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Johann Dobereiner- Classified elements into groups of three (triads). They had similar chemical
and physical properties.
John Newlands-organized elements in increasing atomic mass and noticed similar properties
every 8 elements (octaves)
Dmitri Mendeleev- arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass. He arranged the
elements into groups with similar properties, and was challenged because there were missing
elements that hadn’t been discovered yet but he knew they existed and left spaces for them on
the table.
Periodicity Rules:
Groups:
- In the main element groups, elements in the same group share the same number of
valence electrons
Periods:
- Paulo
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Electro negativity
Atomic Radius
Shielding Effect
-Boron
-Silicon
-Germanium
-Arsenic
-Antimony
-Tellurium
-Astatine
Names of Groups
The two periods at the bottom of the periodic table are the Lanthanides (rare earth elements) and
the Actinides (inner transition elements)
Outer electron configuration- based on the element group, you can determine the number of
outer electrons and determine the configuration by the block which it’s in.
1. Size of atoms since the bigger atoms can more easily give the outer electron
2. Number of electrons since the number the number in the outer shell determines how
well an atom attracts or gives up electrons.
Generally, Metals give up electrons and non metals take electrons based on the electro
negativity but there are many exceptions
Ionization energy- energy needed to remove an electron forming a cation (positive). (when an
atom loses an electron it gets a +1 charge)
1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization energy just refers to how many of the electrons you are removing from
the atom.
So, if the atomic radius is small, the electron "feels" stronger pull from the positive nucleus, thus
that electron is harder to pull off.
-Group 1: 1+
-Group 2: 2+
-Group 13: 3+
-Group 15: 3-
-Group 16: 2-
-Group 17: 1-
Ionic Compound Composition- They are composed of anions and cations. Charges must balance
out to 0.
Eamon and David
Salt- is any metal combining with a non-metal. E.g. KF2 (potassium fluoride).
-A monatomic ion has only one atom examples are chloride, Cl-, fluoride, F-, sodium Na+
-A polyatomic ion has more than one, e.g sulfate SO42-, nitrate, NO3-, mercurous, Hg22+
Sometimes in covalent bonding, the octet rule will not be followed and there will be a stable
electron configuration with less than 8 electrons.
Empirical Formula- The most simplified whole number ratio of the elements in a compound
VS.
Covalent Bonding- Bonding between 2 non metals and the bonding is equally shared.
VS.
1.7-4.0=ionic bond
Metallic Bonding-