Learning body functions

You do not need to be expert about body systems to give first aid to
someone who needs it. However, knowing the body functions will help you
to learn that some thing is wrong.
You will learn that the different body systems depend on each other.
Just as different body systems work together well when you are healthy, an
injury or illness that affects one body system can affect other.
Our body functions are carried harmoniously by 9 systems.
The Skeletal System.
The Muscular System.
The Respiratory System.
The Circulatory System.
The Digestie System.
The !"cretory System.
The #erous system.
The Reproductie System.
The !ndocrine system.
The Skeletal System
$t consists of %&' bones( these are )oined together by ligaments
cartilages and muscles forming a strong but mobile frame*ork.
+unctions,
t acts as a supporting framework for soft tissues of the body.
t protects certain important organs of the body i.e. ! brain, heart,
lungs, and pelvic organs.
t provides mobility to the body by acting as levers at joints.
t contains marrow, which is the factory for the blood cells.
-arious bones in the body
.ones of the head /skull0
"ranium ! #
$ace bones !%&
.ones of the trunk
'ternum(breast bone) ! %
*ibs(%+ pairs) ! +&
,ertebral column (spine) ! --
"ollar bone ! +
'houlder blade ! +
.ones of the upper limb
.pper arm ! %/%
$orearm ! +/+
0rist ! #/#
1alm ! 2/2
$ingers 3 4humb 5 %&/%&
.ones of the lo*er limb
Hip bone (ileum, ischium, pubis) ! +
4high 5 %/%
6neecap !%/%
7eg 5 +/+
Heel ! 8/8
$oot 5 2/2
4oes !%&/%&
-arious 1oints
There are '2 )oints in human body
Joints of the skull.
Joints of the trunk and vertebral column.
Joints of the upper limb.
o 'houlder.
o 9lbow.
o 0rist.
o Hand.
Joints of the lower limbs.
o Hip.
o 6nee.
o :nkle.
o $oot.
The Muscular System
t comprises of more than ;<< muscles, attached to bones through fibrous
tissues called 49=>?=.
+unctions3
1ermits us to walk, run, erect (stand straight), lift weight, dance and even
express ourselves for example ! anger, and to smile %& muscles are used.
:n eye muscle causes eyelid movement at least +<,<<< times a day.
The Respiratory System
t provides the body cells the vital oxygen necessary to perform various
body functions. :lso it helps in removal of carbon dioxide from the body.
4he various organs involved in this system are@
4he =ose
4he 4hroat (1harynx, 7arynx)
4he 0ind pipe (4rachea)
4he 7ungs (Aronchus, Aronchioles, :lveoli)
The Circulatory System
t helps in circulation of the blood throughout the blood. 4he organs include@
4eart 5 1umping of blood.
5rteries 5 "arries pure blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from heart to
various body systems.
4he blood contained in the arteries is bright red in color.
-eins 5 "arries impure blood containing carbon dioxide, and waste product
from various body systems to the heart. 4he blood contained in the veins is
dark red in color.
How to check the pulseB
5 pulse can be checked in the arteries that circulate close to the
surface such as the radial artery in the *rist.
How to check the temperatureB
+eel the skin *ith your hand to determine the skin6s temperature.
How to check the respirationB
Check the chest and abdomen7 and obsere the pattern of
breathing.
The Digestie System
Couth (teeth, tongue, salivary glands)
$ood pipe (esophagus)
'tomach (left side)
7iver and gall bladder (right side)
>uodenum
1ancreas (left side)
'mall intestine
7arge intestine (appendix located in right side of lower
abdomen)
*ectum
"olon
:nus
The !"cretory System
Cainly deals with expulsion of waste products from our body. t is done by
three ways@
4hrough 'kin 5 1erspiration.
4hrough 7ungs 5 *espiration.
4hrough 6idneys 5 .rination.
8idneys 9 %
:reters 9 %
:rinary bladder ,;
The #erous System
:ll functions of the body are regulated and coordinated through this system
to ensure proper functioning.
Cain organs involved.
4he Arain ("ontrol 'tation).
4he 'pinal "ord.
=erves
Our Marelous Senses
4o 'ee 5 9yes
4o Hear 5 9ars
4o 'mell 5 =ose
4o 4aste 5 4ongue
4o $eelDtouch 5 'kin
4o*eer according to .ritannica detailed studies reealed more senses
than fie.
1ain receptors 5 Cechanical forces.
! 4hermal forces.
! "hemical forces.
tch 'ensor.
1ressure 'ensor 5 7ight surface.
! >eep stimulation.
The $nternal Senses
%) 4hese senses detect changes inside the body and signals things like 5
hunger, thirst, fatigue, internal pain and need to breathe, or to go to the toilet.
+) n cooperation with our biological clock internal senses make us feel tired
at the dayEs end and jet lagged if we have flown across time Fones.
-) -estibular Sense or a sense of balance located in our inner ear. t
responds to gravity, acceleration and rotation. ("losing our ears tightly will
make our standing or walking difficult).
&) 8inesthetic sense enables us to detect muscle tension and even with eyes
closed the movement and position of our limb.
Can you ans*er these <uestions=
G.%. f someone experiences difficulty in breathing, what other body
systems might be affectedB 0hyB
G.+. :fter vigorous exercise, your skin is flushed, you perspire profusely,
and you breathe heavily. You have learned that muscular and respiratory
systems worked harder during exercise. 9xplain why your skin becomes
flushed and why you perspire profusely. Hive specific reasons for these
conditions.