4.1 Semasiology and onomasiology - two basic approaches to the study of words and their senses The terminological pair onomasiology/ semasiology is a traditional one in Eropean le!icology and le!icography. This pair is generally regarded as identi"ying t#o di""erent perspecti$es "or stdying the relationship %et#een #ords and their semantic $ales. Semasiology ("rom the &ree' sema, (sign() ta'es its starting point in the #ord as a "orm and descri%es #hat semantic $ales/senses/signi"ies it may ha$e. )nomasiology ("rom &ree' onoma (name() acconts "or the opposite direction in the stdy o" meaning* that is it starts "rom a semantic $ale/gi$en concept (signi"ied/ signi"ie) to the $arios #ords/e!pressions/signi"iers (signi"iants) that are sed to name that particlar concept. +ctally* onomasiological research is rather concerned #ith sets o" related concepts (e!pressed %y sense relations sch as synonymy and antonymy) than #ith a single semantic category (e.g. polysemy and homonymy), as sch* it traditionally coincides #ith le!ical "ield research. &eeraerts* &rondelaersand and -a'ema (1..4: /) inclde semasiological and onomasiological $ariation among the "or main 'inds o" le!ical $ariation they identi"y: semasiological* onomasiological* "ormal and conte!tal. The "irst t#o types are placed nder the general heading conceptal $ariation. Semasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that one particlar le!ical item may re"er to distinct types o" re"erents. )nomasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that a re"erent or type o" re"erent may %e named %y means o" $arios conceptally distinct le!ical categories. 0hile the poststrctralist phase in the history o" le!ical semantics had a predominantly semasiological "ocs (concentrating as it did on the changes o" meaning o" indi$idal #ords)* the strctralist stage stressed the necessity o" complementing the semasiological perspecti$e #ith an onomasiological one. -aldinger (1.12: /23) discsses onomasiology and semasiology in terms o" spea'er4s and hearer4s points o" $ie#: ()nomasiology approaches pro%lems "orm the $ie#point o" the spea'er* #ho has to choose %et#een di""erent names o" e!pression. Semasiology approaches pro%lems "rom the $ie#point o" the listener* #ho has to determine the meaning o" the #ords he hears* "rom all the possi%le meanings( The complementarity o" the onomasiological and semasiological perspecti$es is smmari5ed in the last chapter* presenting the interdependence o" the t#o strctres: (Each lingistic e$oltion is prodced on the one hand #ithin the "rame#or' o" a semasiological strctre and on the other #ithin the "rame#or' o" an onomasiological strctre.( (-aldinger* 1.12: /21) 4.6 From word to concept: polysemy and homonymy The classical distinction %et#een polysemy and homonymy has concerned semanticists li'e 7llman (1.86)* 0einreich (1.8/* 1.88)* 9yons (1.33)* 9ehrer (1.34%). 7llman (1.86) has proposed t#o criteria "or distingishing homonymy and polysemy: etymology and spelling. :ollo#ing 9ehrer (1.34%) #e contend that these criteria rely on diachronic strctre and are not #or'a%le "or langages that are n#ritten or "or #hich the history is n'no#n. Ho#e$er* 7llmann (1.86) rightly notes that it is impossi%le to imagine a langage #ithot polysemy #hile a langage #ithot homonymy is not only concei$a%le, it #old in "act %e a more e""icient medim. The criteria that are most in$o'ed in the literatre to distingish %et#een polysemy and homonymy are etymology and relatedness o" meaning. In terms o" the "ormer criterion* le!ical items #ith the same origin are considered as polysemic* #hereas i" they ha$e e$ol$ed "rom distinct le!emes in some earlier stage o" the langage than they are regarded as homonymos. This condition is not al#ays rele$ant and there"ore decisi$e* %ecase the history o" the langage does not al#ays re"lect its present state: there are instances o" #ords that come "rom the same sorce and cannot %e considered polysemantic* %t homonymic. :or instance* in present;day English* the le!emes pupil 1 (stdent( and pupil 6 * (iris o" the eye( are not semantically related %t they %oth come "rom 9atin pupillus, pupilla (#ard* orphan;%oy( #hich is a diminti$e o" pupus (child(. The opposite case is also "airly common* namely #hen t#o le!emes deri$ed "rom di""erent roots in an earlier state o" the langage are seen as related. :or e!ample* ear 1 (organ o" hearing( comes "orm 9atin auris 4ear4* #hile ear 6 (spi'e o" corn( is deri$ed "orm 9atin acus* aceris 4hs'4 . Synchronically* most people heat these t#o le!emes as one polysemos #ord and e!plain their relation %y means o" metaphor* i.e. the ear corn #as "elt to %e a metaphor o" the type (the eye o" a needle(* (the "oot o" the montain(* etc. There"ore* the etymological criterion can %e misleading #hen deciding %et#een homonymy and polysemy. The latter criterion* i.e. relatedness $s. nrelatedness o" meaning is <estioned %y 9yons (1.33) #ho arges that relatedness o" meaning appears to %e a matter o" degree* together #ith the "act that sometimes nati$e spea'er4s intitions are "rom %eing the tre interpretations as has %een seen #ith the ear e!ample. Similarity/relatedness o" meaning has %een represented in a "ormali5ed manner %y =at5 (1.36)* =at5 and :odor (1.8/) #ho propose the decomposition o" the sense o" a #ord into its minimal distincti$e "eatres* i.e. into semantic components #hich contrast #ith other components. 7n"ortnately* componential de"initions o" the type >physical o%?ect@* >concrete@* >animate@ "or the description o" le!emes sch as bank or mouth are not s""icient "or the polysemy;homonymy pro%lem. The relatedness %et#een the di""erent senses o" a #ord is not e!pressi%le in terms o" A; "eatres %ecase there are cases in #hich these "eatres are present in di""erent degrees* not in a%solte terms. :or instance* the terms bachelor* lie and mother ha$e %ecome classic e!amples in the literatre. :illmore (1.16a) analyses bachelor that is sally de"ined as an nmarried adlt man %y %ringing into discssion less typical e!amples o" %achelors sch as male participants in long;term nmarried copling* %oys a%andoned in the ?ngle and gro#n to matrity a#ay "rom contact #ith hman society* some priests or homose!als. Boleman and =ay (1.11: 61) discss the concept lie in terms o" (a) "alsehood* (%) deli%erateness and (c) intent to decei$e. +s these three elements may possess di""erent degrees o" importance* there may %e prototypical lies* #hen a statement is characteri5ed %y properties (%) and (c) and partial lies that inclde instances o" social lie (e.g. 4Drop in any time4)* #hite lie* e!aggerations* ?o'e* etc. + social lie is a case #here deceit is help"l and a #hite lie is a case #here deceit is not harm"l. 9a'o"" (1.13: 38) analyses the concept mother and concldes that it cannot %e de"ined (in terms o" common necessary and s""icient condition approach( that can %e associated #ith B+ in strctralist semantics. His argment is the e!istence o" marginal or less typical cases o" mother: %iological mothers* donor mothers (#ho donate an egg)* srrogate mothers (#ho %ear the child %t may not ha$e donated the egg)* adopti$e mothers* n#ed mothers #ho gi$e their children p "or adoption* and stepmothers. The pro%lem o" relatedness o" meaning shold there"ore %e regarded as a gradient and sometimes s%?ecti$e notion. +lthogh some lingists sch as 9yons (1.33: CC/) <estion to some e!tent the theoretical signi"icance o" the distinction %et#een polysemy and homonymy* the t#o phenomena di""er "rom each other in t#o ma?or points: (1) homonymy is an accident and ths highly langage;speci"ic phenomenon (6) polsemy is moti$ated and similar senses can %e "ond in di""erent e$en typologically/historically nrelated langages. 4./. Study questions and exercises 1. +ns#er these <estions: 1. 0hat do semasiology and onomasiology generally stdyD Semasiology ("rom the &ree' sema, (sign() ta'es its starting point in the #ord as a "orm and descri%es #hat semantic $ales/senses/signi"ies it may ha$e. )nomasiology ("rom &ree' onoma (name() acconts "or the opposite direction in the stdy o" meaning* that is it starts "rom a semantic $ale/gi$en concept (signi"ied/ signi"ie) to the $arios #ords/e!pressions/signi"iers (signi"iants) that are sed to name that particlar concept. 6. 0hat is the distinction %et#een semasiology and onomasiologyD )nomasiological research is rather concerned #ith sets o" related concepts (e!pressed %y sense relations sch as synonymy and antonymy) than #ith a single semantic category (e.g. polysemy and homonymy), as sch* it traditionally coincides #ith le!ical "ield research. Semasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that one particlar le!ical item may re"er to distinct types o" re"erents. )nomasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that a re"erent or type o" re"erent may %e named %y means o" $arios conceptally distinct le!ical categories. /. 0hat is the "ocs o" semasiological researchD Single semantic category (e.g. polysemy and homonymy) 4. 0hat semantic relations are associated #ith onomasiologyD Sets o" related concepts (e!pressed %y sense relations sch as synonymy and antonymy). 0hat does semasiological $ariation re"er toD Semasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that one particlar le!ical item may re"er to distinct types o" re"erents. 0hat does onomasiological $ariation implyD )nomasiological $ariation in$ol$es the sitation that a re"erent or type o" re"erent may %e named %y means o" $arios conceptally distinct le!ical categories. C. Ho# does onomasiology di""er "rom semasiologyD 0hile the poststrctralist phase in the history o" le!ical semantics had a predominantly semasiological "ocs (concentrating as it did on the changes o" meaning o" indi$idal #ords)* the strctralist stage stressed the necessity o" complementing the semasiological perspecti$e #ith an onomasiological one. -aldinger (1.12: /23) discsses onomasiology and semasiology in terms o" spea'er4s and hearer4s points o" $ie#: ()nomasiology approaches pro%lems "orm the $ie#point o" the spea'er* #ho has to choose %et#een di""erent names o" e!pression. Semasiology approaches pro%lems "rom the $ie#point o" the listener* #ho has to determine the meaning o" the #ords he hears* "rom all the possi%le meanings( 8. 0hat are the criteria sed in distingishing polysemy "rom homonymyD 7llman (1.86) has proposed t#o criteria "or distingishing homonymy andpolysemy: etymology and spelling. 2. E!plain the mechanism o" sense e!tension in these #ords: a) clim% Noun 1. climb ; an p#ard slope or grade (as in a road), (the car coldn4t ma'e it p the rise( accli$ity* ascent* pgrade* raise* rise incline* slope* side ; an ele$ated geological "ormation, (he clim%ed the steep slope(, (the hose #as %ilt on the side o" a montain( phill ; the p#ard slope o" a hill 2. climb ; an e$ent that in$ol$es rising to a higher point (as in altitde or temperatre or intensity etc.) clim%ing* monting rising* ascension* ascent* rise ; a mo$ement p#ard, (they cheered the rise o" the hot;air %alloon( 3. climb ; the act o" clim%ing something, (it #as a di""iclt clim% to the top( mont ascending* rise* ascent* ascension ; the act o" changing location in an p#ard direction scaling ; ascent %y or as i" %y a ladder clam%er ; an a#'#ard clim%, (reaching the crest #as a real clam%er( montain clim%ing* montaineering ; the acti$ity o" clim%ing a montain roc' clim%ing ; the sport or pastime o" scaling roc' masses on montain sides (especially #ith the help o" ropes and special e<ipment) Verb 1. climb ; go p#ard #ith gradal or continos progress, (Eid yo e$er clim% p the hill %ehind yor hoseD( clim% p* go p* mont scale ; clim% p %y means o" a ladder escalade ; clim% p and o$er, (They had to escalade canyons to reach their destination( ramp ; creep p ;; sed especially o" plants, (The roses ramped o$er the #all( montaineer ; clim% montains "or pleasre as a sport go p* rise* mo$e p* li"t* arise* come p* prise ; mo$e p#ard, (The "og li"ted(, (The smo'e arose "rom the "orest "ire(, (The mist prose "rom the meado#s( ride ; clim% p on the %ody, (Shorts that ride p(, (This s'irt 'eeps riding p my legs( %estride* clim% on* hop on* ?mp on* mont p* get on* mont ; get p on the %ac' o", (mont a horse( clim% do#n* alight ; come do#n, (the %irds alighted( 2. climb ; mo$e #ith di""iclty* %y grasping mo$e ; mo$e so as to change position* per"orm a nontranslational motion, (He mo$ed his hand slightly to the right( shin* shinny* s'in* clam%er* scram%le* sptter* strggle ; clim% a#'#ardly* as i" %y scram%ling 3. climb ; go p or ad$ance, (Sales #ere clim%ing a"ter prices #ere lo#ered( mont* #a!* rise ?mp ; increase sddenly and signi"icantly, (Prices ?mped o$ernight( increase ; %ecome %igger or greater in amont, (The amont o" #or' increased( gain* ad$ance ; rise in rate or price, (The stoc' mar'et gained 64 points today( 4. climb ; slope p#ard, (The path clim%ed all the #ay to the top o" the hill( slope* incline* pitch ; %e at an angle, (The terrain sloped do#n( 5. climb ; impro$e one4s social stats, (This yong man 'no#s ho# to clim% the social ladder( progress* shape p* come along* come on* get along* get on* ad$ance ; de$elop in a positi$e #ay, (He progressed #ell in school(, (Fy plants are coming along(, (Plans are shaping p( 6. climb ; increase in $ale or to a higher point, (prices clim%ed steeply(, (the $ale o" or hose rose sharply last year( go p* rise soar ; go or mo$e p#ard, (The stoc' mar'et soared a"ter the cease;"ire #as annonced( %ll ; ad$ance in price, (stoc's #ere %lling( gro# ; %ecome larger* greater* or %igger, e!pand or gain, (The pro%lem gre# too large "or me(, (Her %siness gre# "ast( 1 climb erb 1. ascend* scale* mont* go p* clam%er* shin p !limbing the first hill took half an hour. 2. clam%er* descend* scram%le* dismont "e climbed down from the cab. 3. rise* go p* soar* ascend* "ly p #he plane took off, lost an engine as it climbed, and crashed $ust off the runway. 4. increase* rise* mont* go p* roc'et* soar* escalate* in"late* shoot p* sno#%all %rices hae climbed by &'( since the beginning of the year. 5. slope* rise* go p* incline #he road climbs steeply. climb down %ac' do#n* #ithdra#* yield* concede* retreat* srrender* gi$e in* ca$e in )informal** retract* admit de"eat* %ac';pedal* eat yor #ords* eat cro# )+.S. informal* "e has climbed down on pledges to reduce capital gains tax. Related words ad$ectie scansorial d) #riting Noun 1. writing ; the act o" creating #ritten #or's, (#riting #as a "orm o" therapy "or him(, (it #as a matter o" dispted athorship( athorship* penning* composition $er%al creation ; creating something %y the se o" speech and langage 1 -ased on 0ordGet /.2* :arle! clipart collection. H 622/;6216 Princeton 7ni$ersity* :arle! Inc. ado!ography ; "ine #riting in praise o" tri$ial or %ase s%?ects, (Eli5a%ethan school%oys #ere taght ado!ography* the art o" erditely praising #orthless things(, (ado!ography is particlarly se"l to la#yers( dra"ting ; #riting a "irst $ersion to %e "illed ot and polished later dramatisation* dramati5ation ; con$ersion into dramatic "orm, (the play #as a dramati5ation o" a short story( "a%rication* "ictionalisation* "ictionali5ation ; #riting in a "ictional "orm historiography ; the #riting o" history metri"ication ; #riting a metrical composition (or the metrical strctre o" a composition) no$elisation* no$eli5ation ; con$erting something into the "orm o" a no$el redaction ; the act o" ptting something in #riting le!icography ; the act o" #riting dictionaries $ersi"ication ; the art or practice o" #riting $erse indite* pen* #rite* compose ; prodce a literary #or', (She composed a poem(, (He #rote "or no$els( #rite a%ot* #rite o"* #rite on ; #rite a%ot a particlar topic, (Sno# #rote a%ot Bhina( pro"ile ; #rite a%ot, (The athor o" this article pro"iles a "amos painter( paragraph ; #rite paragraphs, #or' as a paragrapher dash o""* "ling o""* scratch o""* toss o""* 'noc' o"" ; #rite <ic'ly, (She dashed o"" a note to her hs%and saying she #old not %e home "or spper(, (He scratched o"" a than';yo note to the hostess( re#rite ; re#rite so as to ma'e "it to sit a ne# or di""erent prpose, (re;#rite a play "or se in schools( #rite copy ; #rite "or commercial p%lications, (She #rites copy "or Harper4s -a5aar( dramatise* dramati5e* adopt ; pt into dramatic "orm, (adopt a %oo' "or a screenplay( dra"t* otline ; dra# p an otline or s'etch "or something, (dra"t a speech( athor ; %e the athor o", (She athored this play( co;athor ; %e a co;athor on (a %oo'* a paper) ghost#rite* ghost ; #rite "or someone else, (Ho# many %oo's ha$e yo ghost#ritten so "arD( annotate* "ootnote ; add e!planatory notes to or spply #ith critical comments, (The scholar annotated the early edition o" a "amos no$el( re"erence* cite ; re"er to, (he re"erenced his colleages4 #or'( #rite ot* #rite p ; pt into #riting, #rite in complete "orm, (#rite ot a contract( script ; #rite a script "or, (The play#right scripted the mo$ie( 2. writing ; the #or' o" a #riter, anything e!pressed in letters o" the alpha%et (especially #hen considered "rom the point o" $ie# o" style and e""ect), (the #riting in her no$els is e!cellent(, (that editorial #as a "ine piece o" #riting( piece o" #riting* #ritten material %o#dlerisation* %o#dleri5ation ; #ritten material that has %een %o#dleri5ed title ; (sally plral) #ritten material introdced into a mo$ie or TI sho# to gi$e credits or represent dialoge or e!plain an action, (the titles go %y "aster than I can read( %lac' and #hite* #ritten commnication* #ritten langage ; commnication %y means o" #ritten sym%ols (either printed or hand#ritten) cryptogram* secret #riting* cryptograph ; a piece o" #riting in code or cipher re#rite* re$ision* rescript ; something that has %een #ritten again, (the re#rite #as mch %etter( literary composition* literary #or' ; imaginati$e or creati$e #riting literatre ; creati$e #riting o" recogni5ed artistic $ale literatre ; p%lished #ritings in a particlar style on a particlar s%?ect, (the technical literatre(, (one aspect o" 0aterloo has not yet %een treated in the literatre( matter ; #ritten #or's (especially in %oo's or maga5ines), (he al#ays too' some reading matter #ith him on the plane( literary criticism* criticism ; a #ritten e$alation o" a #or' o" literatre section* s%di$ision ; a sel";contained part o" a larger composition (#ritten or msical), (he al#ays trns "irst to the %siness section(, (the history o" this #or' is discssed in the ne!t section( epilog* epiloge ; a short passage added at the end o" a literary #or', (the epiloge told #hat e$entally happened to the main characters( paragraph ; one o" se$eral distinct s%di$isions o" a te!t intended to separate ideas, the %eginning is sally mar'ed %y a ne# indented line diary* ?ornal ; a daily #ritten record o" (sally personal) e!periences and o%ser$ations inscription* lettering ; letters inscri%ed (especially #ords engra$ed or car$ed) on something manscript* ms ; the "orm o" a literary #or' s%mitted "or p%lication atograph ; something #ritten %y one4s o#n hand treatise ; a "ormal e!position adaptation* $ersion ; a #ritten #or' (as a no$el) that has %een recast in a ne# "orm, (the play is an adaptation o" a short no$el( essay ; an analytic or interpreti$e literary composition editing* redaction ; ptting something (as a literary #or' or a legislati$e %ill) into accepta%le "orm religios te!t* religios #riting* sacred te!t* sacred #riting ; #riting that is $enerated "or the #orship o" a deity screed ; a long piece o" #riting docment* papers* #ritten docment ; #riting that pro$ides in"ormation (especially in"ormation o" an o""icial natre) dramatic composition* dramatic #or' ; a play "or per"ormance on the stage or tele$ision or in a mo$ie etc. dithyram% ; a #ildly enthsiastic speech or piece o" #riting plagiarism ; a piece o" #riting that has %een copied "rom someone else and is presented as %eing yor o#n #or' transcript ; something that has %een transcri%ed, a #ritten record (sally type#ritten) o" dictated or recorded speech, (he read a transcript o" the interrogation(, (yo can o%tain a transcript o" this radio program %y sending a sel";addressed en$elope to the station( 3. writing ; (sally plral) the collected #or' o" an athor, (the idea occrs #ith increasing "re<ency in Heming#ay4s #ritings( %ody o" #or'* oe$re* #or' ; the total otpt o" a #riter or artist (or a s%stantial part o" it), (he stdied the entire 0agnerian oe$re(, (Picasso4s #or' can %e di$ided into periods( plral* plral "orm ; the "orm o" a #ord that is sed to denote more than one %lac' and #hite* #ritten commnication* #ritten langage ; commnication %y means o" #ritten sym%ols (either printed or hand#ritten) patristics* patrology ; the #ritings o" the early Bhrch :athers 4. writing ; letters or sym%ols that are #ritten or imprinted on a sr"ace to represent the sonds or #ords o" a langage, (he trned the paper o$er so the #riting #oldn4t sho#(, (the doctor4s #riting #as illegi%le( %lac' and #hite* #ritten commnication* #ritten langage ; commnication %y means o" #ritten sym%ols (either printed or hand#ritten) orthography* #riting system ; a method o" representing the sonds o" a langage %y #ritten or printed sym%ols coding system ; a system o" signals sed to represent letters or nm%ers in transmitting messages capitalisation* capitali5ation ; #riting in capital letters type#riting* typing ; #riting done #ith a type#riter printing ; te!t hand#ritten in the style o" printed matter hand#riting* script* hand ; something #ritten %y hand, (she recogni5ed his hand#riting(, (his hand #as illegi%le( hieroglyph* hieroglyphic ; #riting that resem%les hieroglyphics (sally %y %eing illegi%le) s'y#riting ; #riting "ormed in the s'y %y smo'e released "rom an airplane printing process* printing ; reprodction %y applying in' to paper as "or p%lication notation* notational system ; a technical system o" sym%ols sed to represent special things 5. writing ; the acti$ity o" ptting something in #ritten "orm, (she did the thin'ing #hile he did the #riting( committal to #riting acti$ity ; any speci"ic %eha$ior, (they a$oided all recreational acti$ity( coding* steganography* cryptography* secret #riting ; act o" #riting in code or cipher hand#riting ; the acti$ity o" #riting %y hand, (hand#riting can %e slo# and pain"l "or one #ith arthritis( inscription ; the acti$ity o" inscri%ing (especially car$ing or engra$ing) letters or #ords notation ; the acti$ity o" representing something %y a special system o" mar's or characters writing noun 1. script* hand* print* printing* "ist )informal** scri%%le* hand#riting* scra#l* calligraphy* longhand* penmanship* chirography ,t-s a little difficult to read your writing. 2. docments* #or's* %oo's* letters* titles* opses* p%lications* literatre* compositions* %elles;lettres .lthusser-s writings are focused mainly on France. writing on the wall omen* sign* #arning* signal* portent* "ore#arning* ill omen /e should hae seen the writing on the wall and guessed what was coming. Quotations (0riting* at its %est* is a lonely li"e( >Ernest Heming#ay speech, accepting the 0obel %ri1e for 2iterature@ (I thin' #riting does come ot o" a deep #ell o" loneliness and a desire to "ill some 'ind o" gap( >Jay FcInerney@ (0old yo not li'e to try all sorts o" li$es ; one is so $ery small ; %t that is the satis"action o" #riting ; one can impersonate so many people( >=atherine Fans"ield letter@ %) moth Nou n 1 . mouth ; the opening throgh #hich "ood is ta'en in and $ocali5ations emerge, (he st""ed his moth #ith candy( oral ca$ity* oral "issre* rima oris teeth* dentition ; the 'ind and nm%er and arrangement o" teeth (collecti$ely) in a person or animal glossa* linga* tonge* clapper ; a mo%ile mass o" msclar tisse co$ered #ith mcos mem%rane and located in the oral ca$ity moth ; the e!ternally $isi%le part o" the oral ca$ity on the "ace and the system o" organs srronding the opening, (she #iped lipstic' "rom her moth( ca'ehole* ma#* yap* go%* trap* hole ; in"ormal terms "or the moth %ccal ca$ity ; the ca$ity %et#een the ?a#s and the chee's gingi$a* gm ; the tisse (co$ered %y mcos mem%rane) o" the ?a#s that srronds the %ases o" the teeth palate* roo" o" the moth ; the pper sr"ace o" the moth that separates the oral and nasal ca$ities sali$ary gland ; any o" three pairs o" glands in the moth and digesti$e system that secrete sali$a "or digestion rima ; a narro# elongated opening or "issre %et#een t#o symmetrical parts 2 . mouth ; the e!ternally $isi%le part o" the oral ca$ity on the "ace and the system o" organs srronding the opening, (she #iped lipstic' "rom her moth( cytostome ; moth o" a proto5oan %ea'* ne%* ni%* pec'er* %ill ; horny pro?ecting moth o" a %ird %ea' ; %ea'li'e moth o" animals other than %irds (e.g.* trtles) ori"ice* porta* opening ; an apertre or hole that opens into a %odily ca$ity, (the ori"ice into the aorta "rom the lo#er le"t cham%er o" the heart( moth* oral ca$ity* oral "issre* rima oris ; the opening throgh #hich "ood is ta'en in and $ocali5ations emerge, (he st""ed his moth #ith candy( lip ; either o" t#o "leshy "olds o" tisse that srrond the moth and play a role in spea'ing arteria lingalis* lingal artery ; an artery originating "rom the e!ternal carotid artery and spplying the nder side o" the tonge lingal $ein* $ena lingalis ; a $ein that recei$es %lood "rom the tonge and the "loor o" the moth and empties into the internal ?glar or the "acial $ein "ace* hman "ace ; the "ront o" the hman head "rom the "orehead to the chin and ear to ear, (he #ashed his "ace(, (I #ish I had seen the loo' on his "ace #hen he got the ne#s( 3 . mouth ; an opening that resem%les a moth (as o" a ca$e or a gorge), (he rode into the moth o" the canyon(, (they %ilt a "ire at the moth o" the ca$e( opening* gap ; an open or empty space in or %et#een things, (there #as a small opening %et#een the trees(, (the e!plosion made a gap in the #all( 4 . mouth ; the point #here a stream isses into a larger %ody o" #ater, (Ge# Kor' is at the moth o" the Hdson( geological "ormation* "ormation ; (geology) the geological "eatres o" the earth 5 . mouth ; a person concei$ed as a consmer o" "ood, (he has "or moths to "eed( eater* "eeder ; someone #ho consmes "ood "or norishment 6 . mouth ; a spo'esperson (as a la#yer) mothpiece collo<ialism ; a collo<ial e!pression, characteristic o" spo'en or #ritten commnication that see's to imitate in"ormal speech spo'esperson* representati$e* interpreter* $oice ; an ad$ocate #ho represents someone else4s policy or prpose, (the meeting #as attended %y spo'espersons "or all the ma?or organs o" go$ernment( 7 . mouth ; an impdent or insolent re?oinder, (don4t gi$e me any o" yor sass( %ac' tal'* %ac'tal'* sass* sassing* lip come%ac'* re?oinder* retort* riposte* replication* conter* retrn ; a <ic' reply to a <estion or remar' (especially a #itty or critical one), (it %roght a sharp re?oinder "rom the teacher( 8 . mouth ; the opening o" a ?ar or %ottle, (the ?ar had a #ide moth( %ottle ; a glass or plastic $essel sed "or storing drin's or other li<ids, typically cylindrical #ithot handles and #ith a narro# nec' that can %e plgged or capped ?ar ; a $essel (sally cylindrical) #ith a #ide moth and #ithot handles opening ; a $acant or no%strcted space that is man;made, (they le"t a small opening "or the cat at the %ottom o" the door( Ver b 1 . mouth ; e!press in speech, (She tal's a lot o" nonsense(, (This depressed patient does not $er%ali5e( spea'* tal'* $er%alise* $er%ali5e* tter read ; loo' at* interpret* and say ot lod something that is #ritten or printed, (The =ing #ill read the proclamation at noon( commnicate* intercommnicate ; transmit thoghts or "eelings, (He commnicated his an!ieties to the psychiatrist( phonate* $ocalise* $ocali5e ; tter speech sonds troll ; spea' or recite rapidly or in a rolling $oice %egin ; %egin to spea' or say, (Go# listen* "riends*( he %egan lip o""* shoot one4s moth o"" ; spea' spontaneosly and #ithot restraint, (She al#ays shoots her moth o"" and says things she later regrets( shot ; tter in a lod $oice, tal' in a lod $oice (sally denoting characteristic manner o" spea'ing), (Fy grandmother is hard o" hearing;;yo4ll ha$e to shot( #hisper ; spea' so"tly, in a lo# $oice peep ; spea' in a hesitant and high;pitched tone o" $oice spea' p ; spea' loder, raise one4s $oice, (The adience as'ed the lectrer to please spea' p( snap* snarl ; tter in an angry* sharp* or a%rpt tone, (The sales cler' snapped a reply at the angry cstomer(, (The gard snarled at s( enthse ; tter #ith enthsiasm spea' in tonges ; spea' nintelligi%ly in or as i" in religios ecstasy, (The parishioners spo'e in tonges( s#allo# ; tter indistinctly, (She s#allo#ed the last #ords o" her speech( $er%alise* $er%ali5e ; %e $er%ose, (This la#yer $er%ali5es and is rather tedios( #hi"" ; tter #ith a p"" o" air, (#hi"" ot a prayer( tal' o"* tal' a%ot ; discss or mention, (They spo'e o" many things( %l%%er ot* %l%%er ; tter #hile crying drone on* drone ; tal' in a monotonos $oice stammer* sttter* %m%le* "alter ; spea' haltingly, (The spea'er "altered #hen he sa# his opponent enter the room( rasp ; tter in a grating $oice %lnder ot* %lrt* %lrt ot* e?aclate* %lnder ; tter implsi$ely, (He %lrted ot the secret(, (He %lndered his stpid ideas( in"lect* modlate* tone ; $ary the pitch o" one4s speech deli$er* present ; deli$er (a speech* oration* or idea), (The commencement spea'er presented a "orce"l speech that impressed the stdents( generalise* generali5e ; spea' or #rite in generalities %la%%er* pala$er* pi""le* prate* prattle* tattle* tittle;tattle* t#addle* ga%%le* gi%%er* %la%* clac'* mander* chatter ; spea' (a%ot nimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly chatter ; ma'e noise as i" chattering a#ay, (The magpies #ere chattering in the trees( rattle on* yac'* yac' a#ay* yap a#ay* ?a# ; tal' incessantly and tiresomely open p ; tal' "reely and #ithot inhi%ition sni$el* #hine ; tal' in a tear"l manner mrmr ; spea' so"tly or indistinctly, (She mrmred so"tly to the %a%y in her arms( mm%le* mssitate* mtter* mander ; tal' indistinctly, sally in a lo# $oice slr ; tter indistinctly %ar' ; spea' in an n"riendly tone, (She %ar'ed into the dictaphone( %ay ; tter in deep prolonged tones ?a%%er* moth o""* ra%%it on* rant* ra$e* spot ; tal' in a noisy* e!cited* or declamatory manner siss* si55* hiss* si%ilate ; e!press or tter #ith a hiss cac'le ; tal' or tter in a cac'ling manner, (The #omen cac'led #hen they sa# the mo$ie star step ot o" the limosine( %a%%le ; tter meaningless sonds* li'e a %a%y* or tter in an incoherent #ay, (The old man is only %a%%ling;;don4t pay attention( intone* tone* chant ; tter monotonosly and repetiti$ely and rhythmically, (The stdents chanted the same slogan o$er and o$er again( glp ; tter or ma'e a noise* as #hen s#allo#ing too <ic'ly, (He glped "or help a"ter cho'ing on a %ig piece o" meat( 2 mouth ; articlate silently, "orm #ords #ith the lips only, (She . mothed a s#ear #ord( dissem%le* "eign* pretend* sham* a""ect ; ma'e %elie$e #ith the intent to decei$e, (He "eigned that he #as ill(, (He shammed a headache( lip;sync* lip;synch ; mo$e the lips in synchroni5ation (#ith recorded speech or song) 3 . mouth ; toch #ith the moth toch ; ma'e physical contact #ith* come in contact #ith, (Toch the stone "or good lc'(, (She ne$er toched her hs%and( mouth noun 1. lips* trap )slang** chops )slang** ?a#s* go% )slang, esp. 3rit.** ma#* yap )slang** ca'ehole )3rit. slang* She clamped her hand against her mouth. 2. entrance* opening* gate#ay* ca$ity* door* apertre* cre$ice* ori"ice the mouth of the tunnel 3. opening* lip* rim a lit candle stuck in the bottle-s mouth 4. inlet* otlet* estary* "irth* ot"all* de%ochment the mouth of the rier 5. ),nformal* %oasting* gas )informal** %ragging* hot air )slang** %raggadocio* idle tal'* empty tal' She is all mouth and no talent. erb tter* say* spea'* $oice* e!press* prononce* articlate* ennciate* $er%ali5e* $ocali5e* say insincerely* say "or "orm4s sa'e , mouthed some sympathetic platitudes. ee! "our mouth shut say nothing* 'eep <iet* 'eep mm )informal** not tell a sol* 'eep something nder yor hat 4ou-d do well to keep your mouth shut about it. mouth o## ),nformal* rant* ra$e* spot* sond o""* declaim* ?a%%er "e receied a yellow card for mouthing off to the referee. Related words ad$ecties oral* osclar* stomatic $ro%erbs (+ sht moth catches no "lies( e) tonge Nou n 1 . tongue ; a mo%ile mass o" msclar tisse co$ered #ith mcos mem%rane and located in the oral ca$ity glossa* linga* clapper organ ; a "lly di""erentiated strctral and "nctional nit in an animal that is speciali5ed "or some particlar "nction articlator ; a mo$a%le speech organ moth* oral ca$ity* oral "issre* rima oris ; the opening throgh #hich "ood is ta'en in and $ocali5ations emerge, (he st""ed his moth #ith candy( gstatory organ* taste %d* taste%d ; an o$al sensory end organ on the sr"ace o" the tonge pharyn!* throat ; the passage to the stomach and lngs, in the "ront part o" the nec' %elo# the chin and a%o$e the collar%one 2 . tongue ; a hman #ritten or spo'en langage sed %y a commnity, opposed to e.g. a compter langage natral langage langage* lingistic commnication ; a systematic means o" commnicating %y the se o" sonds or con$entional sym%ols, (he taght "oreign langages(, (the langage introdced is standard throghot the te!t(, (the speed #ith #hich a program can %e e!ected depends on the langage in #hich it is #ritten( "irst langage* maternal langage* mother tonge ; one4s nati$e langage, the langage learned %y children and passed "rom one generation to the ne!t tonal langage* tone langage ; a langage in #hich di""erent tones distingish di""erent meanings creole ; a mother tonge that originates "rom contact %et#een t#o langages +merican;Indian langage* +merind* +merindian langage* +merican Indian* Indian ; any o" the langages spo'en %y +merindians Es'imo;+let* Es'imo;+let langage ; the "amily o" langages that incldes Es'imo and +let Bh'chi langage* Bh'chi ; an indigenos and isolated langage o" n'no#n origin spo'en %y the Bh'chi that is prononced di""erently %y men and #omen Sino;Ti%etan* Sino;Ti%etan langage ; the "amily o" tonal langages spo'en in eastern +sia +stro;+siatic* +stro;+siatic langage* Fnda;Fon;=hmer ; a "amily o" langages spo'en in sothern and sotheastern +sia Hmong langage* Fiao* Hmong ; a langage o" ncertain a""iliation spo'en %y the Hmong +stronesian langage* +stronesian ; the "amily o" langages spo'en in +stralia and :ormosa and Falaysia and Polynesia Papan langage* Papan ; any o" the indigenos langages spo'en in Papa Ge# &inea or Ge# -ritain or the Solomon Islands that are not Falayo;Polynesian langages =hoisan* =hoisan langage ; a "amily o" langages spo'en in sothern +"rica Indo;Eropean langage* Indo;Hittite* Indo;Eropean ; the "amily o" langages that %y 1222 -B #ere spo'en throghot Erope and in parts o" soth#estern and sothern +sia 7ral;+ltaic ; a (postlated) grop o" langages inclding many o" the indigenos langages o" Rssia (%t not Rssian) -as<e ; the langage o" the -as<e people, o" no 'no#n relation to any other langage Elamitic* Ssian* Elamite ; an e!tinct ancient langage o" n'no#n a""inities, spo'en %y the Elamites Bassite* =assite ; an ancient langage spo'en %y the =assites Bacasian langage* Bacasian ; a nm%er o" langages spo'en in the Bacass that are nrelated to langages spo'en else#here Era$idian langage* Era$idic* Era$idian ; a large "amily o" langages spo'en in soth and central India and Sri 9an'a +"rasian* +"rasian langage* +"ro;+siatic* +"roasiatic* +"roasiatic langage* Hamito;Semitic ; a large "amily o" related langages spo'en %oth in +sia and +"rica Giger;=ordo"anian* Giger;=ordo"anian langage ; the "amily o" langages that incldes most o" the langages spo'en in +"rica soth o" the Sahara, the ma?ority o" them are tonal langages %t there are important e!ceptions (e.g.* S#ahili or :la) Gilo;Saharan* Gilo;Saharan langage ; a "amily o" East +"rican langages spo'en %y Gilotic peoples "rom the Sahara soth to =enya and Tan5ania 3 . tongue ; any long thin pro?ection that is transient, (tonges o" "lame lic'ed at the #alls(, (ri"les e!ploded <ic' 'ni$es o" "ire into the dar'( 'ni"e pro?ection ; any solid con$e! shape that ?ts ot "rom something 4 . tongue ; a manner o" spea'ing, (he spo'e #ith a thic' tonge(, (she has a gli% tonge( manner o" spea'ing* deli$ery* speech ; yor characteristic style or manner o" e!pressing yorsel" orally, (his manner o" spea'ing #as <ite a%rpt(, (her speech #as %arren o" sothernisms(, (I detected a slight accent in his speech( sharp tonge ; a %itter or critical manner o" spea'ing 5 . tongue ; a narro# strip o" land that ?ts ot into the sea spit cape* ness ; a strip o" land pro?ecting into a %ody o" #ater sand ; a loose material consisting o" grains o" roc' or coral 6 . tongue ; the tonge o" certain animals sed as meat organs* $ariety meat ; edi%le $iscera o" a %tchered animal %ee" tonge ; the tonge o" a co# eaten as meat cal"4s tonge ; the tonge o" a cal" eaten as meat 7 . tongue ; the "lap o" material nder the laces o" a shoe or %oot %oot ; "oot#ear that co$ers the #hole "oot and lo#er leg "lap ; any %road thin and lim%er co$ering attached at one edge, hangs loose or pro?ects "reely, (he #rote on the "lap o" the en$elope( shoe ; "oot#ear shaped to "it the "oot (%elo# the an'le) #ith a "le!i%le pper o" leather or plastic and a sole and heel o" hea$ier material 8 . tongue ; metal stri'er that hangs inside a %ell and ma'es a sond %y hitting the side clapper %ell ; a hollo# de$ice made o" metal that ma'es a ringing sond #hen strc' stri'er ; the part o" a mechanical de$ice that stri'es something Ver b 1 . tongue ; articlate %y tonging* as #hen playing #ind instrments msic ; msical acti$ity (singing or #histling etc.), (his msic #as his central interest( msic ; (msic) the sonds prodced %y singers or msical instrments (or reprodctions o" sch sonds) spiel* play ; replay (as a melody), (Play it again* Sam(, (She played the third mo$ement $ery %eati"lly( do%le tonge* triple;tonge ; play "ast notes on a #ind instrment 2 . tongue ; lic' or e!plore #ith the tonge lap* lic' ; pass the tonge o$er, (the dog lic'ed her hand c) %ea$er Nou n 1 . bea%er ; the so"t %ro#n "r o" the %ea$er %ea$er "r "r* pelt ; the dressed hairy coat o" a mammal 2 . &ea%er ; a nati$e or resident o" )regon )regonian +merican ; a nati$e or inha%itant o" the 7nited States 3 . bea%er ; a "ll %eard %eard* "ace "ngs* #his'ers ; the hair gro#ing on the lo#er part o" a man4s "ace 4 . bea%er ; a man4s hat #ith a tall cro#n, sally co$ered #ith sil' or #ith %ea$er "r dress hat* opera hat* sil' hat* top hat* sto$epipe* high hat* topper chapea* hat* lid ; headdress that protects the head "rom %ad #eather, has shaped cro#n and sally a %rim man4s clothing ; clothing that is designed "or men to #ear 5 . bea%er ; a mo$a%le piece o" armor on a medie$al helmet sed to protect the lo#er "ace armor plate* armor plating* armor plate* plate armor* plate armor ; specially hardened steel plate sed to protect "orti"ications or $ehicles "rom enemy "ire helmet ; a protecti$e headgear made o" hard material to resist %lo#s 6 . bea%er ; a hat made #ith the "r o" a %ea$er (or similar material) castor "r hat ; a hat made o" "r 7 . bea%er ; large semia<atic rodent #ith #e%%ed hind "eet and a %road "lat tail, constrct comple! dams and nder#ater lodges gna#er* rodent ; relati$ely small placental mammals ha$ing a single pair o" constantly gro#ing incisor teeth speciali5ed "or gna#ing gens Bastor* Bastor ; type gens o" the Bastoridae: %ea$ers Bastor "i%er* )ld 0orld %ea$er ; a Eropean $ariety o" %ea$er Bastor canadensis* Ge# 0orld %ea$er ; a $ariety o" %ea$er "ond in almost all areas o" Gorth +merica e!cept :lorida Ver b 1 . bea%er ; #or' hard on something %ea$er a#ay #or' ; e!ert onesel" %y doing mental or physical #or' "or a prpose or ot o" necessity, (I #ill #or' hard to impro$e my grades(, (she #or'ed hard "or %etter li$ing conditions "or the poor(
") reader Nou n 1 . reader ; a person #ho en?oys reading %oo'#orm ; someone #ho spends a great deal o" time reading %oo'man* scholar* scholarly person* stdent ; a learned person (especially in the hmanities), someone #ho %y long stdy has gained mastery in one or more disciplines 2 . reader ; someone #ho contracts to recei$e and pay "or a ser$ice or a certain nm%er o" isses o" a p%lication s%scri%er cstomer* client ; someone #ho pays "or goods or ser$ices 3 . reader ; a person #ho can read, a literate person decipherer ; a reader capa%le o" reading and interpreting illegi%le or o%scre te!t literate* literate person ; a person #ho can read and #rite map;reader ; a person #ho can read maps, (he is a good map; reader( s'immer ; a rapid sper"icial reader 4 . reader ; someone #ho reads manscripts and ?dges their sita%ility "or p%lication re$ie#er* re"eree critic ; anyone #ho e!presses a reasoned ?dgment o" something scanner ; someone #ho scans $erse to determine the nm%er and prosodic $ale o" the sylla%les 5 . reader ; someone #ho reads proo" in order to "ind errors and mar' corrections proo"reader pressman* printer ; someone #hose occpation is printing 6 . reader ; someone #ho reads the lessons in a chrch ser$ice, someone ordained in a minor order o" the Roman Batholic Bhrch lector clergyman* man o" the cloth* re$erend ; a mem%er o" the clergy and a spirital leader o" the Bhristian Bhrch Holy )rder* )rder ; (sally plral) the stats or ran' or o""ice o" a Bhristian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy, (theologians still disagree o$er #hether L%ishop4 shold or shold not %e a separate )rder( 7 . reader ; a p%lic lectrer at certain ni$ersities lectrer* lector edcator* pedagog* pedagoge ; someone #ho edcates yong people 8 . reader ; one o" a series o" te!ts "or stdents learning to read school te!t* school%oo'* te!t edition* te!t%oo'* te!t ; a %oo' prepared "or se in schools or colleges, (his economics te!t%oo' is in its tenth edition(, (the pro"essor #rote the te!t that he assigned stdents to %y( Fc&""ey Eclectic Readers ; readers that com%ined lessons in reading #ith moralistic messages 3. E!plain the mechanism o" sense e!tension in these e!amples: a) This land %elongs to the Bro#n. Nou n 1. 'rown ; the Bro#n (or the reigning monarch) as the sym%ol o" the po#er and athority o" a monarchy, (the colonies re$olted against the Bro#n( sym%ol ; an ar%itrary sign (#ritten or printed) that has ac<ired a con$entional signi"icance 2. crown ; the part o" a tooth a%o$e the gm that is co$ered #ith enamel tooth ; hard %oneli'e strctres in the ?a#s o" $erte%rates, sed "or %iting and che#ing or "or attac' and de"ense enamel* tooth enamel ; hard #hite s%stance co$ering the cro#n o" a tooth top ; the pper part o" anything, (the mo#er cts o"" the tops o" the grass(, (the title shold %e #ritten at the top o" the "irst page( 3. crown ; a #reath or garland #orn on the head to signi"y $ictory cro#n o" thorns ; a moc' cro#n made o" thorn %ranches that Roman soldiers placed on Jess %e"ore the Brci"i!ion chaplet* coronal* lei* #reath* garland ; "lo#er arrangement consisting o" a circlar %and o" "oliage or "lo#ers "or ornamental prposes 4. crown ; an ornamental ?e#eled headdress signi"ying so$ereignty diadem coronet ; a small cro#n, sally indicates a high ran' %t %elo# that o" so$ereign cro#n ?e#els ; regalia (?e#elry and other paraphernalia) #orn %y a so$ereign on state occasions ?e#eled headdress* ?e#elled headdress ; a headdress adorned #ith ?e#els 5. crown ; the part o" a hat (the $erte!) that co$ers the cro#n o" the head chapea* hat* lid ; headdress that protects the head "rom %ad #eather, has shaped cro#n and sally a %rim ape!* acme* $erte!* pea' ; the highest point (o" something), (at the pea' o" the pyramid( 6. crown ; an English coin #orth C shillings coin ; a "lat metal piece (sally a disc) sed as money 7. crown ; the pper %ranches and lea$es o" a tree or other plant treetop top ; the pper part o" anything, (the mo#er cts o"" the tops o" the grass(, (the title shold %e #ritten at the top o" the "irst page( tree ; a tall perennial #oody plant ha$ing a main trn' and %ranches "orming a distinct ele$ated cro#n, incldes %oth gymnosperms and angiosperms capitlm ; an arrangement o" lea"y %ranches "orming the top or head o" a tree 8. crown ; the top or e!treme point o" something (sally a montain or hill), (the $ie# "rom the pea' #as magni"icent(, (they clam%ered to the tip o" Fonadnoc'(, (the region is a "e# molecles #ide at the smmit( crest* smmit* top* pea'* tip hilltop* %ro# ; the pea' o" a hill, (the sn set %ehind the %ro# o" distant hills( pinnacle ; a lo"ty pea' place* spot* topographic point ; a point located #ith respect to sr"ace "eatres o" some region, (this is a nice place "or a picnic(, (a %right spot on a planet( montain pea' ; the smmit o" a montain (. crown ; the a#ard gi$en to the champion pennant accolade* honor* larels* honor* a#ard ; a tangi%le sym%ol signi"ying appro$al or distinction, (an a#ard "or %ra$ery( 1) . crown ; the top o" the head pate* poll hman head ; the head o" a hman %eing tonsre ; the sha$ed cro#n o" a mon'4s or priest4s head top side* pper side* pside* top ; the highest or ppermost side o" anything, (pt yor %oo's on top o" the des'(, (only the top side o" the %o! #as painted( 11 . crown ; (dentistry) dental appliance consisting o" an arti"icial cro#n "or a %ro'en or decayed tooth, (tomorro# my dentist #ill "it me "or a cro#n( cro#n#or'* ?ac'et cro#n* ?ac'et* cap dental appliance ; a de$ice to repair teeth or replace missing teeth dental medicine* dentistry* odontology ; the %ranch o" medicine dealing #ith the anatomy and de$elopment and diseases o" the teeth 12 . crown ; the center o" a cam%ered road crest road* rote ; an open #ay (generally p%lic) "or tra$el or transportation top side* pper side* pside* top ; the highest or ppermost side o" anything, (pt yor %oo's on top o" the des'(, (only the top side o" the %o! #as painted( Ver b 1. crown ; in$est #ith regal po#er, enthrone, (The prince #as cro#ned in 0estminster +%%ey( coronate enthrone* $est* in$est ; pro$ide #ith po#er and athority, (They $ested the concil #ith special rights( 2. crown ; %e the clminating e$ent, (The speech cro#ned the meeting( top clima!* clminate ; end* especially to reach a "inal or climactic stage, (The meeting clminated in a tear"l em%race( 3. crown ; "orm the topmost part o", (+ #eather $ane cro#ns the %ilding( head ; %e in the "ront o" or on top o", (The list #as headed %y the name o" the president( 4. crown ; pt an enamel co$er on, (cro#n my teeth( co$er ; pro$ide #ith a co$ering or case to %e co$ered, (co$er her "ace #ith a hand'erchie"(, (co$er the child #ith a %lan'et(, (co$er the gra$e #ith "lo#ers( %) 0e need some ne# "aces arond here. Nou n 1. #ace ; the "ront o" the hman head "rom the "orehead to the chin and ear to ear, (he #ashed his "ace(, (I #ish I had seen the loo' on his "ace #hen he got the ne#s( hman "ace hman* hman %eing* homo* man ; any li$ing or e!tinct mem%er o" the "amily Hominidae characteri5ed %y sperior intelligence* articlate speech* and erect carriage e!ternal %ody part ; any %ody part $isi%le e!ternally %eard* "ace "ngs* #his'ers ; the hair gro#ing on the lo#er part o" a man4s "ace moth ; the e!ternally $isi%le part o" the oral ca$ity on the "ace and the system o" organs srronding the opening, (she #iped lipstic' "rom her moth( eye* ocls* optic ; the organ o" sight eye%ro#* spercilim* %ro# ; the arch o" hair a%o$e each eye "acial $ein* $ena "acialis ; any o" se$eral $eins draining the "ace "acial* "acial ner$e* ner$s "acialis* se$enth cranial ner$e ; cranial ner$e that spplies "acial mscles head* capt ; the pper part o" the hman %ody or the "ront part o" the %ody in animals, contains the "ace and %rains, (he stc' his head ot the #indo#( nose* ol"actory organ ; the organ o" smell and entrance to the respiratory tract, the prominent part o" the "ace o" man or other mammals, (he has a cold in the nose( chin* mentm ; the protrding part o" the lo#er ?a# physiognomy* $isage* smiler* 'isser* phi5* contenance* mg ; the hman "ace (L'isser4 and Lsmiler4 and Lmg4 are in"ormal terms "or L"ace4 and Lphi54 is -ritish) "eatre* lineament ; the characteristic parts o" a person4s "ace: eyes and nose and moth and chin, (an e!pression o" pleasre crossed his "eatres(, (his lineaments #ere $ery reglar( "acial mscle ; any o" the s'eletal mscles o" the "ace %ro#* "orehead ; the part o" the "ace a%o$e the eyes chee' ; either side o" the "ace %elo# the eyes ?o#l ; a "llness and looseness o" the "lesh o" the lo#er chee' and ?a# (characteristic o" aging) ?a# ; the %ones o" the s'll that "rame the moth and ser$e to open it, the %ones that hold the teeth 2. #ace ; the "eelings e!pressed on a person4s "ace, (a sad e!pression(, (a loo' o" trimph(, (an angry "ace( e!pression* loo'* "acial e!pression* aspect contenance* $isage ; the appearance con$eyed %y a person4s "ace, (a pleasant contenance(, (a stern $isage( leer ; a sggesti$e or sneering loo' or grin spar'le* t#in'le* spar'* light ; merriment e!pressed %y a %rightness or gleam or animation o" contenance, (he had a spar'le in his eye(, (there4s a perpetal t#in'le in his eyes( 3. #ace ; the general ot#ard appearance o" something, (the "ace o" the city is changing( appearance* $isal aspect ; ot#ard or $isi%le aspect o" a person or thing 4. #ace ; the stri'ing or #or'ing sr"ace o" an implement cl% head* cl%;head* cl%head* gol";cl% head ; (gol") the head o" the cl% #hich stri'es the %all head ; the stri'ing part o" a tool, (the head o" the hammer( rac<et* rac'et ; a sports implement (sally consisting o" a handle and an o$al "rame #ith a tightly interlaced net#or' o" strings) sed to stri'e a %all (or shttlecoc') in $arios games sr"ace ; the oter %ondary o" an arti"act or a material layer constitting or resem%ling sch a %ondary, (there is a special cleaner "or these sr"aces(, (the cloth had a pattern o" red dots on a #hite sr"ace( 5. #ace ; a part o" a person that is sed to re"er to a person, (he loo'ed ot at a room"l o" "aces(, (#hen he retrned to #or' he met many ne# "aces( indi$idal* mortal* person* some%ody* someone* sol ; a hman %eing, (there #as too mch "or one person to do( synecdoche ; s%stitting a more inclsi$e term "or a less inclsi$e one or $ice $ersa 6. #ace ; a sr"ace "orming part o" the otside o" an o%?ect, (he e!amined all sides o" the crystal(, (de# dripped "rom the "ace o" the lea"( side %eam;ends ; (natical) at the ends o" the trans$erse dec' %eams o" a $essel, (on her %eam;ends( means heeled o$er on the side so that the dec' is almost $ertical %ottom* nderside* ndersr"ace ; the lo#er side o" anything "orepart* "ront* "ront end ; the side that is "or#ard or prominent lee side* lee#ard* lee ; the side o" something that is sheltered "rom the #ind #ind#ard ; the side o" something that is to#ard the #ind %ac' end* %ac'side* rear ; the side o" an o%?ect that is opposite its "ront, (his room #as to#ard the rear o" the hotel( sr"ace ; the e!tended t#o;dimensional oter %ondary o" a three;dimensional o%?ect, (they s'immed o$er the sr"ace o" the #ater(, (a %rsh small enogh to clean e$ery dental sr"ace(, (the sn has no distinct sr"ace( top side* pper side* pside* top ; the highest or ppermost side o" anything, (pt yor %oo's on top o" the des'(, (only the top side o" the %o! #as painted( 7. #ace ; the part o" an animal corresponding to the hman "ace animal* animate %eing* %east* creatre* "ana* %rte ; a li$ing organism characteri5ed %y $olntary mo$ement m55le ; "or#ard pro?ecting part o" the head o" certain animals, incldes the ?a#s and nose e!ternal %ody part ; any %ody part $isi%le e!ternally 8. #ace ; the side pon #hich the se o" a thing depends (sally the most prominent sr"ace o" an o%?ect), (he dealt the cards "ace do#n( cloc' dial* cloc' "ace ; the "ace o" a cloc' sho#ing hors and mintes o" the day dial ; the "ace o" a timepiece, gradated to sho# the hors "ront ; the side that is seen or that goes "irst playing card ; one o" a pac' o" cards that are sed to play card games #atch* tic'er ; a small porta%le timepiece (. #ace ; a contorted "acial e!pression, (she made a grimace at the prospect( grimace "acial e!pression* "acial gestre ; a gestre e!ected #ith the "acial mscles moe* pot* #ry "ace ; a disdain"l grimace 1) . #ace ; a speci"ic si5e and style o" type #ithin a type "amily "ont* "ont* type"ace* case type ; printed characters, (small type is hard to read( type "amily ; a complete set o" type sita%le "or printing te!t nicameral script ; a script #ith a single case %icameral script ; a script ha$ing t#o distinct cases constant;#idth "ont* "i!ed;#idth "ont* monospaced "ont* type#riter "ont ; a type"ace is #hich each character is gi$en the same #idth (as %y a type#riter) proportional "ont ; any "ont #hose di""erent characters ha$e di""erent #idths cartridge "ont* "ont cartridge ; any "ont that is contained in a cartridge that can %e plgged into a compter printer %lac' letter* &othic ; a hea$y type"ace in se "rom 1Cth to 11th centries %old* %old "ace* %old"ace ; a type"ace #ith thic' hea$y lines italic ; a type"ace #ith letters slanting p#ard to the right raster "ont* screen "ont ; the "ont that is displayed on a compter screen, (#hen the screen "ont resem%les a printed "ont a docment may loo' appro!imately the same on the screen as it #ill #hen printed( Hel$etica* sans seri" ; a type"ace in #hich characters ha$e no seri"s 11 . #ace ; stats in the eyes o" others, (he lost "ace( stats* position ; the relati$e position or standing o" things or especially persons in a society, (he had the stats o" a minor(, (the no$el attained the stats o" a classic(, (atheists do not en?oy a "a$ora%le position in +merican li"e( 12 . #ace ; impdent aggressi$eness, (I coldn4t %elie$e her %oldness(, (he had the e""rontery to <estion my honesty( %oldness* ner$e* %rass* chee' aggressi$eness ; the <ality o" %eing %old and enterprising adaciosness* adacity ; aggressi$e %oldness or nmitigated e""rontery, (he had the adacity to <estion my decision( 13 . #ace ; a $ertical sr"ace o" a %ilding or cli"" perpendiclar ; an e!tremely steep "ace $ertical sr"ace ; a sr"ace that is $ertical coal"ace ; the part o" a coal seam that is %eing ct Ver b 1. #ace ; deal #ith (something npleasant) head on, (Ko mst con"ront yor pro%lems(, (He "aced the terri%le conse<ences o" his mista'es( "ace p* con"ront con"ront* "ace* present ; present some%ody #ith something* sally to accse or critici5e, (0e con"ronted him #ith the e$idence(, (He #as "aced #ith all the e$idence and cold no longer deny his actions(, (+n enormos dilemma "aces s( go a%ot* set a%ot* approach ; %egin to deal #ith, (approach a tas'(, (go a%ot a di""iclt pro%lem(, (approach a ne# pro?ect( tac'le* nderta'e* ta'e on ; accept as a challenge, (I4ll tac'le this di""iclt tas'( 2. #ace ; oppose* as in hostility or a competition, (Ko mst con"ront yor opponent(, (Jac'son "aced Smith in the %o!ing ring(, (The t#o enemies "inally con"ronted each other( con"ront "ront* %reast ; con"ront %odily, (%reast the storm( ta'e the %ll %y the horns ; "ace a di""iclty and grapple #ith it #ithot a$oiding it enconter* ta'e on* meet* play ; contend against an opponent in a sport* game* or %attle, (Princeton plays Kale this #ee'end(, (Bharlie li'es to play Fary( pit* play o""* oppose* match ; set into opposition or ri$alry, (let them match their %est athletes against ors(, (pit a chess player against the Rssian champion(, (He plays his t#o children o"" against each other( %lly o""* "ace o"" ; start a game %y a "ace;o"" 3. #ace ; %e oriented in a certain direction* o"ten #ith respect to another re"erence point, %e opposite to, (The hose loo's north(, (Fy %ac'yard loo' onto the pond(, (The %ilding "aces the par'( "ront* loo' lie ; %e located or sitated some#here, occpy a certain position "ace ; %e opposite, (the "acing page(, (the t#o so"as "ace each other( con"ront ; %e "ace to "ace #ith, (The child screamed #hen he con"ronted the man in the Hallo#een costme( 4. #ace ; %e opposite, (the "acing page(, (the t#o so"as "ace each other( %e ; occpy a certain position or area, %e some#here, (0here is my m%rellaD( (The toolshed is in the %ac'(, (0hat is %ehind this %eha$iorD( "ront* "ace* loo' ; %e oriented in a certain direction* o"ten #ith respect to another re"erence point, %e opposite to, (The hose loo's north(, (Fy %ac'yard loo' onto the pond(, (The %ilding "aces the par'( 5. #ace ; trn so as to "ace, trn the "ace in a certain direction, (Trn and "ace yor partner no#( trn ; change orientation or direction* also in the a%stract sense, (Trn to#ards me(, (The mgger trned and "led %e"ore I cold see his "ace(, (She trned "rom hersel" and learned to listen to others4 needs( "ace ; trn so as to e!pose the "ace, ("ace a playing card( 6. #ace ; present some%ody #ith something* sally to accse or critici5e, (0e con"ronted him #ith the e$idence(, (He #as "aced #ith all the e$idence and cold no longer deny his actions(, (+n enormos dilemma "aces s( con"ront* present "ace* "ace p* con"ront ; deal #ith (something npleasant) head on, (Ko mst con"ront yor pro%lems(, (He "aced the terri%le conse<ences o" his mista'es( 7. #ace ; trn so as to e!pose the "ace, ("ace a playing card( "ace ; trn so as to "ace, trn the "ace in a certain direction, (Trn and "ace yor partner no#( disclose* e!pose ; disclose to $ie# as %y remo$ing a co$er, (The crtain rose to disclose a stnning set( 8. #ace ; line the edge (o" a garment) #ith a di""erent material, ("ace the lapels o" the ?ac'et( line ; co$er the interior o", (line the glo$es(, (line a chimney( "ace ; co$er the "ront or sr"ace o", (The %ilding #as "aced #ith %eati"l stones( re"ace ; pt a ne# "acing on (a garment) (. #ace ; co$er the "ront or sr"ace o", (The %ilding #as "aced #ith %eati"l stones( re$et ; "ace #ith a layer o" stone or concrete or other spporting material so as to retain, ("ace an em%an'ment( re"ace ; pro$ide #ith a ne# "acing, (The %ilding #as re"aced #ith %eati"l stones( "ace ; line the edge (o" a garment) #ith a di""erent material, ("ace the lapels o" the ?ac'et( co$er ; pro$ide #ith a co$ering or case to %e co$ered, (co$er her "ace #ith a hand'erchie"(, (co$er the child #ith a %lan'et(, (co$er the gra$e #ith "lo#ers( #ace noun 1. contenance* "eatres* 'isser )slang** pro"ile* dial )3rit. slang** mg )slang** $isage* physiognomy* lineaments* phi5 or phi5og )slang* She had a beautiful face. 2. e!pression* loo'* air* appearance* aspect* contenance "e was walking around with a sad face. 3. side* "ront* co$er* otside* sr"ace* aspect* e!terior* right side* ele$ation* "acet* $ertical sr"ace "e climbed &55 feet up the cliff face. 4. dial* display #he face of the clock was painted yellow. 5. natre* image* character* appearance* concept* conception* ma'e;p %layers like him hae changed the face of snooker. 6. sel";respect* respect* reptation* dignity* standing* athority* image* regard* stats* honor* esteem* prestige* sel";image* mana )0.6.* #hey don-t want a war but they don-t want to lose face. 7. ),nformal* impdence* "ront* con"idence* adacity* ner$e* nec' )informal** sace )informal** chee' )informal** assrance* gall )informal** presmption* %oldness* cht5pah )+.S. 7 !anad. informal** sass )+.S. 7 !anad. informal** e""rontery* %rass nec' )3rit. informal** sassiness )+.S. informal* , haen-t the face to borrow off him. erb 1. loo' onto* o$erloo'* %e opposite* loo' ot on* "ront onto* gi$e to#ards or onto #he garden faces south. 2. con"ront* meet* enconter* deal #ith* oppose* tac'le* cope #ith* e!perience* %ra$e* de"y* come p against* %e con"ronted %y* "ace o"" )slang* "e looked relaxed and calm as he faced the press. 3. )often with up to* accept* deal #ith* tac'le* ac'no#ledge* cope #ith* con"ront* come to terms #ith* meet head;on* reconcile yorsel" to 4ou must face the truth that the relationship has ended. 4. %eset* #orry* tro%le* %other* distress* plage #here are two main health risks that face women. #ace someone down intimidate* de"eat* con"ront* s%de* disconcert "e-s confronted crowds before and faced them down. #ace to #ace "acing* tMte;N;tMte* opposite* con"ronting* eye%all to eye%all* in con"rontation* N de! )French** $is;N;$is ,t would hae been their first face to face encounter. #l" in the #ace o# something de"y* oppose* disregard* go against* "lot* re%el against* diso%ey* act in de"iance o" "e said that the decision flew in the face of natural $ustice. mae or !ull a #ace at someone sco#l* "ro#n* pot* grimace* smir'* moe )French* She made a face at him behind his back. on the #ace o# it to all appearances* apparently* seemingly* ot#ardly* at "irst sight* at "ace $ale* to the eye 8n the face of it, that seems to make sense. !ut on a bra%e #ace appear cheer"l* air* ta'e corage* grin and %ear it )informal** loo' cheer"l* 'eep yor chin p )informal** not sho# yor disappointment Friends will see you are putting on a brae face. show "our #ace trn p* come* appear* %e seen* sho# p )informal** pt in or ma'e an appearance* approach , felt , ought to show my face at her father-s funeral. to "our #ace directly* openly* straight* in person* in yor presence "er opponent called her a liar to her face. Quotations (The "ace is the image o" the sol( >Bicero De 8ratore@ (The "ace is the sol o" the %ody( >9d#ig 0ittgenstein 9ournal@ (I thin' yor #hole li"e sho#s in yor "ace and yo shold %e prod o" that( >9aren -acall@ (+t C2* e$eryone has the "ace he deser$es( >&eorge )r#ell last entry in notebook@ (0as this the "ace that lanched a thosand ships( (+nd %rnt the topless to#ers o" IlimD( >Bhristopher Farlo#e Dr. Faustus@ c) He el%o#ed me ot o" the <ee. Nou n 1 . elbow ; hinge ?oint %et#een the "orearm and pper arm and the corresponding ?oint in the "orelim% o" a <adrped articlatio c%iti* c%ital ?oint* c%its* el%o# ?oint* hman el%o# mscls articlaris c%iti ; a small %ranch o" the triceps that inserts into the capsle o" the el%o# ?oint arm ; a hman lim%, technically the part o" the sperior lim% %et#een the sholder and the el%o# %t commonly sed to re"er to the #hole sperior lim% ginglymoid ?oint* ginglyms* hinge ?oint ; a "reely mo$ing ?oint in #hich the %ones are so articlated as to allo# e!tensi$e mo$ement in one plane cra5y %one* "nny %one ; a point on the el%o# #here the lnar ner$e passes near the sr"ace, a sharp tingling sensation reslts #hen the ner$e is 'noc'ed against the %one, (the "nny %one is not hmers( 2 . elbow ; a sharp %end in a road or ri$er %end* cr$e ; cr$ed segment (o" a road or ri$er or railroad trac' etc.) 3 . elbow ; a length o" pipe #ith a sharp %end in it pipage* pipe* piping ; a long t%e made o" metal or plastic that is sed to carry #ater or oil or gas etc. 4 . elbow ; the part o" a slee$e that co$ers the el%o# ?oint, (his coat had patches o$er the el%o#s( cloth co$ering ; a co$ering made o" cloth slee$e* arm ; the part o" a garment that is attached at the armhole and that pro$ides a cloth co$ering "or the arm 5 . elbow ; the ?oint o" a mammal or %ird that corresponds to the hman el%o# "oreleg ; the "orelim% o" a <adrped articlatio* ?oint* articlation ; (anatomy) the point o" connection %et#een t#o %ones or elements o" a s'eleton (especially i" it allo#s motion) Ver 1 elbow ; psh one4s #ay #ith the el%o#s b . sho$e* ?ostle ; come into rogh contact #ith #hile mo$ing, (The passengers ?ostled each other in the o$ercro#ded train( 2 . elbow ; sho$e one4s el%o# into another person4s ri%s ndge* po'e at* prod ; to psh against gently, (She ndged my el%o# #hen she sa# her "riend enter the restarant( 4. E!plain the type o" sense e!tension in these polysemantic #ords: a) paper Nou n 1 . !a!er ; a material made o" celllose plp deri$ed mainly "rom #ood or rags or certain grasses card ; one o" a set o" small pieces o" sti"" paper mar'ed in $arios #ays and sed "or playing games or "or telling "ortnes, (he collected cards and traded them #ith the other %oys( con"etti ; small pieces or streamers o" colored paper that are thro#n arond on "esti$e occasions (as at a #edding) piece o" paper* sheet o" paper* sheet ; paper sed "or #riting or printing material* st"" ; the tangi%le s%stance that goes into the ma'ep o" a physical o%?ect, (coal is a hard %lac' material(, (#heat is the st"" they se to ma'e %read( art paper ; a high;<ality paper (sally ha$ing a "iller o" china clay) %lotter* %lotting paper ; a%sor%ent paper sed to dry in' %leprint paper ; sensiti5ed paper sed to ma'e %leprints celllose ; a polysaccharide that is the chie" constitent o" all plant tisses and "i%ers car%on paper* car%on ; a thin paper coated on one side #ith a dar' #a!y s%stance (o"ten containing car%on), sed to trans"er characters "rom the original to an nder sheet o" paper card%oard* composition %oard ; a sti"" moderately thic' paper cartridge paper ; paper "or ma'ing cartridge cases chad ; a small piece o" paper that is spposed to %e remo$ed #hen a hole is pnched in a card or paper tape compter paper ; paper "olded to permit continos printing controlled %y a compter constrction paper ; paper sita%le "or dra#ing and ma'ing ctots crepe* crepe paper ; paper #ith a crin'led te!tre, sally colored and sed "or decorations dra#ing paper ; paper that is specially prepared "or se in dra"ting "ilter paper ; a poros nsi5ed paper sed "or "iltering "lypaper ; paper that is poisoned or coated #ith a stic'y s%stance to 'ill "lies graph paper ; paper that has lines to permit dra#ing graphs greaseproo" paper ; paper that is impermea%le to oil or grease, sed in coo'ing linen paper* linen ; a high;<ality paper made o" linen "i%ers or #ith a linen "inish litms paper ; nsi5ed paper treated #ith litms "or se as an acid; %ase indicator mani"old paper* mani"old ; a light#eight paper sed #ith car%on paper to ma'e mltiple copies, (an original and t#o mani"olds( manila* manila paper* manilla* manilla paper ; a strong paper or thin card%oard #ith a smooth light %ro#n "inish made "rom e.g. Fanila hemp msic paper* score paper ; paper #ith lines appropriate "or #riting msic ne#sprint* ne#spaper ; cheap paper made "rom #ood plp and sed "or printing ne#spapers, (they sed %ales o" ne#spaper e$ery day( oilpaper ; paper that has %een made translcent and #aterproo" %y soa'ing in oil india paper ; a thin togh opa<e paper sed in "ine %oo's pad* pad o" paper* ta%let ; a nm%er o" sheets o" paper "astened together along one edge paper tape ; a long narro# strip o" paper paper to#eling ; a%sor%ent paper sed as to#eling paper;mache* papier;mache ; a s%stance made "rom paper plp that can %e molded #hen #et and painted #hen dry papyrs ; paper made "rom the papyrs plant %y ctting it in strips and pressing it "lat, sed %y ancient Egyptians and &ree's and Romans parchment ; a sperior paper resem%ling sheeps'in rice paper ; a thin delicate material resem%ling paper, made "rom the rice;paper tree roo"ing paper* tar paper ; a hea$y paper impregnated #ith tar and sed as part o" a roo" "or #aterproo"ing tic'er tape ; a continos thin ri%%on o" paper on #hich stoc' <otes are #ritten tisse paper* tisse ; a so"t thin (sally translcent) paper tracing paper ; a semitransparent paper that is sed "or tracing dra#ings trans"er paper ; a paper that is coated #ith a preparation "or trans"erring a design to another sr"ace #allpaper ; a decorati$e paper "or the #alls o" rooms #aste paper ; paper discarded a"ter se #a! paper ; paper that has %een #aterproo"ed %y treatment #ith #a! or para""in 2 . !a!er ; an essay (especially one #ritten as an assignment), (he got an + on his composition( theme* report* composition essay ; an analytic or interpreti$e literary composition term paper ; a composition intended to indicate a stdent4s progress dring a school term 3 . !a!er ; a daily or #ee'ly p%lication on "olded sheets, contains ne#s and articles and ad$ertisements, (he read his ne#spaper at %rea'"ast( ne#spaper p%lic press* press ; the print media responsi%le "or gathering and p%lishing ne#s in the "orm o" ne#spapers or maga5ines rotogra$re ; printed material (te!t and pictres) prodced %y an intaglio printing process in a rotary press daily ; a ne#spaper that is p%lished e$ery day ga5ette ; a ne#spaper or o""icial ?ornal school ne#spaper* school paper ; a ne#spaper #ritten and p%lished %y stdents in a school ta%loid* rag* sheet ; ne#spaper #ith hal";si5e pages editorial* ne#spaper colmn* colmn ; an article gi$ing opinions or perspecti$es "eatre article* "eatre ; a special or prominent article in a ne#spaper or maga5ine, (they ran a "eatre on retirement planning( ne#s article* ne#s story* ne#spaper article ; an article reporting ne#s headline* ne#spaper headline ; the heading or caption o" a ne#spaper article sports section ; the section o" a ne#spaper that reports on sports ne#s item ; an item in a ne#spaper cartoon strip* comic strip* "nnies* strip ; a se<ence o" dra#ings telling a story in a ne#spaper or comic %oo' 4 . !a!er ; a medim "or #ritten commnication, (the notion o" an o""ice rnning #ithot paper is a%srd( medim ; a means or instrmentality "or storing or commnicating in"ormation page ; one side o" one lea" (o" a %oo' or maga5ine or ne#spaper or letter etc.) or the #ritten or pictorial matter it contains 5 . !a!er ; a scholarly article descri%ing the reslts o" o%ser$ations or stating hypotheses, (he has #ritten many scienti"ic papers( article ; non"ictional prose "orming an independent part o" a p%lication 6 . !a!er ; a %siness "irm that p%lishes ne#spapers, (Frdoch o#ns many ne#spapers( ne#spaper* ne#spaper p%lisher p%lisher* p%lishing company* p%lishing "irm* p%lishing hose ; a "irm in the p%lishing %siness 7 . !a!er ; the physical o%?ect that is the prodct o" a ne#spaper p%lisher, (#hen it %egan to rain he co$ered his head #ith a ne#spaper( ne#spaper prodct* prodction ; an arti"act that has %een created %y someone or some process, (they impro$e their prodct e$ery year(, (they e!port most o" their agricltral prodction( Ver b 1 . !a!er ; co$er #ith paper, (paper the %o!( co$er ; pro$ide #ith a co$ering or case to %e co$ered, (co$er her "ace #ith a hand'erchie"(, (co$er the child #ith a %lan'et(, (co$er the gra$e #ith "lo#ers( 2 . !a!er ; co$er #ith #allpaper #allpaper co$er ; pro$ide #ith a co$ering or case to %e co$ered, (co$er her "ace #ith a hand'erchie"(, (co$er the child #ith a %lan'et(, (co$er the gra$e #ith "lo#ers( e) snarl Nou n 1 . snarl ; a $icios angry gro#l tterance* $ocali5ation ; the se o" ttered sonds "or aditory commnication 2 . snarl ; an angry $icios e!pression "acial e!pression* "acial gestre ; a gestre e!ected #ith the "acial mscles 3 . snarl ; something ?m%led or con"sed, (a tangle o" go$ernment reglations( ma5e* tangle perple!ity ; tro%le or con"sion reslting "rom comple!ity Ver b 1 . snarl ; tter in an angry* sharp* or a%rpt tone, (The sales cler' snapped a reply at the angry cstomer(, (The gard snarled at s( snap moth* spea'* tal'* $er%alise* $er%ali5e* tter ; e!press in speech, (She tal's a lot o" nonsense(, (This depressed patient does not $er%ali5e( 2 . snarl ; ma'e a snarling noise or mo$e #ith a snarling noise, (-llets snarled past s( sond* go ; ma'e a certain noise or sond, (She #ent LFmmmm4(, (The gn #ent L%ang4( 3 . snarl ; t#ist together or ent#ine into a con"sing mass, (The child entangled the cord( mat* entangle* tangle distort* t#ine* t#ist ; "orm into a spiral shape, (The cord is all t#isted( "elt ; mat together and ma'e "elt;li'e, ("elt the #ool( enmesh* ensnarl* mesh ; entangle or catch in (or as i" in) a mesh nsnarl* disentangle* straighten ot ; e!tricate "rom entanglement, (Ban yo disentangle the cordD( snarl 1 erb 1. gro#l* sho# yor teeth )of an animal* #he dogs snarled at the intruders. 2. snap* %ar'* lash ot* spea' angrily* ?mp do#n someone4s throat* spea' roghly :!all that a good performance;- he snarled. snarl 6 noun tangle* mass* t#ist* #e%* 'not* ?ngle* mat* coil* mesh* ra$el* entanglement a snarl of logs and branches snarl something u! tangle* complicate* mddle* em%roil* entangle* ent#ine* ra$el* enmesh #he row snarled up the work of the commission. #he group had succeeded in snarling up rush-hour traffic throughout the country. & %) %oard Nou n 1 . board ; a committee ha$ing sper$isory po#ers, (the %oard has se$en mem%ers( 6 Bollins Thesars o" the English 9angage O Bomplete and 7na%ridged 6nd Edition. 6226 H HarperBollins P%lishers 1..C* 6226 appeal %oard* appeals %oard* %oard o" appeals ; a %oard o" o""icials that are not ?dicial %t are appointed to hear appeals %oard o" selectmen ; a %oard o" o""icials elected to administer the p%lic %siness o" a Ge# England to#n :ederal Reser$e -oard ; the se$en;mem%er %oard go$erning the :ederal Reser$e System go$erning %oard ; a %oard that manages the a""airs o" an instittion commission* committee ; a special grop delegated to consider some matter, (a committee is a grop that 'eeps mintes and loses hors( ; Filton -erle %oard o" directors* directorate ; a grop o" persons chosen to go$ern the a""airs o" a corporation or other large instittion ad$isory %oard* planning %oard ; a %oard appointed to ad$ise the chie" administrator dra"t %oard ; a %oard to select personnel "or in$olntary military ser$ice %oard o" edcation* school %oard ; a %oard in charge o" local p%lic schools 5oning %oard ; a %oard o" o""icials #ho di$ide an area into 5ones that are s%?ect to di""erent restrictions director ; mem%er o" a %oard o" directors %oard mem%er ; a mem%er o" a go$erning %oard 2 . board ; a stot length o" sa#n tim%er, made in a #ide $ariety o" si5es and sed "or many prposes plan' match%oard ; a %oard that has a groo$e ct into one edge and a tonge ct into the other so they "it tightly together (as in a "loor) s'id ; one o" a pair o" plan's sed to ma'e a trac' "or rolling or sliding o%?ects stra'e* #ale ; thic' plan' "orming a ridge along the side o" a #ooden ship lm%er* tim%er ; the #ood o" trees ct and prepared "or se as %ilding material chip%oard* hard%oard ; a cheap hard material made "rom #ood chips that are pressed together and %ond #ith synthetic resin deal ; a plan' o" so"t#ood ("ir or pine %oard) 'not ; a hard cross;grained rond piece o" #ood in a %oard #here a %ranch emerged, (the sa# %c'led #hen it hit a 'not( 'nothole ; a hole in a %oard #here a 'not came ot 3 . board ; a "lat piece o" material designed "or a special prpose, (he nailed %oards across the #indo#s( a<aplane ; a %oard that is plled %y a speed%oat as a person stands on it and s'ims o$er the top o" the #ater %read %oard* %read%oard ; a #ooden or plastic %oard on #hich dogh is 'neaded or %read is sliced notice %oard* %lletin %oard ; a %oard that hangs on a #all, displays annoncements chopping %oard* ctting %oard ; a #ooden %oard #here meats or $egeta%les can %e ct dra"ting %oard* dra#ing %oard ; a smooth %oard on #hich paper is placed "or ma'ing dra#ings drain%oard* draining %oard ; a %oard %eside a 'itchen sin' and inclined to drain into the sin' "loor %oard* "loor%oard ; a %oard in the "loor ironing %oard ; narro# padded %oard on collapsi%le spports, sed "or ironing clothes 'neeler ; a %oard (sometimes cshioned) "or someone to 'neel on mortar%oard* ha#' ; a s<are %oard #ith a handle nderneath, sed %y masons to hold or carry mortar palette* pallet ; %oard that pro$ides a "lat sr"ace on #hich artists mi! paints and the range o" colors sed planchette ; a trianglar %oard spported on casters, #hen lightly toched #ith the "ingertips it is spposed to spell ot spernatral (or nconscios) messages score%oard ; a large %oard "or displaying the score o" a contest (and some other in"ormation) "lat solid* sheet ; a "lat arti"act that is thin relati$e to its length and #idth side%oard ; a %oard that "orms part o" the side o" a %ed or cri% side%oard ; a remo$a%le %oard "itted on the side o" a #agon to increase its capacity s'ate%oard ; a %oard #ith #heels that is ridden in a standing or croching position and propelled %y "oot sno#%oard ; a %oard that resem%les a %road s'i or a small sr"%oard, sed in a standing position to slide do#n sno#;co$ered slopes spring%oard ; a "le!i%le %oard "or ?mping p#ard sr"%oard ; a narro# %oyant %oard "or riding sr" trencher ; a #ooden %oard or platter on #hich "ood is ser$ed or car$ed #a'e %oard* #a'e%oard ; a %oyant %oard (resem%ling a sr"%oard) that is sed to ride o$er #ater #hile %eing plled %ehind a motor%oat dry #all* dry#all* #all%oard ; a #ide "lat %oard sed to co$er #alls or partitions, made "rom plaster or #ood plp or other materials and sed primarily to "orm the interior #alls o" hoses #or';%oard* #or'%oard ; a hori5ontal %oard that pro$ides a spported sr"ace "or manal #or' 4 . board ; "ood or meals in general, (she sets a "ine ta%le(, (room and %oard( ta%le "are ; the "ood and drin' that are reglarly ser$ed or consmed training ta%le ; planned meals "or athletes in training (sally ser$ed in a mess hall) 5 . board ; a $ertical sr"ace on #hich in"ormation can %e displayed to p%lic $ie# display %oard* display panel %ig %oard ; the large display %oard at the Ge# Kor' Stoc' E!change that reports on stoc's traded on the e!change $ideo display* display ; an electronic de$ice that represents in"ormation in $isal "orm 6 . board ; a ta%le at #hich meals are ser$ed, (he helped her clear the dining ta%le(, (a "east #as spread pon the %oard( dining ta%le dining;room ta%le ; dining;room "rnitre consisting o" a ta%le on #hich meals can %e ser$ed dinner ta%le ; the dining ta%le #here dinner is ser$ed and eaten high ta%le ; a dining ta%le in a dining;hall raised on a plat"orm, seats are reser$ed "or distingished persons re"ectory ta%le ; a long narro# dining ta%le spported %y a stretcher %et#een t#o trestles ta%le ; a piece o" "rnitre #ith ta%le#are "or a meal laid ot on it, (I reser$ed a ta%le at my "a$orite restarant( triclinim ; a dining ta%le #ith coches along three sides in ancient Rome 7 . board ; electrical de$ice consisting o" a "lat inslated sr"ace that contains s#itches and dials and meters "or controlling other electrical de$ices, (he chec'ed the instrment panel(, (sddenly the %oard lit p li'e a Bhristmas tree( control %oard* control panel* instrment panel* panel dash%oard* "ascia ; instrment panel on an atomo%ile or airplane containing dials and controls electrical de$ice ; a de$ice that prodces or is po#ered %y electricity idiot light ; a colored #arning light on an instrment panel (as "or lo# oil pressre) 8 . board ; a printed circit that can %e inserted into e!pansion slots in a compter to increase the compter4s capa%ilities add;in* circit %oard* circit card* plg;in* card BP7 %oard* mother %oard ; the main circit %oard "or a compter PB %oard ; a remo$a%le circit %oard "or a personal compter, "its into a slot in the mother %oard printed circit ; compter circit consisting o" an electronic s%; assem%ly, copper condctors are laminated on an inslating %oard or card and circit components are inserted into holes and dip soldered ( . board ; a "lat porta%le sr"ace (sally rectanglar) designed "or %oard games, (he got ot the %oard and set p the pieces( game%oard %ac'gammon %oard ; the %oard on #hich %ac'gammon is played chec'er %oard* chec'er%oard ; a %oard ha$ing 84 s<ares o" t#o alternating colors cri%%age %oard ; a %oard #ith pegs and reglarly spaced holes "or holding the pegs, sed "or 'eeping the score in a game o" cri%%age dart %oard* dart%oard ; a circlar %oard o" #ood or cor' sed as the target in the game o" darts go %oard ; a %oard sed "or playing go monopoly %oard ; a %oard sed "or playing monopoly )i?a* )i?a %oard ; a %oard #ith the alpha%et on it, sed #ith a planchette to spell ot spernatral messages peg%oard ; a %oard per"orated #ith reglarly spaced holes into #hich pegs can %e "itted pnch%oard ; a small %oard "ll o" holes, each hole contains a slip o" paper #ith sym%ols printed on it, a gam%ler pays a small sm "or the pri$ilege o" pshing ot a slip in the hope o" o%taining one that entitles him to a pri5e sr"ace ; the oter %ondary o" an arti"act or a material layer constitting or resem%ling sch a %ondary, (there is a special cleaner "or these sr"aces(, (the cloth had a pattern o" red dots on a #hite sr"ace( Ver b 1 . board ; get on %oard o" (trains* %ses* ships* aircra"t* etc.) get on em%ar'* ship ; go on %oard entrain ; %oard a train come in* enter* get in* go in* go into* mo$e into* get into ; to come or go into, (the %oat entered an area o" shallo# marshes( catch ; reach in time, (I ha$e to catch a train at 3 o4cloc'( 2 . board ; li$e and ta'e one4s meals at or in, (she rooms in an old %oarding hose( room inha%it* li$e* poplate* d#ell ; inha%it or li$e in, %e an inha%itant o", (People li$ed in +"rica millions o" years ago(, (The people inha%ited the islands that are no# deserted(, (this 'ind o" "ish d#ells near the %ottom o" the ocean(, (deer are poplating the #oods( 3 . board ; lodge and ta'e meals (at) ha%itate* se ; ta'e or consme (reglarly or ha%itally), (She ses drgs rarely( %oard ; pro$ide "ood and lodging ("or), (The old lady is %oarding three men( 4 . board ; pro$ide "ood and lodging ("or), (The old lady is %oarding three men( %oard ; lodge and ta'e meals (at) li$e in* sleep in ; li$e in the hose #here one #or's, (or %a%ysitter li$es in* as it is too "ar to commte "or her( cater* ply* pro$ide* spply ; gi$e #hat is desired or needed* especially spport* "ood or sstenance, (The hostess pro$ided lnch "or all the gests( board noun 1. %lac'%oard* notice%oard* chal'%oard* "lip chart* #hite%oard "e wrote a few more notes on the board. 2. plan'* panel* tim%er* piece o" #ood* slat* piece o" tim%er* lath #he floor was draughty bare boards. 3. management* heads* leaders* directors* managers* e!ecti$es* committee* %osses )informal** go$ernors* panel* administrators* controllers* directorate the agenda for the 8ctober '& meeting of the board 4. concil* directors* committee* congress* ministry* ad$isers* panel* assem%ly* cham%er* trstees* go$erning %ody* synod* directorate* <ango* ad$isory grop* concla$e the +S 0ational #ransportation Safety 3oard 5. meals* "ood* eats )informal** pro$isions* re"reshments* gr% )informal** 'ai )0.6. informal** sstenance* nosh )informal** $ictals* edi%les* daily meals Free room and board are proided for all hotel staff. erb 1. get on* enter* mont* em%ar'* get on %oard* go a%oard* entrain* em%s* enplane , boarded the plane bound for <ngland. get on land* arri$e* get o""* alight* disem%ar'* dismont* go ashore 2. stay* lodge* li$e* room* stop* %e hosed* ha$e rooms* so?orn She boarded at the 2ord =ayor #reloar !ollege. board something u! co$er p* seal* close p* sht p Shopkeepers hae boarded up their windows. to tae sth on board >A idea@ P adoptar algo* asimilar algo 4. (Q group of officials) P ?nta f* conse?o m 5. (gas, water etc) P comisiRn f 6. the boards (#heat) P las ta%las to tread the boards (as profession) P ser actor/actri5, (Q action) P salir a escena &. ># 1. >A ship, plane@ P s%ir a %ordo de* em%arcarse en, >A enemy ship@ P a%ordar, >A bus, train@ P s%ir a 2. (also board u!) (Q coer with boards) P enta%lar 3. (Q feed, lodge) P hospedar* dar pensiRn(completa)a '. >, to board with P hospedarse en casa de *. !%D board game 0 P ?ego m de ta%lero board meeting 0 P reniRn f de la ?nta directi$a or del conse?o de administraciRn board o# directors 0 P ?nta f directi$a* conse?o m de administraciRn board o# go%ernors 0 (3rit) (Scol) P conse?o m (de un colegio, instituto etc) board o# in+uir" 0 P comisiRn f in$estigadora &oard o# ,rade 0 (3rit) (formerly) P Eepartamento m de Bomercio y E!portaciRn (+S) P BSmara f de Bomercio board in ># ? .D> Q board u! board out ># ? .D> >A person@ P %scar alo?amiento a he is boarded out with relaties P $i$e con nos parientes(pagando la pensi@n) board u! ># ? .D> >A door, window@ P enta%lar board (%o d) noun 1. a strip o" tim%er. #he floorboards of the old house were rotten.ta%la* plancha 2. a "lat piece o" #ood etc "or a special prpose. notice-boardA chessboard.ta%lRn* ta%lero 3. meals. board and lodging.pensiRn* comida 4. an o""icial grop o" persons administering an organi5ation etc. the board of directors.conse?o* ?nta erb 1. to enter* or get on to (a $ehicle* ship* plane etc). #his is where we board the bus.s%ir a 2. to li$e temporarily and ta'e meals (in someone else4s hose). "e boards at =rs Smith-s during the week.alo?arse en* estar hospedado en boarder noun a person #ho temporarily li$es* and ta'es his meals* in someone else4s hose. hTsped, interno boarding-house noun a hose #here people li$e and ta'e meals as paying gests. pensiRn boarding-school noun a school #hich pro$ides accommodation and "ood as #ell as instrction. internado across the board ad$ectie )etc* applying in all cases: #hey were awarded wage increases across the boardA )* an across-the-board increase. general go b" the board to %e a%andoned. .ll my plans went by the board when , lost my $ob.irse al traste* $enirse a%a?o ") prr Nou n 1 . !urr ; a lo# $i%rating sond typical o" a contented cat sond ; the sdden occrrence o" an adi%le e$ent, (the sond a#a'ened them( Ver b 1 . !urr ; ma'e a so"t s#ishing sond, (the motor #hirred(, (the car engine prred( %irr* #hir* #hirr* #hi5* #hi55 sond* go ; ma'e a certain noise or sond, (She #ent LFmmmm4(, (The gn #ent L%ang4( 2 . !urr ; indicate pleasre %y prring, characteristic o" cats ma'e $i%rant sonds resonate* $i%rate ; sond #ith resonance, (The sond resonates #ell in this theater( c) dry Nou n 1. dr" ; a re"ormer #ho opposes the se o" into!icating %e$erages prohi%itionist crsader* meliorist* re"ormer* re"ormist* social re"ormer ; a disptant #ho ad$ocates re"orm Ver b 1. dr" ; remo$e the moistre "rom and ma'e dry, (dry clothes(, (dry hair( dry ot alter* change* modi"y ; case to change, ma'e di""erent, case a trans"ormation, (The ad$ent o" the atomo%ile may ha$e altered the gro#th pattern o" the city(, (The discssion has changed my thin'ing a%ot the isse( dry p* e!siccate* dehydrate* desiccate ; lose #ater or moistre, (In the desert* yo get dehydrated $ery <ic'ly( dehydrate* desiccate ; remo$e #ater "rom, (+ll this e!ercise and s#eating has dehydrated me( spin;dry ; dry (clothes) %y spinning and ma'ing se o" centri"gal "orces tm%le dry ; dry %y spinning #ith hot air inside a cylinder, (These "a%rics are delicate and cannot %e tm%led dry( spray;dry ; dry %y %ringing into the "orm o" a spray* throgh contact #ith a hot gas dehmidi"y ; ma'e less hmid, (The air conditioner dehmidi"ies the air in the smmer( parch* sear ; case to #ither or parch "rom e!posre to heat, (The sn parched the earth( rogh;dry ; dry #ithot smoothing or ironing, (rogh;dry the landry( %lo#;dry ; dry hair #ith a hair dryer drip;dry ; dry %y hanging p #et air ; e!pose to #arm or heated air* so as to dry, (+ir linen( #et ; case to %ecome #et, (0et yor "ace( 2. dr" ; %ecome dry or drier, (The landry dries in the sn( dry ot change ; ndergo a change, %ecome di""erent in essence, losing one4s or its original natre, (She changed completely as she gre# older(, (The #eather changed last night( scorch ; %ecome scorched or singed nder intense heat or dry conditions, (The e!posed tree scorched in the hot sn( rn dry* dry ot ; %ecome empty o" #ater, (The ri$er rns dry in the smmer( .d/. 1. dr" ; "ree "rom li<id or moistre, lac'ing natral or normal moistre or depleted o" #ater, or no longer #et, (dry land(, (dry clothes(, (a dry climate(, (dry splintery %oards(, (a dry ri$er %ed(, (the paint is dry( #et ; co$ered or soa'ed #ith a li<id sch as #ater, (a #et %athing sit(, (#et side#al's(, (#et #eather( 2. dr" ; hmorosly sarcastic or moc'ing, (dry hmor(, (an ironic remar' o"ten con$eys an intended meaning o%li<ely(, (an ironic no$el(, (an ironical smile(, (#ith a #ry Scottish #it( ironic* #ry* ironical hmoros* hmoros ; "ll o" or characteri5ed %y hmor, (hmoros stories(, (hmoros cartoons(, (in a hmoros $ein( 3. dr" ; lac'ing moistre or $olatile components, (dry paint( #et ; containing moistre or $olatile components, (#et paint( 4. dr" ; opposed to or prohi%iting the prodction and sale o" alcoholic %e$erages, (the dry $ote led %y preachers and %ootleggers(, (a dry state( #et ; spporting or permitting the legal prodction and sale o" alcoholic %e$erages, (a #et candidate rnning on a #et plat"orm(, (a #et conty( 5. dr" ; not prodcing mil', (a dry co#( lactating* #et ; prodcing or secreting mil', (a #et nrse(, (a #et co#(, (lactating co#s( 6. dr" ; (o" li<or) ha$ing a lo# residal sgar content %ecase o" decomposition o" sgar dring "ermentation, (a dry #hite %rgndy(, (a dry -ordea!( nons#eet* sgarless ; not containing sgar sor ; ha$ing a sharp %iting taste s#eet ; (sed o" #ines) ha$ing a high residal sgar content, (s#eet dessert #ines( 7. dr" ; #ithot a mcos or #atery discharge, (a dry cogh(, (that rare thing in the #intertime, a small child #ith a dry nose( phlegmy ; characteri5ed %y phlegm, (a phlegmy discharge( 8. dr" ; not shedding tears, (dry so%s(, (#ith dry eyes( dry;eyed* tearless ; "ree "rom tears (. dr" ; lac'ing interest or stimlation, dll and li"eless, (a dry %oo'(, (a dry lectre "illed #ith tri$ial details(, (dll and ?iceless as only %oo' 'no#ledge can %e #hen it is nrelated to...li"e(; John Fason -ro#n ?iceless ne!citing* nstimlating ; not stimlating 1) . dr" ; sed o" solid s%stances in contrast #ith li<id ones, (dry #eight( solid ; o" de"inite shape and $olme, "irm, neither li<id nor gaseos, (ice is #ater in the solid state( 11 . dr" ; nprodcti$e especially o" the e!pected reslts, (a dry rn(, (a mind dry o" ne# ideas( nprodcti$e ; not prodcing or capa%le o" prodcing, (elimination o" high;cost or nprodcti$e indstries( 12 . dr" ; ha$ing no adornment or coloration, (dry "acts(, (rattled o"" the "acts in a dry mechanical manner( plain ; not ela%orate or ela%orated, simple, (plain "ood(, (stc' to the plain "acts(, (a plain %le sit(, (a plain rectanglar %ric' %ilding( 13 . dr" ; (o" "ood) eaten #ithot a spread or sace or other garnish, (dry toast(, (dry meat( plain ; not ela%orate or ela%orated, simple, (plain "ood(, (stc' to the plain "acts(, (a plain %le sit(, (a plain rectanglar %ric' %ilding( 14 . dr" ; ha$ing a large proportion o" strong li<or, (a $ery dry martini is almost straight gin( alcoholic ; characteristic o" or containing alcohol, (alcoholic drin's( 15 . dr" ; lac'ing #armth or emotional in$ol$ement, (a dry greeting(, (a dry reading o" the lines(, (a dry criti<e( nemotional ; nsscepti%le to or destitte o" or sho#ing no emotion 16 . dr" ; practicing complete a%stinence "rom alcoholic %e$erages, (he4s %een dry "or ten years(, (no than' yo, I happen to %e teetotal( teetotal so%er ; not a""ected %y a chemical s%stance (especially alcohol) dr" ad$ectie 1. dehydrated* dried;p* %a'ed* arid* scorched* torrid* parched* desiccated* %one dry* #aterless* rainless* ?iceless* sapless* moistreless a hard, dry desert landscape dehydrated #et* damp* moist* hmid 2. dried* crisp* #ithered* %rittle* shri$elled* crispy* parched* desiccated* sn;%a'ed She heard the rustle of dry leaes. 3. thirsty* dehydrated* parched* dying o" thirst* gasping* longing "or a drin' She was suddenly dry. 4. alcohol;"ree* teetotal* a%stinent* clean* on the #agon )informal** prohi%itionist* non;drin'ing Bu$erat is a dry state. 5. sarcastic* ctting* sharp* 'een* cynical* lo#;'ey* sly* sardonic* deadpan* droll* ironical* <ietly hmoros "e is renowned for his dry wit. 6. nemotional* cool* impassi$e* cold* phlegmatic* n"eeling* ndemonstrati$e* ne!cita%le #he solicitor-s dry oice 7. dll* %oring* tedios* commonplace* dreary* tiresome* monotonos* rn;o";the;mill* hmdrm* nimaginati$e* ninteresting* mind;nm%ing* ho;hm )informal* #he work was ery dry and dull dull interesting* entertaining* li$ely 8. plain* simple* %are* %asic* pre* star'* nem%ellished an infuriating list of dry facts and dates (. dried ot* old* hard* stale* dehydrated* o$ercoo'ed* past its %est #he meat was dry, shrunk on the bone erb 1. drain* ma'e dry* remo$e the #ater "rom* #ipe* da% dry* r% dry /ash and dry the lettuce. 2. )often with out) deh"drate0 mae dr"0 desiccate0 bae0 sear0 !arch0 dehumidi#"0 remo%e the moisture #rom They bought a machine to dry the wood and cut costs. dehydrate wet0 moisten dr" out become sober0 gi%e u! drining0 gi%e u! alcohol0 go on the wagon0 become teetotal0 o%ercome alcoholism He checked into hospital to dry out. dr" u! or out 1. become dr"0 harden0 wither0 mummi#"0 shri%el u!0 wi1en The pollen dries up and becomes hard. 2. dwindle0 decline0 disa!!ear0 run out0 diminish0 decrease0 lessen0 wane0 subside0 ebb0 die out0 #ade awa"0 !eter out0 ta!er o## Credit from foreign banks is drying up. g) grnt Nou n 1 . grunt ; the short lo# gr"" noise o" the 'ind made %y hogs oin' noise ; sond o" any 'ind (especially nintelligi%le or dissonant sond), (he en?oyed the street noises(, (they heard indistinct noises o" people tal'ing(, (dring the "ire#or' display that ended the gala the noise reached .1 deci%els( 2 . grunt ; an ns'illed or lo#;ran'ing soldier or other #or'er, (in"antrymen in Iietnam #ere called grnts(, (he #ent "rom grnt to chairman in si! years( ns'illed person ; a person #ho lac's technical training 3 . grunt ; medim;si5ed tropical marine "ood "ishes that tter grnting sonds #hen caght percoid* percoid "ish* percoidean ; any o" nmeros spiny;"inned "ishes o" the order Perci"ormes "amily Haemlidae* Haemlidae ; grnts Haemlon al%m* margate ; a grnt #ith a red moth that is "ond "rom :lorida to -ra5il Haemlon macrostomm* Spanish grnt ; a 'ind o" grnt Haemlon arolineatm* tomtate ; "ond o"" the 0est Indies and :lorida cotton#ic'* Haemlon malanrm ; o" #arm +tlantic #aters Haemlon parra* sailors choice* sailor4s;choice ; a grnt "ond "rom :lorida to -ra5il and &l" o" Fe!ico +nisotrems $irginics* por';"ish* por'"ish ; %lac' and gold grnt "ond "rom -ermda to Bari%%ean to -ra5il +nisotrems srinamensis* %lac' margate* pompon ; ds'y grey "ood "ish "ond "rom 9oisiana and :lorida soth#ard )rthopristis chrysopters* pig"ish* hog"ish ; "ond "rom 9ong Island soth#ard Ver b 1 . grunt ; isse a grnting* lo#* animal;li'e noise, (He grnted his relctant appro$al( let loose* let ot* tter* emit ; e!press adi%ly, tter sonds (not necessarily #ords), (She let ot a %ig hea$y sigh(, (He ttered strange sonds that no%ody cold nderstand( d) sharp Nou n 1. shar! ; a msical notation indicating one hal" step higher than the note named msical notation ; (msic) notation sed %y msicians do%le sharp ; a msical notation o" t#o sharps in "ront o" a note indicating that it is to %e raised %y t#o semitones 2. shar! ; a long thin se#ing needle #ith a sharp point se#ing needle ; a needle sed in se#ing to pll thread throgh cloth .d/. 1. shar! ; (o" something seen or heard) clearly de"ined, (a sharp photographic image(, (the sharp crac' o" a t#ig(, (the crisp snap o" dry lea$es nder"oot( crisp distinct ; easy to percei$e, especially clearly otlined, (a distinct "la$or(, (a distinct odor o" trpentine(, (a distinct otline(, (the ship appeared as a distinct silhoette(, (distinct "ingerprints( 2. shar! ; ending in a sharp point acate* needleli'e* acte pointed ; ha$ing a point 3. shar! ; ha$ing or demonstrating a%ility to recogni5e or dra# "ine distinctions, (an acte o%ser$er o" politics and politicians(, (incisi$e comments(, (icy 'ni"eli'e reasoning(, (as sharp and incisi$e as the stro'e o" a "ang(, (penetrating insight(, ("re<ent penetrati$e o%ser$ations( incisi$e* 'een* penetrating* penetrati$e* piercing* 'ni"eli'e* discriminating* acte percepti$e ; ha$ing the a%ility to percei$e or nderstand, 'een in discernment, (a percepti$e eye(, (a percepti$e o%ser$ation( 4. shar! ; mar'ed %y practical hardheaded intelligence, (a smart %sinessman(, (an astte tenant al#ays reads the small print in a lease(, (he #as too shre#d to go along #ith them on a road that cold lead only to their o$erthro#( astte* shre#d smart ; sho#ing mental alertness and calclation and resorce"lness 5. shar! ; harsh, (sharp criticism(, (a sharp;#orded e!change(, (a tart remar'( sharp;#orded* tart npleasant ; disagreea%le to the senses* to the mind* or "eelings , (an npleasant personality(, (npleasant repercssions(, (npleasant odors( 6. shar! ; ha$ing or emitting a high;pitched and sharp tone or tones , (a shrill #histle(, (a shrill gaiety( shrill high;pitched* high ; sed o" sonds and $oices, high in pitch or "re<ency 7. shar! ; e!tremely steep, (an a%rpt canyon(, (the precipitos rapids o" the pper ri$er(, (the precipitos hills o" Bhinese paintings(, (a sharp drop( precipitos* a%rpt steep ; ha$ing a sharp inclination, (the steep attic stairs(, (steep cli""s( 8. shar! ; 'eenly and pain"lly "elt, as i" cased %y a sharp edge or point, (a sharp pain(, (sharp #inds( dll ; not 'eenly "elt, (a dll thro%%ing(, (dll pain( (. shar! ; ha$ing or made %y a thin edge or sharp point, sita%le "or ctting or piercing, (a sharp 'ni"e(, (a pencil #ith a sharp point( pointed ; ha$ing a point dll ; not ha$ing a sharp edge or point, (the 'ni"e #as too dll to %e o" any se( 1) . shar! ; (o" a msical note) raised in pitch %y one chromatic semitone, (B sharp( msic ; an artistic "orm o" aditory commnication incorporating instrmental or $ocal tones in a strctred and continos manner "lat ; (o" a msical note) lo#ered in pitch %y one chromatic semitone, (- "lat( natral ; (o" a msical note) %eing neither raised nor lo#ered %y one chromatic semitone, (a natral scale(, (- natral( 11 . shar! ; $ery sdden and in great amont or degree, (a sharp drop in the stoc' mar'et( sdden ; happening #ithot #arning or in a short space o" time, (a sdden storm(, (a sdden decision(, (a sdden cre( 12 . shar! ; <ic' and "orce"l, (a sharp %lo#( "orce"l ; characteri5ed %y or "ll o" "orce or strength (o"ten %t not necessarily physical), (a "orce"l spea'er(, (a "orce"l personality(, ("orce"l measres(, (a "orce"l plan "or peace( .d%. 1. shar! ; changing sddenly in direction and degree, (the road t#ists sharply a"ter the light(, (trn sharp le"t here(, (the $isor #as actely pea'ed(, (her shoes had actely pointed toes( actely* sharply 5. &i$e the homonyms o" these #ords and then se them in sentences o" yor o#n: a) throgh thre# ThroghUsed as a "nction #ord to indicate mo$ement into at one side or point and ot at another and especially the opposite side o" "e hit the nail through the wood. Thre#; the #ord thre# is the simple past o" the $er% to thro# /hen , read the expression Cthrough me for a loopD in a recent comment, , can tell you, it threw me for a loopE d) steal steel Steal; .ccusations that one group had stolen ideas from the other were soon flying. Steel; #he beams are made of steel. %) storeys stories Story means narrati$e. Story also means 4le$el o" a %ilding4 in the 7S. Ho#e$er* in the 7=* 4le$el o" a %ilding4 is #ritten storey. Story or Stories may re"er to: Story* a reconting o" a se<ence o" e$ents Garrati$e Story (srname) Story* or storey* a "loor or le$el o" a %ilding Stories* collo<ial* 7S +merican e!pression "or soap operas In +merican English* the non story means narratie or 4le$el o" a %ilding4. Ho#e$er* in -ritish English* 4le$el o" a %ilding4 is #ritten 4storey4. The plral o" story is stories. The plral o" storey is storeys. E!amples: Did you hear the story about bungee $umper who died because he miscalculated the height of the each storey before diing off a building; 3eowulf is an epic traditional good-ersus-eil story. 3eowulf battles three monsters throughout the story. /ith 'F5 storeys, the 3ur$ Ghalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world.
e) %all %all -all* n. U a sphere, any spherical %ody 3ounce the ball and try and hit it oer the net. -all* n. U a large dancing party 3all gowns remain the most formal female attire to this day, and are worn exclusiely to balls. !inderella met the prince at the ball %a#l $. ;;;;to cry or #ail lodly "e %a#led for days after his dog died. c) se# So* So#* Se# So; ad$er% ("ollo#ed %y an ad?ecti$e or another ad$er%): /hy are you so angry this morning; So#; to plant seeds in an area o" grond Farmers sowed the fields with corn. Se#; To ma'e* repair* or "asten %y stitching* as #ith a needle and thread or a se#ing "e sewed a patch onto his sleee. ") stare stair Stare; to ga5e "i!edly and intently* especially #ith the eyes #ide open. "is mother told him not to stare. Stair; one o" the steps in a set o" stairs "e tripped on the bottom stair and almost fell.
6. Bonsider the "ollo#ing English #ords and decide #hether they are thoght o" in terms o" homon"m" or !ol"sem" and #hy. Try translating them into any other langage yo 'no#, are there se$eral possi%le translation e<i$alents or #ill one #ord do "or the di""erent meanings the English #ord hasD cap "ace ro# cl% #ay %ed match plot 7. Ho# man" meanings or senses do yo 'no# "or the "ollo#ing English #ordsD Eo some senses seem more %asic or central than othersD I" so* #hich ones and #hyD top page %tton ring 3. Bomplete the "ollo#ing e!amples o" !ol"sem" in English. Gote the degree to #hich they correspond #ith yor o#n langage leg o" a person / chair moth o" a person / o" a ri$er %ranch o" a tree / o" a science top at the top o" something/the $ery top/ on top o" something tail %e on someone4s tail
(. Bonsider the sentences %elo# and comment on the !ol"sem" o" HE+E %y e!plaining #hich meaning e!tensions are metaphors and #hich are metonymies: a) Fy head is "ll o" strange thoghts. %) That ?o'e #ent o$er his head. c) The <een is still the head o" state. d) I pre"er my %eer #ithot a head o" "oam. e) 0e paid ten ponds a head "or the meal. head 1. a. The ppermost or "or#ardmost part o" the %ody o" a $erte%rate* containing the %rain and the eyes* ears* nose* moth* and ?a#s. b. The analogos part o" an in$erte%rate organism. c. The length or height o" sch a part: #he horse lost by a head. She is two heads taller than he is. 2. The seat o" the "aclty o" reason, intelligence* intellect* or mind: , did the figuring in my head. 3. Fental a%ility or aptitde: She has a good head for mathematics. 4. :reedom o" choice or action: Bie the child his head and see how well he soles the problems. 5. Slang a. + ha%ital drg ser. )"ten sed in com%ination: a dopehead. b. +n enthsiast. )"ten sed in com%ination: a chilihead. 6. + person considered "oolish or contempti%le. )"ten sed in com%ination: a chowderhead. 7. + portrait or representation o" a person4s head. 8. )used with a sing. erb* The side o" a coin ha$ing the principal design* o"ten o" the head o" a "amos person* and the date. )"ten sed in the plral #ith a singlar $er%. (. ,nformal + headache: had a bad head early this morning. 1). a. +n indi$idal, a person: charged fie dollars a head. b. pl. head + single animal: &5 head of cattle. 11. a. + person #ho leads* rles* or is in charge, a leader* chie"* or director: the head of the corporation. b. + headmaster or headmistress. 12. The "oremost or leading position: marched at the head of the parade. 13. + head#aiter. 14. a. The di""erence in depth o" a li<id at t#o gi$en points. b. .bbr. hd. The measre o" pressre at the lo#er point e!pressed in terms o" this di""erence. c. The pressre e!erted %y a li<id or gas: a head of steam. d. The li<id or gas e!erting the pressre. 15. The "roth or "oam that rises to the top in poring an e""er$escent li<id* sch as %eer. 16. The tip o" an a%scess* %oil* or pimple* in #hich ps "orms. 17. + trning point, a crisis: bring matters to a head. See Synonyms at crisis. 18. a. + pro?ection* #eight* or "i!tre at the end o" an elongated o%?ect: the head of a pinA a head of land oerlooking the harbor. b. The #or'ing end o" a tool or implement: the head of a hammer. c. The part o" an e!plosi$e de$ice that carries the e!plosi$e, a #arhead. d. The part o" a stringed instrment #here the strings are #ond, a tning head. e. + tning machine. 1(. .natomy a. The ronded pro!imal end o" a long %one: the head of the femur. b. The end o" a mscle that is attached to the less mo$a%le part o" the s'eleton. 2). a. +n attachment to or part o" a machine that holds or contains the operati$e de$ice. b. The magnetic head o" a tape recorder or IBR. c. The de$ice in a magnetic dis' or tape dri$e that ena%les it to read data "rom and #rite data to the dis' or tape. 21. + ronded compact mass* as o" lea$es or %ds: a head of cabbage. 22. 3otany + "lo#er head. 23. The ppermost part, the top: %lace the appropriate name at the head of each column. 24. The end considered the most important: sat at the head of the table. 25. Either end o" an o%?ect* sch as a drm* #hose t#o ends are interchangea%le. 26. 0autical a. The "or#ard part o" a $essel. b. The top part or pper edge o" a sail. 27. + toilet* especially on a ship. 28. + passage or gallery in a coal mine. 2(. .bbr. hd. %rinting a. The top o" a %oo' or page. b. + headline or heading. c. + distinct topic or category: under the head of recent Spanish history. 3). Head#ay, progress. 31. 2inguistics The #ord in a constrction that has the same grammatical "nction as the constrction as a #hole and that determines relationships o" concord to other parts o" the constrction or sentence in #hich the constrction occrs. 32. >ulgar Slang )ral se!. ad$. 1. )"* relating to* or intended "or the head. )"ten sed in com%ination: headshakingA headwrap. 2. :oremost in ran' or importance: the head librarian. 3. Placed at the top or the "ront: the head name on the list. 4. Slang )"* relating to* or "or drgs or drg sers. . head2ed* head2ing* heads .tr. 1. To %e in charge o", lead: #he minister headed the committee. 2. To %e in the "irst or "oremost position o": !ollins heads the list of $ob candidates. 3. To aim* point* or trn in a certain direction: headed the team of horses up the hill. 4. To remo$e the head or top o". 5. Sports To hit (a soccer %all) in the air #ith one4s head. 6. To pro$ide #ith a head: head each column with a numberA headed the flagpole with a golden ball. .intr. 1. To proceed or go in a certain direction: head for town. 2. To "orm a head* as lettce or ca%%age. 3. To originate* as a stream or ri$er, rise. Phrasal Verb: head off To %loc' the progress or completion o", intercept: #ry to head him off before he gets home. #he town headed off the attempt to build another mall. Idioms: hae a big!swelled head To %e o$erly sel";con"ident or conceited. head and shoulders aboe :ar sperior to: head and shoulders aboe her colleagues in analytical capability. head oer heels 1. Rolling* as in a somersalt: tripped and fell head oer heels. 2. Bompletely, hopelessly: head oer heels in loe. keep "one#s) head To remain calm, remain in control o" onesel". lose "one#s) head To lose one4s poise or sel";control. off!out of "one#s) head Insane, cra5y. on "one#s) head +s one4s responsi%ility or "alt: ,f this pro$ect fails, it-s on your head. oer "one#s) head 1. -eyond one4s comprehension. 2. -eyond one4s "inancial means. put heads together To conslt and plan together: 2et-s put our heads together and sole this problem. head (h d) npl head 1. (+natomy) the pper or "ront part o" the %ody in $erte%rates* inclding man* that contains and protects the %rain* eyes* moth* and nose and ears #hen present. 2. (+natomy) the corresponding part o" an in$erte%rate animal 3. something resem%ling a head in "orm or "nction* sch as the top o" a tool 4. (Sociology) a. the person commanding most athority #ithin a grop* organi5ation* etc b. (as modifier): head buyer. c. (in combination): headmaster. 5. the position o" leadership or command: at the head of his class. 6. a. the most "or#ard part o" a thing, a part that ?ts ot, "ront: the head of a queue. b. (as modifier): head point. 7. the highest part o" a thing, pper end: the head of the pass. 8. (-re#ing) the "roth on the top o" a glass o" %eer (. aptitde* intelligence* and emotions (esp in the phrases abo%e or o%er one3s head0 ha%e a head #or0 ee! one3s head0 lose one3s head0 etc): she has a good head for figures, a wise old head. 1). a person or animal considered as a nit: the show was two pounds per head, six hundred head of cattle. 11. the head considered as a measre o" length or height: he-s a head taller than his mother. 12. (-otany) botany a. a dense in"lorescence sch as that o" the daisy and other composite plants b. any other compact terminal part o" a plant* sch as the lea$es o" a ca%%age or lettce 13. a clmination or crisis (esp in the phrase bring or come to a head) 14. (Pathology) the ps;"illed tip or central part o" a pimple* %oil* etc 15. the head considered as the part o" the %ody on #hich hair gro#s densely: a fine head of hair. 16. (Physical &eography) the sorce or origin o" a ri$er or stream 17. (Physical &eography) (capital when part of name) a headland or promontory* esp a high one 18. (Brrencies) the o%$erse o" a coin* sally %earing a portrait o" the head or a "ll "igre o" a monarch* deity* etc. Bompare tail 1 1(. a main point or di$ision o" an argment* discorse* etc 2). (Jornalism V P%lishing) (often plural) the headline at the top o" a ne#spaper article or the heading o" a section #ithin an article 21. (Gatical Terms) nautical a. the "ront part o" a ship or %oat b. (in sailing ships) the pper corner or edge o" a sail c. the top o" any spar or derric' d. any $ertical tim%er ct to shape e. (often plural) a slang #ord "or la$atory 22. (&rammar) grammar another #ord "or go$ernor 3 23. (Instrments) the tat mem%rane o" a drm* tam%orine* etc 24. (&eneral Physics) a. the height o" the sr"ace o" li<id a%o$e a speci"ic point* esp #hen considered or sed as a measre o" the pressre at that point: a head of four feet. b. pressre o" #ater* cased %y height or $elocity* measred in terms o" a $ertical colmn o" #ater c. any pressre: a head of steam in the boiler. 25. (Pharmacology) a. a person #ho reglarly ta'es drgs* esp 9SE or canna%is b. (in combination): an acidhead, a pothead. 26. (Fining V Warrying) mining a road dri$en into the coal "ace 27. a. the terminal point o" a rote b. (in combination): railhead. 28. (&eneral Engineering) a de$ice on a trning or %oring machine* sch as a lathe* that is e<ipped #ith one or more ctting tools held to the #or' %y this de$ice 2(. (+tomoti$e Engineering) See cylinder head 3). (Electronics) an electromagnet that can read* #rite* or erase in"ormation on a magnetic medim sch as a magnetic tape* dis'* or drm* sed in compters* tape recorders* etc 31. (Edcation) short "or headmaster* headmistress 32. (Horse Racing) a. the head o" a horse considered as a narro# margin in the otcome o" a race (in the phrase win b" a head) b. any narro# margin o" $ictory (in the phrase (win) b" a head) 33. (Pathology) short "or headache 34. (Brling) curling the stones lying in the hose a"ter all 18 ha$e %een played 35. (-o#ls V -o#ling) bowls the ?ac' and the %o#ls that ha$e %een played considered together as a target area 36. (Rg%y) against the head rugby "rom the opposing side4s pt;in to the scrm 37. bite someone3s head o## sna! someone3s head o## to spea' sharply and angrily to someone 38. a. to %ring or %e %roght to a crisis: matters came to a head. b. (o" a %oil) to case to %e or %e a%ot to %rst 3(. get it into one3s head to come to %elie$e (an idea* esp a #himsical one): he got it into his head that the earth was flat. 4). gi%e head to per"orm "ellatio 41. gi%e someone his head to allo# a person greater "reedom or responsi%ility 42. (Horse Racing) gi%e a horse its head to allo# a horse to gallop %y lengthening the reins 43. go to one3s head a. to ma'e one di55y or con"sed* as might an alcoholic drin' b. to ma'e one conceited: his success has gone to his head. 44. head and shoulders abo%e greatly sperior to 45. head o%er heels a. trning a complete somersalt b. completely, tterly (esp in the phrase head o%er heels in lo%e) 46. hold u! one3s head to %e nashamed 47. ee! one3s head to remain calm 48. ee! one3s head abo%e water to manage to sr$i$e a di""iclt e!perience 4(. mae head to ma'e progress 5). mae head or tail o# (used with a negatie) to attempt to nderstand (a pro%lem* etc): he couldn-t make head or tail of the case. 51. o## one3s head out o# one3s head insane or delirios 52. o## the to! o# one3s head #ithot pre$ios thoght, imprompt 53. on one3s head on one3s own head at one4s (o#n) ris' or responsi%ility 54. one3s head o## lodly or e!cessi$ely: the baby cried its head off. 55. o%er someone3s head a. #ithot a person in the o%$ios position %eing considered* esp "or promotion: the graduate was promoted oer the heads of seeral of his seniors. b. #ithot conslting a person in the o%$ios position %t re"erring to a higher athority: in making his complaint he went straight to the director, oer the head of his immediate boss. c. %eyond a person4s comprehension 56. !ut their heads together to conslt together 57. tae it into one3s head to concei$e a notion* desire* or #ish (to do something) 58. turn heads to %e so %eati"l* nsal* or impressi$e as to attract a lot o" attention 5(. turn something on its head stand something on its head to treat or present something in a completely ne# and di""erent #ay: health care which has turned orthodox medicine on its head. 6). turn someone3s head to ma'e someone $ain* conceited* etc b 61. (tr) to %e at the "ront or top o": to head the field. 62. (o"ten "oll %y: up) to %e in the commanding or most important position 63. (o"ten "oll %y for) to go or case to go (to#ards): where are you heading;. 64. (Gatical Terms) to trn or steer (a $essel) as speci"ied: to head into the wind. 65. (Soccer) soccer to propel (the %all) %y stri'ing it #ith the head 66. (tr) to pro$ide #ith or %e a head or heading: to head a letter, the quotation which heads chapter F. 67. (-otany) (tr) to ct the top %ranches or shoots o"" (a tree or plant) 68. (intr) to "orm a head* as a %oil or plant 6(. (Physical &eography) (o"ten "oll %y: in) (o" streams* ri$ers* etc) to originate or rise in 7). (&ames* other than speci"ied) head them .ustral to toss the coins in a game o" t#o;p head (h d) n. 1. the anterior or pper part o" the $erte%rate %ody* containing the s'll #ith moth* eyes* ears* nose* and %rain. 2. the corresponding part o" the %ody in in$erte%rates. 3. the head considered as the center o" the intellect, mind, %rain: a good head for mathematics. 4. the position or place o" leadership* greatest athority* or honor. 5. a person to #hom others are s%ordinate* as the director o" an instittion, leader or chie". 6. a person considered #ith re"erence to his or her mind* attri%tes* stats* etc.: wise headsA crowned heads. 7. the part o" anything that "orms or is regarded as "orming the top or pper end: head of a pinA head of a page. 8. the "oremost part or "ront end o" something or a "or#ard pro?ecting part: head of a procession. (. the part o" a #eapon* tool* etc.* sed "or stri'ing: the head of a hammer. 1). a person or animal considered as one o" a nm%er* herd* or grop: a dinner at H&5 a headA ten head of cattle. 11. the appro!imate length o" a horse4s head* as indicating a margin o" $ictory in a race. 12. a clminating point* s. o" a critical natre, crisis or clima!: to bring matters to a head. 13. "roth or "oam at the top o" a li<id: the head on beer. 14. a. any dense "lo#er clster or in"lorescence. b. any other compact part o" a plant* s. at the top o" the stem* as that composed o" lea$es in the ca%%age. 15. the matrated part o" an a%scess* %oil* etc. 16. a pro?ecting point o" a coast* esp. #hen high* as a cape* headland* or promontory. 17. +lso* heads. the o%$erse o" a coin* as %earing a head or other principal "igre(opposed to tail). 18. one o" the chie" parts or points o" a #ritten or oral discorse. 1(. something resem%ling a head in "orm or a representation o" a head* as a piece o" sclptre. 2). the sorce o" a ri$er or stream. 21. Slang. a. a ha%ital ser o" an illicit drg (o"ten sed in com%ination): an acid-headA a pothead. b. a "an or de$otee (s. sed in com%ination): a punk-rock headA a chili head. 22. heads0 alcohol prodced dring the initial "ermentation. 23. headline. 24. a toilet or la$atory* esp. on a %oat or ship. 25. a. the "orepart o" a $essel, %o#. b. the pper edge o" a <adrilateral sail. c. the pper corner o" a ?i%;headed sail. 26. Bram. a. the mem%er o" an endocentric constrction that can play the same grammatical role as the constrction itsel". b. the mem%er o" a constrction pon #hich another mem%er depends and to #hich it is s%ordinate. 27. the stretched mem%rane co$ering the end o" a drm or similar msical instrment. 28. a le$el or road dri$en into solid coal "or pro$ing or #or'ing a mine. 2(. any o" $arios de$ices on machine tools "or holding* mo$ing* inde!ing* or changing tools or #or'* as the headstoc' or trret o" a lathe. 3). (loosely) the pressre e!erted %y con"ined "lid: a head of steam. 31. a. the $ertical distance %et#een t#o points in a li<id* as #ater* or some other "lid. b. the pressre di""erential reslting "rom this separation* e!pressed in terms o" the $ertical distance %et#een the points. 32. any o" the parts o" a tape recorder that record* play %ac'* or erase magnetic signals on adiotape or $ideotape. ad$. 33. "irst in ran' or position, chie", leading, principal: a head official. 34. o" or "or the head (o"ten sed in com%ination): head coeringA headgear. 35. sitated at the top* "ront* or head o" anything (o"ten sed in com%ination): headlineA headboard. 36. mo$ing or coming "rom a direction in "ront* as o" a $essel: head tide. 37. Slang. o" or pertaining to drgs* drg paraphernalia* or drg sers. .t. 38. to go at the head o" or in "ront o", lead: to head a list. 3(. to otdo or e!cel: to head one-s competitors in a field. 4). to %e the head or chie" o" (sometimes "ol. %y up): to head a school. 41. to direct the corse o", trn the head or "ront o" in a speci"ied direction: ,-ll head the boat for the shore. 42. to go arond the head o" (a stream). 43. to "rnish or "it #ith a head. 44. to ta'e the head o"", decapitate, %ehead. 45. to get in "ront o" in order to stop* trn aside* attac'* etc. 46. headline (de". 4). 47. to propel (a soccer %all) %y stri'ing it #ith the head* esp. #ith the "orehead. .i. 48. to mo$e "or#ard to#ard a point speci"ied, go in a certain direction: to head toward town. 4(. to "orm a head: !abbage heads quickly. 5). (o" a ri$er or stream) to ha$e the head or sorce #here speci"ied. 51. head o##0 to hinder the progress o", intercept. Idioms: 1. come to a head0 a. to spprate* as a %oil. b. to reach a crisis, clminate. 2. get one3s head together0 to get onesel" nder control, %ecome sensi%le. 3. gi%e someone his or her head0 to allo# someone "reedom o" choice. 4. go to one3s head0 a. to o$ercome one #ith e!hilaration* di55yness* or into!ication. b. to "ill one #ith conceit. 5. hang or hide one3s head0 to mani"est shame. 6. head and shoulders0 %y an impressi$ely great amont: head and shoulders aboe the rest in talent. 7. head o%er heels0 a. headlong* as in a somersalt. b. intensely, completely: head oer heels in loe. c. implsi$ely, carelessly: #hey plunged head oer heels into the fighting. 8. head to head0 in direct opposition or competition. (. ee! one3s head0 to remain calm and e""ecti$e. 1). la" or !ut heads together0 to meet in order to discss* conslt* or scheme. 11. lose one3s head0 to %ecome ncontrolled or #ildly e!cited. 12. mae head4s5 or tail4s5 o#0 to nderstand or interpret to e$en a small e!tent (o"ten sed in the negati$e). 13. mae heads roll0 to dismiss nm%ers o" employees or s%ordinates. 14. on one3s head0 as one4s responsi%ility or "alt. 15. out o# one3s head or mind0 a. insane, cra5y. b. delirios, irrational. 16. o%er one3s head0 %eyond one4s comprehension* a%ility* or resorces. 17. turn someone3s head0 a. to ma'e someone smg or conceited. b. to con"se someone. >%e"ore .22, Fiddle English he)*ed, )ld English hIafod, c. )ld Sa!on hX%id* )ld High &erman houbit, )ld Gorse ha"th, a'in to )ld Gorse h foth, 9atin caput@ -head a non s""i! o" state or condition (godheadA maidenhead)* occrring in #ords no# mostly archaic or o%solete* many %eing sperseded %y "orms in ;hood. >Fiddle English -hede, )ld English J-h du, a'in to -hKd ;hood@ 6ead (h d) n. &essie0 1./3O18* Soth +"rican no$elist. 1). Bomment on the meta!horical e7tension o" these terms: a) #arm Oicy O"rosty Ocold %) #hite O%lac' O%le Oyello# Ored c) see Ohear Otaste Otoch + metaphorical e!tension is the (e!tension o" meaning in a ne# direction( throgh poplar adoption o" an original metaphorical comparison. Fetaphorical e!tension is almost a ni$ersal and natral process in any langage ndergone %y e$ery #ord. In general* it4s not e$en percei$ed in e$eryday sage as meaning change. 0hen itYs least o%$ios* sers don4t e$en see it as e!tending the meaning o" a #ord. Bonsider the e!ample o" illminate: it originally meant (to light p( something dim or dar'* %t has e$ol$ed to mean (to clari"y(* (to edi"y(. +"ter a #hile these ne# meanings seem so natral as to %e integral parts o" the #ord* #here senses sch as (to cele%rate( and (to adorn a page #ith designs( seem li'e more o%$ios additions. Temperatre (toch) Z+ #arm reception. ZKo4re as cold as ice. ((+s ice(* ho#e$er* is not a metaphor in this e!ample) Z+n icy stare. (S%mitted and demonstrated $ia phone %y -ar%ara Basnig[ :E) Z:ro5en #ith "ear. There are se$eral emotion s%types #ithin the :EE9IG& IS B)9)R metaphor (+pres?an* 1..3). :or instance in English 4green4 is associated #ith en$y and ?ealosy as in 4He #as green #ith en$y #hen he sa# their e!pensi$e ne# car4 ()IE* P.143) %t in Rssian 4yello#4 is associated #ith en$y as in 4 po5eletet4 ot 5a$isti 4(c". +pres?an* 1..3) that means4 to trn yello# #ith en$y 4* %t en$y and ?ealosy does not ha$e any color in Persian. The Fartini<e;%orn :rench :rant5 :anon and +"rican;+merican #riters 9angston Hghes ((That 0ord -lac'()* Faya +ngelo* and Ralph Ellison* among others* #rote that negati$e sym%olisms srronding the #ord (%lac'( otnm%er positi$e ones. They arged that the good $s. %ad dalism associated #ith #hite and %lac' nconsciosly "rame pre?diced collo<ialisms. In the 1.32s the term %lac' replaced Gegro in the 7nited States. 8eeing Red ; being furious (it originates "rom the "act that %lls get angry and charge #hen they see anything red). . red letter da" ; a special or lucky day ,o get the red light to be told to stop . red herring something irreleant Red ta!e ; official bureacracy or formality (so;called %ecase la#yers and &o$ernment o""iicials tie their docments together #ith red tape) ,o be caught red-handed ; to be caught in the act ,here were some red #aces - there were some embarrassed people Red s" at night0 she!herds3 delight0 red s" in the morning0 she!herds3 warning a pro$er%* meaning ,f you see a red sky at night, the weather will be good next day, but a red sky in the morning foretells bad weather 6e is "ellow ; he is a coward 6e is green with en%" he is enious or $ealous ,he green-e"ed dragon means $ealousy (so yo might say (he is s""ering "rom the green eyed dragon() ,o get the green light ; to get the go-ahead (this comes "rom tra""ic lights) 6e is green ; he is a noice i.e. doesn4t <ite 'no# #hat he is doing ,o go green ; to become ecologically aware (green isses are issues relating to conseration and saing the planet* 3e careful therefore, because if you say someone is green, it could mean either $ealous or uninitiated, or ecologigally aware, depending on the context. 9n the !in ; in flourishing good health or in a good situation :our !in" ; your little finger $in ; relating to homosexuals as in (the pin' economy( (deri$ing "rom %eing hal";#ay %et#een red and #hite) 8eeing the world through rose-tinted glasses ; seeing things in an unrealistically benign way ,o be !ur!le with rage ; #o be ery angry Visibilit" -y ma'ing things $isi%le* they %ecome real. + $isi%le thing is concrete and ma'es sense. 0e ths se the "act that something can %e seen to call it into e!istence and gi$e it meaning. , see what you mean. 0hen something is not $isi%le* it is not here* not a$aila%le "or s to e!perience. 0e ths se lac' o" $isi%ility to e!plain something that does not ma'e sense. , don-t see it that way. ;nderstanding 9ight can %e sed to descri%e nderstanding* #ith increasing light indicating increasing nderstanding. , don-t see the alue in that. 'onnection )ther "orms o" toch* althogh lighter than a grasp also indicate some "orm o" connection. She touched many of the people with her moing speech. 'hoice Taste can %e sed to indicate that a good or %ad choice has %een made. ,t was all in the best possible taste. 11. The #ords in the H)T;B)9E domain arenYt al#ays sed literally. They donYt al#ays re"er to TEFPER+T7RE. Eiscss the meanings o" the e!pressions %elo#: a. a #arm personality e. a scorching criticism %. a hot; tempered person ". a %listering attac' c. a red;hot idea g. a l'e;#arm response d. an icy stare h. a "rosty reception Fetaphors sch as icy stare depict social e!clsion sing cold;related concepts, they are not to %e ta'en literally and certainly do not imply redced temperatre. Social e!clsion literally "eels cold. The psychological e!perience o" coldness not only aids nderstanding o" social interaction* %t also is an integral part o" the e!perience o" social e!clsion. (0armth( is the most po#er"l personality trait in social ?dgment* and attachment theorists ha$e stressed the importance o" #arm physical contact #ith caregi$ers dring in"ancy "or healthy relationships in adlthood. In the realm o" social relations* people o"ten se metaphors sch as \she is cold and aloo"] or \she is a #arm person.] Temperatre metaphors con$eniently esta%lish and e!plain #hat is meant* and o"ten sho# a remar'a%le similarity in imagery across langages. In particlar* peopleYs \social temperatre \is central to the perception o" relationships. These ideas are reminiscent o" +sch (1.48) early #or'* #hich proposed psychological #armth as %eing the central dimension on #hich people ?dge one another (see also :is'e et al.* 6223).-t #hat may %e the nderlying case "or the strong metaphorical connections %et#een #armth and social relationsD In later #or'* +sch (1.C1) ad$anced that the metaphor o" #armth may %e related to the real* physical e!perience o" #armth. In addition* s%tle maniplations o" physical #armth (as compared to coldness) lead to cognitions that "orm the %asis "or commnal relations: People in physically #armer conditions se more $er%s (indicati$e o" social closeness, Semin V :iedler* 1.11)* are more "ocsed on relationships in their en$ironment* and constre themsel$es as ha$ing greater psychological o$erlap #ith the e!perimenter (IJ5erman V Semin* 622.). In other #ords* de to learning that physical #armth and a""ection go hand;in;hand* people seem to de$elop mental representations that inclde %oth a%stract conceptions o" a""ectionate "eelings and the sensorimotor e!perience o" physical #armth* sch that #hen they are in a #arm en$ironment* they #ill interact as i" they are psychologically closer to others. 12. Bonsider some idioms #ith 6.N* e!empli"ying these metonymies: a) The hand stands "or the acti$ity.; Do they hae anything to do with the matter in hand; !ould you $ust concentrate on the $ob in hand; sit on oneLs hands )Mdeliberately do nothingL* put oneLs hands in oneLs pockets )Mdeliberately do nothingL* turn oneLs hand to something )Mtackle some pro$ectL* be able to do something with one hand behind oneLs back )Mbe able to do something ery easilyL* $oin hands with somebody )Mcooperate with a personL* %) The hand stands "or control.; %ut the matter in the hands of the lawyer. /hile their parents away, the children got out of hand giing the baby sitter hard time. , want to take in hand in the new pro$ect. d) Bontrol is holding in the hand.; During the student demonstration, things got out of hand and seeral shop windows were broken. e) The hand stands "or the person.; /e need more hands. a factory hand )Ma factory workerL* from hand to hand )Mdirectly, from one person to anotherL* all hands on deck )Meerybody ready for action, duty, etc.L* 13. Fention the type o" metonymy yo can identi"y in these idioms: a) gi$e some%ody a %ig hand d) gain the pper hand %) "rom hand to hand e) 'eep a strict hand pon a person c) 'eep one Ys hand(s) in ") an old hand E!empli"y the idioms a%o$e in sentences o" yor o#n. a) She got a big hand for singing so well. #hey always gie the acrobats a big hand. %) #he book traelled from hand to hand until it got back to its owner. c) <en if ,-m no longer doing a particular aspect of my $ob that , used to do - eg. training, , occasionally like to take on a training $ob - $ust to -keep my hand in- - to keep in touch, keep practiced, stay familiar with it, ensure that if , need it again one day, , can $ust $ump back into it. d) Boernment troops are gradually gaining the upper hand oer the rebels. e) Discipline and keep a strict hand upon them. ") She-s an old hand at maga1ines, haing trained on !osmopolitan before editing !ompany.
14. The non length re"ers to the general dimension in #hich the ad?ecti$es long and short descri%e regions. :ind sch ^a%stract nonsY "or the "ollo#ing pairs o" ad?ecti$es. a. tall: short ;height g. "ast: slo#;speed %. thic': thin ;si5e h. cle$er: stpid;intelligence c. hea$y: light ;#eight i. %road: narro#;#ide d. #ide: narro#;measre ?. hot: cold;temperatre e. old: yong;age '. #arm: cool;temperatre ". "ar: near;distance 15. Sometimes $er%s that e!press +GIF+9 S)7GES are sed as meta!hors "or "eatres o" H7F+G SPEEBH in English. :ill in the %lan's #ith the appropriate sond term. Bhoose "rom this list: %ar'* hiss* grnt* snarl* t#itter* s<eal* prr* and gro#l: 1. Fy mother is so cte #hen she prrs a%ot her grandchildren. 6. ^Stop cryingY* the police o""icer %ar'ed at the drg dealer. /. The actress hissed her ans#er to the reporters. 4. The prisoner t#itted his reply to the gard. C. The sergeant %ar'ed his orders to the ne# soldiers.
The subject and verb of a sentence must agree with its subject in both person and number. If the subject is singular the verb is singular and if the subject is plural, the verb is plural. So you should remember the irregular plural forms of nouns. People are ......... BUT there are some nouns that ending in S but singular in meaning take singular verbs. Moreover Non-countable nouns also take singular verb. Physics is his favorite The news was not expected. Two or more singular subjects connected by and require a plural verb. Gold and silver are precious metal. Reeana and Tonni are there. BUT if the singular nouns although joined by AND suggest one idea to the mind or refer to the same person or thing, the verb is singular. Time and tide waits for none. The horse and carriage is at the door. NOTICE the use of following article. The president and Headmaster is (refers to same person) The president and the Headmaster are (refer to two d
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