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= = = + = .
Usually
,
1
k n
n
= , providing a partition of the unit time interval. ( ) z is the continuous arc
from z to ( ) G z that results as n (Eulers Method is a special case of a Zeno contour).
When ( , ) z t is well-behaved an equivalent closed form of the contours , ( ) z t , has the
property ( , )
dz
z t
dt
= , with vector field ( , ) ( , ) f z t z t z = + . Then (0) z z = and (1) ( ) z G z = in
the corresponding iteration scheme.
A parametric form of ( )
m
z : ( ) z z t = , exists when the equation ( , )
m
dz
z t
dt
= admits a
closed solution. For example
2
2
1 1 0 1
: ( ) ( , ) (1 4 )
t it
z t z e z t z it
+
= = + .
Define Contour Composition:
1 2 1, , , 1 2
: ( ( , ), )
k n k n k n
z z z t t
+
= = + or
1 2
dz
dt
= and
infinite contour (inner) composition as
( , ) lim ( , )
n
n
dz
z t z t
dt
= = ,
1
( , ) ( ( , ), )
n n n
z t z t t
= ,
1 1
( , ) ( , ) z t z t = , assuming the
stipulated convergence properties hold. A theorem by Lorentzen [1990] describes one
situation where this is true:
( , )
n
S I S = , S simply connected in , { } : 0 1 I t t = ( ) lim ( , )
n
n
t z t
= .
Thus ( ) ( ) z t t dt =
or ( )
k
k,n k 1,n k,n n
z z
,
then
n
(z, t) (z, t) for z R < . Convergence is uniform on compact subsets.
Example 1: Infinite continued fractions are examples of inner compositions. Set
10 1
( ) (2 )
( , )
10 1
n n
n
a ib
z t
t z
+ + +
=
+ +
, 1, 1 a b = = , which leads to ( , )
n
z t , the nth convergent of a
continued fraction that converges for z in a disk about the origin, ( ) lim ( , )
n
n
dz
t z t
dt
= = . A
pathline, z(t), in the time-dependent vector field ( , ) ( ) f z t z t = + is shown.
~ 3 ~
Another form of infinite composition is (outer) composition:
( , ) lim ( , )
n
n
dz
z t z t
dt
= = , ( )
1
( , ) ( , ),
n n n
z t z t t
= ,
1 1
( , ) ( , ) z t z t =
The convention ( , ) ( ) z t t = may be adopted since the iteration scheme described above will
converge to an attractive fixed point (function) if the contraction stipulations of Lorentzens
theorem are met and if and only if ( ( ), ) ( ) ( )
n n n
t t t t = ,Gill [1991]. Then, in closed
form, ( ) ( ) z t t dt =
or ( )
k
k,n k 1,n k,n n
z z
= + . Again { }
0
1
( )
n
n
z
=
converges to
0
( ) z .
There is also the following ,Gill [2012]: Let
n
{ (z, t)} be a sequence of complex functions defined
on S=(|z|<M) . Suppose there exists a sequence
n
{ } such that
n
k=1
<
and
n n
(z, t) z C if z M < < and { } : 0 1 I t t = . Set
k
1
C
and
0
R M 0 = > . Then,
for every
( )
0 0
z S z R = < ,
n
(z, t) (z,t) , uniformly on compact subsets of
0
S .
Example 2:
( ) 2
1
( ) , 10
n
n
az
z a
z a
= =
+
( ) ,
n n n
z z C <
. In
practice Zeno contours allow graphing. The resulting time-dependent vector field is uniform in
that at each initial point the same contour arises.
Example 4:
1
5
( , : ) : ( )
10
k
k k
z t i
f z t f
+ +
= =
+
giving rise to the analytic continued fraction
1 1
1 2
5 5
10 10
z t i z t i + + + +
+ +
convergent if 1 z < and having fixed points ( ) t .
L. Lorentzen, Compositions of Contractions, J. Comp. & Appl. Math 32(1990) 169-178]
J. Gill, Infinite Compositions of Complex Functions, Comm. Anal. Th. Cont. Fractions, Vol XIX (2012)
J. Gill, The Use of the Sequence . . . in Computing Fixed Points of . . . , Appl. Numer. Math. 8 (1991) 469-475