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AVS ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SUBJECT: ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION SUBJECT CODE: EC2353
SET _ 1
UNIT-I
PART-A
1. Define Isotropic radiator.
2. Calculate the directivity of an Isotropic antenna.
3. Differentiate Radian & teradian.
!. Define "ain & #ea$ %idth of an antenna.
&. Derive an e'pression for effective aperture area of antenna.
(. Calculate the $a'i$u$ effective aperture area of antenna %hich is operatin) at a %avelen)th of 2 $eters
and has a directivity of 1**.
+. Define Antenna ,fficiency.
-. .rite note on radiation pattern.
/. .hat is radiation intensity and e'plain in ter$s of poyntin) vector0
1*. ,'plain directivity of an antenna.
11. 1ind out the radiation resistance of a 021( %ire dipole in free space.
12. Define po%er )ain and %rite do%n the relation 3et%een directive )ain and po%er )ain.
13. Define radiation resistance and %rite do%n the e'pression for it.
1!. Differentiate antenna 3and%idth and 3ea$ %idth.
1&. Define 3ea$ solid an)le and antenna 3ea$ efficiency.
1(. An antenna has a radiation resistance of +2 4h$s5 a loss resistance of - 4h$s and a po%er )ain of
12d#. Deter$ine the antenna efficiency and its directivity.
1+. Define Ter$inal i$pedance.
1-. tate reciprocity theore$ and 3riefly e'plain it.
1/. Calculate the radiation resistance of short dipole.
2*. Calculate a $a'i$u$ effective aperture of a half %ave dipole.
21. Calculate the len)th of a half %ave dipole antenna $eant to have correct half %ave len)th at (* 678.
22. Calculate the $a'i$u$ effective aperture of a $icro%ave antenna %hich has a directivity of /**.
23. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna %hich is dra%in) 1&A current and radiatin) & 9..
2!. Calculate the po%er 3ein) radiate 3y an antenna havin) a radiation resistance of &* 4h$s and is
dra%in) a current of -A.
2&. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna %hich is radiatin) 1***. and dra%in) current of &A.
2(. 7o% $uch current does an antenna dra% %hen radiatin) 1***. and is havin) a radiation resistance of
3** 4h$s.
2+. 6ention the radiation and Induction field co$ponent for a s$all current ele$ent.
2-. ho% the directivity of an electric current ele$ent 322.
2/. Define poyntin) vector.
3*. .hat is effectiveness ratio0
31. .hat is scatterin) loss aperture0
32. Define effective len)th of an antenna.
PART - #
33. ,'plain the retarded vector potential in detail.
3!. Derive an e'pression for the po%er radiated 3y the current ele$ent and calculate the radiation
resistance.
3&. Derive an e'pression for the far field co$ponent of a half %ave dipole of an antenna.
3(. a: Derive the total po%er radiated 3y half %ave dipole.
3: ho% that the radiation resistance of a half %ave dipole is -*02 ;dl20:2 4h$s.
3+. ,'plain the reciprocity theore$ in detail.
3-. Derive an e'pression for the electric field and $a)netic field due to a current ele$ent at a distance
point in free space.
3/. a: Derive an e'pression for the )ain of half %ave dipole.
3: ,'plain effective aperture area %ith its types in detail.
!*. At %hat distance in 05 is the radiation co$ponent of $a)netic field t%ice the inductance co$ponent 0
At %hat distance is it 1** ti$es.
UNIT II An!nn" A##"$%
PART - A
!1. .hat is an array and $ention the various for$s of antenna arrays0
!2. .hat is a unifor$ linear array0
!3. .hat is #road side array and dra% its radiation pattern0
!!. .hat is ,nd fire array and dra% its radiation pattern0
!&. .hat is collinear array0
!(. .hat is parasitic array0
!+. .hat is pattern $ultiplication concept0
!-. <ist so$e of the advanta)es of pattern $ultiplication.
!/. .hat is taperin) of array0
&*. .rite a note on #ino$ial array.
&1. 7o% the secondary lo3es are eli$inated0
&2. .hat is Pascal=s trian)le0
&3. .hat is a Phased array0
&!. .hat is a s$art antenna0
PART-#
&&. .rite short notes on various for$s of arrays
i.#road side array ii.,nd fire array
iii.Collinear array iv.Parasitic array
&(. Derive the e'pression for the far field pattern of an array of 2 > isotropic point sources
i: ,?ual a$plitude and phase
ii: ,?ual a$plitude and opposite phase
iii: @ne?ual a$plitude and any phase
&+. ,'plain the principle of Pattern $ultiplication.
&-. ,'plain the array of A- sources of e?ual a$plitude and spacin)- #road side case
i. Direction of pattern $a'i$a ii. Direction of pattern $ini$a
ii. #ea$ %idth of $aBor lo3e
&/. ,'plain the array of A- sources of e?ual a$plitude and spacin)- ,nd fire case
i: Direction of pattern $a'i$a ii. Direction of pattern $ini$a
ii: #ea$ %idth of $aBor lo3e
(*. .rite short notes on
i. #ino$ial arrays ii. Phased arrays
UNIT-III - SPECIAL PURPOSE ANTENNAS
PART-A
(1. .hat are the applications of loop antenna 0
(2. "ive the reason for poor radiation of a loop antenna .
(3. Distin)uish 3et%een sectorial and pyra$idal 7orn antenna.
(!. .hat are the advanta)es of folded dipole 0
(&. .hat is a folded dipole 0 .hat are its i$portant properties 0
((. Dra% the structure of <o)- periodic antenna.
(+. .hat is a Ca)i > @da array 0
(-. tate #a3inet=s principle.
(/. .hy is flarin) re?uired in 7orn antennas 0
+*. .hat is pri$ary radiation and secondary radiation as applica3le to para3olic reflector 0
+1. .hat is the reason for usin) Ca)i antenna for TD 3roadcast reception 0
+2. .hat are the applications of Ca)i > @da antenna 0
+3. .hat are parasitic ele$ents and %here are they used 0
+!. 7o% does a para3olic reflector provide very hi)h )ain 0
+&. .hat is a parasitic ele$ent 0 7o% does it act %hen len)th is )reater than and s$aller than 0 2 2 0
+(. .hat is cheese feed as applica3le to para3olic reflectors 0
++. 6ention the antennas used in $ediu$ fre?uency ran)e .
+-. 7o% is a hi)h fre?uency dipole antenna fed and $atched %ith drivin) source 0
+/. Eetch the dia)ra$s of various types of 7orn antennas.
-*. .hat are Travelin) %ave antennas 0
-1. Distin)uish 3et%een resonant antenna and T.A 0
-2. Distin)uish 3et%een standin) %ave antenna and T.A 0
-3. Define pill over.
-!. .hat is $eant 3y s$art antenna 0
-&. .hat is the principle of $icro%ave antenna 0
-(. Define pitch an)le. .hen a F *o and a F /*o5 ho% does the helical antenna 3ehave 0
-+. .hat are the para$eters to 3e considered in the desi)n of an helical antenna 0
--. .hat are the different $odes of operation that can 3e used in 7elical antenna 0
-/. <ist the applications of 7elical antenna.
/*. .hy does the nor$al $ode of operation is not preferred in 7elical antenna 0
/1. Dra% the structure of an 7elical antenna %ith its para$eters.
/2. .hat is Casse)rain feed $echanis$ 0
PART - #
/3. ,'plain the principle of travelin) %ave radiator.
/!. Derive an e'pression for the radiated field due to a T.A.
/&. 43tain the e'pression for the field produced 3y T.A and co$pare its radiation %ith resonant antenna.
/(. 43tain the e'pression for the e$f due to loop antenna and e'plain its use as a Direction finder.
/+. ,'plain the special features of various types of 7orn antennas and fre?uency independent antennas.
/-. .ith a suita3le dia)ra$5 discuss the construction and operation of a Ca)i antenna.
//. .rite detailed notes on ;a: Para3olic reflectors ;3: <o) Periodic antennas
1**. ;a: ,'plain the principle of operation and applications of folded dipoles.
;3: .ith a suita3le dia)ra$ e'plain the construction and principle of operation of a lo) > periodic antenna.
1*1. .rite short notes on ;a: lot radiators ;3: <oop antennas
1*2. 7o% does a lo) periodic antenna provide a lar)e 3and%idth of operation0
1*3. ,'plain the principle of operation and applications of loop antenna.
1*!. .rite detailed notes on ;a: 7orn antennas ;3: 1re?uency independent antennas.
1*&. ,'plain the principle of operation and applications of loop antenna.
1*(. ,'plain in detail the %orEin) principle of 7elical antenna in
;a: Aor$al $ode ;3: A'ial $ode
1*+. ,'plain in detail the desi)n aspects of 6icrostip antenna.
UNIT-IV R"&'( W")! P#(*"+"'(n
PART-A
1*-. .hat are the various $odes of Propa)ation0
1*/. .hat is Duct Propa)ation
11*. .hat do you $ean 3y )round .ave Propa)ation
111. .hat do you $ean 3y Ey .ave Propa)ation
112. .hat do you $ean 3y pace .ave Propa)ation
113. .hat do you $ean 3y Troposphere catter Propa)ation
11!. .rite short notes on tructure of Troposphere
11&. .rite short notes on tructure of Ionosphere layers
11(. .rite short notes on D re)ion
11+. .rite short notes on Aor$al , re)ion
11-. .rite short notes on poradic , re)ion
11/. .rite short notes on 1 re)ion
12*. .hat is Critical 1re?uency
121. .hat is 6a)neto Ionic plittin)0
122. Define "yro 1re?uency
123. Define Dirtual 7ei)ht
12!. Define 6a'i$u$ @sa3le 1re?uency;6@1:
12&. Define Eip Distance
12(. Define 4pti$u$ .orEin) 1re?uency;4.1:
12+. tate so$e Ionospheric a3nor$alities
12-. Define un pot Cycle
12/. Define 1adin) and 6ention its types
13*. .hat are .histlers
131. .hat do you understand 3y 6ulti hop Propa)ation0
132. .rite the ran)es for various layers of at$osphere.
PART-#
133. ,'plain 3riefly the various $odes of Propa)ation
13!. ,'plain "round .ave Propa)ation in detail
13&. ,'plain the tructure of At$osphere
13(. ,'plain the various layers of Ionosphere
13+. ,'plain the effect of ,arth=s 6a)netic 1ield on Radio %ave Propa)ation
13-. ,'plain Dirtual 7ei)ht and derive the ,'pression
13/. ,'plain 6a'i$u$ @sa3le 1re?uency and sho% ho% to Calculate 6@1
1!*. ,'plain ;a: Eip Distance ;3: 4pti$u$ .orEin) 1re?uency
1!1. ,'plain 3riefly a3out Ionospheric a3nor$alities
1!2. Deter$ine the ,ffective ,arth=s Radius in pace .ave Propa)ation
1!3. ,'plain uper Refraction.
UNIT V - ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
PART A
1!!. .hat are the types of antenna $easure$ents0
1!&. Define I$pedance $easure$ents.
1!(. Define Pattern $easure$ents.
1!+. Define "ain of antenna.
1!-. Define Radiation Resistance.
1!/. Define Trans$ission 3and%idth of an antenna.
1&*. Define Po%er "ain.
1&1. Define D.R.
1&2. .hat is standin) %ave ratio $ethod of i$pedance $easure$ents0
1&3. Define Radiation pattern $easure$ents.
1&!. Define Directivity.
1&&. Define antenna Radiation ,fficiency.
1&(. Define Polari8ation $easure$ent.
1&+. Define Antenna Aperture ,fficiency.
1&-. <ist the different $ethods used for $easurin) the Polari8ation.
1&/. Define Dertical Incidence $easure$ent.
1(*. Define 43li?ue incidence $easure$ent.
1(1. "ive the relation 3et%een Dertical and 43li?ue incidence trans$ission.
1(2. Deter$ine the )ain and 3ea$ %idth for a para3olic antenna %ith 1*6-dia$eter dish and dipole feed at
1*"78.
1(3. Define #ea$ %idth of antenna.
PART #
1. Descri3e the $ethods for $easurin) the )ain and 3ea$ %idth of antenna.
2. Descri3e the $ethods for $easurin) the Po%er )ain5 Radiation efficiency and Trans$ission 3and%idth
of an antenna.
3. Descri3e the lotted line techni?ue for I$pedance $easure$ent.
!. Descri3e ho% the radiation pattern and Radiation resistance of a )iven antenna can 3e $easured
e'peri$entally.
&. Derive the relation 3et%een o3li?ue and vertical incidence trans$ission.
(. .rite short notes on Dertical incidence $easure$ent of the ionosphere.
+. .rite short notes on 43li?ue incidence $easure$ent of the ionosphere.
-. Descri3e 3riefly a3out Polari8ation $easure$ents.
/. Derive an e'pression to deter$ine Antenna efficiency and Antenna Aperture.
1*. Derive an e'pression to deter$ine the Directivity of an antenna.
SET _ 2
RADIATION FIELDS OF WIRE ANTENNAS
PART > A; 2 6arEs:
1. Define a 7ert8ian dipole0
2. Dra% the radiation pattern of a hori8ontal dipole0
3. .hat do you $ean 3y induction field and radiation field0
!. .hat is $a)netic vector Potential0
&. Define scalar Potential0
(. .hat is Retarded Current0
+. .rite do%n the e'pression for $a)netic vector Potential usin) three standard current distri3utions0
-. Define top loadin)0
/. .hat is a capacitance hat0
1*. .hat is ?uarter %ave $onopole0
11. .rite do%n the e'pression for radiated fields of a half %ave dipole antenna0
12. .hat is the effective aperture and directivity of a half %ave dipole0
13. .hat is the effective aperture and directivity of a 7ert8ian dipole antenna0
1!. .rite do%n the e'pression for radiation resistance of a 7ert8ian dipole0
1&. Define retardation ti$e0
1(. .hat is radiation resistance of a half %ave dipole0
1+. Co$pare electric scalar potential and $a)netic vector potential0
PART > #
1. Derive the e'pression for the radiated field fro$ a short dipole0 ;1(:
2. tartin) fro$ first principles o3tain the e'pression for the po%er
radiated 3y a half %ave dipole0 ;1(:
3. Derive the e'pression for po%er radiated and find the radiation
resistance of a half %ave dipole0 ;1(:
!. Derive the radian resistance5 Directivity and effective aperture of a
half %ave dipole0 ;1*:
&. Derive the fields radiated fro$ a ?uarter %ave $onopole antenna0 ;-:
(. 1ind the radiation resistance of ele$entary dipole %ith linear
current distri3ution0 ;-:
+. Derive the radiation resistance5 Directivity and effective
aperture of a hert8ian dipole0 ;1*:
UNIT II
ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS AND ANTENNA ARRA,S
PART > A; 2 6arEs:
1. Define array factor0
2. .hat is the relationship 3et%een effective aperture and directivity0
3. .rite the principle of pattern $ultiplication0
!. .hat is $eant 3y 3roadside array and end fire array0
&. Define radiation intensity0
(. Define an isotropic antenna0
+. Define a 3roadside array0
-. Define radiation pattern0
/. .hat are the t%o types of radiation pattern0
1*. Define #ea$ solid an)le or 3ea$ area0
11. Define 3ea$ efficiency0
12. Define directivity0
13. Define antenna )ain0
1!. Define effective aperture0
1&. .hat is collectin) aperture0
1(. Define 7P#.0
1+. Define 1#R0
1-. Define #.1A0
1/. .rite do%n the e'pressions for #.1A for 3oth 3roadside and end fire array0
2*. Differentiate 3roadside array and end fire array0
21. .rite do%n the e'pressions for $inor lo3e $a'i$a and $ini$a for 3oth 3roadside and end fire array0
22. Define loop antenna0
23. .hat is a'ial ratio of a helical antenna0
2!. .hat are advanta)es of helical antenna0
2&. .hat are the disadvanta)es of loop antenna0
2(. tate reciprocity principle0
2+. <ist out the applications helical antenna0
2-. "ive the e'pressions for the field co$ponents of a helical antenna0
2/. Define pitch an)le0 .hat happens %hen F* and F/*0
3*. .hat are applications loop antennas0
PART > #
1. .ith neat sEetch5 e'plain the operation of helical antenna0 ;1(:
2. 43tain the e'pression for the field and the radiation pattern
produced 3y a 2 ele$ent array of infinitesi$al %ith distance of
separation 22 and currents of une?ual $a)nitude and phase
shift 1-* de)ree0 ;1(:
3. Derive the e'pression for far field co$ponents of a s$all loop antenna. ;1(:
!. Derive the e'pression for electric field of a 3roadside array of n sources
and also find the $a'i$u$ direction $ini$u$ direction and half po%er
point direction0 ;1(:
&. Desi)n a ! ele$ent 3roadside array of 22 spacin) 3et%een ele$ents
the pattern is to 3e opti$u$ %ith a side lo3e level 1/.1 d3.
1ind $ain lo3e $a'i$u$0 ;1(:
(. ,'plain pattern $ultiplication0 ;-:
+. Derive the e'pression for electric field of a end fire of n sources
and also find the $a'i$u$ direction $ini$u$ direction and half
po%er point direction0 ;1(:
-. .rite short notes a radiation resistance0 ;-:
/. Calculate the $a'i$u$ effective aperture of a 22 antenna0 ;-:
1*. Derive the $a'i$a directions5 $ini$a directions5 and half
po%er point direction for an array of t%o point sources %ith e?ual
a$plitude and opposite phase0 ;1(:
11. ,'plain the various types of a$plitude distri3utions in details0 ;1(:
UNIT IV
TRAVELING WAVE -WIDE BAND. ANTENNAS
PART > A; 2 6arEs:
1. .hat are travelin) %ave antenna0
2. .hat is the type of radiation pattern produced %hen a %ave travels in a %ire0
3. Dra% the structure of 3-ele$ents ya)i-uda antenna and )ive the di$ensions and spacin) 3et%een the
ele$ents in ter$s of %avelen)th0
!. .hat are the applications of lo) periodic antenna0
&. .hat are the applications of rho$3ic antenna0
(. .hat do you $eant 3y self i$pedance0
+. .hat do you $eant 3y $utual i$pedance0
-. Define travelin) %ave i$pedance0
/. .hat is the $ain advanta)e of travelin) %ave antenna0
1*. .hat are the li$itations of rho$3ic antenna0
11. .hat are the t%o types of rho$3ic antenna desi)n0
12. Define rho$3ic antenna0
13. "ive the e'pressions for desi)n ratio5 spacin) factor and fre?uency ratio5 of lo) periodic antenna0
1!. .hat are the three different re)ions in lo) periodic antenna and ho% they are differentiated0
1&. .hat is fre?uency independent antenna0
1(. .hat is <PDA0
1+. .hat are the applications of lo) periodic antenna0
PART > #
1. ,'plain the radiation fro$ a travellin) %ave on a %ire0 ;-:
2. .hat is Ca)i-uda Antenna 0,'plain the construction and operation of
Ca)i-uda Antenna .Also e'plain its )eneral characteristics0 ;1(:
3. ,'plain the construction5 operation and desi)n for a rho$3ic antenna0 ;1(:
!. ,'plain the )eo$etry of a lo) periodic antenna0 "ive the desi)n e?uations and uses of lo) periodic
antenna0 ;1(:
&. Discuss in details a3out ;a: elf i$pedance ;3: 6utual i$pedance0 ;-:
UNIT III
APERTURE AND LENS ANTENNAS
PART > A; 2 6arEs:
1. tate 7uy)ens Principle0
2. .hat is lot Antenna0
3. .hich antenna is co$ple$entary to the slot dipole0
!. 7o% %ill you find the directivity of a lar)e rectan)ular 3roadside array0
&. .hat is the relationship 3et%een the ter$inal i$pedance of slot and dipole antenna0
(. .hat is the difference 3et%een slot antenna and its co$ple$entary dipole antenna0
+. Define lens antenna0
-. .hat are the different types of lens antenna0
/. .hat is a dielectric lens antenna0
1*. .hat are the dra%3acEs of lens antenna0
11. .hat are the field co$ponents that are radiated fro$ open end of a coa'ial line0
12. .hat are the advanta)es of stepped dielectric lens antenna0
13. .hat is 3iconical antenna0
1!. .hat is <unen3ur) lens0
1&. .hat are the advanta)es of lens antenna0
1(. 6ention the uses of lens antenna0
1+. 7o% spherical %aves are )enerated0
1-. Define the characteristic i$pedance of 3iconical antenna0
1/. #rin) out the e'pressions for volta)e across the feed points of the 3iconical antenna and current flo%in)
throu)h the surface of the cone0
2*. .hat do you $eant 3y sect oral horn0
21. .hat do you $eant 3y pyra$idal horn0
22. .hat is 3acE lo3e radiation0
23. .hat are the various feeds used in reflectors0
2!. .hat are the different types of horn antennas0
2&. Define refractive inde' of lens antenna0
2(. .hat are secondary antennas0 "ive e'a$ples0
PART > #
1. ,'plain the different types of lens antenna0 ;1*:
2. ,'plain the radiation fro$ a rectan)ular aperture0 ;1(:
3. ,'plain the radiation fro$ an ele$ental area of a plane %ave
;or: e'plain the radiation fro$ a 7uy)en=s source 0 ;1(:
!. Descri3e the para3olic reflector used at $icro fre?uencies0 ;1(:
&. .rite short notes on lune3er) lens0 ;1(:
(. Discuss a3out spherical %aves and 3iconical antenna0 ;1(:
+. Derive the various field co$ponents radiated fro$ circular aperture
and also find 3ea$%idth and effective area 0 ;12:
-. Derive the field co$ponents radiated fro$ a thin slot antenna in
an infinite cyclinder 0 ;1*:
/. ho% the relationship 3et%een dipole and slot i$pedances0 ;-:
1*. ,'plain the radiation fro$ the open end of a coa'ial ca3le0 ;-:
UNIT V
WAVE PROPAGATION
PART > A ; 2 6arEs:
1. Define "yro fre?uency0
2. .hat is $ultihop Propa)ation0
3. 7o% spherical %aves are )enerated0
!. .hat are the effects of earth curvature on tropospheric propa)ation 0
&. Define critical fre?uency of an ioni8ed layer of ionosphere0
(. .hat are the factors that affect the propa)ation of radio %aves0
+. Define )round %ave0
-. .hat are the co$ponents present in space %ave0
/. Define 1adin)0
1*. Define ionosphere0
11. Define Troposphere0
12. 7o% can $ini$i8e 1adin)0
13. .hat are the various types diversity reception0
1!. Define critical fre?uency0
1&. .hat is virtual hei)ht0
1(. Define 6@10
1+. tate secant la%0
1-. Define space %ave0
1/. .hat are hei)ht ran)es of different re)ions in the ionosphere0
2*. .rite do%n the e'pression for the refractive inde'0
21. .hat is 4.1 or 4T10
22. Define duct Propa)ation0
23. .hat is sEip distance0
2!. 7o% %ill you find the ran)e of space %ave propa)ation or line of si)ht distances0
2&. .hat is sporadic , layer in ionosphere0
PART > #
1. ,'plain in details a3out ionosphere0 ;-:
2. ,'plain space %ave propa)ation and sEy %ave propa)ation0 ;1(:
3. ,'plain the )round %ave propa)ation0 ;-:
!. Discuss the effects of earth=s $a)netic field on ionosphere radio %ave
propa)ation0 ;1*:
&. Descri3e the troposphere and e'plain ho% ducts can 3e used for $icro%ave propa)ation0 ;-:
(. ,'plain in details5 the diversity reception $ethods0 ;-:
+. ,'plain the advanta)es of tropospheric %ave propa)ation and sEy %ave
propa)ation0 ;-:
-. Deduce an e'pression for the critical fre?uency of an ioni8ed re)ion in ter$s of its $a'i$u$ ioni8ation
density0 ;1*:
/. Derive an e'pression for the refractive inde' of the ionosphere in ter$s of
the electron nu$3er density and fre?uency 0 ;1*:

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