwrite the old entries.
Parameters:
o - Object to store (must implement Serializable)
Returns:
oid of stored object
Nz
on error
public static void create(Connection con,
Object o) throws SQLException
This method is not used by the driver, but it creates a
table, given a Serializable Java Object. It should be used before
serializing any objects.
Parameters:
c - Connection to database
o - Object to base table on
on error
Returns:
Object relating to oid
on error
public int store(Object o) throws SQLException
This stores an object into a table, returning its OID.
If the object has an int called OID, and it is > 0, then
that value is used for the OID, and the table will be updated. If the
value of OID is 0, then a new row will be created, and the value of
OID will be set in the object. This enables an objects value in the
database to be updateable. If the object has no int called OID, then
the object is stored. However if the object is later retrieved,
amended and stored again, its new state will be appended to the
table, and will not overwrite the old entries.
Parameters:
o - Object to store (must implement Serializable)
Returns:
oid of stored object
on error
Object o) throws SQLException
Parameters:
o - Object to base table on
on error
Class c) throws SQLException
N U

Parameters:
o - Class to base table on
on error
public static String toPostgreSQL(String name) throws SQLException
This converts a Java Class name to a postgresql table, by
replacing . with _
Because of this, a Class name may not have _ in the name.
Another limitation, is that the entire class name (including
packages) cannot be longer than 31 characters (a limit
forced by PostgreSQL).
Parameters:
name - Class name
Returns:
PostgreSQL table name
on error
public static String toClassName(String name) throws SQLException
This converts a postgresql table to a Java Class name, by
replacing _ with .
Parameters:
name - PostgreSQL table name
Returns:
Class name
on error
Utility Classes
The postgresql.util package contains classes used by the internals of
the main driver, and the other extensions.
Class postgresql.util.PGmoney
java.lang.Object
|
|
+---postgresql.util.PGmoney
public class PGmoney extends PGobject implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This implements a class that handles the PostgreSQL money type
Variables
NSO
public double val

The value of the field
Constructors
public PGmoney(double value)
Parameters:
value - of field
public PGmoney(String value) throws SQLException
This is called mainly from the other geometric types, when a
point is imbeded within their definition.
Parameters:
value - Definition of this point in PostgreSQLs
syntax
public PGmoney()
Methods
Parameters:
s - Definition of this point in PostgreSQLs syntax
Overrides:
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
Overrides:
Returns:
the PGpoint in the syntax expected by postgresql
Overrides:
NS
Class postgresql.util.PGobject
java.lang.Object
|
public class PGobject extends Object implements Serializable,
Cloneable
This class is used to describe data types that are unknown by
JDBC
Standard.
A call to postgresql.Connection permits a class that extends this
class to be associated with a named type. This is how the
postgresql.geometric package operates.
ResultSet.getObject() will return this class for any type that is
not recognised on having its own handler. Because of this, any
postgresql data type is supported.
Constructors
public PGobject()
This is called by postgresql.Connection.getObject() to
create the object.
Methods
public final void setType(String type)
This method sets the type of this object.
It should not be extended by subclasses, hence its final
Parameters:
type - a string describing the type of the object
public void setValue(String value) throws SQLException
This method sets the value of this object. It must be
overidden.
Parameters:
value - a string representation of the value of the
object
thrown if value is invalid for this type
public final String getType()
As this cannot change during the life of the object, its
final.
Returns:
the type name of this object
This must be overidden, to return the value of the object,
in the form required by postgresql.
Returns:
NS
the value of this object

This must be overidden to allow comparisons of objects
Parameters:
Returns:
Overrides:
equals in class Object
Overrides:
clone in class Object
public String toString()
This is defined here, so user code need not overide it.
Returns:
the value of this object, in the syntax expected by
postgresql
Overrides:
toString in class Object
Class postgresql.util.PGtokenizer
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.util.PGtokenizer
public class PGtokenizer extends Object
This class is used to tokenize the text output of postgres.
We could have used StringTokenizer to do this, however, we needed
to handle nesting of ( ) [ ] < and > as these are used by
the geometric data types.
Its mainly used by the geometric classes, but is useful in parsing
any output from custom data types output from postgresql.
See Also:
PGbox, PGcircle, PGlseg, PGpath, PGpoint, PGpolygon
Constructors
public PGtokenizer(String string,
char delim)
Create a tokeniser.
Parameters:
string - containing tokens
delim - single character to split the tokens
NS
Methods
public int tokenize(String string,
char delim)
This resets this tokenizer with a new string and/or
delimiter.
Parameters:
string - containing tokens
delim - single character to split the tokens
public int getSize()
Returns:
the number of tokens available
public String getToken(int n)
Parameters:
n - Token number ( 0 ... getSize()-1 )
Returns:
The token value
public PGtokenizer tokenizeToken(int n,
char delim)
This returns a new tokenizer based on one of our tokens. The
geometric datatypes use this to process nested tokens (usually
PGpoint).
Parameters:
n - Token number ( 0 ... getSize()-1 )
delim - The delimiter to use
Returns:
A new instance of PGtokenizer based on the token
public static String remove(String s,
String l,
String t)
This removes the lead/trailing strings from a string
Parameters:
s - Source string
l - Leading string to remove
t - Trailing string to remove
Returns:
String without the lead/trailing strings
public void remove(String l,
String t)
This removes the lead/trailing strings from all tokens
Parameters:
l - Leading string to remove
t - Trailing string to remove
N SS
public static String removePara(String s)

Removes ( and ) from the beginning and end of a string
Parameters:
s - String to remove from
Returns:
String without the ( or )
public void removePara()
Removes ( and ) from the beginning and end of all tokens
Returns:
String without the ( or )
public static String removeBox(String s)
Removes [ and ] from the beginning and end of a string
Parameters:
Returns:
String without the [ or ]
public void removeBox()
Removes [ and ] from the beginning and end of all tokens
Returns:
String without the [ or ]
public static String removeAngle(String s)
Removes < and > from the beginning and end of a string
Parameters:
Returns:
String without the < or >
public void removeAngle()
Removes < and > from the beginning and end of all tokens
Returns:
String without the < or >
Class postgresql.util.Serialize
This was documented earlier under Object Serialisation.
Class postgresql.util.UnixCrypt
java.lang.Object
|
+---postgresql.util.UnixCrypt
public class UnixCrypt extends Object
N S4
This class provides us with the ability to encrypt passwords when

sent over the network stream
Contains static methods to encrypt and compare passwords with Unix
encrypted passwords.
See John Dumass Java Crypt page for the original source.
http://www.zeh.com/local/jfd/crypt.html
Methods
public static final String crypt(String salt,
String original)
Encrypt a password given the cleartext password and a
"salt".
Parameters:
salt - A two-character string representing the salt
used
to iterate the encryption engine in lots of different
ways. If you are generating a new encryption then this
value should be randomised.
original - The password to be encrypted.
Returns:
A string consisting of the 2-character salt followed
by
the encrypted password.
public static final String crypt(String original)
Encrypt a password given the cleartext password. This method
generates a random salt using the java.util.Random class.
Parameters:
original - The password to be encrypted.
Returns:
A string consisting of the 2-character salt followed
by
the encrypted password.
public static final boolean matches(String encryptedPassword,
String enteredPassword)
Check that enteredPassword encrypts to encryptedPassword.
Parameters:
encryptedPassword - The encryptedPassword. The first
two characters are assumed to be the salt. This string would be the
same as one found in a Unix /etc/passwd file.
enteredPassword - The password as entered by the user
(or otherwise aquired).
Returns:
true if the password should be considered correct.
Using the driver in a multi Threaded or Servlet environment
A problem with many JDBC drivers, is that only one thread can use a
Connection at any one time - otherwise a thread could send a query
NSN
while another one is receiving results, and this would be a bad thing
for the database engine.
PostgreSQL 6.4, brings thread safety to the entire driver. Standard
JDBC was thread safe in 6.3.x, but the Fastpath
API wasnt.
So, if your application uses multiple threads (which most decent ones
would), then you dont have to worry about complex schemes to ensure
only one uses the database at any time.
If a thread attempts to use the connection while another is using it,
it will wait until the other thread has finished its current
operation.
If its a standard SQL statement, then the operation is sending the
statement, and retrieving any ResultSet (in full).
If its a Fastpath call (ie: reading a block from a LargeObject), then
its the time to send, and retrieve that block.
This is fine for applications & applets, but can cause a performance
problem with servlets.
With servlets, you can have a heavy load on the connection. If you
have several threads performing queries, then each one will pause,
which may not be what you are after.
To solve this, you would be advised to create a pool of Connections.
When ever a thread needs to use the database, it asks a manager class
for a Connection. It hands a free connection to the thread, and marks
it as busy. If a free connection is not available, it opens one.
Once the thread has finished with it, it returns it to the manager,
who can then either close it, or add it to the pool. The manager would
also check that the connection is still alive, and remove it from the
pool if its dead.
So, with servlets, its up to you to use either a single connection,
or a pool. The plus side for a pool is that threads will not be hit by
the bottle neck caused by a single network connection. The down side,
is that it increases the load on the server, as a backend is created
for each Connection.
Its up to you, and your applications requirements.
Further Reading
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Captulo 51. Interfaz de Programacin Lisp
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(defun demo ()
(interactive)
(let* ((conn (pg:connect "template1" "postgres" "postgres"))
(res (pg:exec conn "SELECT * from scshdemo WHERE a = 42")))
(message "status is %s"
(pg:result res :status))
(message "metadata is %s" (pg:result res :attributes))
(message "data is %s"
(pg:result res :tuples))
(pg:disconnect conn)))
Notas
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Captulo 52. Codigo Fuente Postgres

Formateo
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;; comprueba los archivos con un path que contenga "postgres" o "psql"
(setq auto-mode-alist (cons ("\$postgres\\|pgsql\$.*\\.[ch]\\" . pgsqlc-mode) auto-mode-alist))
(setq auto-mode-alist (cons ("\$postgres\\|pgsql\$.*\\.cc\\" . pgsqlc-mode) auto-mode-alist))
(defun pgsql-c-mode ()
;; configura el formateo para el codigo C de Postgres
(interactive)
(c-mode)
(setq-default tab-width 4)
(c-set-style "bsd")
; configura c-basic-offset a 4, mas otros cosas
(c-set-offset case-label +)
; vuelve la indexacion de la cajas para que se empareje con el cliente PG
(setq indent-tabs-mode t))
; nos aseguramos de que mantiene las tabulaciones cuando indexa
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Captulo 53. Revisin de las caractersticas internas de

PostgreSQL
Autor: Este captulo apareci originalmente como parte de la tesis doctoral de Stefan Simkovic preparada en la Universidad de Tecnologa de Viena bajo la direccin de
O.Univ.Prof.Dr. Georg Gottlob y Univ.Ass. Mag. Katrin Seyr.
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Captulo 54. pg_options

Nota: Aportado por Massimo Dal Zotto 1
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kend/include/utils/trace.h
/* file trace.h */
enum pg_option_enum {
...
TRACE_FOO, /* trace foo functions */
OPT_FOO_PARAM, /* foo tunable parameter */
NUM_PG_OPTIONS
/* must be the last item of enum */
};
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/* file trace.c */
static char *opt_names[] = {
...
"foo",
/* trace foo functions */
"fooparam"
/* foo tunable parameter */
};
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/* file foo.c */
#include "trace.h"
#define foo_param pg_options[OPT_FOO_PARAM]
int
foo_function(int x, int y)
{
TPRINTF(TRACE_FOO, "entering foo_function, foo_param=%d", foo_param);
if (foo_param > 10) {
do_more_foo(x, y);
}
}
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#include "trace.h"
/* int my_own_flag = 0; - removed */
#define my_own_flag pg_options[OPT_MY_OWN_FLAG]
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# file pg_options
....
foo=1
fooparam=17
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#timestamp
980127.17:52:14.173
980127.17:52:14.174
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.17:52:14.186
980127.19:52:14.292
980127.19:52:14.413
980127.19:52:14.466
#pid
[29271]
[29271]
[29271]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
[29286]
#message
Async_NotifyHandler
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Captulo 55. Optimizacin Gentica de Consulta en

Sistemas de Base de Datos
Author: Escrito por Martin Utesch 1 del Instituto de Control Automtico de la Universidad
de Minera y Tecnologa en Freiberg, Alemania.
Planificador de consulta para un Problema Complejo de

Optimizacin
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Diagrama Estructurado de un AG:
-----------------P(t)
P(t)
generacin de antecesores en un tiempo t

generacin de descendientes en un tiempo t
+=========================================+
|> Algoritmo AG |
+=========================================+
| INICIALIZACIN t := 0
|
+=========================================+
| INICIALIZACIN P(t)
|
+=========================================+
| evaluacin ADAPTABILIDAD de P(t)
|
+=========================================+
| mientras no CRITERIO DE PARADA hacer
|
|
+-------------------------+
|
| P(t) := RECOMBINACIN{P(t)}
|
|
+-------------------------+
|
| P(t) := MUTACIN{P(t)}
|
|
+-------------------------+
|
| P(t+1) := SELECCIN{P(t) + P(t)} |
|
+-------------------------+
|
| evaluacin ADAPTABILIDAD de P(t)
|
|
+-------------------------+
|
| t := t + 1
|
+===+=====================================+
Optimizacin Gentica de Consultas (GEQO) en Postgres
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Mejoras Bsicas
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procesado
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Nota: Escrito por Phil Thompson 1. Actualizaciones del protocolo por Tom Lane 2.
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NP S
Tipos de Datos de Mensajes
nnh
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Nota: No existe lmite predefinido para la longitud de una cadena que puede ser
retornada por el backend. Una buena estrategia a utilizar por el frontend consiste
en usar un buffer expandible para que cualquier cosa que quepa en memoria pueda
ser aceptada. Si esto no es posible, se debe leer toda la cadena y deshechar los
caracteres que no quepan en el buffer de longitud fija.
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Formatos de Mensajes
n!nh
f&d0hn g &hh`d g ejd
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++
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Nota: Esta ltima sentencia no referencia a nada del ejemplo. Deberia ser cambiado para
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Macro Commands
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Nota: Esta seccin de los comandos de depuracin fue comentada por completo en la
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(SNO
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CITY VARCHAR(20));
CREATE TABLE PART
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CREATE TABLE SELLS
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PNO INTEGER);
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Captulo 62. Arquitectura

Postgres Conceptos de arquitectura
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Connection to database postgres failed.
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CREATE TABLE weather (
city
varchar(80),
temp_lo
int,
temp_hi
int,
prcp
real,
date
date
);
- temperatura mnima
- temperatura mxima
- precipitacin
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INSERT INTO weather

VALUES (San Francisco, 46, 50, 0.25, 11/27/1994);
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COPY weather FROM /home/user/weather.txt

USING DELIMITERS |;
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SELECT * FROM weather;
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+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|city
| temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|San Francisco | 46
| 50
| 0.25
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|San Francisco | 43
| 57
| 0
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|Hayward
| 37
| 54
|
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
| date
| 11-27-1994 |
| 11-29-1994 |
| 11-29-1994 |
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SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 AS temp_avg, date FROM weather;
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SELECT * FROM weather
WHERE city = San Francisco
AND prcp > 0.0;
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+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|city
| temp_lo | temp_hi | prcp | date
|
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
|San Francisco | 46
| 50
| 0.25 | 11-27-1994 |
+---------+------+------+----+--------+
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SELECT DISTINCT city

FROM weather
ORDER BY city;
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SELECT * INTO TABLE temp FROM weather;
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SELECT W1.city, W1.temp_lo AS low, W1.temp_hi AS high,

W2.city, W2.temp_lo AS low, W2.temp_hi AS high
FROM weather W1, weather W2
WHERE W1.temp_lo < W2.temp_lo
AND W1.temp_hi > W2.temp_hi;
+---------+---+----+----------+---+----+
|city
| low | high | city
| low | high |
+---------+---+----+----------+---+----+
|San Francisco | 43 | 57
| San Francisco | 46 | 50
|
+---------+---+----+----------+---+----+
|San Francisco | 37 | 54
| San Francisco | 46 | 50
|
+---------+---+----+----------+---+----+
Nota: : Los matices de este join estn en que la cualificacin es una expresin verdadera
definida por el producto cartesiano de las clases indicadas en la consulta. Para estas
instancias en el producto cartesiano cuya cualificacin sea verdadera, Postgres calcula y
devuelve los valores especificados en la lista de destino. Postgres SQL no da ningn significado a los valores duplicados en este tipo de expresiones. Esto significa que Postgres
en ocasiones recalcula la misma lista de destino varias veces. Esto ocurre frecuentemente cuando las expresiones booleanas se conectan con un "or". Para eliminar estos
duplicados, debe usar la declaracin select distinct .
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WHERE date > 11/28/1994;
temp_lo = temp_lo - 2
Borrados
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DELETE FROM weather WHERE city = Hayward;
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Captulo 65. Caractersticas Avanzadas de SQL en Postgres

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vance.sql
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CREATE TABLE cities

name
population
altitude
);
(
text,
float,
int
- (in ft)
CREATE TABLE capitals (

state
char(2)
) INHERITS (cities);
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Nota: La jerarqua de la herencia es un grfico acclico dirigido.
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SELECT name, altitude
FROM cities
WHERE altitude 500;
+-------+-------+
|name
| altitude |
+-------+-------+
|Las Vegas | 2174
|
+-------+-------+
|Mariposa | 1953
|
+-------+-------+
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SELECT c.name, c.altitude
FROM cities* c
WHERE c.altitude > 500;
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+-------+-------+
|name
| altitude
+-------+-------+
|Las Vegas | 2174
+-------+-------+
|Mariposa | 1953
+-------+-------+
|Madison
| 845
+-------+-------+
|
|
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CREATE TABLE SAL_EMP (
name
text,
pay_by_quarter int4[],
schedule
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);
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INSERT INTO SAL_EMP
VALUES (Bill,
{10000, 10000, 10000, 10000},
{{"meeting", "lunch"}, {}});
INSERT INTO SAL_EMP

VALUES (Carol,
{20000, 25000, 25000, 25000},
{{"talk", "consult"}, {"meeting"}});
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SELECT name
FROM SAL_EMP
WHERE SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[1]
SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[2];
+----+
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SELECT SAL_EMP.pay_by_quarter[3] FROM SAL_EMP;
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SELECT SAL_EMP.schedule[1:2][1:1]
FROM SAL_EMP
WHERE SAL_EMP.name = Bill;
+-------------+
|schedule
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+-------------+
|{{"meeting"},{""}} |
+-------------+
Time Travel (Viaje en el tiempo)
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Time travel ha sido descartado:: : El texto restante en esta seccin se conserva solamente hasta que pueda ser reescrito ajustndose al contexto de las nuevas tcnicas que
permiten obtener los mismos resultados. Voluntarios? - thomas 12-01-1998.
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SELECT * FROM cities WHERE name = Mariposa;
+------+--------+-------+
|name
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|Mariposa | 1320
| 1953
|
+------+--------+-------+
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SELECT name, population

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Nota: Contrido por Jos Soares 1.
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24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Nota: SQL92 dista que Dentro de la definicin del fecha/tiempo literal , los valores
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aunque se han eliminado en algunos pases por el "fiat" Papal, conforme a las reglas
naturales y son por lo tanto fechas validas.
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Notas
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Apndice DG1. El Repositorio del CVS

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Organizacin del rbol de CVS

Author: Escrito por Marc G. Fournier 1 el 1998-11-05.
Traductor: Traducido por Equipo de traduccin de PostgreSQL 2 el 2001-03-14.
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$ cvs checkout -r REL6_4 tc
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Sugerencia: Tambin puede usted comprobar un mdulo conforme era en cualquier

momento dado utilizando la opcin -D.
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TAG (etiqueta)

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Nota: Para crear la rama de una nueva release, se emplea de nuevo el comando -b, del
mismo modo anterior.
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$ cd pgsql
$ cvs tag -b REL6_4
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cd RELEASE
cvs checkout -P -r REL6_4 pgsql
cd ../CURRENT
cvs checkout -P pgsql
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Tomando Las Fuentes Va CVS Annimo
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cvs -z3 -d :pserver:anoncvs@postgresql.org:/usr/local/cvsroot co -P pgsql
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pgsql
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Nota: Si tiene usted una conexin rpida con Internet, puede que no necesite -z3, que
instruye a CVS para utilizar compresin gzip para la transferencia de datos. Pero en
una conexin a velocidad de modem, proporciona una ventaja muy sustancial.
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$ cvs -z3 update -d -P
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cvs -z3
update -d -P
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-z3
-d -P
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$ cvs update
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h"4
Atencin
Algunas versiones anteriores de CVS tenan un error que llevaba a
que todos los ficheros comprobados se almacenasen con permisos de
escritura para todo el mundo (777) en su directorio. Si le ha pasado
esto, puede usted hacer algo como
$ chmod -R go-w pgsql
para colocar los permisos adecuadamente. Este error se fij a partir de

la versin 1.9.28 de CVS.
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Tomando Los Fuentes Va CVSup

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Preparando un Sistema Cliente CVSup

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setenv CVSROOT /home/cvs
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cvs
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$ cvs init
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| Q xqLPkpr
CVSROOT
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$ ls $CVSROOT
CVSROOT/
Ejecutando un Cliente CVSup
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Q kprLOx"|okpcvsup
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which cvsup
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cvsup
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$ cvsup -L 2 postgres.cvsup
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b bXx"Pq Q j bf
# Este fichero representa el fichero de distribucin estandar de CVSup
# para el proyecto de ORDBMS PostgreSQL.
# Modificado por lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu 1997-08-28
# - Apunta a mi foto fija local del rbol fuente.
# - Recupera el repositorio CVS completo, y no slo la ltima actualizacin.
#
# Valores de defecto que se aplican a todas las recolecciones.
*default host=postgresql.org
*default compress
*default release=cvs
*default delete use-rel-suffix
# activar la lnea siguiente para tomar la ltima actualizacin.
#*default tag=.
# activar la lnea siguiente para tomar todo lo que se ha especificado antes
# o por defecto en la fecha especificada a continuacin.
#*default date=97.08.29.00.00.00
# el directorio base apunta a donde CVSup almacenar sus ficheros de marcas.
# crear un subdirectorio sup/
#*default base=/opt/postgres # /usr/local/pgsql
*default base=/home/cvs
# el directorio prefijo apunta a donde CVSup almacenar la/s distribucin/es actuales.
*default prefix=/home/cvs
# la distribucin completa, incluyendo todo lo siguiente.
pgsql
h"
#
#
#
#
distribuciones individuales contra el paquete completo

pgsql-doc
pgsql-perl5
pgsql-src
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# Este fichero representa el fichero de distribucin estandar de CVSup
# para el proyecto de ORDBMS PostgreSQL.
#
# Valores de defecto que se aplican a todas las recolecciones, a todas las descargas.
*default host=postgresql.org
*default compress
*default release=cvs
*default delete use-rel-suffix
*default tag=.
# el directorio base apunta a donde CVSup almacenar sus ficheros de marcas.
*default base=/usr/local/pgsql
# el directorio prefijo apunta a dnde CVSup almacenar las distribuciones actuales.
*default prefix=/usr/local/pgsql
# distribucin completa, incluyendo todo lo siguiente.
pgsql
#
#
#
#
distribuciones individuales contra el paquete completo

pgsql-doc
pgsql-perl5
pgsql-src
Instalando CVSup
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Q qxx"LxXprx|bEqOceXEo:prq7f
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Nota: CVSup fue desarrollado originariamente como una herramienta para la distribucin
del rbol fuente de FreeBSD. Est disponible como una adaptacin, y para aquellos que
utilizan FreeBSD, si esto no es suficiente para decirles como obtenerlo e instalarlo, les
agradeceremos que nos aporten un procedimiento eficaz.
hh
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$ cd /usr/local/bin
$ tar zxvf /usr/local/src/cvsup-16.0-linux-i386.tar.gz
$ mv cvsup.1 ../doc/man/man1/
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$ rehash
$ which cvsup
$ set path=(path a cvsup $path)
$ which cvsup
/usr/local/bin/cvsup
Instalacin a partir de los Fuentes.
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Nota: Una instalacin limpia de Modula-3 se lleva aproximadamente 200 MB de espacio
en disco, de los que se pueden recuperar unos 50 MB cuando se borren los fuentes.
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q\nsew Y(

Sugerencia: Este empaquetado rpm particular tiene muchos ficheros RPM, de

modo que seguramente quiera usted situarlos en un directorio aparte.
ZYSqbprx-[>[3\o\]G^28_^`[xse3
# rpm -Uvh pm3*.rpm
;b]b\x*`pr2[x'^bpeoU`|G3qc^|7`\8
a
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar zxf cvsup-16.0.tar.gz
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# make M3FLAGS="-DNOGUI"
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# make M3FLAGS="-DNOGUI -DSTATIC"
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# make M3FLAGS="-DNOGUI -DSTATIC" install
Notas
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Libros de referencia sobre SQL
Documentacin especfica sobre PostgreSQL
Procedimientos y Articulos

Postgres 4.1

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PostgreSQL

Equipo de Desarrollo PostgreSQL

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Breve historia de Postgres

El proyecto Postgres de Berkeley

Acerca de esta versin

H 2$O+o  qo o

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1 vhvhv 3 /usr/local/pgsql/  x q o xx )

Y2K Statement (Informe sobre el efecto 2000)

0   ( |&G"R8

0 # o )*$ R 

Copyrights y Marcas Registradas

u(v (' RA"2W

)*  R? 

Captulo 2. Sintaxis SQL

H!]#  x # . . X] OG  x 

Palabras clave reservadas

#2   x R$ K?

ALLOCATE ARE ASSERTION AT AUTHORIZATION AVG

Palabras clave no-reservadas

#   x Gq ,8 

REPEATABLE RETURNED_LENGTH RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH

 x )* x "!]#*G x ],8  x ,8  ,8O$,GG  x )*{GO ,8)* x +

kRG  O $ 8

Constantes tipo Cadenas

v  x k ,8)*    )* k G x R],8 ( 

Constantes tipo Entero

Constantes tipo Punto Flotante

Constantes Postgres de tipos definido por el usuario

Constantes de tipo Array

O)* x( )*,8 x R,8)*,8 x   R 

H!]# GO)* R V   ORO x  O)*$+ R x $

 2'()*'($    ,8 x  x RyR R v #R,8  

OI)* ,. x  )* o  x ,. x   x ,. x

CREATE FUNCTION dept (name)

 x  result_attname G x )* GZR R

 x  class_reference G+   )*

#K x )*  x  x )*q$O  Go x R x ,8 2O x 

Captulo 3. Data Types

SQL92 or SQL3 Type

    q,  x

SQL92 or SQL3 Type

,.  e)*G ,'k x 

,.  x  

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)* ,q,8 x 2 Z R? x  4 x R

%'( x )*GO ,'(

The Serial Type

(colname INT4 DEFAULT nextval(tablename_colname_seq);

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