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BOP REPORT
(STEAM SYSTEM)
NAME : K.NANDA KISHORE
DATE : 24/10/2007
WHAT IS STEAM ?
As the temperature increases and the water approaches its boiling condition, some molecules attain
enough kinetic energy to reach velocities that allow them to momentarily escape from the liquid into the
space above the surface, before falling back into the liquid.
Further heating causes greater excitation and the number of molecules with enough energy to leave the
liquid increases. As the water is heated to its boiling point, bubbles of steam form within it and rise to
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break through the surface.
Considering the molecular structure of liquids and vapors, it is logical that the density of steam is much
less than that of water, because the steam molecules are further apart from one another. The space
immediately above the water surface thus becomes filled with less dense steam molecules.
hen the number of molecules leaving the liquid surface is more than those re!entering, the water freely
evaporates. At this point it has reached boiling point or its saturation temperature, as it is saturated with
heat energy.
"f the pressure remains constant, adding more heat does not cause the temperature to rise any further but
causes the water to form saturated steam. The temperature of the boiling water and saturated steam within
the same system is the same, but the heat energy per unit mass is much greater in the steam.
At atmospheric pressure the saturation temperature is #$$%C. &owever, if the pressure is increased, this
will allow the addition of more heat and an increase in temperature without a change of phase.
Therefore, increasing the pressure effectively increases both the enthalpy of water, and the saturation
temperature. The relationship between the saturation temperature and the pressure is known as the steam
saturation curve.
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ater and steam can coexist at any pressure on this curve, both being at the saturation temperature. 'team
at a condition above the saturation curve is known as superheated steam(
Temperature above saturation temperature is called the degree of superheat of the steam. ater at a
condition below the curve is called sub!saturated water.
"f the steam is able to flow from the boiler at the same rate that it is produced, the addition of further heat
simply increases the rate of production. "f the steam is restrained from leaving the boiler, and the heat
input rate is maintained, the energy flowing into the boiler will be greater than the energy flowing out.
This excess energy raises the pressure, in turn allowing the saturation temperature to rise, as the
temperature of saturated steam correlates to its pressure.
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MASS FLOW TRANSMITTER
hy )easure Flow*
Flow measurements provide information about the process .The information that is needed
depends
on the process. )easurements are often required to determine the total quantity of fluid that passed
through the flowmeter for billing purposes. Flow measurements can be used to ensure that the process is
operating satisfactorily.
The flow Transmitter is connected to +C' which monitored and controlled through it.
PRESSURE AUE WITH SIPHON
The pigtail siphon is used to protect the pressure gauge from temperatures above #,$%F. "t allows
the hot medium to cool before entering the pressure gauge. "n most instances an isolation valve is located
below the the pressure gauge and siphon to insure that the medium in the siphon stays cool.
SIPHON
PRESSURE
AUE
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TURBINE LAND STEAM SYSTEM
The Turbine -land 'team 'ystem .T-''/ provides steam to the turbine glands and the turbine
valve stems. The T-'' prevents leakage of air into or radioactive steam out of the turbine shaft and
turbine valves. The gland steam condenser collects air and steam mixture, condenses the steam, and
discharges the air leakage to the atmosphere via the main vent by a motor!driven blower.
TURBINE SEALIN STEAM SYSTEM
0ecause of the clearance between shaft and casing there may be chance to leak out the atmospheric air to
the turbine casing from both high and low pressure side of turbine. To prevent this leakage a steam line is
provided at the high!pressure side of the turbine which is also connected to the low pressure side at the
same pressure. At the points of steam!turbine casings where the shaft of the machine passes through the
casing, devices which prevent the ingress of air into the low!pressure turbine stages and also prevent the
escape of steam into the atmosphere from casing sections of higher pressure must be provided. "n this
case, the only suitable seals are essentially non!contact seals, which of course exhibit residual leakage
quantities.
'ystems in which a barrier sealing system prevents the escape of steam from the high!pressure shaft seal
are therefore normally implemented. The leakage steam is thus drawn off into a separate system instead of
flowing into the atmosphere. This steam may expediently be directed to the low!pressure shaft seal, where
it flows out as sealing steam and displaces air from the shaft seal.
The high!pressure leakage quantity and the sealing!steam quantity for the low!pressure shaft seal are
ideally in equilibrium1 however, systems via which excess leakage steam is drawn off, for example, into
the condenser or, conversely, supplemental sealing steam is supplied are normally provided. "n this case,
the supplemental!sealing!steam feed, in particular in transient operating states, is of importance if the
pressure in the high!pressure casings, for example during start!up of the machine, is not yet sufficient in
SIPHON
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order to deliver a sufficiently large amount of sealing steam. "n the event of highly throttled or closed
control valves, sealing steam must even be supplied to the high!pressure shaft seals.
The supplemental sealing steam is normally fed from the live!steam line. Thus sealing steam having the
high thermodynamic data of the live steam is available at the turbine inlet, and this sealing steam is
successively reduced, for example by water in2ection, to states which are adapted in particular to the
material temperature of the shaft and casing of the steam turbine at the respective sealing point.
"n transient operation of a turbine, the feeding of live steam into the sealing!steam system, in particular
during start!up or an emergency trip, results in inadmissibly large 2umps in temperature, which affect the
casing and the shaft 2ournals. 'uch sudden changes in the live!steam data can be corrected by water
in2ection. &owever, the reduction in the steam temperature by means of water in2ection is not without its
problems especially at high!pressure shaft seals. There is the risk of unevaporated water encountering the
hot shaft, a factor which in turn leads to undesirable thermal shocks.
BLEED
0leed steam not used for the power generation it is for utilities purpose.
BLOWER
-land vent condenser is provided with centrifugal blowers to force the air out after steam is condensed.
PRESSURE REDU!IN DE"SUPERHEATIN SATAION (PRDS)
The 34+' requires a separate coolant control valve, along with a pressure and temperature control
loop to complete the system. The 34+' is thus part of a total system made up of various interdependent
elements, each of which contributes to the overall efficiency obtained. 5ach component should be
considered individually to ensure its compatibility with the system requirements.
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TEMPERATURE SETPOINT
The downstream temperature setpoint should not be too close to the saturation temperature of the primary
steam. This is because as the saturation temperature is approached, the steam flow almost always exhibits
two!phase characteristics. "n2ection of spraywater, especially in larger pipelines, can result in uneven
distribution
of the steam6s temperature. For example, if the desuperheating spraywater has not been properly in2ected,
regions of superheated steam can surround a core of much cooler steam. This situation is compounded
when the setpoint is near saturation. "f some steam flow is converting to water, droplets will cling to the
temperature!sensing element as the hotter steam passes. This results not only in a false temperature
reading of the steam saturation, but also a cycling of the desuperheating system. The temperature
controller reading will increase and the controller will decrease the spraywater flow continuously while
hunting for the correct temperature. The general rule is that you should have a setpoint greater than #$% F
above saturation when using feedback control based on a downstream temperature sensor.
"f a setpoint of less than #$% F is absolutely necessary, a feed!forward control strategy must be used. This
requires a simple algorithm in the plant6s distributed control system to calculate the spraywater required to
reach the temperature needed based on the conditions of entering steam and spraywater. Also note that a
sufficient pipe drain system should be part of any desuperheating station to protect against unexpected
overspraying or water fallout situations.
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SPRAYWATER PRESSURE
The amount of pressure differential between the spraywater and the steam is very important for both water
atomi7ation and the rangeability between maximum and minimum water flows. The maximum pressure
differential, along with spraywater temperature and spray no77le design, directly affects atomi7ation to the
smallest droplet si7e( the smaller the droplet, the more rapid the vapori7ation. Additionally, the greater the
pressure differential, the greater the spray no77le6s rangeability to reach lower water flow situations
through continued acceptable differential levels. 'praywater pressure ideally is #,$ to #,$$$ psid greater
than the steam pressure. Although desuperheating devices can operate at much lower differentials, a direct
correlation exists between differentials and vapori7ation speed performance as well as ability to obtain
controllable low!flow levels. 8ne cautionary
98T5( when considering high pressure differentials, the spraywater control valve may need cavitation
protection.
SPRAYWATER TEMPERATURE
The temperature of the spraywater is critical to rapid vapori7ation and conversion into steam. &otter water
vapori7es faster than cooler water for two reasons. First, the hotter water is closer to its saturation
temperature so it requires less heat input from surrounding steam, and therefore, less time to vapori7e.
9ote that an increase in the amount of :hot; spraywater is required compared to :cold; water and the
reduction in evaporation is more favorable than water flow increase.
SYSTEM PRO!ESS
The live steam from the boiler supplied to the turbine. 'team flow is measured by the flow transmitter
which is installed on <; pipe. 3ressure with siphon is mounted on the same line, where it measures the
steam pressure which is supplied from 08"=54.
The steam with high pressure enters throttle valve, this steam is controlled by the control valve. "nitially
two control valves are open and the other is used when there is overload.
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The exhaust steam from the turbine is sent to condenser, where steam is condensed. -land steam is sent to
the gland vent condenser, here the steam is condensed and air is removed through blower. The condensate
is sent to the condenser hotwell.
0ecause of the clearance between shaft and casing there may be chance to leak out the atmospheric air to
the turbine casing from both high and low pressure side of turbine. To prevent this leakage a steam line is
provided at the high!pressure side of the turbine which is also connected to the low pressure side at the
same pressure
'o maintain normal pressure and temperature 34+' is used, if there is any temperature increase in the
steam then spary water is mixed with the steam, where it drops the temperature to the required setpoint. "f
some steam flow is converting to water, droplets will cling to the temperature!sensing element as the
hotter steam passes. This results not only in a false temperature reading of the steam saturation, but also a
cycling of the desuperheating system. The temperature controller reading will increase and the controller
will decrease the spraywater flow continuously while hunting for the correct temperature. The general rule
is that you should have a setpoint greater than #$% F above saturation.
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