MODULE III

DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC
FUNCTIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS:
Lesson 11: Increment and Derivatives
Lesson 12: Rules of Differentiating Algebraic Functions
Lesson 13: Higher Derivatives and Implicit Differentiation
Lesson 1: !lope of a "urve# $angent and %ormal Lines
Lesson 1&: 'a(ima and 'inima in "urve $racing
Lesson 1): Applied 'a(ima and 'inima *roblems
Lesson 1+: Related Rates *roblems
OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE:
$hese modules ,ill tac-le the concepts of differentiation. /asic procedures of
differentiation 0the four1step rule2 and the rules of finding the derivatives ,ill be
discussed. Applications of derivatives b3 giving illustrations on problem solving
,ill be presented to emphasi4e its usefulness in real1life situations.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
After completing this module# the student is e(pected to accomplish the
follo,ing:
define increments# derivative and higher derivatives of a function5
identif3 the different rules of differentiation and distinguish one from the
other5
prove the different rules of differentiation using the increment method5
find the derivative of a function b3 increment method01step rule25
solve problems involving slope# tangent and normal lines using
differentiation5
determine the derivative and the higher derivative of an algebraic
function using the basic rules of differentiation5
define ma(imum# minimum# inflection# stationar3 and critical points#
relative ma(imum and relative minimum5
84
determine the critical# ma(imum and minimum points of an3 given curve
using the first and second derivative tests5
dra, and describe the behavior of an3 given graph ,hether it is
concave up,ard or do,n,ard and determine the inflection points using
the first and second derivative tests5
find the derivative implicitl3 of an algebraic function under the specified
condition5 and
solve ma(ima# minima and related rates problems.
85
LESSON 11: Increment and Derivatives
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson# the students are e(pected to accomplish the
follo,ing:
define increment and the derivative of a function5
find the derivative of a function b3 increment method01step rule25 and
solve for
y
,hen x and
x
are given.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
"lass discussion using lecture method ,ill be used in this topic. 6(ercises
,ith var3ing degree of difficult3 are provided for the students. $he3 are e(pected
to finish these e(ercises before proceeding to the ne(t lesson. 7se a portion of
the class time to discuss some of the e(ercises for enhancement of the lesson.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
$o measure the students8 understanding of the concepts# give seat,or-
and board ,or-. $he students must be observed if the procedures9steps on
finding the derivatives are follo,ed. /oard ,or- is recommended for further
evaluation of students8 comprehension of the topic.
DISCUSSION OF THE TOPICS
Let 3 be a continued1single function of ( denoted b3
) (x f y =
. If the
independent variable ( changes from ( to x x + # then the dependent variable 3
,ill also change from 3 to
y y +
5 thus
) (x f y =
changes to
) ( x x f y y + = +
.
Hence
) ( ( x f x x f y + =
.

It should be noted that the increment ma3 be positive or negative.
86
If the variable ( changes from one fi(ed value
1
x to another value
2
x
the difference
1 2
x x
is called the increment of (# denoted b3 x .
6(ample 11.1. If 1 2
2
= x y # compute
y
,hen
a2 ( changes from (1 : 2 to (2 : 2.2
b2 ( changes from (1 : 12 to (2 : 12.2
c2 ( changes from (1 : a to (2 : a ;1
d2 ( changes from (1 : 1 1 h to (2 : 1
!olutions: First solve for
y
3ou have#
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 4
1 2 1 2 4 2
1 2 1 2 2
1 2
x x x y
x x x x x y
x x x x x y
x x y y
+ =
+ + + =
+ + =
+ = +
a2 ( : 2 and x : .2
then 68 . 1 ) 2 (. 2 ) 2 )(. 2 ( 4
2
= + = y
b2 ( : 12 and x : 1.2
68 . 1 ) 2 . ( 2 ) 2 . )( 2 ( 4
2
= + = y
c2 ( : a and x : 11
2 4 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 )( ( 4
2
+ = + = a a y
d2 ( : 1 ; h and x : h
h h h h h y 4 2 ) ( 2 ) )( 1 ( 4
2 2
+ = + =
"onsider the function 3 : f0(2. If for a fi(ed value of (# the <uotient
x
x x f

+ ) (
approaches a limit as the increment x approaches 4ero# the limit is
called the deri!tie "# $ %it& re'(ect t" ) for the given value of (. $his is
usuall3 denoted b3
.
dx
dy
$he derivative of 3 ,ith respect to ( is defined as
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
dy y f x x f x
dx x x

+
= =

provided the limit e(ists.
87
=ther notations for derivatives are:
) ( ), ( ' , ' ), ( , x f
dx
d
and x f y x f D y D
x x
$he process of finding the derivative is called di##erenti!ti"n* If the
derivative e(ists# f0(2 is said to be a differentiable function.
=ne method of determining the derivative of a function is the increment
met&"d or more commonl3 -no,n as the #"+r,'te( r+-e* $he procedure is as
follo,s5
STEP .: !ubstitute x x + for ( and
y y +
for 3 in 3 : f0(2.
STEP /: !ubtract 3 : f0(2 from the result of step 1 to obtain
y
in terms of
( and x .
STEP 0: Divide both sides of step 2 b3 x .
STEP 1: Find the limit of step 3 as x approaches 4ero.
6(ample 11.2. Find
dx
dy
of
2
1 x y =
!olution:
!tep 1:
2
) ( 1 x x y y + = +
!tep 2:
2
2
2
2
2
1 2 1
x x x
x x x x x y
=
+ =
!tep 3:
x
x x x
x
y

) 2 (
!tep :
dx
dy
x x x
x
y
x x
= = =

2 ) 2 ( lim lim
0 0
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6(ample 11.3. >hat is
dx
dy
of
x
x
y
2 1
1 2
+

=
?
!olution:
!tep 1:
) ( 2 1
1 ) ( 2
x x
x x
y y
+ +
+
= +
!tep 2:
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ) 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 4 4 2 2 4 4 1 2 2

) 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2

2 1
1 2
) ( 2 1
1 ) ( 2
2 2
x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
y
+ + +
+ + + + + +
=
+ + +
+ + + +
=
+

+ +
+
=
!tep 3:
) 2 1 )( 2 2 1 (
4
x x x x
x
x
y
+ + +

!tep :
) 2 1 )( 2 2 1 (
4
lim lim
0 0
x x x x
y
x x
+ + +
=

2
) 2 1 (
4
x dx
dy
+
=

89
6(ample 11.. 6valuate
dx
dy
for 1 = x y ,hen ( :1@.

!olution:
!tep 1: 1 + = + x x y y
!tep 2: 1 1 + = x x x y
!tep 3:
( )
( )
1 1

x
1 1 1 1

x 1 1
1 1

x
1 1

x
1 1
1

x 1 1
y x x x
x
y x x x x x x
x x x x
y x x x
x x x x
y x
x x x x
y
x x x
+
=

+ + +
=
+ +
+ +
=

+ +

=

+ +

=
+ +
!tep :
1 1
1
lim
x
y
lim
0 0
+ +
=

x x x
x x

1 2
1

=
x dx
dy
,hen ( :1@#

6
1
) 3 ( 2
1
1 10 2
1
= =

=
dx
dy
90
E2ERCISES:
I. Aiven 1 2 3 ) (
2
+ = x x x f compute
y
if:
1. ( changes from ( : @ to ( : 11
2. ( changes from ( : 11 to ( : @
3. ( changes from ( : a1b to ( : a
. ( changes from
a
x
2
=
to
a
x
1
=
II. Find the derivative of the follo,ing functions:
1. 1 3 4 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
2.
2 ) (
2
1
= x x f
3.
1
2
) (
+

=
x
x f
.
x
x
y
1 +
=
&. 4 4
2
+ = x x y
). ( )
2
b ax y + =
+.
( )
3
1
2 3
1 3 3 + = x x x y
B.
x
x
y
2 1
3 2

+
=
C.
) 3 )( 2 ( + + = x x y
1@.
3
1 x y =
III. 6valuate
dx
dy
,ith the indicated value of (:
1.
x
y
2
1
=
,hen ( : B.
2.
3
2

=
x
x
y
,hen ( : ).
3.
x a
a
y
+
+
=
2
,hen ( : a.
.
) 3 2 )( 1 ( + = x x y
,hen ( : &.
&. 1
3
=x y ,hen
3
4 = x .
ID. If
2 3
3 ) ( x x x f = # find the values of ( for ,hich f E0(2 : @.
91