1

Wind Power Plant SCADA and Controls

IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group
Contributing Members: B. Badrzadeh, M. Bradt, N. Castillo, R. Janakiraman, R. Kennedy, S. Klein, T. Smith, L. Vargas


Abstract This paper discusses the range of application
for SCADA and control systems in a wind power plant,
the most important SCADA and control system
considerations, and contractual requirements for
SCADA and control systems.

Index Terms SCADA, wind power plant, wind
turbine control, data acquisition, supervisory control,
plant control, security and reliability compliance.

List of Acronyms
BOP Balance of Plant
CIP Critical Infrastructure Protection
DFAG Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
IA Interconnection Agreement
IEC International Electrotechnical
Commission
IED Intelligent Electronic Device
ISO Independent System Operator
LGIA Large Generator Interconnection
Agreement
NERC North American Electric Reliability
Corp.
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OLE Object Linking & Embedding
OPC OLE for Process Control
PDD Presidential Decision Directive
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
POI Point of Interconnection
PRC Protection and Control
PRR Power Ramp Rate
PSR Protection System Relaying
RAS Remedial Action System
RTO Regional Transmission System Operator
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition
SPS Special Protection System
WPP Wind Power Plant
XML Extensible Markup Language
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern wind power plants (WPPs) include an
amalgamation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) systems, control systems, and various other
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). SCADA and control
systems are critical parts of all WPPs, regulating nearly
every aspect from the individual turbine to the collection
substation. A WPPs ability to maximize efficiency is
directly related to monitoring and control infrastructure.
SCADA and control requirements are contractually
specified under interconnection agreements (IA), and are
subject to security and reliability requirements under
mandatory reliability compliance provisions. SCADA
systems and options are integral to compliance with
interconnection requirements including voltage and power
factor control, curtailment, and ramp control. SCADA
systems are also a medium for data transportation and
communication with external sources, such as, providing
meteorological data necessary for forecasting to
Independent System Operators (ISOs). SCADA systems
are integral to availability and performance measurement
and warranty enforcement.
There are many different options for control and data
acquisition in a WPP. This paper provides an overview of
common applications, considerations, and requirements for
WPP SCADA and control systems.
II. WIND TURBINE CONTROLS
A wind turbines control system enables the safe,
reliable, and automated control necessary for continuous
power production and shutdown, as required. A typical
wind turbines control system consists of control hardware,
supervisory controls, safety systems, and closed-loop
controls that enable power production by controlling the
blade pitch angle and the generator torque of the turbine
[1].
A horizontal axis wind turbine control system will
consist of several sensors, actuators, and a microprocessor
controller. A list of common hardware elements include:
Nacelle mounted anemometer and wind vane;
Rotor speed sensor;
Electric power sensor;
Pitch position sensors;
Vibration sensors;
Oil level and temperature indicators;
Hydraulic pressure sensors; and
Operator switches.

The microprocessor controller uses defined logic to
process inputs from the various sensors and generates
outputs to operate the turbine. Commercially available
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are commonly
used.
2
There are several independent systems within the
turbine that are controlled as a whole by the turbine
controller. These include the pitch, yaw, generator, and
supervisory control systems. A separate and independent
safety system protects the turbine hardware from damage
in the event of a controller failure.
A. Pitch
There are typically two types of turbines, stall regulated
and pitch regulated. Stall regulated machines do not or
only slightly vary the pitch angle of the blade and rely on
the stall characteristics of the blade to limit the rotor speed
and aerodynamic power.
Pitch regulated machines vary the aerodynamic power
and rotor speed by changing the pitch of the turbines
blades through electrical or mechanical linkages. Blades
can be pitched collectively, independently, or individually.
Collectively pitched systems move all of the blades at the
same time to the same pitch angle. Independent pitch
systems use separate (non-linked) systems for each blade
although the blade angles are set to the same pitch angle.
Individual systems, similar to independent systems, use
separate systems for each blade although the pitch angle of
each blade can be varied individually which will reduce
aerodynamic loads.
B. Yaw
The yaw system rotates the turbine into or out of the
wind using drive motors. The yaw action is essential to
mitigate the turbine fatigue loads and maintain an optimal
energy production. The turbine control system monitors the
time-averaged difference between the turbine yaw angle
and the wind direction and will adjust the turbine yaw
angle into the wind once the difference becomes great
enough over a set period of time. The yaw system also
unwinds the power and control cabling that is run between
the nacelle and equipment located at the base of the tower
such as transformers and controllers. Different components
of the yaw system can be placed in the tower, as well as
inside and outside of the nacelle.
C. Generator
Variable speed turbines are capable of controlling the
generator torque, which effectively controls the rotational
speed of the turbine. Variable speed generators have
several different topologies including full converter
systems, Doubly-Fed Asynchronous Generators (DFAG),
or variable slip induction generators. For a more detailed
description of variable speed turbines, please see [4].
The turbine controller monitors the rotor speed and
regulates the generator torque to maximize the power
output and maintain the rotor speed below its rated
rotational speed. Additionally, the generator torque control
can be used to actively dampen drive train torsional
vibrations by applying a small ripple torque close to the
drive train natural frequency and at an appropriate phase
angle.
D. Closed loop design
To maximize the power output and to minimize the
dynamic loading the turbine controller utilizes typical
closed loop control algorithms. The usual method is to
construct a proportional-integral (PI) or proportional-
integral-derivative (PID) control loop to dynamically vary
the pitch angle and generator torque for maximum power
production and minimal dynamic loading.
E. Supervisory
The turbines internal supervisory controls consist of the
logic and hardware necessary to operate the turbine
autonomously from one operational state to another. These
operational states consist of start-up, power production,
shut-down, and stopped when faulted. Other functions of
the turbine internal supervisory controls include operation
of cooling equipment (gearbox, generator and power
converters fans and pumps), heaters (for cold weather
applications), and lubrication pumps (gearbox oil pumps
and bearing grease pumps).
F. Safety
The safety system is a highly reliable, independent, and
hardwired system separate from the microprocessor
controlled system that is designed to shutdown the turbine
during a serious problem. The control system is designed
to operate the turbine in normal shutdown situations; the
safety system is a backup to the turbine controller and
functions as a fail-safe in the event the controller fails.
Events that may trip the safety system include:
Rotor overspeed;
Vibration sensor trip;
Controller watchdog trip;
Emergency stop button pressed by operator;
and
Pitch system failure, i.e. stuck blade or large
pitch angle difference.

The turbine control system is a complex system
consisting of several subsystems and components. Using
different digital communication systems and hardwired
inputs/outputs the wind turbine is controlled safely and
reliably. Although not common there have been instances
of external electromagnetic interference (radar systems)
creating problems with control systems, specifically pitch
control systems.
III. PLANT SCADA
The SCADA system in a WPP provides real-time
visibility of the plant operations and also provides the
ability to control the WPP assets centrally and remotely.
Typically, a SCADA system is provided by the turbine
3
original equipment manufacturer (OEM). For fleet wide
monitoring and control across different OEMs turbines, a
third-party SCADA solution can be implemented.
A. OEM SCADA
The SCADA system provided by the turbine
manufacturers is typically a fully integrated system. OEM
SCADA systems have variable functionality depending on
the manufacturer. Some of the potential advantages of an
OEM SCADA system include:
Tightly integrated with the turbine control
system;
Turbine specific monitoring and control
interface;
Advanced turbine details and diagnostics;
Robust and integrated security model;
Advanced troubleshooting and data analysis;
Preconfigured displays and reports;
Flexible and open system for data access
Verification of contractual obligations
(production, availability guarantees, wind
distribution, loss of production, power curves,
etc);
Service and error correction;
Data collection for statistical analysis both
long-term for product improvement and short-
term for prediction of potential errors;
Reducing downtime and improving reliability
and availability;
Ability to monitor practically all WPP
equipment placed inside the substation;
Compliance with grid codes; and
Reducing the number of service inspections.

System Overview
A SCADA system interfaces with the different devices
such as turbines, meteorological (met) masts, substations,
and other IEDs within the wind plant to acquire data and
provide an aggregated view of the plant operation.
Typically, the SCADA system architecture is designed to
be scalable, to address different sizes of wind plants, as the
constraints and needs are different. Also, the SCADA
system should be capable of accepting additional
monitoring control points to assist in troubleshooting and
remediation of faults, errors, and other issues that may
arise.
The site network, which forms the backbone of the
SCADA system, is a very critical component of the system
architecture. The internal SCADA network connecting all
wind plant assets typically uses fibre optics for speed and
high bandwidth. Possible network configurations include
bus, star, and ring. To enable high availability and high
data integrity the network is typically designed to have
redundancy. The wind plant size, layout, and cost
constraints will typically dictate the type of fibre optic
implementation. Examples of design considerations
include:
Distances: Multimode has shorter distance
capabilities than single mode, splices may be
necessary,
Costs: Single mode cable cost less than
multimode, but single mode transmitters cost
more,
Mixed Modeusing single mode for long
home runs and multimode inter-turbine: This
increases inventory and construction
complexity.
Additional information on network, SCADA, and
control design considerations is available in [5].

Information Management
The SCADA system typically provides the ability to
manage the wind plant remotely and locally. The
robustness of the security model is extremely critical to
provide the appropriate level of access control. To avoid
unintentional start or stop of the wind turbines, the SCADA
system is generally equipped with hardware token based or
username-password based authentication.
The SCADA system also consists of databases to
manage both real-time and historical information. The
real-time data update from the turbine is typically done
once every second, while the SCADA system aggregates
and compiles the raw data into meaningful information.
The real-time data server also feeds the graphical interfaces
and displays, referred to as mimics, to provide visibility
into wind plant operation. Turbine status and performance
metrics such as production, wind speed, availability,
capacity factor, and fault notifications are examples of key
information that the user would typically visualize via the
graphical interface. Mimics can also be used for control
purposes, for example manually stopping or starting
individual turbines or a group of turbines, opening and
closing circuit breakers, changing transformer tap position,
and various other functions. The graphical interface
module typically provides preconfigured displays, which
may include a plant level view, turbine specific details,
control user interface, and auxiliary device user interface.
Most mimics are standard mimics and appear in all WPPs.
A small number of mimics might be implemented for
specific projects.
The turbine data is normally sufficient for detailed
reporting but sometimes data is insufficient or missing, for
example when turbines are without power, or when turbine
computer is shut down. In such cases, the SCADA system
makes use of complex methods to estimate loss of
production based on the data available from neighbouring
turbines or meteorological stations.
The historical database typically retains the ten-minute
average data from all turbines, high voltage substations,
4
meteorology stations, and the event/fault data for at least
12 months. The ten-minute data is gathered from more
than 100 sensors and counters on each wind turbine. Older
data are usually archived and stored in external hardware
such as tape. The historical database, along with a
reporting module, is used for generating reports and data
analysis. Typically, the reporting module of the SCADA
systems consists of pre-configured reports, which may
include standard reports such as performance, power curve,
fault analysis, and wind rose.
Typically, SCADA systems offered by the turbine OEM
are divided into two categories: The first solution is
intended for small WPPs in range of 10-20 MW, whereas
the second solution allows the operator to utilize the WPP
in the same fashion as a conventional power plant in terms
of meeting the grid code requirements. The turbine itself
can meet some of the grid code requirements, but more
stringent requirements often necessitate the use of an
additional centralized intelligence. A SCADA system can
be used for this purpose.
Both solutions are designed as a server-client system
and generally utilize the same software platform but with
different level of capability. The main options included in
the second solution are remote monitoring of
meteorological data, grid monitoring system, and power
plant controller. The metrological data gathered include
wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature,
atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, rain direction, and
other meteorological information. The grid monitoring
system measures quantities, such as, harmonics and
flickers, grid voltages and currents, and grid frequency and
power factor at the point of common coupling. The power
plant controller is employed to control the output of the
WPP, and generally utilized in counties with stringent grid
code requirements. Its commands are generated by site
specific control algorithms depending on the particular grid
code requirements. To achieve a very fast response the
power plant controller is normally run on dedicated
hardware instead of the SCADA server.

System Interface of Plant SCADA
The SCADA system typically uses a controller specific
protocol to communicate with the turbine controller and
uses an industry standard protocol, such as, Modbus for
data exchange with auxiliary devices. Besides the internal
communication interface, the SCADA system is designed
typically to support data exchange with external systems
such as enterprise SCADA, weather forecasting system,
and historian systems. The list of such interfaces may
include OPC, web services, and XML.
B. Third-Party SCADA
A third-part SCADA system is often implemented for
manufacturers that do not offer OEM SCADA, to overlay
or supplement the OEM SCADA, to manage operation in a
plant which has assets (turbines) from different OEMs, or
to have an enterprise level view of many wind plants. The
SCADA system commonly provides standard monitoring
and control capabilities. Some of the potential advantages
of a third-party SCADA system are listed below.
Consolidated view of all assets;
Common monitoring interface across various
OEMs;
Common control interface across OEMs;
Platform to have consolidated and standard
reporting module;
Single interface for communication with
system operators; and
Flexibility in incorporating substation SCADA.
IV. PLANT CONTROL
In general, WPPs will have a SCADA system for
control and acquisition of data from each of the individual
wind turbines. To enable the wind plant to behave like a
conventional power plant and meet the specific electric
grid requirements, advanced plant controls are typically
required at the point of interconnection (POI). The
advanced plant controls may include the provisions that
general plant information be provided in a format
compatible with the interconnecting utilitys or system
operators SCADA system. The information allows the
balancing authority to communicate system and stability
information and make necessary adjustments between
entities. It is important to coordinate the turbine operation
and provide a stable response to the grid requirements.
Some of the advanced plant control features are listed
below.
A. Voltage and Power Factor Regulation
Voltage and power factor regulation can be
accomplished by closed loop control of the reactive power
capability of the individual wind turbines, through a plant
control system. This allows the wind plant to provide
regulation services much like a conventional generating
plant. The plant control system is an integral part of the
voltage regulation strategy within a WPP, in order to
transmit all needed decision making data between
controllers within a given time period, typically in the
millisecond range. More coarse voltage regulation can be
accomplished using static capacitor and reactor banks
located at the substation or individual wind turbines.
Regulation to a remote point such as an interconnection
switchyard connected to the WPP requires input from
remote instruments or interface to remote switchyard
SCADA systems.
B. Capacitor/Reactor Banks and Dynamic Var Devices
Reactive compensation equipment such as capacitor
banks, reactor banks, switched static reactive
5
compensators, and dynamic reactive compensation
equipment are typically located at the wind plant
substation(s), switchyard(s), and wind turbine generator(s).
The plant control system will coordinate the operation of
these BOP (Balance of plant) equipment, in order to
achieve the desired reactive power behaviour at the POI.
Further discussion of WPP reactive power compensation is
presented in companion paper [6].
C. Ramp Rate Control
System operators increasingly require the ability to
control the power removed or inserted at any given point of
time, in both up and down directions. The plant control
systems ability to enforce a MW per minute ramp rate
maximum is required for the wind plant to accomplish this.
Often referred to as the PRR (power ramp rate), PRR is
typically calculated in ten minute or less intervals. Power
fluctuations, which are caused by variations in wind speed,
can be compensated quickly by adjusting the power output
of the individual turbines in order to provide a wind plant
level ramp rate control.
D. Frequency Droop Control
Conventional power plants typically have frequency
droop capability (i.e. varying power output as a function of
grid frequency). Depending on the turbine manufacturer, a
WPPs plant control system may be able to provide similar
governor response capability by adjusting turbine power
output in response to grid frequency variation.
E. Power Curtailment
System operators often require the ability to control the
power output of a WPP at any given point of time to deal
with grid stability and transmission constraints. The power
curtailment feature of the plant control system ensures that
the WPP power output is capped to the desired limit. The
SCADA system may utilize a simple turbine shutdown
curtailment algorithm, offer global turbine power setpoint
curtailment, or utilize combined algorithms to optimize
efficiency and consider other turbine constraints.
Curtailment rotation may be employed to balance
curtailment time across the WPP.
F. Auxiliary (i.e. battery banks, alarms etc)
There are many auxiliary SCADA points that provide
normal and critical alarms for the wind plant and
interconnecting substations. These alarms are for
equipment such as: wind turbines (over speed safety
system, controllers, auxiliary power, batteries, battery
chargers, protection, reactive equipment) and substation
(battery chargers, batteries, system over/under voltage
alarms, protection lockout alarms, trip coil failure alarms,
low SF
6
gas pressure, transformer alarms, substation entry).


System Interface of Plant Control
The plant control system is typically integrated with the
wind plant SCADA system to provide real-time visibility
and the ability to provide control set points. The plant
control system can accept set-points from multiple systems
via different methods. For example, system operators can
provide control set-points as an analog signal using a RTU
or a user can provide set-points via plant control user
interface. The plant control system can interface with other
auxiliary devices in the substation and also inputs from
CTs/PTs at the POI.

V. SECURITY AND RELIABILITY COMPLIANCE
Implementation of SCADA and control systems in a
WPP is not just prudent engineering. WPPs must comply
with contractual obligation under an IA, which often has
specific SCADA and control provisions necessary for
maintaining the security and reliability of the grid. Failure
to comply with IA requirements can result in default and
termination. IA provisions vary regionally, and are
dependent on project specific parameters such as size,
interconnection point, and expected impact to the grid.
Articles 7, 8, and 9 of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) Standard Large Generator
Interconnection Agreement (LGIA), used by many electric
reliability entities, contain common requirements
governing metering, communications, and operational
capabilities, such as those discussed in Plant Controls
above. Following are other common IA requirements,
standards, and considerations, which influence WPP
SCADA and control system capabilities.
A. Remedial Action Scheme (RAS)
An RAS, also known as a Special Protection Scheme
(SPS), is an automatic protection system specifically
designed to detect abnormal or in some cases,
predetermined system conditions to take corrective actions.
The corrective actions from an RAS would take place, in
place of or in addition to the isolation of faulted
components, to maintain system stability and reliability.
The actions of an RAS can include changes in:
Demand;
Generation (MW and Mvar);
System configuration to maintain system
stability;
Acceptable voltage;
Power flows; or
Frequency or rate of change of frequency.

The use of SPS is generally justified for loss of network
integrity characterized by one or more of the following
phenomena [7]:
Transient angle instability;
Small signal angle instability;
6
Frequency instability;
Short-term voltage instability,
Long-term voltage instability, and
Cascaded tripping.

Some of the most commonly used RAS implemented in
conventional power systems include [7]:
Under frequency or under voltage load
shedding;
Generator rejection and fast valving of steam
turbines;
Automatic Generation Control (AGC);
Dynamic braking or braking resistor;
HVDC fast power change;
Tap changers blocking;
Controlled opening of an interconnection;
Automatic shunt reactor/capacitor switching;
and
Fast increase in the generator voltage set-point.

An RAS does not typically include the functions needed
for the following:
Fault conditions that must be isolated or
Out-of-step relaying (not designed as an
integral part of RAS).

The entity responsible for regional system impact,
stability, and reliability generally develops standards for
the remedial action schemes and their design, operation,
and testing.
B. Protection System Relaying (PSR)
The protective scheme needs to be interoperable with
existing systems and technology in the immediate
interconnection area. Given the need to interact with a
system greater than the generator (beyond the
interconnection point) it will be necessary to provide the
interconnecting entity with balance control capabilities.
Allowing this control will improve safety and help protect
equipment at the generator and within the interconnecting
entitys system.
The PSR control scheme will be governed by the
interconnection agreement executed between the
interconnecting entities and the WPP. Parties to the
agreement may also include third party entities like a
system balancing authority. The control process is
generally facilitated through the provision of SCADA
summary information to the interconnecting entity. The
information requested may include current and forecasted
WPP output. The information is then used to perform
dynamic system analysis and provide feedback to the WPP
about the ability of the utility to accept the energy
produced and any limitations that must be placed upon it.
Signals are transmitted through the WPP SCADA system
to each individual unit for total system adjustments to
minimize impacts caused by system disturbances.
C. Data Telemetry
IAs typically requires WPPs to provide a variety of data
to external sources such as a Utility, ISO, and/or balancing
authority control centers. In order to better manage the
schedule and generation of the grid, interconnecting
entities will often require ongoing forecasts for availability
of power (net output) from the generator. The balancing
authority may place restrictions on output from the
generator depending on forecasted system loads and the
expected availability of other generating resources.
WPPs commonly have meteorological towers onsite
which require connection to the site communications
network or SCADA system to transmit data to the other
systems or entities to help with forecasting. Increasingly,
transmission owners and service providers are requiring
live meteorological SCADA points to optimize wind power
forecasting. Accurate wind forecasting is critical to
reliable and economic system operation, especially as wind
penetration increases in certain regions.
D. NERC Reliability Standards
In 1998, Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63 was
issued with the intent of protecting critical infrastructure in
the U.S. PDD 63 was general and applied to a wide range
of industries including electric generators. Compliance
with PDD 63 was explicitly required for electric generators
under Appendix D of the standard LGIA, which lacked
specifics.
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation
(NERC), whose mission is to insure the reliability of the
bulk power system within North America, eventually
established a specific series of reliability standards
covering such areas as communications, transmission,
critical infrastructure protection (CIP), and protection and
control (PRC). The standards are enforced after approval
by FERC under provisions of the 2005 Energy Policy Act.
Specifically, NERC CIP, governing cyber security, was
approved by the FERC under Order 706 in January 2008,
thus making the standard mandatory in the U.S., and
applied at a regional level with monitoring and
enforcement by the local reliability councils, corporations,
and organizations. Consequently, WPP SCADA and
control system are required to comply with cyber security
provisions of NERC CIP, as well as, many other standards
such as PRC-012-0 regarding RAS/SPS procedures. The
need for further improvements in communications between
wind plants and balancing area operators was identified in
[8].
In addition to the NERC CIP requirements, the Smart
Grid efforts have produced NISTIR-7628 V1.0 that
addresses Smart Grid cyber security strategy and
requirements.


7
E. IEC Standards
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Standard 61400-25 (communications for monitoring and
control of wind power plants) provides uniform
information exchange for monitoring and control of wind
power plants. It deals with communications between wind
power plant components such as wind turbines and actors
such as SCADA systems. It is designed for a
communication environment supported by a client-server
model. The application area of IEC 61400-25 covers all
components required for the operation of wind power
plants, not only the wind turbine, but also the
meteorological system, the electrical system, and the wind
power plant management system.
IEC 61400-25 extends the technology of the IEC 61850
utility automation standard to address needs particular to
wind power. The core of IEC 61850 is an abstract data
model that includes data objects that describe power
system equipment and services that provide data
communications functions. Examples of the services
include report-by-exception and definition/management of
device logs. The data model is mapped onto
communications technologies by specifying how particular
data types and services are to be communicated using the
technology. There is also an XML-based language for
defining the configuration of the facility and setting the
values of pre-defined parameters.
IEC 61400-25 provides two major areas of extension.
One is an extension to the data model to cover equipment
found in wind plants. For equipment such as switches,
breakers, protective relays, and transformers, the 61850
objects can be used. The other extension area is mapping
to additional communications technologies beyond those
found in 61850. For example, 61400-25 adds XML-based
web services communications that offers improved
compatibility with communications in enterprise systems.
The data objects in 61850 and 61400-25 are named
rather than numbered. Part of the name is defined in the
standard and part is defined by the using organization.
Object naming removes any limit on the number and scope
of objects that can be handled thus, new power system
equipment technologies or data requirements can be
accommodated by simply adding the relevant objects to the
data model. This approach is being used by Smart Grid
efforts focused on ensuring that 61400-25 can support wind
power data needs particular to North American practices.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In the past SCADA systems were almost or literally
afterthoughts, put in as needed to get the job done.
SCADA in modern WPPs is recognized as integral to
optimize WPP performance and financial return, and
necessary to meet contractual obligations including strict
security requirements.
Beyond meeting requirements and obligations,
sophisticated developers and owners recognize the solid
return on investment that proper SCADA implementation
provides. More and more data isnt the whole answer. The
right data must be acted on to implement operational,
maintenance or other changes.
The publication of this paper was the result of two years
of concerted effort by the authors and the IEEE PES Wind
and Solar Plant Collector System Design working group.
The authors sincerely hope that this and other working
group papers are found to be valuable to those who will
plan, design, analyze, construct, and operate wind power
plants. Recognition is given to the authors and their
employers for contributing the resources for the
preparation of this work.
For more information on available materials, or to find
out how to participate in this working groups activities,
please see: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/td/wind


VII. REFERENCES


[1] T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, Wind
Energy Handbook, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd, 2001.
[2] G. Smith, Development of a Generic Wind Farm
SCADA System, DTI Publishing 2001.
[3] Wotruba, Bill. The Essentials of Ethernet Equipment
in SCADA Systems. North American Windpower,
June 2010.
[4] Wind Plant Collector Design WG, Characteristics of
Wind Turbine Generators for Wind Power Plants,
Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, Calgary, Canada, July 2009.
[5] IEEE Std. C37.1-2007, IEEE Standard for SCADA
and Automation Systems.
[6] Wind Plant Collector Design WG, Reactive Power
Compensation for Wind Power Plants, Proceedings
of 2009 IEEE Power and Energy Society General
Meeting, Calgary, Canada, July 2009.
[7] System Protection Schemes in Power Networks,
CIGRE Technical Brochure 187, Task Force 38.02.19,
June 2001.
[8] North American Electric Reliability Corporation
(NERC), Special Report on Accommodating High
Levels of Variable Generation, 2009