Managing Archaeological Sites

ARCLG127: MANAGING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
2013-2014

MA COURSE HANDBOOK: 30 credits

Co-ordinator: Tim Williams
Room 602
Email: tim.d.williams@ucl.ac.uk
Tel: 020 7679 4722
UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Managing Archaeological Sites Page i

CONTENTS
1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1
2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
3 Aims, objectives and outcomes of the course ................................................................ 1
3.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1
4.1 Aims ......................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 3
4.3 Learning outcomes ................................................................................................... 3
5 Programme structure ..................................................................................................... 3
5.1 Teaching schedule & methods .................................................................................. 3
5.2 Workload .................................................................................................................. 4
5.3 Prerequisites ............................................................................................................. 4
6 Timetable: Week-by-week summary ............................................................................ 5
7 Coursework ..................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 Methods of assessment ............................................................................................. 7
7.2 Assessment tasks ...................................................................................................... 7
7.2.1 Assignment One: Submission deadline: 6th December, 2013 ........................... 7
7.2.2 Assignment Two: Submission deadline: 21st March, 2014 .............................. 8
7.2.3 Assignment Three: Submission deadline: 28th April, 2014 .............................. 9
7.3 Procedures ................................................................................................................ 9
7.3.1 Word-length ...................................................................................................... 9
7.3.2 Presentation ...................................................................................................... 9
7.3.3 Citing of sources ............................................................................................... 9
7.3.4 Submission (including Turnitin) ..................................................................... 10
7.3.5 UCL-wide penalties for late submission of coursework .................................. 11
7.3.6 Grading ........................................................................................................... 12
7.3.7 Keeping copies ............................................................................................... 12
7.3.8 Timescale for return of marked coursework to students.................................. 12
7.3.9 Re-submission of coursework ......................................................................... 12
7.3.10 Return of coursework...................................................................................... 12
8 General information & Resources ............................................................................... 12
8.1 Basic introductory texts .......................................................................................... 12
8.2 USB flash drive ...................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Online resources ..................................................................................................... 14
8.3.1 Moodle ............................................................................................................ 14
8.3.2 UCL Heritage Studies Research Group Blog .................................................. 14
8.3.3 UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage ............................................................. 14
8.3.4 UCL Centre for Museums, Heritage & Material Culture Studies.................... 14
9 Detailed syllabus ........................................................................................................... 14
9.1 AUTUMN TERM................................................................................................... 15
Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What are we managing? (Tim
Williams) .................................................................................................................... 15
Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest groups (Tim Williams) ............ 19
Session 3 (practical): Exploring values (Tim Williams) ............................................. 24
Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models and approaches (Tim Williams) . 24
Session 5 (practical): Review of selected Management Plans ..................................... 27
Session 6 (lecture): Participatory planning, sustainability and the ethics of
international assistance (Tim Williams) ...................................................................... 28
Session 7 (discussion): Ethics & standards in archaeological heritage management .. 31
Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters the international context (Tim
Williams) .................................................................................................................... 32
Site Visit I: Stonehenge and Avebury ......................................................................... 34
Managing Archaeological Sites Page ii

Session 9 (lecture & discussion): implementing the Avebury Management Plan (Sarah
Simmonds, Avebury World Heritage Site Officer) ..................................................... 36
Session 10 (lecture): World Heritage Sites. Nomination, evaluation and periodic
reporting (Tim Williams) ............................................................................................ 36
Site visit II: Bankside, Globe & Rose Theatres, Winchester Palace, Spitalfields Market
& the George Inn ........................................................................................................ 39
Session 11 (lecture): Case study: Implementing the World Heritage convention
(Christopher Young, English Heritage) ...................................................................... 39
Session 12 (discussion): The future of World Heritage sites? (Henry Cleere & Kirsty
Norman) ..................................................................................................................... 40
Session 13 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for decision-making (Tim Williams)
.................................................................................................................................... 40
Session 14 (lecture): Preventive conservation and maintenance: including shelters on
archaeological sites (Tim Williams) ........................................................................... 42
Session 15 (lecture): Reburial of archaeological sites (Kirsty Norman)...................... 48
Session 16 (lecture): Condition reports - assessing the state of conservation (Dean
Sully) .......................................................................................................................... 49
Session 17 (lecture): Managing archaeological resources and development: The
approach in England (Joe Flatman, English Heritage) ................................................ 50
Session 18 (lecture): Case study: Developing Governance (Kirsty Norman) ............. 51
Session 19 (informal discussion): Discussion of placement opportunities (Tim
Williams & Kirsty Norman) ....................................................................................... 51
Session 20 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at open-air archaeological sites (Sarah
Dhanjal) ...................................................................................................................... 51
9.2 SPRING TERM ...................................................................................................... 56
Session 21 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation (Dirk Bennett) ..................... 56
Session 22 (lecture): Recording, managing, conserving and interpreting urban
archaeological sites (Tim Williams) ........................................................................... 56
Site visit III: Roman London: London Billingsgate bathhouse, Temple of Mithras,
Guildhall amphitheatre, City wall, and the Museum of London ................................. 59
Session 23 (seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites in modern urban landscapes
(Class-led) .................................................................................................................. 59
Session 24 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability (Tim Williams) .................. 60
Session 25 (seminar): Cultural resource management in developing countries: by
whom, for whom? (Class-led)..................................................................................... 65
Session 26 (lecture): Case study: The Kasubi Tombs and heritage management in
Uganda (Andrew Reid) ............................................................................................... 65
Session 27 (seminar): Our role in post-conflict reconstruction (Class-led) ................. 66
Session 28 (lecture & discussion): Council of Europe and the Valletta convention
(Adrian Olivier) .......................................................................................................... 68
Session 29 (seminar): Conservation or visitors? (Class-led) ....................................... 69
Session 30 (lecture): Risk and disaster management (Tim Williams) ......................... 69
Session 31 (seminar): The role of archaeological excavation in managing
archaeological sites (Class-led) ................................................................................... 70
Session 32 (lecture): Archaeological sites with in-situ mosaics: challenges and issues
in conservation and display (John Stewart, English Heritage) .................................... 70
Site visit IV: Battle Abbey & Lullingstone Roman villa ............................................. 71
Session 33 (seminar): Approaches to landscape interpretation (Class-led) ................. 71
Session 34: (lecture): Managing rural archaeological sites (Vince Holyoak, English
Heritage) ..................................................................................................................... 71
Session 35 (lecture): Case study: Cathedrals: places of worships & historic buildings.
Marrying different values (Anne Locke, Church of England)..................................... 74
Managing Archaeological Sites Page iii

Session 36 (lecture): Management of archaeological resources in the coastal zone (Joe
Flatman) ..................................................................................................................... 75
Session 37 (practical): Statements of significance (Tim Williams)............................. 75
Session 38 (lecture): The Silk Roads - a case study in a serial trans-boundary
nomination strategies (Tim Williams) ........................................................................ 76
Session 39 (lecture): Management context, monitoring & evaluating (Tim Williams)
.................................................................................................................................... 76
Session 40: Conclusions & review (Tim Williams) .................................................... 77
10 Additional information................................................................................................. 78
10.1 Communication ...................................................................................................... 78
10.2 Attendance .............................................................................................................. 78
10.3 Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students ............................... 78
10.4 Libraries and other resources .................................................................................. 78
10.5 Dyslexia .................................................................................................................. 78
10.6 Health and Safety.................................................................................................... 78
10.7 Feedback ................................................................................................................. 79
Appendix 1: USB flash drive ............................................................................................... 80
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 80
Files: PDF format ............................................................................................................... 80
Copyright............................................................................................................................ 80
Managing Archaeological Sites Page 1

1 OVERVIEW
This course aims to examine the theory and practice of archaeological site management, the
reasons for selecting sites for preservation, and the methods for successful management and
conservation of a site's significance. By the end of the course, students should be able to
understand and apply a planning process based on the recognition of a site's values and of its
interest groups, or stakeholders. Students will also learn practical methods for the physical
conservation of different categories of archaeological sites and will master a technical
vocabulary adequate to communicate with site management specialists. The course has an
international perspective and will appeal to students from a range of academic backgrounds
(e.g. archaeology, conservation, planning, architecture, museum studies). In balancing theory
and practice, it will suit those wishing to continue on to academic research and those seeking
employment in heritage administration or international organisations.
2 INTRODUCTION
This is the course handbook for ARCGL127 Managing Archaeological Sites. It outlines the
aims and objectives, structure and content of the course. It is also available on the Institute
web-site.
This Handbook should be used alongside the MA/MSc Handbook (also available on the
Institute web-site), which contains information about all MA and MSc degrees, and options
within them, being taught this year. The MA/MSc Handbook gives essential information on a
range of topics, from enrolment to guidance on the dissertation, so students should ensure that
they read it carefully. Distributed along with the MA/MSc Handbook are maps of the College
precinct and surrounding area of London, the complete MA/MSc teaching timetable and the
list of Personal Tutors to MA and MSc students. Students should consult this list to find out
who is to be their Personal Tutor for the year, and students should make contact with them
soon after their arrival to arrange a meeting.
If students have queries about the organisation, objectives, structure, content or assessment of
the course, they should consult the Course Co-ordinator.
3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES OF THE COURSE
3.1 Background
This course aims to examine the theory and practice of archaeological site management, the
reasons for selecting sites for preservation, and the methods for successful management and
conservation of a site's significance. By the end of the course, students should be able to
understand and apply a planning process based on the recognition of a site's values and of its
interest groups, or stakeholders. Students will also learn practical methods for the physical
conservation of different categories of archaeological sites and will master a technical
vocabulary adequate to communicate with site management specialists. In balancing theory
and practice, it will suit those wishing to continue on to academic research and those seeking
employment in heritage administration or international organisations.
The emergence of archaeological site management as a discipline results from a combination
of factors: widespread concerns about the conservation and interpretation of archaeological
sites, including preservation in-situ, intellectual access to archaeological knowledge, and the
display of excavated sites; against a background of rising cultural tourism, pollution, climate
change and settlement expansion; and cognisant of issues of sustainable development and the
involvement of local communities in decision-making. Reactive intervention is not sufficient
to balance the long-term preservation of resources with the contemporary needs of users, and

holistic approaches to site management are currently being theorised, problematicised and
explored worldwide, across a wide range of site types, and in disparate social, economic and
cultural environments.
International organisations such as ICOMOS and UNESCO, and in more recent years
ICCROM and the Getty Conservation Institute, are pushing the agenda of archaeological site
management, be it in World Heritage Sites or in sites of national or local importance. Among
several possible types of management, the model emerged through the Australian Burra
Charter has acquired worldwide respect, mainly for its sensitive approach to the issue of
stakeholders and local communities, and the development of the concept of valuing the
resource.
The syllabus is based upon a practical model of site management. The course will start by
exploring charters and recommendations formulated by national and international
organisations, the issue of authenticity, and how values and significance, held by different
interest groups, can underpin the management process. It will then examine practical issues in
the identification of values, stakeholders, and significance, and explore how these can assist
in the planning process, in formulating policies and strategies. The course will then explore
administrative contexts and how these influence both the process of developing and
implementation of a management plan. The model of management planning will be explored
through practical issues of site conservation, maintenance, visitor management, tourism, and
economic and social development.
As simple as the model can seem, the iterative process and the large number of actors makes
this management process a complex one. It is also one that does not stop with the publication
of the plan, but continues throughout its implementation. A series of case studies from around
the world will exemplify the complexity of the process and of its implementation.

The Institute is a recipient of the Conservation and Heritage Management Award, from the
Archaeological Institute of America, for exceptional achievement in these fields. Students
benefit from the Institute's emphasis on the role of heritage in today's society, from the art and
archaeology collections of University College London, and from the unrivalled resources of
London's museums. The Institute of Archaeology supports the principles of the 1970
UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention and is unique as a UK academic
department in having an ethics policy concerning the illicit trade in antiquities.


4.1 Aims
To provide an understanding of the processes that lead to the preparation and
implementation of a site management plan.
To equip the students with the theory and practice needed to carry out similar processes.
4.2 Objectives
To demonstrate the need for site management planning as a tool for conservation
To facilitate debate on the theory and methodology of value-based management planning
processes
To provide students with an understanding of the tools and the techniques for
documenting and assessing a site, producing a conservation and management plan, and
implementing it.
4.3 Learning outcomes
By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate:
Observation and critical reflection
Application of acquired knowledge
Written and oral presentation skills
5 PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
5.1 Teaching schedule & methods
This course is timetabled in the first two terms, although assessed work is scheduled for
submission in the third term.
The course is taught through lectures, seminars, and practical sessions. In addition, at least
four fieldtrips (normally on Saturdays) will be arranged to give students greater familiarity
with the methods and techniques covered in the course.
Seminars have weekly recommended reading, which students will be expected to have done,
to be able fully to follow and to actively contribute to discussion.
Lectures will be held on Wednesdays: 4.00-6.00pm in G6 (Institute of Archaeology), except
on the 16
th
October, 2013 (when there is a public lectures on). On the 16
th
October we will be
in Room 612.
Seminars and practical sessions will take place in Room 410 (Institute of Archaeology) in
Term I and in Room 612 (Institute of Archaeology) in Term II. They are held on Tuesdays.
This is a two hour slot, 2.00-4.00pm. The seminar topics normally follow on from the lectures
of the previous week (so that you can take advantage of the concepts introduced during the
lecture, and those from the recommended readings). Some of the seminar sessions are
replaced by practical sessions, where specific approaches, such as conservation assessments,
will be experimented with.
You will be asked to prepare one seminar discussion during the course of the year. Further
details will be announced in class.

Site visits will be undertaken: two during the first term and two during the second term.
Provisional dates for these are in the timetable, but these are subject to finalisation of the
arrangements and discussion with the class. Further details will be announced closer to the
date.
Except in the case of illness, the 70% minimum attendance requirement applies to lectures
and seminars on the course. Field trips are optional.
5.2 Workload
There will be 80 hours of seminars and lectures, as well as at least four site visits. Students
will be expected to undertake background reading for the course, plus preparing for and
producing assessed work.
5.3 Prerequisites
This course does not have any prerequisites.

6 TIMETABLE: WEEK-BY-WEEK SUMMARY
AUTUMN TERM 23
rd
September - 13th December, 2013
Students should check their e-mail frequently as any changes to arrangements and other
messages will be communicated by this means.
DATE TOPIC LECTURER
01/10/13 Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What
are we managing?
Tim Williams
02/10/13 Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest
groups
Tim Williams
08/10/13 Session 3 (practical): Exploring values Practical
09/10/13 Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models
and approaches
Tim Williams
15/10/13 Session 5 (practical): Review of management plans Practical
16/10/13 Session 6 (lecture): Participatory planning,
sustainability and the ethics of international assistance
(in room 612)
Tim Williams
22/10/13 Session 7 (discussion): Ethics & standards in
archaeological heritage management
Discussion
23/10/13

Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters the
international context
Tim Williams
26/10/13 Site visit I : Stonehenge and Avebury Fieldtrip
29/10/13 Session 9 (lecture & discussion): Discussion of the
Avebury Management Plan

Sarah Simmonds
(Avebury World
Heritage officer)
30/10/13

Session 10 (lecture): World Heritage Sites.
Nomination, evaluation and periodic reporting
Tim Williams
Reading week
Site visit I I: Bankside, Globe & Rose Theatres,
Winchester Palace & the George Inn
Fieldtrip
12/11/13 Session 11 (lecture): Case Study: Implementing the
World Heritage convention
Christopher Young
(English Heritage)
13/11/13 Session 12 (discussion): The future of World Heritage
sites?
Kirsty Norman &
Henry Cleere
19/11/13 Session 13 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for
decision-making
Tim Williams
20/11/13 Session 14 (lecture): Preventive conservation and
maintenance: including shelters on archaeological sites
Tim Williams
26/11/13 Session 15 (lecture): Reburial of archaeological sites Kirsty Norman
27/11/13 Session 16 (lecture): Condition reporting: assessing
the state of conservation
Dean Sully
03/12/13 Session 17 (lecture): Managing archaeological
resources and development: The approach in the
England
Joe Flatman
04/12/13 Session 18 (lecture): Case study: Developing
Governance
Kirsty Norman
10/12/13 Session 19 (informal discussion): Placement
opportunities
Tim Williams &
Kirsty Norman
11/12/13 Session 20 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at open-
air archaeological sites
Sarah Dhanjal

SPRING TERM 13
th
January - 28
th
March, 2014
DATE TOPIC LECTURER
14/01/14 Session 21 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation Dirk Bennett
15/01/14 Session 22 (lecture): Recording, managing &
conserving urban archaeological sites
Tim Williams

18/01/14 Site visit I II : Roman London: Billingsgate bathhouse,
Guildhall amphitheatre, City wall, Fort Gate &
Museum of London
Fieldtrip
21/01/14 Session 23 (seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites
in modern urban landscapes
Class-led
22/01/14 Session 24 (lecture): Cultural tourism and
sustainability
Tim Williams
28/01/14 Session 25 (seminar): Cultural resource management
in developing countries: by whom, for whom?
Class-led
29/01/14 Session 26 (lecture): Case study: The Kasubi Tombs
and heritage management in Uganda
Andrew Reid
04/02/14 Session 27 (seminar): Our role in post-conflict
reconstruction
Class-led
05/02/14 Session 28 (lecture & discussion): Council of Europe
and the Valletta convention
Adrian Olivier
11/02/14 Session 29 (seminar): Conservation or visitors? Class-led
12/02/14 Session 30 (lecture): Risk management Tim Williams
Reading week
25/02/14 Session 31 (seminar): The role of archaeological
excavation in managing sites
Class-led
26/02/14 Session 32 (lecture): Archaeological sites with in-situ
mosaics: challenges and issues in conservation and
display
John Stewart
(English Heritage)
01/03/14 Site visit I V: Battle Abbey & Lullingstone Roman villa Fieldtrip
04/03/14 Session 33 (seminar): Approaches to landscape
interpretation
Class-led
05/03/14 Session 34 (lecture): Managing rural archaeological
sites and landscapes
Vince Holyoak
(English Heritage)
11/03/14

Session 35 (lecture): Case study: Cathedrals: places of
worships & historic buildings. Marrying different
values
Anne Locke
(Church of
England)
12/03/14 Session 36 (lecture): Approaches to the management
of marine archaeological resources
Joe Flatman
18/03/14 Session 37 (practical): Statements of significance Tim Williams
19/03/14 Session 38 (lecture): The Silk Roads - a case study in a
serial trans-boundary nomination strategy
Tim Williams
25/03/14 Session 39 (lecture): Management context, monitoring
& evaluating
Tim Williams
26/03/14 Session 40 (discussion): Conclusions & review Discussion


7 COURSEWORK
7.1 Methods of assessment
The course is assessed by means of three pieces of coursework totalling c 8,000 words. The
first two pieces of work are each of 3,000 words. The third piece is approx. 2,000 words, but
there is no formal word limit for this piece: it is also likely that it will be heavily
illustrated/tabulated. Each of the three pieces contributes 33.3% to the final grade for this
module.
The topics and deadlines for each assessment are specified below. If students are unclear
about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. The Course
Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of their approach to the assessment,
provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
The course comprises 30 credits towards your total degree.
7.2 Assessment tasks
In this course your essays should examine theoretical issues, using archaeological sites and
practices, from any area, to illustrate your discussions.
Like most academic writing, your essays should present an argument supported by analysis.
Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation (not simply description) of concepts
in some subset of archaeological management theoretical literature. Remember, you must
draw upon readings from multiple class sessions, examine some of the primary literature in
addition to secondary literature, and use references to support your assertions. The course co-
ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to the assessment, provided
this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
For assignments 1 & 2, a range of possible essay topics is suggested below, but students are
also invited to identify an original topic in consultation with the course coordinator (the essay
title will be subject to their approval). The topic should be clearly related to at least one of the
themes covered in the classes. Students wishing to write on topics that have not yet been
covered in lectures are invited to seek additional guidance from the coordinators.
The nature of the third assignment, and possible approaches to it, will be discussed in class,
well in advance of the submission deadline.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Course co-ordinator.
7.2.1 Assignment One: Submission deadline: 6th December, 2013
Please choose ONE of the questions below. Your essay should be 3000 words (in the range
2,850-3,150 words) in length. You should use illustrations as appropriate.
a) How has the concept of authenticity changed since the Venice Charter? Does it
still have a role in the management and conservation of archaeological sites and
landscapes?
b) Discuss the concept of values and how are they formed. What is their importance
in the compilation of a statement of significance?

c) How might you balance potentially conflicting values in the management of
archaeological sites?
d) In what ways can a countrys legislation and government guidance create a
framework for archaeological site management?
e) Given that the involvement of local communities is important in the management
of archaeological sites, what could be done to encourage their participation?
f) Discuss the role of heritage professionals in decision-making at archaeological
sites.
g) In what circumstances would the reburial of archaeological remains be an
appropriate strategy? What practical and technical issues are involved in reburial?
h) Discuss the notion of 'sustainability' and its application to archaeological heritage
management.
i) Examine the sites currently selected as World Heritage in Danger
(http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=86). Discuss their selection and the role of the
in danger list.
7.2.2 Assignment Two: Submission deadline: 21st March, 2014
Please choose ONE of the questions below. Your essay should be 3000 words (in the range
2,850-3,150 words) in length. You should use illustrations as appropriate.
a) Heritage tourism comprises a significant proportion of the global phenomenon of
tourism. Discuss the impacts and potential of heritage tourism on the management of
archaeological sites in developing countries.
b) Should visitor access to sites ever be limited for reasons of conservation?
c) Discuss the role of documentation, maintenance, and interpretation in managing
excavated earthen architecture.
d) What are the elements of an archaeological site management plan? What measures
are crucial to its success?
e) What are the constraints that are likely to influence the way a site or landscape is
conserved and interpreted to the public? Give examples.
f) Shelters on archaeological sites: visual intrusions or the only viable solution? Discuss
the key elements in decision-making about sheltering for excavated sites. Use
examples.
g) Explore one or more Management Plans for World Heritage Sites of your choice.
Discuss their aims, structure and effectiveness.
h) Agnew, N. and Demas, M. (eds) 2002. Principles for the Conservation of Heritage
Sites in China. ICOMOS China: The Getty Conservation Institute
AG AGN (3 copies)
MAS/Getty/china_principles.pdf
www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/china_prin.pdf

Is this work dominated by western conservation specialists emphasis on material
integrity and authenticity through materials, or does it reflect a mixture of western
and eastern conservation ethics and values? What do you think the strengths and
weaknesses of this form of collaboration to be?
7.2.3 Assignment Three: Submission deadline: 28th April, 2014
Prepare a statement of significance for a site of your choice. Use illustrations as appropriate.
Further guidance on this assessment will be provided during the course. There is no set word
limit for this piece of work (although it might be in the order of 2,000 words), as it depends
upon the best way of presenting the site and its values. It is expected that the piece will
include numerous illustrations and it may be appropriate to tabulate information.
7.3 Procedures
7.3.1 Word-length
Strict new regulations with regard to word-length were introduced UCL-wide with effect
from 2013.
Penalties for over-length coursework: for submitted coursework, where a maximum length
has been specified, the following procedure will apply:
i) The length of coursework will normally be specified in terms of a word count
ii) Assessed work should not exceed the prescribed length.
iii) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark
will be reduced by ten percentage marks; but the penalised mark will not be
reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass.
iv) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, a mark of
zero will be recorded.
v) In the case of coursework that is submitted late and is also over-length, the
lateness penalty will have precedence.
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of
figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and contents of
tables and figures, appendices, and wording of citations.
7.3.2 Presentation
Essays and other assessed work must be word-processed (unless otherwise specified) and
should be printed on both sides of the paper, using 1.5-line spacing. Bibliographies may be in
single line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner.
Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be
clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this
must be clearly acknowledged.
7.3.3 Citing of sources
Coursework should be expressed in a students own words giving the exact source of any
ideas, information, diagrams, etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct
quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between
inverted commas.
Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity, which can carry very heavy penalties. It
is your responsibility to read and abide by the requirements for presentation, referencing and

avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the IoA Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook
There are strict penalties for plagiarism. Further details are available on the IoA website.
The term plagiarism means presenting material (words, figures etc.) in a way that allows
the reader to believe that it is the work of the author he or she is reading, when it is in fact the
creation of another person.
In academic and other circles, plagiarism is regarded as theft of intellectual property. In UCL
regulations, all detected plagiarism is to be penalised and noted on the students record,
irrespective of whether the plagiarism is committed knowingly or unintentionally. The whole
process of an allegation of plagiarism and its investigation is likely to cause considerable
personal embarrassment and to leave a very unpleasant memory, in addition to the practical
consequences of the penalty. The penalties can be surprisingly severe and may include failing
a course or a whole degree. It is thus important to take deliberate steps to avoid any
inadvertent plagiarism.
Avoiding plagiarism should start at the stage of taking notes. In your notes, it should be
wholly clear what is taken directly from a source, what is a paraphrase of the content of a
source and what is your own synthesis or original thought. Make sure you include sources and
relevant page numbers in your notes.
When writing an essay any words and special meanings, any special phrases, any clauses or
sentences taken directly from a source must be enclosed in inverted commas and followed by
a reference to the source in brackets. It is not generally necessary to use direct quotations
except when comparing particular terms or phrases used by different authors. Similarly, all
figures and tables taken from sources must have their origin acknowledged in the caption.
Captions do not contribute to any maximum word lengths.
Paraphrased information taken from a source must be followed by a reference to the source. If
a paragraph contains information from several sources, it must be made clear what
information comes from where: a list of sources at the end of the paragraph is not sufficient.
Please cite sources of information fully, including page numbers where appropriate, in order
to avoid any risk of plagiarism: citations in the text do not contribute to any maximum word
count.
To guard further against inadvertent plagiarism, you may find it helpful to write a plan of
your coursework answer or essay and to write the coursework primarily on the basis of your
plan, only referring to sources or notes when you need to check something specific such as a
page number for a citation.
7.3.4 Submission (including Turnitin)
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators
pigeon hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The coursework
must be stapled to a completed blue coversheet (available from the web, from outside Room
411A or from the IoA library).
Students should put their Candidate Number on all coursework. This is a 5 digit alphanumeric
code and can be found on Portico: it is different from the Student Number/ID. Please also put
the Candidate Number and course code on each page of the work.
It is also essential that students put their Candidate Number at the start of the title line on
Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework: e.g. YBPR6 Managing Sites.

Please note the stringent UCL-wide penalties for late submission (given below). Late
submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission has been
granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed.
Date-stamping is via Turnitin (see below), so in addition to submitting hard copy, students
must also submit their work to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline.
It is essential that students upload all parts of their coursework to Turnitin (e.g. including the
bibliography and images). This ensures that a complete electronic copy of all work is
available in case an essay goes astray. Please be assured that markers will not include these
additional elements when checking word counts.
The Turnitin 'Class ID' for this course is 611621 and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is
IoA1314 (note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the
current academic year). Further information is given on the IoA website
(http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/turnitin). Turnitin
advisers will be available to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if needed.
Students who encounter technical problems submitting their work to Turnitin should email
the nature of the problem to ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk in advance of the deadline in order that
the Turnitin Advisers can notify the Course Co-ordinator that it may be appropriate to waive
the late submission penalty.
If there is any other unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or
(preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF.
7.3.5 UCL-wide penalties for late submission of coursework
Where coursework is not submitted by a published deadline, the following penalties will
apply:
i) A penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the
calendar day after the deadline (calendar day 1).
ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted on
calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7.
iii) A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after
the deadline through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the
assessment will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains
material than can be assessed.
iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not be
marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
v) Where there are extenuating circumstances that have been recognised by the Board of
Examiners or its representative, these penalties will not apply until the agreed
extension period has been exceeded.
vi) In the case of coursework that is submitted late and is also over length, only the
lateness penalty will apply. Students should note that these regulations will in most
cases result in failing this element and thus potentially failing the whole degree if a
single item of assessed work is submitted more than 7 days late.
If extensions are needed, please negotiate these in advance with the Course Co-ordinator. If
possible, use the standard Extension Request Form, but students may also need to request
extensions by email or, in extremis, by telephone.

7.3.6 Grading
The grading system for coursework is set out in the MA/MSc Handbook. The mark given by
the initial examiner (prior to return) is a provisional assessment for the student's guidance, and
may be modified after assessment by the second internal examiner or by the External
Examiner.
7.3.7 Keeping copies
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of
all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should return it to
the marker within two weeks.
7.3.8 Timescale for return of marked coursework to students
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official
submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written
explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoAs Academic Administrator, Judy
Medrington.
7.3.9 Re-submission of coursework
Students are not normally permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to
improve their marks. However, in exceptional circumstances and with the approval of their
Course Co-ordinator, they may if they wish, submit an additional piece of coursework (on a
new topic) to substitute for the first piece of written coursework submitted for their course.
7.3.10 Return of coursework
All marked coursework must be returned to the Course Co-ordinator within two weeks of its
return to students, so that it can be second-marked, and is available to the Board of
Examiners. Because assessed work forms part of the student's permanent academic record, it
needs to be retained until well after the completion of the degree. If work is not returned to
the Course Co-ordinator, the student will be deemed not to have completed the course.
Students are strongly advised always to keep a copy of all work, and to make a copy for
retention of all work after it has been assessed and commented upon by the first examiner, if
they wish to make future reference to the comments on the work.
8 GENERAL INFORMATION & RESOURCES
8.1 Basic introductory texts
Agnew, N. and Bridgland, J. (eds) 2006. Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating Archaeology
and Conservation. Proceedings of the Conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological
Congress, Washington, D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angles: Getty Conservation Institute
LA AGN
Aplin, G. 2002. Heritage: identification, conservation, and management. South Melbourne:
Oxford University Press AG APL (3 copies)
De la Torre, M. (ed) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute. Download as pdf from
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/reports.html AG DEL

Fairclough, G, Jameson, J H, Schofield, J, and Harrison, R (eds) 2007. The Heritage Reader.
London: Routledge AG FAI
Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Lowenthal, D. 1985. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
AG LOW
McManamon, F. P., Stout, A., and Barnes, J. A. (eds.) 2008. Managing Archaeological
Resources: Global Context, National Programs, Local Actions. Walnut Creek, CA: Left
Coast Press. AG MCM
Matero, F. et al. 1998. Archaeological site conservation and management. An appraisal of
recent trends. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 2, 129-142.
Teaching Collection 2458
Skeates, R. 2000. Debating the Archaeological Heritage, Debates in Archaeology series,
London: Duckworth. AG SKE
Smith, L. 2004. Archaeological theory and the politics of cultural heritage. London:
Routledge. AG SMI
Srensen, M. L. S. & Carman, J. (eds) 2009. Heritage studies: methods and approaches.
London: Routledge AG SOR
Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds) 2002. Management planning for archaeological sites:
an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute. AG Qto TEU
The Burra charter
http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/
MAS/Charters/Australia_ICOMOS_Burra_Charter_1999.pdf
This sets out approaches to site management that are gaining acceptance amongst
professionals worldwide. This charter has recently been revised: see Truscott, M & Young, C
(2000) Revising the Burra Charter: Australia ICOMOS updates its guidelines for conservation
practice, in Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 4(2).
The key journal is:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
See also:
Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development
The Historic Environment: policy & practice
Demas, M. 2003. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: Project
Bibliographies. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute MAS/Getty/ CMAS_bib.pdf
Useful websites:

The Getty Conservation Institute http://www.getty.edu/conservation/
including their downloadable publications at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/
ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org
ICCROM http://www.iccrom.org
UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/
UNESCO World Heritage Centre http://whc.unesco.org/

8.2 USB flash drive
A number of articles and books are also available on the USB flash drive provided with this
handbook.
These are indicated with the reference in orange, showing where on the USB you will find the
file and the file name (eg MAS/Getty/ assessing the value of cultural heritage.pdf). A contents
file on the USB flash drive lists some, but certainly not all, of the files on the drive. Some
directories contain many more files. Browse the USB to explore its content.
See Appendix 1 of this handbook for further details.
8.3 Online resources
8.3.1 Moodle
Access via http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/
The Moodle MAS pages are currently under development more information as the course
progresses.
8.3.2 UCL Heritage Studies Research Group Blog
This is the blog of the Heritage Studies Research Group at the Institute of Archaeology,
University College London.
Available at: http://ucl-heritage.blogspot.com/
8.3.3 UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage
Centres runs a series of public lectures (all are welcome). See the guest lecture programme at:
www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage
8.3.4 UCL Centre for Museums, Heritage & Material Culture Studies
Website at: http://www.mhm.ucl.ac.uk/index.php
Also the materialworld blog at: http://www.materialworldblog.com/
9 DETAILED SYLLABUS
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the
UCL library system individual readings are available (Institute of Archaeology library unless
otherwise stated); their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether
out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings
marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course.

Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching
Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright).
Supplementary reading is intended as wider guidance on the topic, if you become interested in
it, use it for essays or dissertations, or after you leave the Institute. You are not expected to
read all of this, but personal initiative is expected to supplement the essential reading. Where
seminar topics follow on from the preceding weeks lecture additional reading suggestions do
not appear. Where they explore a different issue, additional suggested reading may be listed.
9.1 AUTUMN TERM
Session 1 (lecture): Introduction. Why manage? What are we managing? (Tim
Williams)
The session will explore a broad introduction to practical and philosophical issues of research,
conservation, the expectations of interest groups and communities, the economic pressure to
develop sites for tourist purposes, and the necessity for predicting and managing change at
archaeological sites.
Introductory reading
This section contains core readings for the whole course. Those marked with an * indicate the
best places to start.
Agnew, N. and Bridgland, J. (eds) 2006. Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating Archaeology
LA AGN
*Aplin, G. 2002. Heritage: identification, conservation, and management. South Melbourne:
Graham, B. and Howard, P. (eds.) 2008. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and
Identity. Aldershot: Ashgate. AG GRA
Hodder, I. and Doughty, L. 2007. Mediterranean prehistoric heritage: training, education
and management. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
DAG 100 HOD
*Fairclough, G, Jameson, J H, Schofield, J, and Harrison, R (eds) 2007. The Heritage Reader.
London: Routledge AG FAI
Layton, R., Shennan, S., and Stone, P. (eds) 2006. A Future for Archaeology. London: UCL
Press AG LAY
*Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Lowenthal, D. 1985. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
AG LOW
McManamon, F.P. and Hatton, A. (eds) 2000. Cultural resource management in
contemporary society: perspectives on managing and presenting the past. One World
Archaeology 33. London: Routledge AG MCM

Coast Press. AG MCM
Matero, F. et al. 1998. Archaeological site conservation and management. An appraisal of
recent trends. Conservation and management of archaeological sites, 2, 129-142.
Miksic, J N, Goh, G Y, and O'Connor, S (eds) 2011. Rethinking cultural resource
management in Southeast Asia: preservation, development, and neglect. London & New
York: Anthem Press AG MIK
*Skeates, R. 2000. Debating the Archaeological Heritage, Debates in Archaeology series,
London: Duckworth AG SKE
Smith, L. 1994. Heritage management as postprocessual archaeology? Antiquity, 68, 300-309.
PERS
Smith, L. 2004. Archaeological theory and the politics of cultural heritage. London:
Routledge AG SMI
Smith, L. 2006. The uses of heritage. London: Routledge ANTHROPOLOGY C 9 SMI
*Srensen, M. L. S. and Carman, J. (eds.) 2009. Heritage studies: methods and approaches.
London: Routledge. AG SOR
Stubbs, J. 2009. Time Honored - A Global View on Architectural Conservation. Hoboken,
N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. L STU
*Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds) 2002. Management planning for archaeological
sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Key journal:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
Browse the following journals:
Antiquity (especially the editorials)
International Journal of Heritage Studies
Journal of Cultural Heritage

For the UK:
British Archaeology (Council for British Archaeology)
Rescue News
The Field Archaeologist (Institute of Field Archaeologists)

Look at the following websites:
The Council for British Archaeology http://www.britarch.ac.uk/
The Getty Conservation Institute http://www.getty.edu/conservation/
ICCROM http://www.iccrom.org
UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/
And the UNESCO World Heritage Centre http://www.unesco.org/whc/


Further reading:
Agnew, N. and Demas, M. (eds) 2002. Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in
China. ICOMOS China: The Getty Conservation Institute AG AGN 3 copies)
MAS/Getty/china_principles.pdf
www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/china_prin.pdf
Araoz, G. F. 2011. Preserving heritage places under a new paradigm, Journal of Cultural
Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 55-60 Online
Avrami, E., Mason, R. and De la Torre, M. (eds) 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation.
Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MB 2 AVR
MAS/Getty/values and heritage conservation.pdf
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/reports.html
Bandarin, F., Hosagrahar, J., & Frances, S. A. 2011. Why development needs culture, Journal
of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 15-25 Online
Boswell, D. & Evans, J. (eds) 1999. Representing the nation: a reader: histories, heritage
and museums. London & New York: Routledge AG BOS
Buttimer, N., Rynne, C. and Guerin, H. (eds) 2000. The heritage of Ireland. Cork: Collins
Press MA 41.7 BUT
Brisbane, M.A. and Wood, J. 1996. A Future for Our Past?: An Introduction to Heritage
Studies, London: English Heritage AG Qto BRI
Carman, J. 1996. Valuing ancient things: archaeology and the law. Leicester: Leicester
University Press (esp. 1.1 and 3.8) AG20CAR
Carman, J. 2002. Archaeology and heritage: an introduction. London: Continuum
AG CAR
Carman, J. 2005. Against cultural property: archaeology, heritage and ownership. London:
Duckworth AG CAR
Carver, M. 1996. On archaeological value. Antiquity 70, 45-56. PERS
Choay, F. 2001. The invention of the historic monument. Cambridge University Press
Barlett: Architecture B 20 CHO
Cleere, H. (ed.) 1984. Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press AG 20 Qto CLE
Cleere, H. (ed.) 1989. Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World. London:
Unwin Hyman, One World Archaeology 9 AG 20 CLE
Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and Wheatley, D. (eds) 1995. Managing archaeology.
London: Routledge AG COO
Darvill, T.C., Parker Pearson, M., Smith, R. and Thomas, R. (eds) 1978. New Approaches to
Our Past. Southampton: Southampton University Archaeology Society AH Qto DAR
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 1997. The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean
region. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute AG Qto DEL

De la Torre, M. (ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute. MAS/Getty/assessing the value of cultural heritage.pdf
Download from http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/reports.html
English Heritage. 2000. Power of Place: the Future of the Historic Environment, London:
English Heritage ARCHITECTURE B 20 POW
Fowler, P.J. 1992. The Past in Contemporary Society: Then, Now. London: Routledge
AG FOW
Frankel, D. 1993. The excavator: creator or destroyer? Antiquity 67, 875-7. PERS
Howard, P. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Lambrick, G. 1985. Archaeology and Nature Conservation, Oxford: Oxford University
DAA 100 Qto LAM
Lennon, J., Egloff, B., Davey, A. & Taylor, K. 1999. Conserving the cultural values of
natural areas: a discussion paper. Australian ICOMOS
MAS/Australian ICOMOS/Conserving the Cultural Values of Natural Areas.pdf
Lipe, W. D. 1984. Value and meaning in cultural resources. In Cleere, H. F. ed). Approaches
to the archaeological heritage. New Directions in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press,
1-11. AG20 Qto CLE
Lowenthal, D. and Binney, M. (eds) 1981. Our Past Before Us: Why Do We Save It? London:
Temple Smith LC LOW
Lowenthal, D. 1998. The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press AG LOW
Lynott, M.J. and Wylie, A. (eds) 1995. Ethics in American archaeology: challenges for the
1990s. Special Report. Washington, D.C.: Society for American Archaeology
AG20 LYN
Macinnes, L. and Wickham-Jones, C. (eds) 1992. All Natural Things: Archaeology and the
Green Debate. Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 21 AG MAC
McBryde, I. (ed.) 1985. Who owns the past? Melbourne: Oxford University Press
MB1 MAC
Morales Juarez, R. 1996. In Central America: archaeological heritage and sustainable
development planning. In Archaeological Remains. In situ preservation. ICOMOS
International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management, Ottawa, 235-241.
L ICO
Morris, R. 2002. Reshaping the Landscape/Rethinking the Land. RSA Lecture.
MAS/English Heritage/morris_31jan02.pdf
Neumann, T. W. and Sanford, R.M. 2001. Cultural resources archaeology: an introduction.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press DED 100 NEU
Newcombe, R.M. 1979. Planning the past: historical landscape resources and recreation.
Studies in Historical Geography. London: William Dawson MG2 NEW

OKeefe, P. J. 1997. Trade in antiquities. Reducing destruction and theft. London: UNESCO
Publishing/Archetype Publications AG20 OKE
Riegl, A. 1996. The modern cult of monuments; its essence and development. In Stanley
Price, N.P., Talley, Jr. M.K. and A. Melucco Vaccaro, A. eds). Historical and philosophical
issues in the conservation of cultural heritage: readings in conservation. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute, 69-83. KN STA
Scarre, C. and Scarre, G. (eds) 2006. The ethics of archaeology: philosophical perspectives
on archaeological practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press AG SCA
Schmidt, P.R. and McIntosh, R.J. (eds) 1996. Plundering Africas Past. London: Indiana
University Press, Bloomington and James Currey DC100 SCH
Tubb, K.W. (ed.) 1995. Antiquities, trade or betrayed. Legal, ethical and conservation issues.
London: Archetype/UKIC Archaeology Section AG20 TUB
UNESCO 2003. Identification and documentation of modern heritage. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/UNESCO/Misc/Identification and documentation of modern heritage.pdf
Van Balen, K. 2008. The Nara Grid: An Evaluation Scheme Based on the Nara Document on
Authenticity, APT Bulletin 39(2/3): 39-45 Online
Vitelli, K.D. (ed.) 1996. Archaeological ethics. Readings from Archaeology magazine.
Walnut Creek and New Delhi: Altamira Press, and London: Sage Publications
AG VIT

Session 2 (lecture): Authenticity, values and interest groups (Tim Williams)
What is authentic? What defines authenticity? What are values? How can they influence the
way a site is interpreted and managed? And who are the stakeholders? How can a site be
assessed for its significance? Who establishes significance? What should be conserved:
authenticity or significance?
Key reading (authenticity):
ICOMOS US 1996. Inter-American Symposium on Authenticity in the Conservation and
Management of the Cultural Heritage, San Antonio, Texas - March 1996
http://www.icomos.org/usicomos/Symposium/SYM96_Authenticity/1996_Symposium.htm

ICOMOS 1996. Declaration of San Antonio on Authenticity.
http://www.icomos.org/docs/san_antonio.html
Jokilehto, J. 1985. Authenticity in restoration principles and practices. Bulletin of the
Association for Preservation Technology 17, 5-11 Teaching Collection 1694
Lowenthal, D. 1991. Authenticity? The dogma of self-delusion. In Jones, M. (ed.) Why fakes
matter. Essays on problems of authenticity. London, 184-192 Teaching Collection 910
Mortensen, L. 2006. Experiencing Copn: the authenticity of stone. In Silverman, H. and
Shackel, E. (eds) Archaeological site museums in Latin America. University Press of Florida,
47-63

Pye, E. 2006. Authenticity challenged? The plastic house at atalhyk. Public
Archaeology 5, 237-251. PERS
Ucko, P J 2000. Enlivening a dead past, Conservation and Management of Archaeological
Sites 4, 67-92 Teaching Collection 2507
Useful sources:
UNESCO-ICOMOS Documentation Centre 2010. Authenticity: a bibliography. Paris:
ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and sites
MAS/ICOMOS/ Biblio_authenticity_2010.pdf
Further reading (authenticity):
Andrews, T. D. & Buggey, S. 2008. Authenticity in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes, APT
Bulletin 39(2/3): 63-71 Online
Araoz, G. F. 2008. World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes: Defining and Protecting
Cleere, H. 1995. The Evaluation of Authenticity in the Context of the World Heritage
Convention, Proceedings of the Nara Conference on Authenticity, 57-66 AG LAR
Holtorf, C. & Schadla-Hall, T. 1999. Age as Artefact: on archaeological authenticity,
European Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 229-247 PERS
ICOMOS. Authenticity in the conservation and management of the cultural heritage in the
Americas.
Jokilehto, J. 1995. Authenticity: a general framework for the concept, Proceeding of the Nara
Conference on Authenticity, 17-34. AG LAR
Larsen, K.E. (ed.) 1995. Proceedings off the Nara Conference on Authenticity. Japan 1994.
UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers AG LAR
McBryde, I. 1997. Ambiguities of authenticity: rock of faith or shifting sands? Conservation
and management of archaeological sites 2(2), 93-100. PERS
Price, C. 2000. Following Fashion: the ethics of archaeological conservation. In
McManamon, F and Hatton, A. (eds) Cultural Resource Management in Contemporary
Society: perspectives on managing and presenting the past. London: Routledge, 213-230
AG MCM
Saouma-Forero, G. (ed.) 2001. Authenticity and integrity in an African context. Expert
meeting - Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, 26-29 May 2000. UNESCO
MAS/Authenticity and Integrity in an African Context.pdf
Schoorl, F F J 2005. On Authenticity and Artificiality in Heritage Policies in the Netherlands,
Museum International 57(3), 79-85
Stone, P. and Planel, P.G. (eds) 1999. The constructed past. Experimental archaeology,
education and the public. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge AH STO
Key reading (values):
Australian ICOMOS 1998. The Burra Charter. Revised. www.icomos.org/

Avrami, E., Mason, R. and De la Torre, M. (eds) Values and Heritage Conservation.
Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MB 2 AVR
MAS/Getty/values and heritage conservation.pdf
Byrne, D. 1991. Western hegemony in archaeological heritage management. History and
anthropology 5, 269-276. Teaching Collection 2457
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Los Angeles: The
Getty Conservation Institute. MAS/Getty/assessing the value of cultural heritage.pdf
especially Mason, R. 2002. Assessing values in conservation planning:
methodological issues and choices, 5-30.
Demas, M. 2002. Planning for conservation and management of archaeological sites: a
values-based approach. In Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds) Management planning for
archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los
Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-56 AG Qto TEU
Drury, P. & McPherson, A. 2008. Conservation principles: policies and guidance for the
sustainable management of the historic environment. London: English Heritage
ARCHITECTURE B 20 DRU & http://www.english-
heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/conservation-principles/ConservationPrinciples/
Hall, C. M. and McArthur, S. 1996. The Human dimension of heritage management: different
values, different interests, different issues. In Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S (eds) Heritage
Management in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford University Press, 2-21
DD HAL
Mason, R. and Avarami, E. 2002. Heritage values and challenges of conservation planning. In
Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds) Management planning for archaeological sites: an
international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 13-26 AG Qto TEU
Mason, R. 2008. Be Interested and Beware: Joining Economic Valuation and Heritage
Conservation, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(4): 303-318
MAS/Site Management Themes/Values and Significance/Mason_Be aware.pdf
Pearson, M. and Sullivan, S. 1995. Assessing the Value of Heritage Places, in Looking After
Heritage Places. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 126-186.
Schofield, J. and Szymanski, R. (eds) 2011. Local Heritage, Global Context: Cultural
Perspectives on Sense of Place. Ashgate AG SCH
National Trust guidelines of preparing statements of significance:
National Trust 2002 The creation of a statement of significance
http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/environment/html/features/papers/creation01.htm
National Trust 2003 Guidelines on the preparation of a statement of significance

http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/environment/html/peo_com/papers/signif01.htm
National Trust 2003 Understanding places
http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/environment/html/land_use/papers/places01.htm
For examples see the Management Plans on the USB flash drive.
Further reading (values):
Bickford, A. 1981. The patina of nostalgia. Australian Archaeology 13, 1-7
PERS
Briver, F. and Mathers, C. (eds) 1996. Trends and Patterns in Cultural Resources
Significance: an Historical Perspective and Annotated Bibliography. Alexandria, VA: U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers
DED100 ENV
Darvill, T., Saunders, A., and Startin, W. 1987. A question of national importance:
approaches to the evaluation of ancient monuments for the Monuments Protection
Programme. Antiquity 61, 393-408 PERS
Darvill, T. 1995. Value systems in archaeology. In Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and
Wheatley, D. (eds) Managing archaeology. London: Routledge, 40-50 AG COO
De la Torre, M., MacLean, M. Mason, R. & Myers, D. (eds) 2005. Heritage values in site
management: four case studies, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute AG DEL
Dicks, B. 2000. Heritage, Place & Community, Cardiff: University of Wales Press AG DIC
Deeben, J., Groenewoudt, B.J., Hallewas, D.P. and Willems, W.J.H. 1999. Proposals for a
practical system of significance evaluation in archaeological heritage management. European
Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 177-199. PERS
Gable, E. and Handler, R. 1996. After authenticity at an American heritage site. American
Anthropologist 98(3), 568-578. Anthropology PERS
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds) 1990. The Politics of the Past. One World
Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman AG GAT
Gibson, L. and Pendlebury, J. (eds.) 2009. Valuing Historic Environments. Farnham: Ashgate.
ARCHITECTURE B 20 VAL
Graham, B. and Howard, P. (eds.) 2008. The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and
Identity. Aldershot: Ashgate. AG GRA
Groenewouldt, B.J., Bloemers, J.H.F. 1997. Dealing with significance: concepts, strategies
and priorities for Archaeological Heritage Management in the Netherlands. In Willems,
W.J.H., H. Kars, H. and Hallewas, D.P. (eds) Archaeological heritage management in the
Netherlands: fifty years State Service for Archaeological Investigations. Assen: Rijksdienst
voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 119-172 DAHB WIL

Hardesty, D. L. and Little, B. J. 2000. Assessing site significance: a guide for archaeologists.
AltaMira DED 100 HAR
Klamer, A. and Zuidhof, P. 1999. The Values of Cultural Heritage: Merging Economic and
Cultural Appraisals. In Mason, R. (ed.) Economics and Heritage Conservation. A Meeting
Organized by the Getty Conservation Institute, December 1998. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute, 23-61 Teaching Collection 2789
MB 2 GET
MAS/Getty/economics and heritage conservation.pdf
Langford, R. 1983. Our heritage - your playground. Australian Archaeology 16, 1-6
PERS
Larsen, K. E. 1988. Impressions of Japanese preservation efforts. ICOMOS Information 3, 7-
16 Teaching Collection 1859
Larsen, K.E. and Ito, N. 1990. Dialogue on the protection of architectural monuments in
Japan. ICOMOS Information 3, 12-21 Teaching Collection 1858
Larsen, K.E. (ed.) 1995. Proceedings of the Nara conference on authenticity. Nara, Japan, 1-
6 November, 1994. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Agency for Cultural Affairs Japan,
ICCROM, ICOMOS. Tokyo: Agency for Cultural Affairs AG LAR
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Conflict in the archaeology of living traditions. One World
Archaeology 8. London: Unwin Hyman BD LAY
Layton, R. (ed.) 1989. Who needs the past? indigenous values and archaeology. One World
Archaeology 5. London: Unwin Hyman BD LAY
Mason, R. (ed.) 1999. Economics and Heritage Conservation. A Meeting Organized by the
Getty Conservation Institute, December 1998. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
MB 2 GET
MAS/Getty/economics and heritage conservation.pdf
Merriman, N. (ed.) 2004. Public Archaeology. London: Routledge AG MER
Pendlebury, J. 2008. Conservation in the Age of Consensus. London: Routledge. AG PEN
Reich, R. 1987. The archaeologists dilemma. In ICOMOS 8th General Assembly and
International Symposium Old Cultures in New Worlds. Washington, D.C: U.S. ICOMOS.
Vol. II, 1009-1014 Teaching Collection 1521
Schmitt, T. M. 2008. The UNESCO Concept of Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage: Its
Background and Marrakchi Roots, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(2): 95-111.
Sullivan, S. and Bowdler, S. (eds) 1984. Site Surveys and Significance Assessment in
Australian Archaeology. Canberra: Bibliotech DDA SUL
Tahan, L G 2005. Redefining the Lebanese Past, Museum International 57(3), 86-94
Wang Gungwu 1985. Loving the Ancient in China. In McBryde, I. (ed.) Who owns the past?
Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 174-195 MB1 MAC
Wei, C. and Aass, A. 1989. Heritage conservation: east and west. ICOMOS Information 3, 3-8

Session 3 (practical): Exploring values (Tim Williams)
In this practical session you will be introduced to tools such as SWOT (Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) & PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociological,
Technological, Legal, Environmental) analyses, and POET visualisations tools, and use these
to explore values and attitudes to archaeological sites. We will undertake a practical example
of a SWOT analysis, exploring the site of Pompeii (Italy).
Further details and examples will be distributed on Moodle in advance.
Key readings:
In advance of the session, please look at and makes notes from:
The World Heritage Site listing for Pompeii http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829 and in
particular the documents and reports at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/documents/
Read the Pompeii parts of the 35th session of the World Heritage Committee
http://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/35COM (also available on the Moodle site).
Look at the Hadrians Wall example on Moodle.
Session 4 (lecture): Management planning: models and approaches (Tim
Williams)
Management plans have become an established element of site management in recent years,
are required by many funding agencies, and are now a prerequisite for attaining World
Heritage Site status. Are they an appropriate tool for all sites? What should they aim to
achieve? How can they be applied?
Models for the planning process will be examined, including: the identification of aims,
values, stakeholders; documentation and description of the site and its conditions; assessment
and analysis of values, management context, and physical condition; developing long,
medium and short term goals through the establishment of policies, objectives, strategies and
tasks; issues of implementation and the monitoring.
Value-based planning is an approach capable of being manipulated, or for the faint
of heart, of being turned into formulas or rules. It needs honesty, integrity, and
dedicated practice, but the reward is a far more intellectually engaging process,
yielding a deeper, broader, and more intimate understanding of what gives a site
relevance and meaning to society (Demas 2002, 49-50).
Example management plans:
See list examples on the USB flash drive.
Key reading (planning process):
Australian Heritage Commission 1999. Protecting Local Heritage Places - A guide for
communities. Available at: http://www.heritage.gov.au/protecting.html
Demas, M. 2002. Planning for Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: a
values-based approach, in Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds) 2002. Management

planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty
Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-56 AG Qto
TEU
Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S. 1996. Strategic Planning. In Hall, C.M. & McArthur, S (eds)
Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand. Oxford University Press, 22-36
Kerr, J. 2013. The conservation plan: a guide to the preparation of conservation plans for
places of European cultural significance. Seventh edition. Australia ICOMOS
MAS/Organisations/Australia ICOMOS/The-Conservation-Plan-7th-Edition.pdf
Mason, R. & Avarami, E. 2002. Heritage values and challenges of conservation planning, in
Teutonico, J. M. & Palumbo, G. (eds.) Management planning for archaeological sites: an
international workshop organized by the Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 13-26 AG Qto TEU
Ringbeck, B. 2008. Management Plans for World Heritage Sites: A practical guide. German
Commission for UNESCO
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ Management_Plan_for_World_Heritage_Sites.pdf
Sullivan, S. 1997. A planning model for the management of archaeological sites. In De la
Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An
international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty
Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 15-26
Further reading:
Burnett, J. and Morrison, I. 1994. Defining and recording the resource: documentation. In
Harrison, R. (ed.) Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 117-
126 MC HAR
Caple, C. 2000. Conservation skills: judgement, method and decision making. London:
Routledge L CAP
Castellanos, C. and Hoyle, A. 2000. Conservation management planning for earthen
architecture Chan Chan, Peru. In Terra 2000, 8th international conference on the study and
conservation of earthen architecture, Torquay, Devon, UK, May 2000. London: James and
James, 13-18 KP Qto INT
Clark, K. (ed.) 1999. Conservation Plans in Action. Proceedings of the Oxford Conference.
London: English Heritage Ag Qto CLA
Clark, K. 2001. Informed Conservation. Understanding historic buildings and their
landscapes for conservation. London: English Heritage L Qto CLA
De la Torre, M., MacLean, M. Mason, R. & Myers, D. (eds.) 2005. Heritage values in site
management: four case studies, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
AG DEL
Global Heritage Fund. 2005. Guidelines for Master Conservation Planning. GHF
Hall, C.M. and McArthur, S. 1998. Integrated Heritage Management. Principles and
Practice. London: The Stationery Office MC1 HAL

Harrison, R. (ed.) 1994. Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
MC HAR
Herbert, D.T., Prentice, R.C., and Thomas, C.J. 1999. Heritage Sites: Strategies for
Marketing and Development. Aldershot: Ashgate AG HER
HLF. (n.d.) Conservation Management Plans. A guide
MAS/HLF/Conservation Management Plans - A Guide.pdf
Jones, R. 1985. Recommendations for archaeological site management in Kakadu National
Park. In Jones, R. (ed.) Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park. Australian
National Parks and Wildlife Service. DDA JON
Leay, M.J., Rowe, J. and Young, J.D. 1986. Management Plans. A Guide to their Preparation
and Use. Cheltenham: Countryside Commission TOWN PLANNING R 93 LEA
Low, S. M. 2002. Anthropological-ethnographic methods of assessment of cultural values in
heritage conservation, in De la Torre, M (ed.) Assessing the values of cultural heritage Los
Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
Lucas, P. H. C. 1992. Protected landscapes: a guide for policy makers and planners. IUCN,
The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland with the support of the Countryside
Commission, Cheltenham, United Kingdom and the East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Chapman & Hall, London - New York AG20 LUC
National Park Service. 1985. Cultural Resources Management Guideline. NPS-28. Release
3). U.S. Department of the Interior
Pearson, M. and Sullivan, S. 1995. Looking after heritage places. The basics of heritage
planning for managers, landowners and administrators. Melbourne: Melbourne University
Press DDA PEA
Press, T. et al. (eds.) 1995. Kakadu: Natural and Cultural Heritage Management. Australian
Nature Conservation Agency, Darwin; North Australia Research Unit, Casuarina; Australian
National University DDA PRE
Rowan, Y. & Baram, U. (eds.) 2004. Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption
of the Past. AltaMira Press AG ROW
Sullivan, S. 1993. Conservation policy delivery. In M. MacLean (ed.) Cultural Heritage in
Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation
Institute, 15-26 AG MAC
Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds.) 2002. Management planning for archaeological sites:
Willems, W.J.H., H. Kars, H. and Hallewas, D.P. (eds.) 1997. Archaeological Heritage
Management in the Netherlands: Fifty Years State Service for Archaeological Investigations.
Assen: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. DAHB WIL
Zilho, J. 1998. The rock art of the Ca Valley, Portugal. Significance, conservation and
management. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 193-206

Further reading (management context):
Ambrose, T. and Runyard, S. (eds.) 1991. Forward Planning. A Handbook of Business,
Corporate and Development Planning for Museums and Galleries. London: Routledge
MC 1 AMB
Cossons, N. 1994. Designing and implementing corporate plans, in Harrison, R. (ed.) Manual
of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 12-20 MC HAR
Middleton, V. 1994. Vision, strategy and corporate planning: an overview, in Harrison, R.
(ed.) Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 3-11 MC HAR
Middleton, P. 1994. Measuring performance and contingency planning, in Harrison, R. (ed.)
Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 34-42 MC HAR
Salaman, G. 1995. Managing. Buckingham: Open University Press MC1 SAL
Torrington, D. and Weightman, J. 1994. Effective Management. People and Organisations.
2
nd
(ed.) Harlow: Prentice Hall MC 1 TOR
Further reading (Conservation Plans):
Dardes, K. (ed.) 1999. The conservation assessment: a proposed model for evaluating
museum environmental management needs. Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Getty/assessmodeleng.pdf
Mont Orgueil Project Website. Includes Conservation Plan Volumes 1 and 2. and the
transcript of the expert panel debate and conclusions of the group discussions from the
seminar held in July 2002. At: http://www.montorgueil.org/index.html

Session 5 (practical): Review of selected Management Plans
The aim of this session is to explore some of the management plans that you can find on the
USB drive and to critique these in the seminar discussion.
Select ONE of the following Management plans to examine in advance of the session:
UK examples
Antonine wall
Avebury
The Castles and Town Walls of Edward I in Gwynedd
Tower of London
Neolithic Orkney

International examples
Penders: Mimosa Rocks National Park, Australia
Anacostia trail, USA
atalhyk, Turkey
Red Fort, India
The Valley of the Kings, Egypt full of tourism/conservation tensions

Examples with strong indigenous elements
El Pilar, Belize
Kakadu, Australia
Manua Kea, Hawaii

Issues you might consider when reading the chosen plan include:
1) Nature of opening statement (executive summary)
2) Introduction
a) Why is the plan being written
b) Purpose & objectives
c) Who for?
d) Who drafted it
3) The site background & description
4) Current condition
a) Current management
b) Current resources
c) Current uses
d) Physical assessment
5) Risks: What are they? From where?
6) Significance
a) Stakeholders
b) Values
7) Consultation process: how was this conducted / how were stakeholders identified, etc.
8) The plan
a) Aims including vision
b) Delivery
c) Costs
d) Monitoring/revision

Session 6 (lecture): Participatory planning, sustainability and the ethics of
international assistance (Tim Williams)
Successful planning is based on participation of all interested parties. This session explores
the issues, tools and techniques for the active involvement of stakeholders and communities
in the planning process. Sustainable development and core issues of identity, poverty and
education are central issues in a discussion of the relevance of our work to contemporary
societies. What is our role, and those of international agencies, in these processes?
Key reading:
Allison, J. 1999. Self-determination in cultural resources management: indigenous peoples
interpretation of history and of places and landscapes. In Ucko, P.J. and Layton, R. (eds) The
Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape. Shaping your Landscape. London: Routledge
Khouri-Dagher, N. 2006. Heritage: Living places managed by local people, UNSECO Sources
115, 10-11

Lekakis, S. 2008. Going Local in a Global World': Locating the Public and Evaluating the
Synchronic Context in Archaeological Resource Management, Conservation and
Management of Archaeological Sites, 10(4): 308-319
Little, B. J. and Shackel, P. A. (eds) 2007 Archaeology as a tool of civic engagement.
Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press DED 100 LIT
Millar, S. 2006 Stakeholders and community participation. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds)
Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 37-54 AG LEA
Ronayne, M. 2008. Commitment, Objectivity and Accountability to Communities: Priorities
for 21st-Century Archaeology, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 10(4),
367-381
Waterton, E. and Watson, S. (eds) 2011. Heritage and Community Engagement:
Collaboration or Contestation? London: Routledge AG WAT
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Our Common
Future. New York: Oxford University Press. Most commonly referred to as the Brundtland
Report
United Nations 2003. Agenda 21. UN at:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm
UNEP 2003. Tourism and Local Agenda 21. The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable
Tourism. UNEP: Paris MAS/Cultural tourism/UNEP/la21_part1.pdf etc)
Further reading (see also sustainability issues under session 24):
Aboukorah, O 2005. Between a Secular Management System and International Standards of
Protection: the heritage of Cairo's old quarter, Museum International 57(1-2), 120-128
Akrawi, A. 2002. Petra, Jordan. In Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds) Management
planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the Getty
Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 98-112 AG Qto TEU
Anyon, R. 1991. Protecting the past, protecting the present: cultural resources and American
Indians. In Smith, G.S. and Ehrenhard, J.E. (eds) Protecting the Past. Baton Rouge, FL: CRC
Press, 215-222 AG SMI
Anyon, R., Ferguson, T.J. and Welch, J.R. 2000. Heritage management by American Indian
Tribes in the Southwestern United States. In McManamon, F.P. and Hatton, A. (eds) Cultural
Resources Management in Contemporary Society. Perspectives on Managing and Presenting
the Past. London: Routledge, 120-141 AG MCM
Ayad, C. 1999. Petra's new invaders, UNESCO Courier: 40-42
Bintliff, J. 2004. Local history and heritage management in Greece. The potential at the
village level, in Doukellis, P N & Mendoni, L G (eds) Protection and evaluation of cultural
landscapes, 137-152. Athens: Diffusion de Boccard AG DOU
Brand, L. A. 2001. Development in Wadi Rum? State bureaucracy, external funders, and civil
society, International Journal of Middle Easy Studies 33, 571-590
Castellanos, C & Descamps, F 2004. Joya de Ceren, El Salvador: site interpretation in
participatory management planning, Museum International 56(3), 94-101

Cernea, M. 2001. Economic benefits and poverty reduction through Cultural Heritage
preservation. In Cultural Heritage and Development: A Framework for Action in the Middle
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55
Available at:
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Attachments/Orientations/$FILE/14938.pdf
Champion, M. 2000. Seahenge: a contemporary chronicle. Aylsham: Barnwell's Timescape
DAA 410 N.5 CHA
Creamer, H. 1990. Aboriginal perceptions of the past: the implications for Cultural Resource
Management in Australia. In Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds) The Politics of the Past.
One World Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman, 130-140
Frhsorge, L. 2007 Archaeological Heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous Perspectives on the
Ruins of Iximche', Archaeologies 3(1), 39-57
Greenberg, R. M. (ed.) 1997. Parks Canada: archaeology and aboriginal partners. CRM 20(4)
Available at http://crm.cr.nps.gov/issue.cfm?volume=20&number=04
Lertrit, S. 1997. Who owns the past? A perspective from Chiang Saen, Thailand.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(2), 81-92 PERS
Little, B. (ed.) 2002. The public benefits of archaeology. Gainesville: Florida University Press
DED 100 LIT
Miura, K 2006. Conservation of a 'living heritage site'. A contradiction in terms? A case study
of Angkor Wat World Heritage Site, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 7,
3-18
Moser, S, Glazier, D, Phillips, J E, Nassar el Nemr, L, Saleh Mousa, M, Nasr Aiesh, R,
Richardson, S, Conner, A, Seymour, M 2002. Transforming archaeology through practice:
strategies for collaborative archaeology and the community archaeology project at Qusier,
Egypt. World Archaeology, 34, 220-248 PERS
Paolini, A 2005. Successes and Outcomes of the Nubia Campaign, Museum International
57(1-2), 55-60
Pessis, A-M. & Guidon, N. 2007. Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil: cultural heritage
and society, World Archaeology 39(3), 406-416
Press, T. and Lawrence, D. nd. Kadadu National Park: reconciling competing interests
Pwiti, G. 1996. Let the ancestors rest in peace? New challenges for cultural heritage
management in Zimbabwe. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1(3), 151-
160 PERS
Seeden, H. 1990. Search for the missing link: archaeology and the public in Lebanon. In
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
London: Unwin Hyman, 141-159 AG GAT
Society for Historical Archaeology Code of Ethics: http://she.org

Smith, L. & Waterton, E. 2009. Heritage, Communities and Archaeology. Duckworth
AG SMI
Start, D. 1999. Community Archaeology. Bringing it back to local communities. In Chitty, G.
& Baker, D. (eds) Managing Historic Sites and Buildings. Reconciling Presentation and
Preservation. London: Routledge, 49-60 Teaching Collection 2455 & AG CHI
Teutonico, J. M. and Palumbo, G. (eds) 2002. Management planning for archaeological sites:
Conservation Institute AG Qto TEU
Woynar, M. 2007. Reconsidering the Definition of Mexican Archaeological Heritage,
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 9(1), 38-48

Session 7 (discussion): Ethics & standards in archaeological heritage
management
What role do ethical and professional standards play in archaeological heritage management?
Can we establish international best practice that will assist in developing the quality of
archaeological resource management? Would that encourage capacity building? Or would
such standards serve to reinforce the imposition of a western hegemony of practice onto the
rest of the world?
Students will be asked to research & prepare material based on their own country or an
international agency. Details will be circulated in advance.
Key reading:
King, T. F. 2002. Thinking about cultural resource management: essays from the edge.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press DED 100 KIN
Scarre, C. and Scarre, G. (eds.) 2006. The ethics of archaeology: philosophical perspectives
on archaeological practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press AG SCA
Skeates, R. 2000. Debating the Archaeological Heritage, Debates in Archaeology series,
London: Duckworth AG SKE
Vitelli, K. D. and Colwell-Chanthaphonh, C. (eds.) 2006. Archaeological ethics. (2
nd
ed)
Walnut Creek: Altamira Press AG VIT
Further reading:
Agnew, N. and Bridgland, J. (eds.) 2006. Of the Past, for the Future: Integrating Archaeology
Butler, B. 2006. Heritage and the Present Past, in Tilley, C. et al (eds.) Handbook of Material
Culture. London: Sage Publications, pp 463-479 AH TIL
Dorochoff, N. 2007. Negotiation basics for cultural resource managers. Walnut Creek, Calif.:
Left Coast Press AG DOR

Hamilakis, Y. and Duke, P. (eds.) 2007. Archaeology and Capitalism: From Ethics to
Politics. Walnut Creek, Calif.: Left Coast Press AG HAM
Mendoni, L. G. 2004. The protection and presentation of archaeological sites in connection
with sustainable development: the archaeological site of Karthaia, in Doukellis, P. N. &
Mendoni, L. G. (eds.) Protection and evaluation of cultural landscapes. Athens: Diffusion de
Boccard, pp 187-222 AG DOU
Silverman, H. and Fairchild Ruggles, D. (eds.) 2007. Cultural Heritage and Human Rights.
New York: Springer-Verlag AG SIL

Session 8 (lecture): Legislation and charters the international context (Tim
Williams)
Numerous international charters are concerned with, or impact upon, archaeological site
management. The ICOMOS Australia Burra charter, in its original and in its updated
versions, has had a profound influence upon the practice and development of site
management worldwide. More recently, the Valetta convention is reshaping work in Europe.
The lecture examines the difference between charters and conventions, their evolution and
some of the most important features and impacts. It also examines the future of legislative
frameworks and guidance.
Key reading:
Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage 2004. Charter for the Conservation of
Unprotected Architectural Heritage and Sites in India
MAS/Charters/ INTACH Charter.pdf
International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites The
Venice Charter. 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic
Monuments, Venice 25 to 31 May, 1964 MAS/Charters/Venice Charter.mht
Available at http://www.international.icomos.org/e_venice.htm
Reproduced in Jokilehto, J. 1998. The context of the Venice Charter 1964).
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 229-233. PERS
Luxon, J-L 2004. Reflections on the use of Heritage Charters and Conventions, The GCI
Newsletter 19(2), 4-9
O'Keefe, P. J. and Prott, L. V. (eds) 2011. Cultural heritage conventions and other
instruments: a compendium with commentaries. Builth Well: Institute Of Art And Law
AG 20 OKE
Truscott, M. & Young, D. 2000. Revising the Burra charter. Conservation and Management
of Archaeological Sites 4(2), 101-116 Teaching Collection 2453
Many of the charters are on the MAS/see MAS/Charters/

Charters, recommendations, and international conventions are published online on the
following sites:
http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/legal/convent.shtml
http://www.international.icomos.org/e_charte.htm
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/charters.html
Further Reading:
Bell, D. 1997. The Historic Scotland guide to international conservation charters. Technical
Advice Note 8: Historic Scotland AG20 Qto BEL
Cleere, H. F. (ed.) 1984. Approaches to the archaeological heritage. New Directions in
Archaeology. Cambridge University Press AG20 Qto CLE
Cleere, H. F. (ed.) 1990. Archaeological heritage in the modern world. One World
Archaeology 9. London: Unwin Hyman AG CLE
Cleere, H. 2006. The World Heritage Convention: management by and for whom?, in Layton,
R. et al (eds) A Future for Archaeology, 65-74. London: UCL Press AG LAY
Cookson, N. 2000. Archaeological Heritage Law. Chichester: Barry Rose Law
AG 20 COO
Council of Europe 1992. European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological
Heritage. Available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/CadreListeTraites.htm
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Architecture and Historic Environment Division
2003. Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better. DCMS: London
MAS/DCMS/ReviewHPR.pdf
Elia, R.J. 1993. US cultural resource management and the ICAHM Charter. Antiquity 67, 426-
438 PERS
Feilden, B.M. and Jokilehto, J. (2nd ed.) 1998. Management Guidelines for World Cultural
Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM. AG FEI
Iamandi, C. 1997. Charters of Athens of 1931 and 1933: Coincidence, controversy and
convergence. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(1), 17-28
PERS
ICOMOS 1993. New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage
Value. ICOMOS New Zealand Teaching Collection 1520
ICOMOS 1999. Charters and Other International Doctrinal Documents. US/ICOMOS
Scientific Journal I(1), 1-107 PERS
ICOMOS 1999. ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter. ICOMOS
Available at http://www.icomos.org/tourism/charter.html
MAS/Cultural tourism/ICOMOS/tourism_charter.pdf

ICOMOS 1999. Charter for the protection and management of the archaeological heritage,
1989. US/ICOMOS Scientific Journal I(1), 62-65
Available at http://www.international.icomos.org/e_archae.htm

Jokilehto, J. 1999. A history of architectural conservation. London: Butterworth-Heinemann
KP JOK
Marquis-Kyle, P. and Walker, M. 1992. The Illustrated Burra Charter. Making good
decisions about the care of important places. Sydney: Australia ICOMOS AG Qto MAR
Ndoro, W., Mumma, A., and Abunga, G. (eds.) 2008. Cultural Heritage and the law:
Protecting Immovable Heritage in English-Speaking Countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Rome:
ICCROM. MAS
OKeefe, P.J. and Prott, L.V. 1984. Law and the cultural heritage. Vol. 1. Discovery and
excavation. Abingdon: Professional Books AG20 PRO
OKeefe, P.J. and Prott, L.V. 1989. Law and the cultural heritage. Vol. 3: the Movement of
Cultural Property. London and Edinburgh: Butterworths AG20 OKE
OKeefe, P. J. 1997. Trade in antiquities. Reducing destruction and theft. London: UNESCO
Publishing/Archetype Publications AG20 OKE
O'Keefe, P. J. 2002 Shipwrecked heritage : a commentary on the UNESCO Convention on
Underwater Cultural Heritage. Leicester: Institute of Art and Law AG20 OKE
Pickard, R. (ed.) 2001. Policy and law in Heritage conservation. London: Spon
AG20 PIC
Prott, L.V. 1993. The impact of policy on cultural heritage protection. In M. MacLean (ed.)
Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Los Angeles: The Getty
Conservation Institute, 1-14 AG MAC
Rakotomamonjy, B. (ed.) 2009. Protection juridique du patrimoine culturel immobilier:
orientations pour les pays francophones de l'Afrique Subsaharienne. Rome: ICCROM.
MAS
Sullivan, S. 1993. Conservation Policy Delivery, in Mac Lean, M (ed.) Cultural Heritage in
Asia and the Pacific: Conservation and Policy. Proceedings of a seminar held in Honolulu,
Hawai, September 8-13, 1991. Los Angeles: J Paul Getty Trust, 15-26 AG MAC
UNESCO 1972. Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural
heritage. Paris: UNESCO AG Qto UNI
UNESCO 1985. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural
Heritage. In Conventions and recommendations of UNESCO concerning the protection of the
cultural heritage. Paris: UNESCO, 79-94 AG20 UNE
UNESCO 2000. World Heritage mission statement. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
AG Qto UNE
Site Visit I: Stonehenge and Avebury
An introduction and background to the first site visit: the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge
and Avebury.
STONEHENGE
Management Plan

English Heritage 2009. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan. English Heritage
Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.8675 or
MAS/Management Plans/stonehenge management plan.pdf
The older English Heritage 2000. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan. English
Heritage is available from the same website.
Also:
English Heritage 2002. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Archaeological Research
Framework. English Heritage MAS/Management Plans/Stonehenge/Stonehenge Research
Framework
The www.savestonehenge.org website gives a good outline of the campaigning issues and
includes a list of publications about the campaign, press reports and related articles.
Books & articles on site management aspects
Addyman, P. V. 1989. The Stonehenge we deserve. In Cleere, H. (ed.) Archaeological
Heritage Management in the Modern World. London: Unwin Hyman, 265-274
AG CLE
Bender, B. 1998. Stonehenge: making space. Oxford DAA 410 W.7 BEN
Chippindale, C., Devereux, P., Fowler, P., Jones, R. and Sebastian, T. 1990. Who Owns
Stonehenge?, London: Batsford CHI 8
Fielden, K 2002. Current Plans for Stonehenge: a farcical situation, Rescue News 86
Fielden, K 2005. Stonehenge: the road to nowhere Rescue News 97
Golding, F N 1989. Stonehenge past and future, in Cleere, H (ed.) Archaeological Heritage
Management in the Modern World. London: Unwin Hyman, 256-264 AG CLE
Mason, P and Kuo, I-L. 2006 Visitor management at Stonehenge, UK, in Leask, A. and Fyall,
A. (eds) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 181-194
AG LEA
Wainwright, G. 1996. Stonehenge saved? Antiquity 70, 9-12 PERS
Websites
The Stonehenge Project:
http://www.thestonehengeproject.org/
The English Heritage Stonehenge Project web pages at:
Planning Enquiry:
http://www.planning-inspectorate.gov.uk/stonehenge/
http://www.planning-inspectorate.gov.uk/stonehenge/transcript.htm
Archaeological site information:
Atkinson, R 1990. Stonehenge and Neighbouring Monuments, Souvenir Guide, English
Heritage
Richards, J 1991. Stonehenge, Batsford/English Heritage

AVEBURY
See the reading material following session 9, plus:
Gillings, M. & Pollard, J. 2004. Avebury, London: Duckworth DAA 410 W.7 GIL

Session 9 (lecture & discussion): implementing the Avebury Management Plan
(Sarah Simmonds, Avebury World Heritage Site Officer)
The Avebury Plan was last updated in 2005 and it is now time to review and update the Plan
once again. The new Plan will need to reflect progress on objectives in the 2005 Plan,
emerging opportunities and challenges and changes in the management context. Evaluation of
progress is now complete. The next step in the process will involve extensive engagement
with WHS stakeholders including partner organisations and the local community whose
experience, expertise and knowledge will help shape the updated Management Plan. Formal
consultation on the draft Management Plan will take place in 2013.
Key reading:
Avebury Archaeological & Historical Research Group 2001. Archaeological Research
Agenda for the Avebury World Heritage Site.
MAS/Management plans/Avebury/Research agenda

Fielden, K 1996. Avebury saved? Antiquity 70(269), 503507
Pomeroy-Kellinger, M. 2005. Avebury World Heritage Site Management Plan. English
Heritage
MAS/Management plans/Avebury/Avebury Management Plan.pdf
Simmonds, S. (ed) 2008. Avebury World Heritage Site residents' pack. Devizes: Kennet
District Council DAA 410 W. 7 SIM
See also the current Avebury World Heritage Site Management Plan review and update at:
http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/artsheritageandlibraries/museumhistoryheritage/worldheritagesit
e/aveburyworldheritagesitemanagementplanupdate.htm

Session 10 (lecture): World Heritage Sites. Nomination, evaluation and periodic
reporting (Tim Williams)
The 1972 convention, its aims and changes over time, set the context for World Heritage Site
designation and management. The process of tentative lists, nomination dossiers, evaluation,
inscription, monitoring and periodic reviews will be examined. The representivity of the list
will also be discussed.
Key reading:
Francioni, F (ed) (2008) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary. Oxford:
Oxford University Press AG 20 FRA

ICOMOS. 2004. The World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps - an Action Plan for the Future.
ICOMOS: Paris.
MAS/ICOMOS/ World Heritage list action plan /various files
UNESCO. 1972. Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural
heritage. Paris: UNESCO AG Qto UNI
UNESCO. 2011. Preparing World Heritage Nominations. (2
nd
edition). Paris: UNESCO
MAS/UNESCO/World Heritage nominations.pdf
UNESCO. 2012. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention. Paris: UNESCO
MAS/UNESCO/Operational Guidelines/opguide12-en.pdf

UNESCO various papers on the Global Strategies for World Heritage Lists: several reports,
conferences and approaches at: MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Global Strategy/ AND
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/List World Heritage Sites
White, R. (ed) 2007. World Heritage: global challenges, local solutions. Proceedings of a
conference at Coalbrookdale, Oxford: Archaeopress. AG Qto WHI
Example nomination dossiers under: MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Nominations
Further reading:
Akagawa, N. & Sirisrisak, T. 2008. Cultural Landscapes in Asia and the Pacific: Implications
of the World Heritage Convention, International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(2): 176-191
Baxter, I. 2011. Heritage Transformed. Oxford: Oxbow AG Qto BAX
Breen, C. 2007. Advocacy, international development and World Heritage Sites in sub-
Saharan Africa, World Archaeology 39(3): 355-370 PERS
Cameron, C. 2008. From Warsaw to Mostar: The World Heritage Committee and
Cameron, C. & Rssler, M. 2011. Voices of the pioneers: UNESCO's World Heritage
Convention 1972-2000, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable
Development 1(1): 42-54 Online
Cameron, C. & Rssler, M. 2013. Many Voices, One Vision: The Early Years of the World
Heritage Convention. Farnham: Ashgate On order
Cleere, H. 2006. The World Heritage Convention: management by and for whom?, in Layton,
R. et al (eds) A Future for Archaeology, 65-74. London: UCL Press AG LAY
Fowler, P.J. 2003. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992-2002. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/UNESCO/Misc/Fowler cultural landscapes.pdf
Francioni, F. & Lenzerini, F. 2008. The future of the World Heritage Convention: problems
and prospects, in Francioni, F. (ed) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary,
401-410. Oxford: Oxford University Press AG 20 FRA

Gillespie, J. 2009. Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor
Archaeological Park, Cambodia, International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(4): 338-354
Hall, M. (ed) 2011. Towards world heritage: international origins of the preservation
movement 1870-1930. Farnham: Ashgate AG HAL
Labadi, S. (ed) 2007. World Heritage: challenges of the millennium. Paris: UNESCO World
Heritage Centre MAS/UNESCO/ WH_Challenges for the millennium.pdf
Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA
Maniscalco, F. (ed) 2007. World Heritage and War. Naples: Massa
Martin, O. and Piatti, G. (eds) 2009. World Heritage and Buffer Zones. Paris: UNESCO
World Heritage Centre
Mitchell, N., Rssler, M., & Tricaud, P-M. 2009. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes: A
Handbook for Conservation and Management. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Pomeroy-Kellinger, M. and Scott, I. (eds) 2007. Recent Developments in the Research and
Management at World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology Occasional Paper 14,
Oxford Archaeology AG Qto POM
Ringbeck, B. 2008. Management Plans for World Heritage Sites: A practical guide. German
Commission for UNESCO
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ Management_Plan_for_World_Heritage_Sites.pdf
Terrill, G. 2008 Climate Change: How Should the World Heritage Convention Respond?,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(5): 388-404
von Droste, B. 2011. The concept of outstanding universal value and its application, Journal
of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1): 26-41 Online
See also:
UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/
And the UNESCO World Heritage Centre http://www.unesco.org/whc/

To see how UK policy has recently developed, see:

July 24th 2009, DCLG Circular on the protection of World Heritage Sites
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/circularworldheritage.p
df

July 24th 2009, DCLG Protection of world heritage sites: Summary of consultation responses
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/summaryworldheritage.
pdf

July 24th 2009 Consultation paper on a new Planning Policy Statement 15:
Planning for the Historic Environment
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/consultationhistoricpps.
pdf


Site visit II: Bankside, Globe & Rose Theatres, Winchester Palace, Spitalfields
Market & the George Inn
Details to be announced.

Session 11 (lecture): Case study: Implementing the World Heritage convention
(Christopher Young, English Heritage)
Christopher Young, Head of World Heritage and English Heritage, will discuss a wide range
of issues surrounding the development of World Heritage Sites management plans (for
example, his long-running work at Hadrians Wall - one of the few large management plans
that have been through a number of full-scale revisions, and subsequent to inscription been
integrated into the Roman Frontier trans-boundary World Heritage Site), and reactive
monitoring (for example, his recent work at Pompeii). He will also discuss the role of the
consultant in helping State Parties to develop nomination dossiers.
Key reading:
Hadrians Wall Country 2009. Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site -
Hadrians Wall Management Plan 20082014. Hadrian's Wall Heritage Ltd
MAS/Management Plans/Hadrians Wall/2008-2014/ various files
Young, C. 2002. Hadrians Wall, United Kingdom. In Teutonico, J M and Palumbo, G. (eds)
Management planning for archaeological sites: an international workshop organized by the
Getty Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 60-67 AG Qto TEU
Further reading:
Austen, P. and Young, C. 2002. Hadrian's Wall: World Heritage Site Management Plan
2002-2007. Hexham: English Heritage AG Qto ENG
MAS/Management Plans/Hadrians Wall/2002-2007/hadrian_mgmt_plan.pdf
English Heritage 1996. Hadrian's Wall: World Heritage Site Management Plan. English
Heritage DAA 410 R.4 ENG
Johnson, S. & Young, C. 1995. Managing Hadrians Wall. Conservation Bulletin, July 1995,
5-8 PERS
Turley, S. 1998. Hadrians Wall. In Shackley, M. (ed.) Visitor Management. Case Studies
from World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth, 100-120 AG SHA
Young, C. 1999. Hadrians Wall. In Chitty, G. and Baker, D. (eds) Managing Historic Sites
and Buildings. Reconciling Presentation and Preservation. London: Routledge, 35-48
AG CHI
Young, C. 2004. Hadrian's Wall and its Associated Museums, Museum International 56(3),
15-21 MAS/Regions/Europe/Hadrians Wall/ Hadrian's Wall and its Associated
Museums.pdf


Session 12 (discussion): The future of World Heritage sites? (Henry Cleere &
Kirsty Norman)
What is the value of World Heritage designation today? What is the value of being a World
Heritage Site? Should we continue to add more and more sites to the list? Does that devalue
the existing list? Has the process become too bureaucratic and/or too political?
A round table discussion including Prof Henry Cleere (previous Head of ICOMOS), Kirsty
Norman & Tim Williams.
Key reading:
(See also reading under session 10)
Ashworth, G.J. and van der Aa, B.J.M. 2006 Strategy and policy for the World Heritage
Convention: goals, practices and future solutions. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds) Managing
World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-158 AG LEA
Francioni, F & Lenzerini, F 2008 The future of the World Heritage Convention: problems and
prospects, in Francioni, F (ed) The 1972 World Heritage Convention: a commentary. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 401-410. AG 20 FRA
Fyall, A. and Rakic, T. 2006 The future market for World Heritage Sites. In Leask, A. and
Fyall, A. (eds) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 159-176
AG LEA
Norman, K 2011 Should the UK be nominating more World Heritage Sites? Present Pasts
3(2), 72-79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pp.49
And the reply:
Gould, P G 2011 A Reply to "Should the UK Be Nominating More World Heritage
Sites?" Present Pasts 3(2), 85-86. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pp.52
Further reading:
Beck, W. 2006. Narratives of World Heritage in travel guidebooks, International Journal of
Heritage Studies 12(6), 521- 535
Gillespie, J. 2009 Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor
Archaeological Park, Cambodia, International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(4): 338-354.
Jokilehto, J. (with contributions from Henry Cleere, Susan Denyer and Michael Petzet) 2005
The World Heritage list: filling the gaps: an action plan for the future. Paris: ICOMOS
AG Qto JOK
Terrill, G. 2008. Climate Change: How Should the World Heritage Convention Respond?,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 14(5): 388-404.

Session 13 (lecture): Documentation: a platform for decision-making (Tim
Williams)
Good decisions in heritage management are based on timely, relevant and accurate
information about the conditions, materials and evolution of archaeological sites and

landscapes. Therefore, documenting, recording and analysis of heritage places is an essential
part of their conservation and management.
The session will explore: Concepts of documentation, information gathering, recording;
methodologies and tools for recording, documentation, inventories and information
management; integrating documentation in the site management process; topographic, GPS,
photogrammetric, and 3D laser scanning techniques, and archival research (historic,
archaeological, structural, condition); notions of inventory.
Key reading:
Cowley, D.C. (ed) 2011. Remote sensing for archaeological heritage management :
proceedings of the 11th EAC Heritage Management Symposium, Reykjavk, Iceland, 25-27
March 2010. Brussels: Europae Archaeologiae Consilium (EAC). AL 12 Qto COW
Eppich, R. & Chabbi, A. (eds) 2007. Recording, Documentation, and Information
Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: Volume II: Illustrated Examples. Los
Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MAS/Getty/Recording
Letellier, R., with Schmid, W. & LeBlanc, F. 2007. Recording, Documentation, and
Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: Volume I: Guiding
Principles. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute MAS/Getty/Recording
Vileikis, O., Cesaro, G., Mario, S. Q., Koenraad, v. B., Paolini, A., & Vafadari, A. 2012.
Documentation in World Heritage conservation, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management
and Sustainable Development 2(2): 130-152 Online
Further reading:
See articles on USB: Site Management Themes/Documentation and Inventory Techniques
and Methods
Box, P. 1999. GIS and cultural resource management: a manual for heritage managers,
Bangkok: UNESCO AH BOX
Campana, S. & Forte, M (eds) 2001. Remote Sensing in Archaeology: XI Ciclo di Lezioni
Sullla Ricerca Applicata in Archeologia Certosa di Pontignano Siena), 6-11 Dicembre 1999.
Campana, S. & Forte, M (eds) 2006. From space to place : 2nd international conference on
remote sensing in archaeology: Proceedings of the 2nd International workshop, CNR, Rome,
Italy, December 2-4, 2006. Oxford: Archaeopress AL Qto CAM
Conolly, J & Lake, M 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge
University Press
Doneus, M., Eder-Hinterleitner, A., and Neubauer, W. (eds) 2001. Archaeological
Prospection: Fourth International Conference on Archaeological Prospection. Vienna:
Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
Evans, K. and Fielding, L. 1998. Giza. The use of GIS in managing a World Heritage Site. In
Shackley, M. (ed.) Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites. Oxford:
Butterworth, 82-99 AG SHA

Evans, D & Traviglia, A 2012. Uncovering Angkor: Integrated Remote Sensing Applications
in the Archaeology of Early Cambodia, Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing 16(3):
197-230
Gaffney, C. and Gater, J. 2003. Revealing the Buried Past: Geophysics for Archaeologists.
Tempus
Grn, O. and Loska, A. 2002. Development of methods for satellite monitoring of cultural
heritage sites. Oslo: Riksantikvaren AL 12 Qto GRO
Grn, O. et al 2004. Locating invisible cultural heritage sites in agricultural fields:
evaluation of methods for satellite monitoring of cultural heritage sites: results 2003. Oslo:
Riksantikvaren AL 12 Qto GRO
Howard, P. J. 2011. An introduction to landscape. Farnham: Ashgate
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Ingle, C. 2011. Aerial archaeology in Essex: the role of the National Mapping Programme in
interpreting the landscape. Chelmsford: Historic Environment, Essex County Council
DAA Qto Series EAA 136
Lasaponara, R. and Masini, N. (eds) 2012. Satellite remote sensing: a new tool for
archaeology. London: Springer AL 12 SAP
Parcak, S. 2007. Satellite remote sensing methods for monitoring archaeological tells in the
middle east, Journal of Field Archaeology 32(1): 65-81
Parcak, S. 2009. Satellite remote sensing for archaeology. London: Routledge AL 12 PAR
Pasquinucci, M and Trment, F (eds) 2000. Non-Destructive Techniques Applied to
Landscape Archaeology. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes 4. Oxford: Oxbow
Books
Wheatley, D. 1995. The impact of information technology on the practice of archaeological
management. In Cooper, M.A., Firth, A., Carman, J. and Wheatley, D. (eds) Managing
archaeology. London: Routledge, 163-174 Teaching Collection 2454
See also:
The ESRI website at http://www.conservationgis.org/ has the conference proceedings online.
Papers are published at http://www.conservationgis.org/aaresearch.html or search word for
terms such as cultural heritage, or heritage, or cultural resources.
National Park Service see application of GIS in the National Park Service at:
http://www.nps.gov/gis/

Session 14 (lecture): Preventive conservation and maintenance: including
shelters on archaeological sites (Tim Williams)
Preventive conservation and maintenance are two approaches to conservation that greatly
facilitate the responsibilities of the manager, reducing the need for costly, labour-intensive
conservation and restoration project.

Shelters have been used for some time to protect archaeological features, most commonly
mosaics. How do we plan for their use? What are the design considerations? How do we
balance aesthetics and visual impact with conservation and education?
[Reburial, another key element of preventive conservation, is addressed in Session 15.]
Key reading:
Agnew, N. & Bridgland, J. (eds.) Of the past for the Future: Integrating Archaeology and
Conservation. Proceedings of the conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological
Congress, Washington D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
LA AGN
Routledge L CAP
Corfield, M. 1996. Preventive conservation for archaeological sites. In Roy, A. and Smith, P.
(eds) Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation,
38-42 LA Qto ROY
De la Torre, M. (ed.) 1997. The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean
region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J.
Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute
AG Qto DEL
Gregory, D. & Matthiesen, H. (eds.) 2012. Preserving Archaeological Remains in Situ:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Conservation and management of
archaeological sites 14(1-4) PERS
Matero, F. 2006. Making archaeological sites: conservation as interpretation of an excavated
past, in Agnew, N. & Bridgland, J. (eds) Of the past for the Future: Integrating Archaeology
and Conservation. Proceedings of the conservation Theme at the 5th World Archaeological
Congress, Washington D.C., 22-26 June 2003. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation
Institute, 55-63 LA AGN
Palumbo, G. 2001. Sheltering an archaeological structure in Petra: a case-study of criteria,
concepts and implementation, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 5, 35-44
PERS
Pye, E. 2006. Authenticity challenged? The plastic house at atalhyk. Public
Archaeology 5, 237-251. PERS
Stewart, J. and Tringham, S. 2008 Protective shelters over archaeological sites: a review of
assessment initiatives. In: Abed, A.B., Demas, M. and Roby, T. (eds.) Lessons learned:
reflecting on the theory and practice of mosaic conservation: proceedings of the 9th ICCM
Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, November 29-December 3, 2005. Los Angeles: Getty
Conservation Institute, 204-214 KN 6 Qto ABE
Woolfit, C. 2007. Preventative conservation of ruins: reconstruction, reburial and enclosure.
In: Ashurst, J. (ed.) Conservation of ruins. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-193
LA ASH

PARIS conferences:
Corfield, M., Hinton, P., Nixon, T., & Pollard, M. (eds.) 1998. Preserving archaeological
remains in situ: proceedings of the conference of 1st3rd April, 1996. London: Museum of
London Archaeology Service LA Qto COR
Kars, H. & van Heeringen, R. M. (eds.) 2008. Preserving archaeological remains in situ:
proceedings of the 3rd conference, 7-9 December 2006, Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Institute for
Geo and Bioarchaeology LA Qto KAR
Nixon, T. (ed.) 2004. Preserving archaeological remains in situ?: proceedings of the 2nd
conference, 12-14th September 2001. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service
LA Qto NIX
Gregory, D. and Matthiesen, H. (eds.) 2012. The 4th International Conference on Preserving
Archaeological Remains In Situ (PARIS4): 23-26 May 2011, the National Museum of
Denmark, Copenhagen. Special issue of: Conservation and management of archaeological
sites, 14(1-4). PERS
CMAS special issue on shelters:
2001. Special issue on protective shelters. Conservation and management of archaeological
sites, 5 PERS
Especially:
Agnew, N. 2001 Methodology, conservation criteria and performance evaluation for
archaeological site shelters. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5,
7-18 PERS
Demas, M. 2001. Annotated bibliography on protective shelters for archaeological
sites. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5, 91-105
PERS
Stanley-Price, N and Jokilehto, J. 2001. The decision to shelter archaeological sites.
Three case-studies from Sicily. Conservation and Management of Archaeological
Sites 5, 19-34 PERS
See also the Getty Conservation Institute newsletter at:
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/newsletter.html and on:
MAS/Getty/Getty newsletter
Further reading:
Agnew, N. 2001. Methodology, conservation criteria and performance evaluation for
archaeological site shelters, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 5
PERS
Agnew, N. and Wade, M. 1986. A case study of a palaeontological site - the need for
planning and protection. In Preventive measures during excavation and site protection.
Conference, Ghent, 6-8 November, 1985. Rome: ICCROM, 257-270 AL 11 PRE
Agnew, N., Maekawa, S., Coffman, R. and Meyer, J. 1996. Evaluation of the performance of
a lightweight modular site shelter: Quantitative metrological data and protective indices for

the hexashelter. Conservation and management of archaeological 1(3), 139-50
PERS
Alarco, A., Correia, V.H. and Beloto, C. (eds.) 1994. Conservation, protection, presentation.
Fifth conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics:
proceedings/actas, Faro and Conimbriga. Lisbon: Instituto Portugus de Museus
KN 6 MOS
Alcntara, R. 2002. Standards in Preventive Conservation: meanings and applications.
ICCROM E-doc. 2004/04.
http://www.iccrom.org/eng/e-docs.htm#Standards
MAS/ICCROM/ ICCROM_04StandardsPreventiveConser.pdf
Aslan, Z. 1997. Protective structures for the conservation and presentation of archaeological
sites. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 3 Available at:
http://www.jcms-journal.com/article/view/jcms.3974/11
Bachmann, M. and Schwarting, A. 2008. Conservation projects in Pergamon. Building Z and
the shelter constructed above it, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 10(2):
157-173. PERS
Bahn, P., Bednarik, R. G., & Steinbring, J. 1995. The Peterborough petroglyph site:
reflections on massive interventions in rock art, Rock Art Research 12(1), 29-41
Berriane, M. 2006. A slow rescue for Morocco's earthen citadels, UNESCO Courier: 47-48
Calarco, D. 2000. San Diego Royal Presidio: Conservation of an Earthen Archaeological Site.
In. Terra 2000, 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen
Architecture, Torquay, Devon, UK, May 2000, 19-25. London: English Heritage and James
and James. KP Qto INT
Routledge L CAP
De Silva, T.K.N.P. 1986 Roof over a Monument: Sri Lankan experience. In: ICCROM
Preventive measures during excavation and site protection. Conference, Ghent, 6-8
November 1985. Rome: ICCROM, 271-279 AL11 PRE
Demas, M. 1997. Ephesus. In De la Torre, M (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in
the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation
Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute, 127-49 AG Qto DEL
Demas, M., Agnew, N., Waane, S., Podany, J., Bass, A., and Kamamba, D. 1996.
Preservation of the Laetoli hominid trackway in Tanzania. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds)
Archaeological conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the
38-42 LA Qto ROY
Direco General dos Edifcios e Monumentos Nacionais 1993. 7th International conference
on the study and conservation of earthen architecture, October 24 to 29/ 1993, Silves,
Portugal. Lisbon: Direco General dos Edifcios e Monumentos Nacionais
UNCLASSIFIED

Hodges, H.W.M. (ed.) 1987. In situ archaeological conservation. Mexico: The Getty
Conservation Institute/INAH L COR
ICAHM. 1996. Archaeological remains in situ preservation/Vestiges archologiques. La
conservation in situ. Proceedings of the Second ICAHM International Conference. ICOMOS
International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management, Montral, October 11-15,
1994. Ottawa L ICO
ICCROM. 1986. Preventive measures during excavation and site protection. Conference,
Ghent, 6-8 November 1985. Rome: ICCROM AL11 PRE
Lamei, S. 2005. Insights into Current Conservation Practices, Museum International 57(1-2),
136-141
McClure, K. 2007. No shelter: UNESCOs efforts to save Lalibelas culture. Unpublished
paper. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 129. Available at:
http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=isp_collection
Matero, F. and Moss, E. 2004. Temporary site protection for earthen walls and murals at
atalhyk, Turkey. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, Vol 6, no. 3 &
4, 213-227. PERS
Michaelides, D. and Savvides, N. 2008 Lessons not learned In: Abed, A.B., Demas, M. and
Roby, T. (eds.) Lessons learned: reflecting on the theory and practice of mosaic
conservation: proceedings of the 9th ICCM Conference, Hammamet, Tunisia, November 29-
December 3, 2005. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 214-223 KN 6 Qto ABE
Mora, P., Mora, L. and Philippot, P. 1984. Conservation of wall paintings. London:
Butterworths KN1 MOR
Pendergast, D.M. 1993. Keeping up appearances: Maya buildings and their maintenance, past
and present. Public Archaeology 1 Teaching Collection 1656
Pesaresi, P. and Rizzi, G. 2006. New and existing forms of protective shelter at Herculaneum:
towards improving the continuous care of the site, Conservation and management of
archaeological sites 8(4): 237-252.
Price, C.A. 1996. Stone conservation: an overview of current research. Santa Monica, CA:
Getty Conservation Institute KP1 PRI Available
as pdf from http://www.getty.edu/conservation/resources/reports.html
Putt, N. and Slade, S. 2003. Teamwork for Preventive Conservation. ICCROM E-doc.
2004/01. http://www.iccrom.org/eng/e-docs.htm#Standards
MAS/ICCROM/ICCROM_01Teamwork.pdf
Ranellucci, S 1996. Strutture protettive e conservazione dei siti archeologici Protective
shelters and the conservation of archaeological sites). Pescara: Carsa Edizioni
Roby, T. C. 1995. Site conservation during excavation: treatment of masonry, wall plaster and
floor mosaic remains of a Byzantine church in Petra, Jordon. Conservation and Management
of Archaeological Sites 1(1), 45-57. PERS
Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds.) 1996. Archaeological conservation and its consequences.
Preprints of the contributions to the Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London:
International Institute for Conservation LA Qto ROY

Schmid, M. 1998. Protective shelters at the archaeological sites of Mallia Crete. and,
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(3), 143-153
Schmidt, H. 1988. Schutzbauten. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag L SCH
Stanley Price, N. 1990. Conservation and information in the display of prehistoric sites. In:
Gathercole, P. and Lowenthal, D. (eds) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
Stanley Price, N. 1995. Conservation on excavations and the 1956 UNESCO
Recommendation. In Stanley Price, N. (ed.) Conservation on archaeological excavations,
with particular reference to the Mediterranean area. 2nd edition. ICCROM, 135-142
LA PRI
Stanley-Price, N. 1997. Piazza Armerina. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of
archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by
the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles:
Getty Conservation Institute, 65-92 AG Qto DEL
Stanley-Price, N. and Jokilehto, J. 2001. The decision to shelter archaeological sites. Three
case-studies from Sicily. In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 5, 19-34
PERS
Stewart, J. 2004. Reburial of Excavated Sites. Conservation and management. Conservation
Bulletin 45, 28-9 MAS/English Heritage/CB 45 2004 reburial.pdf
Stovel, H. 1995. Monitoring world cultural heritage sites. ICOMOS Canada Bulletin 4(3), 15-
20 Teaching Collection 1658
Stubbs, J. 1995. Protection and presentation of excavated structures. In Stanley Price, N. (ed.)
Conservation on archaeological excavations. 2nd. (ed.) Rome: ICCROM, 79-96
LA PRI
Thorne, R. M. 1992. Revegetation: the soft approach to archaeological site stabilization.
Technical Brief no 8, September 1990 revised March 1992). Washington: U S Department of
the Interior, National Park Service AG THO
Thorne, R.M., Fay, P.M. and Hester, J.J. 1987. Archaeological site preservation techniques: a
preliminary review. Technical report EL-87-3. Vicksburg Mississippi: US Army Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
Thorsell, J. and Paine, J. 1995. An IUCN/WCMC perspective on safeguarding the integrity of
natural world heritage properties. ICOMOS Canada Bulletin 4(3), 21-23
Waane, S.A.C. 1986. Roofs and shelters: The Tanzanian experience. In Preventive measures
during excavation and site protection. Conference, Ghent, 6-8 November, 1985. Rome:
ICCROM, 245-56 AL 11 PRE
Weichman, K 2005. Easter Island's statues at risk, National Geographic 208, 20


Session 15 (lecture): Reburial of archaeological sites (Kirsty Norman)
Reburial is increasingly being used as a conservation treatment to solve some of the problems
posed by the management of archaeological sites. It is often seen as cost-effective and easy to
achieve, but without careful planning it can be a damaging intervention.
[See also reading under Session 14 on preventive conservation.]
Key reading:
Cooke, L. (2007) The archaeologist's challenge or despair: reburial at Merv, Turkmenistan,
Conservation and management of archaeological sites 9 (2): 97-112
Demas, M., Agnew, N., Waane, S., Podany, J., Bass, A., and Kamamba, D. 1996.
Preservation of the Laetoli hominid trackway in Tanzania. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds)
38-42 LA Qto ROY
Goodburn-Brown, D. and Hughes, R. 1996. A review of some conservation procedures for
the reburial of archaeological sites in London. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds) Archaeological
conservation and its consequences. Preprints of the contributions to the Copenhagen
Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation, 65-69
LA Qto ROY
Stanley-Price, N. (ed.) 2004. Colloquium on reburial of archaeological sites, Santa Fe, New
Mexico, USA 17-21 March 2003. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites,
6(3&4) PERS
Stewart, J. 2004 Reburial of Excavated Sites. Conservation and management. Conservation
Bulletin 45: 28-9 MAS/English Heritage/CB 45 2004 reburial.pdf
Further reading:
Dowdy, K and Taylor, M, 1993. Investigations into the Benefits of Site Reburial on the
Preservation of Prehistoric Plasters in Archaeological Ruins. In. 7th International Conference
on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture, Lisbon. 1993, 480-487. Lisbon:
Direco Geral dos Edifcios e Monumentos Nacionais. KP Qto INT &
Mathewson, C. C. and Gonzalez, T. 1988. Protection and preservation of archaeological sites
through burial. In Marinos, P.G. and Koukis, G.C. (eds) The engineering geology of ancient
works, monuments and historical sites. Preservation and protection. Volume 1. Rotterdam:
A.A. Balkema, 519-526 LC MAR
Nichols, T, 2000. Reburying History: Backfilling at Aztec Ruins National Monument and the
Power of Consultation. In. CRM Online 23/9, http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/23-09/23.html
Podany, J., Agnew, N. and Demas, M. 1993. Preservation of excavated mosaics by reburial:
evaluation of some traditional and newly developed materials and techniques. In Proceedings
5th Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics, Faro and
Conimbriga, Portugal, 1-19 KN6 MOS

Thorne, R. M. 1989. Intentional site burial: a technique to protect against natural or
mechanical loss. Archaeological Assistance Program. Technical Brief No 5. Washington, DC:
US Department of the Interior, National Park Service AG THO

Session 16 (lecture): Condition reports - assessing the state of conservation (Dean
Sully)
Condition reports are a tool for conservation assessment that aim to provide an objective
interpretation of the problems affecting the site. Methods and techniques for their applications
are illustrated with examples taken from a variety of projects, including The National Trusts
Chedworth Roman Villa project.
Key reading:
The Getty Conservation Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority 2003. Illustrated
Glossary: Mosaics In Situ Project. PDF format at
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/chron.html
GraDoc 1999. Graphic Documentation Systems in Mural Painting Conservation Research
Seminar Rome 16-20 November 1999. ICCROM: 7-14 KN 1 Qto SCH
Matero, F.G. 2003. Managing Change: The role of documentation and condition survey at
Mesa Verde National Park. Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 42: 39-58
Further reading:
Cunliffe , S. 1994 Documentation as a Management tool: Planning for Conservation.
Archaeological Remains InSitu Preservation. Proceedings of the second ICAHM
International Conference Montreal, Canada, October 11-15 1994 Montreal: ICAHM
Publications
Fidler, J. 1980. Non-destructive surveying techniques for the analysis of historic buildings.
Transactions of the Association for studies in the conservation of historic buildings 5, 3-10
PERS
Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K.and Volker, M. 1997. Monument mapping - a contribution to
monument preservation. In F. Zezza (ed.) Origin, mechanisms and effects of salts on
degradation of monuments in marine and continental environments. European Commission
Research Workshop Proceedings, Bari, March 25-7, 1996. Bari: European Commission, 347-
45 KP1 Qto ORI
Geva, A. 1996. A multimedia system for organizing architectural documentation of historic
buildings. APT bulletin. The journal of preservation technology 27(2), 18-23 PERS
ICOMOS 1990. Guide to recording historic buildings. London: Butterworths
KO Qto ICO
Silman, R. 1996. Applications of non-destructive evaluation techniques in historic buildings.
APT Bulletin. The journal of preservation technology 27(2), 69-73 PERS
Swallow, P., Watt, D. and Ashton, R. 1993. Measurement and recording of historic building.
London: Donhead LC SWA

Session 17 (lecture): Managing archaeological resources and development: The
approach in England (Joe Flatman, English Heritage)
How do we manage a wide range of buried archaeological sites within the context of urban
and rural development? What legislative and procedural tools are available to us and how are
these implemented within the context of the pressures to development and the need for
growth? This session reviews the approaches adopted for development control in the England.
Key reading:
Bradley, R, Haselgrove, C, Linden, M V, and Webley, L (eds) 2012. Development-led
archaeology in Northwest Europe. Oxford: Oxbow AG WEB
Department for Communities and Local Government 2012. National Planning Policy
Framework. Available from:
http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/nppf
English Heritage 2010. PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Practice Guide.
(revision note 2012). Available from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/pps-
practice-guide/
Hunter, J. and Ralston, I. (eds.) 2006. Archaeological resource management in the UK: an
introduction. 2nd edition. Stroud: Sutton . Especially chapters 4, 5 and 10 AG HUN
Waterton, E. & Smith, L. 2008. Heritage protection for the 21st century, Cultural Trends,
17(3): 197-203 MAS/Site Management Themes/Development control/Smith & Waterton.pdf
Further reading:
Department of Culture, Media and Sport 2007. Heritage Protection for the 21st Century -
White Paper. Available from:
http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/consultations/hrp_whitepaper_doc1.pdf
Department of the Environment. 1990. Planning and Policy Guidance Note (PPG) 16:
Archaeology and Planning. London: H.M.S.O. (Re-published in Pugh-Smith and Samuels,
1996). 3 copies at AG20 ARC
Pickard, R (ed.) 2001. Policy and law in heritage conservation. London: Spon
AG 20 PIC
Willems, W J H & van der Dries, M 2007. Quality Management in Archaeology. Oxford:
Oxbow Books AG WIL
See also:
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/ - various files
MAS/Organisations/Historic Scotland/ Scottish historic environment policy 2008.pdf


Session 18 (lecture): Case study: Developing Governance (Kirsty Norman)
This session explores how site management is structured, the role of a Site Coordinator and
development of governance structures.
These issues are explored through the case study of Wearmouth & Jarrow, an extensive
monastic site in north-east England. The lecture traces the process and strategies as they
unfolded during a World Heritage Nomination bid, how the ICOMOS evaluation process
worked and, after the failure of the bid, where next for the landscape?
Key reading:
See the official website: http://www.wearmouth-jarrow.org.uk/
The government announcement of the bid: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/wearmouth-
jarrow-monastery-nominated-for-world-heritage-site-status
The Tentative List information: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5681/
For the ICOMOS evaluation report see http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2012/whc12-36com-
8B1inf-en.pdf (which is also on the USB drive at MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/WHC
minutes/whc12-36com-8B1inf-en.pdf).

Session 19 (informal discussion): Discussion of placement opportunities (Tim
Williams & Kirsty Norman)
Discussion of the role of placements and opportunities for 2013.
This session only needs to be attended by Managing Archaeological Sites degree course
students, but it can also be attended by students of other MA degree courses that require a
placement as part of the degree.

Session 20 (lecture): Interpretation strategies at open-air archaeological sites
(Sarah Dhanjal)
People perceive visiting sites in very different ways they have differing motivations,
expectations and needs. How can these expectations be realised or enhanced or, with
unsympathetic management, destroyed, devalued, or simply marginalised into economic trade
goods? Opportunities to approach interpretation, outside of a museum-style context.
Key reading:
Fyall, A, Garrod, B, & Leask, A (eds) 2003. Managing visitor attractions: new directions.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann MF 7 FYA
Howard, P. 2003. Heritage: Management, Interpretation, Identity. London: Continuum
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
McManamon, F. P. 2000. Archaeological messages and messengers. Public Archaeology, 1,
5-20 PERS

Shackley, M. 1999. Visitor management. In Leask, A. & Yeoman, I. (eds) Heritage Visitor
Attractions: an Operations Management Perspective, London-New York: Continuum, 69-82
Shackley, M (ed) 2000. Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman AG SHA
Shackley, M. 2006 Visitor management at World Heritage Sites. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A.
(eds) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 83-94 AG LEA
Sivan, R. 1997. The presentation of archaeological sites. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The
conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12
May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 51-9 AG Qto DEL
Association for Heritage Interpretation:
Numerous articles available to download from: http://www.heritageinterpretation.org.uk

Further reading:
Addyman, P.V. 1990. Reconstruction as interpretation: the example of the Jorvik Viking
Centre, York. In Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds) The Politics of the Past. One World
Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman, 257-264 AG GAT
Atkinson, C 1996. A Beginners Guide to the Planning, Design and Operation of Visitor
Centres. AHI 1(3). Available at: http://www.heritageinterpretation.org.uk/journals/j1c-
begi.html
Barrow, G 1996. Visitor Centres: Financial Planning and Management Issues. AHI 1(3).
Avalable at: http://www.heritageinterpretation.org.uk/journals/j1c-fina.html
Bender, B. 1993. Stonehenge Contested Landscapes Medieval to Present-Day). In Bender,
B. (ed.) Landscape. Politics and Perspectives. Oxford: Berg BD BEN
Bertaux, J.-P., Crevoisier, J.-P., Goutal, M., Mechling, J.-M. and Meistersheim, P. 1998. The
Gallo-Roman sanctuary at Grand, France: II. The protection and development of the
amphitheatre. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 217-228
PERS
Bettini, G. & Massa, S. 1991. Preservation problems, visitors and deterioration on the painted
Etruscan tomb, in Baer, N S (ed) Science, technology, and European cultural heritage:
proceedings of the European symposium, Bologna, 13-16 June 1989: 761-769
Binks, G, Dyke, J, & Dagnall, P. 1988. Visitors welcome. A manual on the presentation and
interpretation of archaeological excavations. London: English Heritage
Bintliff, J. 1988. Extracting Meaning from the Past. Oxford: Oxbow AG BIN
Boniface, P. and Fowler, P.J. (eds) 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the Global Village.
London: Routledge AG BON
Chitty, G. and Baker, D. (eds) 1999. Managing Historic Sites and Buildings. Reconciling
Presentation and Preservation. London: Routledge AG CHI

Colomer, L. 2002. Educational facilities in archaeological reconstruction: Is an image worth
more than a thousand words? Public Archaeology 2(2), 85-94 PERS
Corbishley, M. (ed.) 1992. Archaeology in the National Curriculum. London: Council for
British Archaeology and English Heritage
Council of Europe n.d. [1996]). Access of visitors to the ancient places of performance.
Papers from the Mrida seminar, 16-18 October, 1994. European Network of Ancient Places
of Performance, Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Cracknell, S. and Corbishley, M. (eds) 1986. Presenting Archaeology to Young People.
London: Council for British Archaeology AQ CRA
Demas, M. 1997. Ephesus. In De la Torre, M (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in
the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by the Getty Conservation
Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation
Institute, 127-49 AG Qto DEL
Dimacopoulos, J. 1985. Anastylosis and anasteloseis. ICOMOS Information
Dragovich, D. 1996. Site management and the visitor book, in Ward, G K & Ward, L A (eds)
Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the Second AURA
Congress, Cairns 1992 103-106. Melbourne:
German Commission for UNESCO 1980. Protection and Cultural Animation of Monuments,
Sites, and Historic Towns in Europe. Bonn: Bernecker LC UNE
Harrison, R. (ed.) 1994. Manual of Heritage Management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann,
especially section 4, 291-378 MC HAR
Henson, D., Stone, P. and Corbishley, M. (eds) 2004. Education and the historic environment.
London: Routledge AQ HEN
Hooper-Greenhill, E. 1992. Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge. London: Routledge
M 8 HOO
Hughes, M. and Rowley, T. (eds) 1986. The Management and Presentation of Field
Monuments. Oxford: Oxford University LC HUG
Jameson, J.H. (ed.) 1997. Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths, Walnut
Creek, Calif. & London: Alta Mira Press DED 100 JAM
Jordanova, L. 1999. Objects of knowledge: a historical perspective on museums. In Moffat, H
& Woollard, V (eds) Museum & Gallery Education: a manual of good practice. London: The
Stationery Office, 22-40 MF 4 MOF
Kwas, M.L. (ed.) 1986. Archaeological Parks. Integrating Preservation, Interpretation, and
Recreation. Nashville, Tennessee: Department of Conservation, Division of Parks and
Recreation
Leask, A. & Fyall, A. (eds) 2006. Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann AG LEA

Lerner, S. 1991. Saving sites: preservation and education. In Smith, G.S. and Ehrenhard, J.E.
(eds) Protecting the Past. Baton Rouge, FL: CRC Press, 103-108 AG SMI
Little, B. (ed.) 2002. The public benefits of archaeology. Gainesville: Florida University Press
DED 100 LIT
Marquet, J-C and Pathy, C (eds) 2006. L'archologie et l'ducation/ Archaeology and
Education. Archaeopress
Marshall, Y. and Gosden, C. 1999. The cultural biography of objects. World Archaeology
31.2, 169-178 PERS
McManus, P.M. (ed.) 1996. Archaeological displays and the public. Museology and
interpretation. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London
MG2 MCM
Merriman, N. 2000. Beyond the Glass Case: the Past, Heritage and the Public. London:
Institute of Archaeology, University College London MB 2 MER
Merriman, N. (ed.) 2004. Public archaeology. London: Routledge AG MER
Molina Montes, A. 1982. Archaeological buildings: restoration or misrepresentation. In
Boone, E. H. (ed.) Falsifications and misreconstructions of Pre-Columbian art. Dumbarton
Oaks, 14-15 October, 1978. Washington, D.C: Dumbarton Oaks, 125-141
Morin, R. 1999. Creative preservation: The development of an artistic approach to the
preservation and presentation of the past. In Conservation and management of archaeological
sites 3, 191-201 PERS
Moser, S. 2002. Reports on the Community Archaeology Project at Quseir, Egypt. At:
http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Research/Quseir/
Moyer, T. S. 2007. Learning through visitors: exhibits as tool for encouraging civic
engagement through archaeology, in Little, B. J. & Shackel, P. A. (eds) Archaeology as a tool
of civic engagement. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 263-278. DED 100 LIT
Naccache, A. 1996. The price of progress. Archaeology 49, 51-6 PERS
Naccache, A. 1998. Beiruts memorycide. In Meskell, L. (ed.) Archaeology under fire.
Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London:
Routledge, 140-158 AG MES
Ndoro, W. 1994. The preservation and presentation of Great Zimbabwe. Antiquity 68(260),
616-623 PERS
Papadopoulos, J.K. 1997. Knossos. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of
archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international conference organised by
the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles:
Getty Conservation Institute, 93-125 AG Qto DEL
Parker-Pearson, M. 1999. Preserving and presenting the evidence. In Barker, G. and Grant, A.
(eds) Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Routledge, 389-427 AH BAR

Parks Canada 1997. Special edition of CRM: Sharing Experiences Broadening Horizons.
CRM 4 PERS and MAS/Organisations/Parks Canada
Pearson, V. (ed.) 2001 Teaching the Past: A Practical Guide for Archaeologists. York:
Council for British Archaeology AQ Qto PEA
Peers, L. and Brown, A.K. (eds) 2003. Museums and source communities: a Routledge
reader. London: Routledge MG 3 PEE
Philippot, P. 1996. Historic preservation: philosophy, criteria, guidelines. In Timmons, S. A.
(ed.) Preservation and conservation: principles and practice. Washington, D.C: The
Preservation Press. Reprinted in Stanley Price et al. (eds), 367-382 KN STA
Piccini, A. 1999. Wargames and Wendy Houses: Open-air Reconstructions of Prehistoric
Life. In Merriman, N (ed.) Making Early Histories in Museums. London: Leicester University
Press. MG 2 MER
Rowan, Y. & Baram, U. (eds) 2004. Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption
of the Past. AltaMira Press AG ROW
Schmidt, H. 1997. Reconstruction of ancient buildings. In De la Torre, M. (ed.) The
conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
Silverman, H. (ed.) 2006. Archaeological site museums in Latin America. Gainesville:
University Press of Florida
Smiles, S. & Moser, S. (eds) 2005. Envisioning the past: archaeology and the image.
Blackwell AH SMI
Stanley Price, N. 1990. Conservation and interpretation in the display of prehistoric sites. In
Gathercole, P and Lowenthal, D. (eds) The Politics of the Past. One World Archaeology.
Stanley Price, N. 1997. The Roman villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily. In De la Torre, M (ed.)
The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An international
Stone, P. and Mackenzie, R. 1994. (eds) The excluded past: Archaeology in Education,
London: Routledge AQ STO
Stone, P. and Molyneaux, B. (eds) 1994. The presented past: Heritage, Museums and
Education. London: Routledge M 6 STO
Stone, P. and Planel, P.G. (eds) 1999. The constructed past. Experimental archaeology,
education and the public. One World Archaeology. London: Routledge AH STO
Sullivan, S. 1985. Aboriginal site interpretation: some considerations. ACT Heritage
Seminars 3, 11-22 PERS
Talboys, G. K. 2005. Museum educator's handbook. (2nd ed) Farnham: Ashgate MF 4 TAL
Talboys, G. K. 2010. Using museums as an educational resource: an introductory handbook
for students and teachers. (2nd ed) Farnham: Ashgate MF 4 TAL

Thompson, M.W. 1981. Ruins: their preservation and display. London: British Museum
LC THO
Tilden, F. 1977. Interpreting our heritage. 3rd.ed. [1st (ed.) 1957]. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press MF4 TIL
Uzzell, D. and Ballantyne, R. 1998. Contemporary Issues in Heritage and Environmental
Interpretation. Problems and Prospects. London: The Stationery Office
AG UZZ
Uzzell, D.L. (ed.) 1989. Heritage interpretation. Volumes 1 & 2. London: Belhaven Press
M6 UZZ
Veliz, V., Bright, J.W. and Barborak, J.R. 1989. Planning and managing Honduras's Copn
Ruins World Heritage Site: The role of cultural parks in contributing to education and
economic development. In International Perspectives on National Parks Proceedings of the
First World Conference, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1984. U.S. National Park
Service in association with the Colorado Historical Society
Walsh, K. 1992. The Representation of the Past. Museums and Heritage in the Post-Modern
World. London: Routledge MG2 WAL
Waterfield, G. (ed.) 2004. Opening Doors: Learning in the Historic Environment. The
Attingham Trust MAS/Site Management themes/Education/opendoors.pdf and also available
at www.attinghamtrust.org

9.2 SPRING TERM
Session 21 (lecture): Case studies in site interpretation (Dirk Bennett)
How do we plan interpretation at archaeological sites? What tools and techniques can be used
to improve the way visitors arrive, experience, and leave the site? What is the relationship of
visitor centres to site experiences? How can audio-visual tools be used?
Reading:
See under Session 20.

Session 22 (lecture): Recording, managing, conserving and interpreting urban
archaeological sites (Tim Williams)
Urban sites present complex issues: the values of archaeological sites are often ignored or
minimised, especially when faced with the pressure of urban communities. How can site
management be integrated with the economic, social, and cultural life of a place? Is it possible
to include archaeology in an urban environment or will the relationship always remain
antagonistic?
Key reading:

Bandarin, F. & van Oers, R. 2012. The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an
urban century. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. ARCHITECTURE in cataloguing
Callebaut, D. & Sunderland, J. 2010. ENAME: new technologies perpetuate the past, Museum
International 50(2), 50-54
Chatzoglou, A., Polyzoundi, A., Sorensen, M.L.S & Taha, S. 2011. Historic environment:
historic cities. Burwood, Victoria: Australian ICOMOS. in cataloguing
Galn, E. & Zezza, F. (eds.). 2002. International Symposium on the Conservation of
Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin (Seville, Spain): Protection and conservation of the
cultural heritage of the Mediterranean cities. Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
LA GAL
Getty Conservation Institute. 2011. Historic cities (Special issue). Conservation Perspectives,
The GCI Newsletter, 26(2) 2011 MAS/Organisations/Getty/v26n2.pdf
Hall, M. 2006. Identity, Memory and Countermemory: The Archaeology of an Urban
Landscape, Journal of Material Culture 11(1): 189-210
ICOMOS 1987. Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas.
http://www.international.icomos.org/e_towns.htm
Lisse, E. (ed.) 2002. Protection and conservation of the cultural heritage of the
Mediterranean cities. Netherlands: A.A. Balkema LA GAL
van Oers, R. & Haraguchi, S. (eds.) 2010. Managing Historic Cities. World Heritage Papers
27. Paris: UNESCO. MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/ World Heritage Papers/ 27 Managing
Historic Cities.pdf
See also:
Organization of World Heritage Cities: http://www.ovpm.org/main.asp
Further reading:
Assi, E. 2008. The relevance of urban conservation charters in the world heritage cities in the
Arab States. City & Time 4(1), 57-63. Available at http://www.ct.ceci-br.org
Baugher, S and DiZerega Wall, D 1997. Ancient and modern united: archaeological
exhibitions in urban plazas. In J H Jameson Jr, (ed.) Presenting Archaeology to the Public:
digging for truths. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press, 114-129
DED 100 JAM
Birabi, A K 2007. International urban conservation charters: catalytic or passive tools of
urban conservation practices among developing countries?, City & Time 3(2): 39-53
Online
Callebaut, D. & Sunderland, J. 2010. ENAME: new technologies perpetuate the past, Museum
International 50(2): 50-54 Online
Cervell-Royo, R., Garrido-Yserte, R., & Baldomero Segura-Garca del Ro 2012. An urban
regeneration model in heritage areas in search of sustainable urban development and internal
cohesion, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2(1): 44-
61 Online

Dennison, P. (ed.) 1999. Conservation and change in historic towns. York: CBA Res Rep 122
DAA Qto Series COU 122
du Cros, H and Lee, Y S F (eds) 2007. Cultural Heritage Management in China: Preserving
the Pearl River Delta Cities. London: Routledge DBL CRO
English Heritage 2002. Changing London: An historic city for a modern world. English
Heritage: London MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/changinglondon.pdf
English Heritage & CABE 2001. Building in context: New development in historic areas.
English Heritage & CABE: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/Building in Context {various files}
English Heritage 2001. Enabling development and the conservation of heritage assets.
English Heritage: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/enablingdevelopment.pdf
English Heritage 2003. Managing local authority heritage assets: Some guiding principles for
decision-makers. DCMS, English Heritage & ODPM: London
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/LA Asset Document.pdf
English Heritage 2005. Regeneration and the historic environment: heritage as a catalyst for
better social and economic regeneration. English Heritage
Grewcock, D 2006. Museums of Cities and Urban Futures: new approaches to urban planning
and the opportunities for museums of cities, Museum International 58(3), 32-42
Iamandi, C. 1997. The Charter of Athens of 1931 and 1933: coincidence, controversy and
convergence. In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(1), 17-28
PERS
ICOMOS 1987. Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas.
http://www.international.icomos.org/e_towns.htm
Jones, I, MacDonald, R R, and McIntyre, D (eds) 2008. City Museums and City Development.
Plymouth: AltaMira Press MG 2 JON
Kabbani, O. R. 1998. Public space as infrastructure: the case of the post-war reconstruction of
Beirut. In Rowe, P. & Sarkis, H. (eds) Projecting Beirut: episodes in the construction and
reconstruction of a modern city, 240-259
Bartlett: TOWN PLANNING C 62 LEB
Kulikauskas, P 2011. Introduction to the Special Issue of City & Time, City & Time 5(1)
Lohman, J 2006. City Museums: do we have a role in shaping the global community?,
Museum International 58(3), 15-20
Loukaki, A 2008. Living ruins, value conflicts. Aldershot: Ashgate YATES A 8 LOU
McManus, P. 2000. Archaeological Parks. In Archaeology International 3, 57-59 PERS
MORI 2002. London's Heritage. Research Study Conducted for English Heritage. English
Heritage MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/MORILondon.pdf

Organization of World Heritage Cities 1991. The World Heritage Cities Management Guide.
UNESCO http://www.ovpm.org/gestion/index.asp
Oueslati, T. 2006. Approche archozoologique des modes d'acquisition, de transformation et
de consommation des ressources animales dans le contexte urbain gallo-romain de Lutce,
Paris. Oxford: Archaeopress STORE 12-0313
Papageorgiou, L. 2000. The Unification of archaeological sites of Athens. The birth of an
archaeological park? In Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 4, 176-84
PERS
Petruccioli, A 2007. After amnesia: learning from the Islamic Mediterranean urban fabric.
Altamura: ICAR ARCHITECTURE B 1:49 PET
Pickard, R. (ed.) 2001. Management of historic centres. London: Spon AG PIC
Russell-Ciardi, M 2006. Place-based education in an urban environment, Museum
International 58(3), 71-77
Sader, H. 1998. Ancient Beirut: urban growth in the light of recent excavations. In Rowe, P.
& Sarkis, H. (eds) Projecting Beirut: episodes in the construction and reconstruction of a
modern city, 23-40 Bartlett library: TOWN PLANNING C 62 LEB
Sandes, C 2008. St Alphage's Tower, Cripplegate: monument to tenacity, London
Archaeologist 12(2): 35-39
Sandes, C 2010. Archaeology, conservation and the city: post-conflict redevelopment in
London, Berlin and Beirut. Oxford: Archaeopress AG Qto SAN
Santiago de Compostela Manifest 1999. http://www.ovpm.org/grandsd/msanti.asp
Thabet, J 1999. Arab Architectural Heritage: Between Mirrors and Idols. Looking within and
beyond the tradition-modernity debate. Al Jadid, 4-5, nos. 24-25 (Fall 1998 & Winter 1999)
Watkin, D 2009. The Roman Forum. Profile YATES E 22 ROM
UNESCO 1975 The Conservation of Cities. London: Croom Helm STORE 10-0920

Site visit III: Roman London: London Billingsgate bathhouse, Temple of
Mithras, Guildhall amphitheatre, City wall, and the Museum of London

Session 23 (seminar): Interpreting archaeological sites in modern urban
landscapes (Class-led)
Details to be announced. Reading: see session 22.


Session 24 (lecture): Cultural tourism and sustainability (Tim Williams)
Tourism is now arguably the largest industry in the world, and cultural tourism represents a
significant element of this global industry. For many developing countries cultural tourism is
seen as a key element of poverty relief and economic sustainability. There are many different
forms of tourism; with negative and positive impacts; and different relationships and
structures within and between governments, local communities, and tourism industry. We will
explore concepts of sustainability; poverty; management strategies; and issues in
environmental and cultural conservation.
Key reading (not all of these! depends on your area of interest - scan a selection of
material best marked with *)
Annals of Tourism Research: see http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01607383
Australian Heritage Commission 2001. Successful tourism at heritage places: a guide for
tourism operators, heritage managers, and communities. Canberra: AHC
Berriane, M. 1999. Tourism, Culture and Development in the Arab Region: Supporting
culture to develop tourism, developing tourism to support culture. UNESCO
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/ArabRegion1999.pdf
Binks, G., Dyke, J. and Dagnall, P. 1988. Visitors welcome. A manual on the presentation and
interpretation of archaeological excavations. London: English Heritage
AL BIN
Brand, L. A. 2001. Development in Wadi Rum? State bureaucracy, external funders, and civil
society, International Journal of Middle Easy Studies 33: 571-590
Brunet, S., Bauer, J., and De Lacy, T. 2000. Green Globe 21: certifying sustainable tourism in
heritage cities in Asia/Pacific. Paper at UNESCO Culture, heritage management and tourism
conference, Bhaktapur, Nepal, April 2000
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Nepal/Green Globe 21.pdf
Coccossis, H. & Perpairis, A. 2004. Environment and tourism issues. Local identity and
heritage management, in Doukellis, P N & Mendoni, L G (eds) Protection and evaluation of
cultural landscapes, 233-248. Athens: Diffusion de Boccard AG DOU
*Cochrane, J. and Tapper, R. 2006 Tourisms contribution to World Heritage Site
management. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds) Managing World Heritage Sites. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann; 97-109 AG LEA
Cohen, E. 1998. Authenticity and commoditization in tourism, Annals of Tourism Research
15(3): 371-386
Duffy, R. 2002. A Trip Too Far - Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. Earthscan.

*Girard, L. F. and Nijkamp, P. (eds) 2009. Cultural tourism and sustainable local
development. Farnham: Ashgate TOWN PLANNING A 59 FUS
Hawass, Z. 1998. Site management: the response to tourism, Museum International 50, 31-37
*ICOMOS 1999. ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter. ICOMOS
Available at http://www.icomos.org/tourism/charter.html
MAS/Charters/1999 ICOMOS tourism_charter.pdf

ICOMOS 2002. H@R!: Heritage at Risk 2001-2002. ICOMOS
See especially Heritage at risk from tourism
Available at http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2001/tourism.htm

Keitumetse, S. O. 2009. The Eco-tourism of Cultural Heritage Management (ECT-CHM):
Linking Heritage and Environment in the Okavango Delta Regions of Botswana,
International Journal of Heritage Studies 15(2): 223-244.
Lim, L 2004. China tourist town's culture clash, BBC website
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3839443.stm
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/China tourist town.doc
MacCannell, D 2000. Cultural Tourism. The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 15(1)
*Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. 2003. Tourism and sustainability. Development and new tourism
in the third world. London: Routledge
Museum International 1998. The challenge of tourism 2. Museum International 50(4),
October 1998 special issue MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural
tourism/ChallengeOfTourism.pdf
Pedersen, A. 2002. Managing tourism at World Heritage Sites: a practical manual for world
Heritage Site Mangers. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Managing tourism.pdf
Prier-DIeteren, C. 1998. Tourism and conservation: striking a balance, Museum
International 50(4): 5-14 MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/ Tourism
and conservation_striking a balance.pdf
Shackley, M. 1999. Visitor management. In Leask, A. & Yeoman, I. (eds) Heritage Visitor
Attractions: an Operations Management Perspective, London-New York: Continuum, 69-82
Sullivan, H. 1996. Visitor management at painting sites in Kakadu National Park. In Ward,
G.K., Ward, L.A. (eds) Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the
Second AURA Congress, Cairns 1992. Occasional AURA Publications, no. 9. Melbourne:
AURA, 82 87 Teaching collection 1550
Timothy, D.J. & Boyd, S.W. 2003. Heritage Tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall AG TIM
*Timothy, D. J. & Nyaupane, G. 2009. Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing
World. London: Routledge
*United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Our Common
Future. New York: Oxford University Press. Most commonly referred to as the Brundtland
Report
United Nations 2003. Agenda 21. UN at:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm
*UNEP 2003. Tourism and Local Agenda 21. The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable
Tourism. UNEP: Paris MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural
tourism/UNEP/la21_part1.pdf etc

UNESCO 1995. Workshop on sustainable tourism development in World Heritage Sites -
planning for Hue. Hue, Viet Nam, 3 - 6 May 1995. UNESCO: Thailand
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/HueVietnam1995.pdf
UNESCO 1996. Culture, tourism, development: crucial issues for the 21
st
century, Paris:
UNESCO AG TOU
UNESCO 1999. Tourism and culture: rethinking the mix. UNESCO Courier July/August
1999, 21-56 MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Courier.pdf
UNESCO 2000. Making Tourism Sustainable. UNSECO Sources 120, 10-15
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural
tourism/UNESCO/MakingTourismSustainable2000.pdf
UNESCO 2002. Cultural Diversity: Common Heritage, Plural Identities. UNESCO
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Cultural Diversity.pdf
UNESCO 2003. The Sahara. Of cultures and men. Towards a strategy for the sustainable
development of tourism in the Sahara, in the context of combating poverty. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Africa/sahara.pdf
Wood, M.E. 2002. Ecotourism: principles, practices & policies for sustainability. UNEP:
Paris MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNEP/ecotourism_part-one.pdf &
ecotourism_part-two.pdf
World Bank & UNESCO 1999. Florence conference on Culture and Sustainable
Development. MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/ {various files}
World Bank 1999. Summary report of the World Bank cultural site management workshop,
26-30 April 1999. Sustainable Developments 24(5), 1-10
MAS/Cultural tourism/WB/sustainable development workshop.pdf
World Bank 2001. Cultural Heritage and Development. A Framework for Action in the
Middle East and North Africa. World Bank: Washington MAS/Cultural
tourism/WB/CH in ME and NA.pdf
Websites
ECoNETT the European Community Network for Environmental Travel & Tourism.
http://www.wttc.org/ on-line database of information about developments in sustainable
tourism.
World Tourism organisation website: http://www.world-tourism.org/
Further reading:
Addyman, P. and Gaynor, A. 1984. The Jorvik Viking Centre. International Journal of
Museum Management and Curatorship 3, 7-18 PERS
Allcock, A. et al. 1994. National Ecotourism Strategy. Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service
Bertaux, J.-P. 1998. The Gallo-Roman sanctuary at Grand, France: I. Its development and
management for tourism. Conservation and management of archaeological sites 2(4), 207-
215. PERS

Bettini, G. and Massa, S. 1991. Preservation problems, visitors and deterioration on the
painted Etruscan tomb. In Baer, N. S. et al. (eds) Science, technology, and European cultural
heritage: proceedings of the European symposium, Bologna, 13-16 June 1989, 761-769.
L BAE
Boniface, P. and Fowler, P.J. (eds) 1993. Heritage and Tourism in the Global Village.
London: Routledge AG BON
Boniface, P. 1995. Managing Quality Cultural Tourism. London: Routledge
AG BON
Bonnici, A, Cassar, J, Schembri, P, and Ventura, F. 1993. Visitor impact on an underground
prehistoric monument: the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum, Malta. In ICOM Committee for
Conservation 10th Triennial meeting, Washington, DC, 22-27 August 1993: preprints, 825-30
L Qto ICO
Branden, K. 1996. Ecotourism and Conservation. World Bank
Casagrandi, R. and Rinaldi, S. 2002. A theoretical approach to tourism sustainability.
Conservation Ecology 6(1) [online] http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art13
Ceballos-Lascaurain, H. 1996. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas. Gland, Switzerland:
ICUN The World Conservation Union
GEOGRAPHY QUARTOS H 96 CEB
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55 Available at:
Chhabra, D. 2009. Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism. London:
Routledge On order
Corzo, M. A. (ed.) 1995. The future of Asias past: Preservation of the architectural heritage
of Asia. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute
MAS/Organisations/Getty/The future of Asia's past.pdf
Doumas, C. 1997. Management considerations at a Mediterranean site: Akrotiri, Thera, In De
la Torre, M. (ed.) The conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region. An
international conference organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and the J. Paul Getty
Museum, 6-12 May 1995. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 27-40
AG Qto DEL
Dragovich, D. 1996. Site management and the visitor book. In Ward, G.K., Ward, L.A. (eds)
Management of rock imagery. Proceedings of Symposium H of the Second AURA Congress,
Cairns 1992. Melbourne: Occasional AURA Publications, no. 9, 103-106
Teaching collection 1551
Eagles, P. F. J. 2001. International Trends in Park Tourism. Hohe Tauern National Park,
Matrei, Austria MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/trends in park tourism.pdf
Eagles, P. F. J., McCool, S. F. and Haynes, C. D. 2002. Sustainable tourism in protected
areas: guidelines for planning and management. UNEP, WTO & ICUN: Gland & Cambridge
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNEP/Sustainable Tourism in Protected
Areas/ {various files}

Hall, M. and McArthur, S. 1996. Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand: the
Human Dimension. Melbourne: Oxford University Press DD HAL
Harris, R. and Griffin, T. 2002. Sustainable Tourism. London: Butterworth Heinemann
Harrison, D. (ed.) 2001. Tourism and the Less Developed World: issues and case studies.
Oxon: CABI Publishing ANTHROPOLOGY E 40 HAR
Holden, H. 2000. Environment and tourism. London: Routledge
Barlett: TOWN PLANNING A 59 HOL
Hosni, E. 2000. Strategy for sustainable tourism development in the Sahara. UNSECO: Paris
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Sahara2000.pdf
ICOMOS 1993. Tourism at World Heritage cultural sites: the site managers handbook.
ICOMOS International Specialised Committee on Cultural Tourism - US/ICOMOS
AG Qto INT
MAS/Organisations/ICOMOS/Tourism handbook {various files}
ICOMOS 1996. Charter of Cultural Tourism. ICOMOS
Available at http://www.icomos.org/tourism/tourism_charter.html

Jacobs, J.M., and Gale, F. 1995. Tourism and the protection of aboriginal cultural sites.
Special Australian Heritage Publication Series Number 10. Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service DDA JAC
Leask, A. and Yeoman, I. 1999. Heritage Visitor Attractions: an Operations Management
Perspective. Continuum: London-New York AG LEA
Liddle, P. 1985. Community Archaeology: a fieldworker's handbook of organisation and
techniques. Leicester: Leicestershire Museums, Arts and Records Service AL 10 LID
Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. 1998. Tourism and Sustainability - New Tourism in the Third
World. London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY P 96 MOW
Mowforth, M. and Munt, M. 2003. Tourism and sustainability: development and new tourism
in the Third World. 2nd (ed.) London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY P 96 MOW
Pandey, R. M., Chettri, P., Kunwar, R. R., and Ghimire, G. 1995. Case study on the effects of
tourism on culture and the environment Nepal. UNSECO: Bangkok
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/Nepal1995.pdf
Prentice, R. 1993. Tourism and Heritage Attractions. London: Routledge AG PRE
Rojek, C. 2000. Leisure and culture. London: MacMillan
Shackley, M. (ed.) 2000. Visitor Management. Case Studies from World Heritage Sites.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman, AG SHA
Shackley, M. 2001. Managing sacred sites: service provision and visitor experience. London:
Continuum AH SHA
Soubert, S. and Hay, S. L. 1995. Case study on the effects of tourism on culture and the
environment: Cambodia. UNSECO: Bangkok
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/UNESCO/tourism in asia1995.pdf

Sullivan, H. (ed.) 1984. Visitors to aboriginal sites: access, control and management.
Proceedings of the 1983 Kakadu workshop. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife
Service UNCLASSIFIED
ten Brink, B. 1991. The AMOEBA Approach as a Useful Tool for Establishing Sustainable
Development?, in Kuik, O. & Verbruggen, H. (eds) In Search of Indicators of Sustainable
Development. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 7188 GEOGRAPHY KC 72 KUI
Thorn, A. and Piper, A. 1996. The Isle of the Dead: an integrated approach to the
management and natural protection of an archaeological site. In Roy, A. and Smith, P. (eds)
Copenhagen Congress, 26-30 August 1996. London: International Institute for Conservation
188-92 LA Qto ROY
Wahab, S. and Pigram, J. 1997. Tourism, Development and Growth - The Challenge of
Sustainability. London: Routledge GEOGRAPHY H 96 WAH
J ournals: Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Economics,
Tourism Management

Session 25 (seminar): Cultural resource management in developing countries: by
whom, for whom? (Class-led)
Details will be distributed on Moodle in advance.

Session 26 (lecture): Case study: The Kasubi Tombs and heritage management in
Uganda (Andrew Reid)
On the night of 16
th
/17
th
March 2010, the Kasubi Tombs, Ugandas sole cultural World
Heritage site was entirely consumed by fire. This lecture will introduce the significance of the
site, explore its management and consider the issues that are being tackled in the process of
reconstruction that is on-going. This enables us to consider several broader issues relating to
ownership of cultural property and the notion of authenticity. On the latter point, authenticity
is particularly relevant since the site itself is more a feature of colonial times than of the
period prior to the arrival of Europeans. Does this matter? Consideration will also be given to
other elements impacting heritage management in Uganda, which offers important insights
into the pressures and requirements of managing heritage in a developing country.
Key reading:
Kigongo R. and Reid, A, 2007. Local communities, politics and the management of the
Kasubi tombs, Uganda. World Archaeology 39 (3): 371-384.
Reid A. 2002. Recent archaeological discoveries in Buganda and their implications for
Archaeological Heritage Management. Uganda Journal 48: 87-103.
You can access an interview Andrew Reid did with the BBC World Service the day after the
Kasubi Tombs were destroyed by fire:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2010/03/100317_uganda_nh_sl.shtml
Further reading:

Gutkind, P. C. W. 1963. The Royal Capital of Buganda. The Hague: Mouton. STORES 680
QQ 128 GUT
Munjeri, D. 2004. Anchoring African cultural and natural heritage: the significance of local
community awareness in the context of capacity-building. In E. de Merode, R. Smeets and C.
Westrik (eds). Linking Universal and Local Values: Managing a Sustainable Future for
World Heritage. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 75-80 MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/World Heritage
Series n13
Ndoro, W. 2001. Your Monument, Our Shrine: The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe.
Uppsala: Uppsala University. DCE Qto NDO & Issue Desk NDO
Ndoro, W. 2004. Traditional and customary heritage systems: nostalgia or reality? The
implications of managing heritage sites in Africa. In E. de Merode, R. Smeets and C. Westrik
(eds). Linking Universal and Local Values: Managing a Sustainable Future for World
Heritage. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 81-4. MAS/UNESCO/World Heritage Series n13
Ranger, T. 1983. The invention of tradition in colonial Africa. In E. J. Hobsbawm and T.
Ranger (eds). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211-
62. BD HOB
Ray, B. C. 1991. Myth, Ritual and Kingship in Buganda. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reid, A. and Ashley, C. 2007. A context for the Luzira Head. Antiquity 82: 99-112.
Robertshaw P. and Kamuhangire, E.R. 1996. The present in the past: archaeological sites, oral
traditions, shrines and politics in Uganda. In G. Pwiti and R. Soper (eds) Aspects of African
Archaeology. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press, pp739-744. DC 100 PWI

Session 27 (seminar): Our role in post-conflict reconstruction (Class-led)
How can we seek to protect archaeological sites during times of conflict? What measures can
be adopted and how are these implemented in the aftermath of war? What are the
complexities of organising protection? How can we develop practice?
Key reading:
Barakat, S. and Wardell, G. 2005. After the Conflict: Reconstructions and Redevelopment in
the Aftermath of War. London: I. B. Tauris. TOWN PLANNING A 30 AFT
Barakat, S. 2007. Postwar reconstruction and the recovery of cultural heritage: critical lessons
from the last fifteen years, in Stanley Price, N. (ed) 26-39. Rome: ICCROM
AG STA
Layton, R., Stone, P., and Thomas, J. (eds.) 2001. Destruction and Conservation of Cultural
Property. Routledge. AG LAY
Stanley Price, N. (ed.) 2007. Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery. Rome: ICCROM.
AG STA and MAS
Especially: Barakat, S. 2007. Postwar reconstruction and the recovery of cultural
heritage: critical lessons from the last fifteen years, in Stanley Price, N. (ed.) 26-39.
Rome: ICCROM.

Stone, P. and Bajjaly, J. F. (eds) 2008. The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq.
Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer DBB 100 STO
Further reading:
Atkinson, J. A., Banks, I., and O'Sullivan, J. (eds.) 1996. Nationalism and Archaeology.
Glasgow: Cruithne Press. AG ATK
Chamberlain, K. 2005. War and Cultural Heritage: An Analysis of the Hague Convention for
the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. (2nd) Leicester: Institute
of Art & Law AG 20 CHA
Chapman, J. 1994. Destruction of a common heritage: the archaeology of war in Croatia,
Bosnia and Hercegovina, Antiquity 68: 120-126.
Charlesworth, E. 2006. Architects without frontiers: war, reconstruction and design
responsibility. Oxford: Elsevier Architectural. ARCHITECTURE A 77 CHA
Curtis, J (2011) Archaeology and cultural heritage in war zones, in Curtis, J, Fulford, M.
Harding, A. and Reynolds, F. (eds) History for the taking?, 55-76. London: British Academy
MAS/Site Management Themes/Conflict/History for the taking.pdf
Curtis, J, Fulford, M, Harding, A, & Reynolds, F (2011) History for the taking? London:
British Academy
Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds.) 1995. Nationalism, politics and the practice of
archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. AG KOH
Maniscalco, F. (ed) 2007. World Heritage and War. Naples: Massa
Coast Press. AG MCM
Meskell, L. (ed) 1998. Archaeology under fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the
Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge AG MES
Meskell, L. 2002. Negative heritage and past mastering in archaeology, Anthropological
Quarterly 75(3): 557-574.
Naccache, A. 1998. Beirut's memorycide, in Meskell, L. (ed.) Archaeology under fire.
Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, 140-158.
London: Routledge. AG MES
Rothfield, L. (ed) 2008. Antiquities under siege: cultural heritage protection after the Iraq
war. Plymouth: Altamira Press AG 20 ROT
Rush, L. (ed) 2010. Archaeology, cultural property, and the military. Woodbridge: Boydell
AG RUS
Schofield, J. 2009. Aftermath. Readings in the Archaeology of Recent Conflict. Springer.
Silberman, N. A. 1989. Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology and Nationalism in
the Middle East. New York: Holt. ANTHROPOLOGY PA 95 SIL

Tunbridge, J. and Ashworth, G. 1995. Dissonant Heritage: the management of the past as a
resource in conflict. Chichester: Wiley. AG TUN
Wegener, C. and Otter, M. 2008. Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed
Conflict, Conservation. The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 23(1): 4-9. MAS
See also papers in MAS/Site Management Themes/Conflict

Session 28 (lecture & discussion): Council of Europe and the Valletta convention
(Adrian Olivier)
The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), better
known as the Valletta Convention or the Malta Convention (1992), raised numerous issues
regarding the management of archaeological resources in Europe. It aims to protect the
European archaeological heritage "as a source of European collective memory and as an
instrument for historical and scientific study. All remains and objects and any other traces of
humankind from past times are considered to be elements of the archaeological heritage. The
archaeological heritage shall include structures, constructions, groups of buildings, developed
sites, moveable objects, monuments of other kinds as well as their context, whether situated
on land or under water" (Article 1).
The Convention is an international legally binding treaty within Europe. It places the revised
Convention in the framework of activities of the Council of Europe concerning the cultural
heritage since the European Cultural Convention came into force.
The key messages are described on the CoE website
(http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/archeologie/valletta_pres_EN.asp).
Monitoring and enforcement represent a major challenge and tis session will discuss the way
forward.
Key reading:
European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised). 1992.
Valletta. Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/143.htm
Willems, W.J.H. 2007. The Work of Making Malta: the Council of Europe's Archaeology and
Planning Committee 1988-1996. European Journal of Archaeology,10: 57-71
Willems, W.J.H. & van der Dries, M. 2007. Quality Management in Archaeology. Oxford:
Oxbow Books AG WIL
Young, C. 2001. English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention [Online],
Available: http://www.independents.org.uk/the-valletta-report/english-heritage-position-
statement
Further reading:
Deeben, J., Groenewoudt, B.J., Hallewas, D.P. and Willems, W.J.H. 1999. Proposals for a
practical system of significance evaluation in archaeological heritage management. European
Journal of Archaeology 2(2), 177-199. PERS

Willems, W. J. H. 1998. Archaeology and Heritage Management in Europe: Trends and
Developments, European Journal of Archaeology 1(3): 293-311

Session 29 (seminar): Conservation or visitors? (Class-led)

Session 30 (lecture): Risk and disaster management (Tim Williams)
Discussion of the need for Risk and Disaster Management, and their impact on long-term
archaeological site management planning. The session will consider issues and approaches at
archaeological sites.
A practical exercise in risk assessment will be undertaken.
Key reading:
Meir, H., Petzet, M. and Will, T. (eds). 2007. Heritage at Risk: Risk preparedness and the
limits of prevention. Paris: ICOMOS. Available at:
http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/2007/natural_disasters/HR_Special_2007_Disasters
_ebook_20091116.pdf
Menegazzi, C. (ed) 2008. International workshop on disaster risk reduction at World
Heritage properties: proceedings Olympia, Greece, 6th-7th November 2008. ICCROM
MAS/Site Management Themes/ Disaster & Risk Management/
Olympia_Proceedings_2009.pdf
Stovel, H. 1998. Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage.
Rome, ICCROM. Available at:
http://www.iccrom.org/pdf/ICCROM_17_RiskPreparedness_en.pdf
UNESCO/ICCROM/ICOMOS/IUCN 2010. Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage.
Paris: UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Disaster_risks.pdf
Further reading:
Feilden, B. 1987. Between Two Earthquakes; Cultural Property in Seismic Zones. Rome/Los
Angeles: ICCROM/Getty Conservation Institute. LC FEI
Feilden, B.M. and Jokilehto, J. (2nd ed.) 1998. Management Guidelines for World Cultural
Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM. AG FEI
ICOMOS. Risk Preparedness; Heritage at Risk. Bibliography. Paris: UNESCO-ICOMOS
Documentation Centre. Available at:
http://www.international.icomos.org/centre_documentation/bib/riskpreparedness.pdf
Menegazzi, C. (ed) 2004. Cultural Heritage Disaster Preparedness and Response.
Proceedings of International Symposium held at Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India, 23
27 November 2003. Paris: ICOM. Available at:
http://icom.museum/disaster_preparedness_book/copyright.pdf

Session 31 (seminar): The role of archaeological excavation in managing
archaeological sites (Class-led)
As excavation always implies the necessity of making a selection of evidence to be
documented and preserved at the cost of losing other information and possibly even
the total destruction of the monument, a decision to excavate should only be taken
after thorough consideration.
Excavation should be carried out on sites and monuments threatened by development,
land-use change, looting, or natural deterioration.
In exceptional cases, unthreatened sites may be excavated to elucidate research
problems or to interpret them more effectively for the purpose of presenting them to
the public. In such cases excavation must be preceded by thorough scientific
evaluation of the significance of the site. Excavation should be partial, leaving a
portion undisturbed for future research.
(Article 5) ICOMOS Charter for the protection and management of the
archaeological heritage (1990)
Browse some of these:
Barrett, J. (ed.) 1995. Some Challenges in Contemporary Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow
Books AH BAR

Biddle, M. 1994. What Future for British Archaeology? Oxford: Oxbow AG BID

Bishop, M. 1994. Research - Holy Grail or Sacred Cow? The Field Archaeologist 21, 425- 27
PERS

Carver, M. 1999. Field archaeology. In Barker, G. and Grant, A. (ed.) Companion
Encyclopaedia of Archaeology. London: Routledge, 128-81 AH BAR

Doumas, C. 1998. Excavation and Rescue Operations: What to Preserve and Why, Museum
International 50(2): 6-9

Frankel, D. 1993. The excavator: creator or destroyer? Antiquity 67, 875-77
PERS

Lipe, W. D. 1996. In defence of digging. Archaeological preservation as a means, not an end.
CRM 19(7), 23-27. Teaching Collection 1860
Palmer, R., and Cox, C. 1993. Uses of Aerial Photography in Archaeological Evaluations.
Birmingham, Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Papers No. 12 AL 21 PAL

Session 32 (lecture): Archaeological sites with in-situ mosaics: challenges and
issues in conservation and display (John Stewart, English Heritage)
There is a long history of mosaic conservation on archaeological sites, with a variety of
strategies from reburial, through sheltering, to lifting and display. Sometimes they have been

treated as integral parts of an archaeological landscape, but often as objects of art. How
should we approach such sites?
Key reading:
Alarco, A, Correia, V H, and Beloto, C (eds) (1994) Conservation, protection, presentation.
Fifth conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics,
proceedings/actas, Faro and Conimbriga . Lisbon: Instituto Portugus de Museus
KN 6 MOS
Mora, P (1995) Conservation of excavated Intonaco, stucco and mosaics, in Stanley Price, N
(ed) Conservation on Archaeological Excavations, with particular reference to the
Mediterranean area, 91-100. Rome: ICCROM
Podany, J, Agnew, N, & Demas, M (1993) Preservation of excavated mosaics by reburial:
evaluation of some traditional and newly developed materials and techniques, Proceedings
5th Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics, Faro and
Conimbriga, Portugal, 1-19 KN6 MOS
Roby, T, C. 1995. Site conservation during excavation: treatment of masonry, wall plaster and
floor mosaic remains of a Byzantine church in Petra, Jordon. Conservation and Management
of Archaeological Sites 1(1), 45-57. PERS
Further reading:
The Getty Conservation Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority 2003. Illustrated
Glossary: Mosaics In Situ Project. PDF format at
http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/chron.html

Site visit IV: Battle Abbey & Lullingstone Roman villa

Session 33 (seminar): Approaches to landscape interpretation (Class-led)

Session 34: (lecture): Managing rural archaeological sites (Vince Holyoak,
English Heritage)
Rural environment resent different and specific challenges to managing archaeological sites
and landscapes. Agricultural activities, the scale of the area and the difficulties of site
identification are just some of the factors.
The growing role of landscape management.
The landscape has an important role in the cultural, ecological, environmental
and social fields, and contributes to the formation of local cultures and is a
basic component of the natural and cultural heritage, is an important part of the

quality of life for people everywhere: in urban areas and in the countryside, in
degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality, in areas recognised as being of
outstanding beauty as well as everyday areas; is a key element of individual and
social well-being and its protection, management and planning entail rights and
responsibilities for everyone
From the Preamble to the European Landscape Convention, Florence, 20 October
2000.
European Landscape Convention, Florence 20/10/2000 European Treaty Series - No. 176)
http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Co-
operation/Environment/Landscape/Presentation/9_Text/02_Convention_EN.asp#TopOfPage
See also the Council of Europe site at:
www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Co-operation/Environment/Landscape
And the Pathways to Cultural Landscapes site at: www.pcl-eu.de
Key Reading:
Carver, E. (ed.) 2004. Modern views - ancient lands: new work and thought on cultural
landscapes, Oxford: Archaeopress DAA Qto Series BRI 377
Fowler, P. J. 2004. Landscapes for the World: conserving a global heritage. Macclesfield:
Windgather Press AG FOW
Howard, P. J. 2011. An introduction to landscape. Farnham: Ashgate
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
Morris, R. 2002. Reshaping the Landscape/Rethinking the Land. RSA Lecture.
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/morris_31jan02.pdf
Trow, S. 2002. The Countryside at the Crossroads. Conservation Bulletin 42, 4-9
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 countryside_crossroads.pdf
Whelan, Y. and Moore, N. 2006. Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity: New
Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape. Ashgate. ARCHITECTURE B 20 MOO
Further reading:
Akagawa, N. and Sirisrisak, T. 2008. Cultural Landscapes in Asia and the Pacific:
Implications of the World Heritage Convention, International Journal of Heritage Studies
14(2): 176-191.
Box, P. 1999. GIS and cultural resource management: a manual for heritage managers,
Bangkok: UNESCO AH BOX
Bretherton, J. 2002. Advice on archaeology. Countryside Archaeology Advisors.
Conservation Bulletin 42, 56-7
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 advice_archaeology.pdf
Clark, J., Darlington, J., and Fairclough, G. 2004. Using Historic Landscape
Characterisation. English Heritage & Lancashire County Council AG Qto CLA

Droste, B V, Plachter, H & Rossler, M (eds) 1995. Cultural landscapes of universal value,
Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag AG 20 DRO
English Heritage 2002. Caring for heritage on your farm. The Entry Level Scheme and
historic features. English Heritage MAS/Organisations/English
Heritage/Entry_Level_Agri_Env.pdf
English Heritage 2002. Coastal defence: Caring for our coastal heritage. English Heritage
leaflet MAS/Organisations English Heritage/coastal_defence.pdf
English Heritage 2009. Capitalising on the inherited landscape. An introduction to historic
characterisation for master planning. English Heritage
Fairclough, G. 2002. Cultural Landscape; the view from Europe. Conservation Bulletin 42
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 cultural_landscape.pdf
Fairclough, G. (ed.) 2002. Europe's cultural landscape: archaeologists and the management
of change. Brussels, Belgium: Europae Archaiologiae Consilium AG Qto FA
Fowler, P. J. 2003. World Heritage Cultural Landscapes 1992-2002. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Misc/Fowler cultural landscapes.pdf
Grenville, J. (ed.) 1999. Managing the historic rural environment. London: Routledge
AG GRE
Hodges, R & Martin, S 2000. Protecting a 'homeric landscape'. The making of the Burtrint
National Park, Albania, Conservation and management of archaeological sites 4, 185-188
Howard, P J 2011. An introduction to landscape. Farnham: Ashgate
GEOGRAPHY H 10 HOW
introduction. 2nd edition. Stroud: Sutton AG HUN
IIles, R. 1991. Conservation archaeology on the North York Moors, in White, R F & Iles, R
(eds) Archaeology in National Parks. York. National Parks Staff, 28-34 DAA 100 WHI
Ingle, C 2011. Aerial archaeology in Essex: the role of the National Mapping Programme in
interpreting the landscape. Chelmsford: Historic Environment, Essex County Council
DAA Qto Series EAA 136
Lennon, J., Egloff, B., Davey, A. & Taylor, K. 1999. Conserving the cultural values of
natural areas: a discussion paper. Australian ICOMOS MAS/Organisations/Australian
ICOMOS/Conserving the Cultural Values of Natural Areas.pdf
Lozny, L. R. (ed.) 2006. Landscapes under pressure: theory and practice of cultural heritage
research and preservation. New York: Springer AG LOZ
Mattingly, D. J., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al'Fasatwi, Y. and Gadgood, K. (eds.) 2006. The
Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage. Society for Libyan Studies
Meier, T. (ed.) 2006. Landscape Ideologies. Budapest: Archaeolingua
Olivier, A. 2002. Englands wetlands. Monuments at risk. Conservation Bulletin 42, 40-45
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/CB 42 2002 wetlands.pdf

Roberts, P. and Trow, S. 2002. Taking to the Water: English Heritages initial policy for the
management of maritime archaeology in England. English Heritage
MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/maritime.pdf
Roca, Z., Claval, P., and Agnew, J. (eds) 2011. Landscapes, identities and development.
Farnham: Ashgate SCIENCE
Smith, K. 1999. Sustainable Landscape Management: Peak practice and theory, in Grenville,
J. (ed.) Managing the Historic Rural Landscape, Routledge, 111-117 AG GRE
Smout, T. C. (ed.) 2002. Understanding the historical landscape in its environmental setting,
Dalkeith, Scotland: Scottish Cultural Press DAA 100 SMO
Stout, G 2002. Newgrange and the bend of the Boyne. Cork: Cork University Press
DAA 710 Qto STO
UNESCO 2003. Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation. Workshop 11-12
November 2002, Ferrara Italy. UNESCO: Paris
MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Misc/Cultural landscapes the challenges of conservation.pdf

Session 35 (lecture): Case study: Cathedrals: places of worships & historic
buildings. Marrying different values (Anne Locke, Church of England)
This lecture will explore the background to the ecclesiastical planning system in the UK, and
then examine some case studies focusing on cathedral sites. This will be followed by some
practical exercises and a discussion.
Key reading:
See the ChurchCare website www.churchcare.co.uk
Especially the Cathedrals section and glossary http://www.churchcare.co.uk/about-
us/glossary
The Cathedrals Fabric Commission short report & statistic:
http://www.churchcare.co.uk/images/CATHEDRALS_STATS_2012_-
_Web_Version_SMALL_FILE_450KB.pdf
A lot of the values expressed by cathedral stakeholder are set out in the research report
Spiritual Capital: http://www.theosthinktank.co.uk/publications/2012/10/12/spiritual-
capital-the-present-and-future-of-english-cathedrals
Further reading:
English Heritage 2009. Creativity and care: new works in English cathedrals. English
Heritage MAS/Organisations/English Heritage/Cathedrals/creativity-and-care (to parts)
Shackley, M. 2001. Managing sacred sites: service provision and visitor experience. London:
Continuum AH SHA


Session 36 (lecture): Management of archaeological resources in the coastal zone
(Joe Flatman)
The coastal zone provides a major challenge, and opportunity, for the management of
archaeological resources. Often a rich area for research, with coastal installations and
changing sea levels, it is increasingly under threat from climate change and managed
retreats. How should we approach the management of this resource? What is the balance
between documentation and conservation, especially when the latter can be very expensive?
How can it be integrated in other concerns, such as environmental protection?
Key reading:
English Heritage, Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England 1996.
England's coastal heritage: a statement on the management of coastal archaeology. London:
English Heritage AG Qto ENG
Flatman, J. (ed.) 2009. Special issue on maritime heritage, Conservation and Management of
Archaeological Sites 11.1
Fulford, M, Champion, T and Long, A 1997. England's coastal heritage: a survey for English
Heritage and the RCHME, London: English Heritage; Royal Commission on the Historical
Monuments of England DAA 410 Qto FUL
introduction. 2nd edition. Stroud: Sutton, especially chapter 7 AG HUN
Roberts, P. and Trow, S. 2002. Taking to the Water: English Heritages Initial Policy for the
Management of Maritime Archaeology in England. Downloadable from: http://www.english-
heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/maritime_arch_policy.pdf
Further reading:
DEFRA 2006. Shoreline Management Plan Guidance, HMSO
Dromgode, S. (ed) 2006. The protection of the underwater cultural heritage: national
perspectives in light of the UNESCO Convention 2001. (2
nd
edition) Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff
AG 20 DRO
Grenier, R., Nutley, D., and Cochran, I. (eds) 2006. Underwater cultural heritage at risk:
managing natural and human impacts. Munich: ICOMOS
Howard, P. and Pinder, D. 2003. Cultural heritage and sustainability in the coastal zone:
experiences in south west England, Journal of Cultural Heritage 4(1), 57-68

Session 37 (practical): Statements of significance (Tim Williams)
A practical session looking at the background, aims and construction of Statements of
Significance, in advance of the third piece of coursework.


Session 38 (lecture): The Silk Roads - a case study in a serial trans-boundary
nomination strategies (Tim Williams)
Representivity on the World Heritage list has become a major issue. In 1996, the World
Heritage Committee launched the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and
Credible World Heritage List: the aim was to ensure that the List reflects the world's cultural
and natural diversity of outstanding universal value
One approach to addressing unrepresented regions was to develop large-scale serial
nomination projects, the largest of which is the Silk Roads project across Asia to the
Mediterranean. This lecture will explore the role of the ICOMOS thematic study, the
development of a nomination strategy and approaches to working on trans-boundary and
serial nominations (which require very different strategies to sites within a single State Party
boundary). The lecture will explore the strengths and weaknesses of such approaches.
Key reading:
Ashworth, G.J. and van der Aa, B.J.M. 2006. Strategy and policy for the World Heritage
Convention: goals, practices and future solutions. In Leask, A. and Fyall, A. (eds.) Managing
World Heritage Sites. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 147-158 AG LEA
Jokilehto, J. (with contributions from Henry Cleere, Susan Denyer and Michael Petzet) 2005.
The World Heritage list: filling the gaps: an action plan for the future. Paris: ICOMOS
AG Qto JOK
UNESCO 1996. Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage
List. Paris: UNESCO See various documents in MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/Global
Strategy
UNESCO. 2010. UNESCO World Heritage: Serial Properties and Nominations.
International Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Serial Properties and Nominations,
Ittingen, Switzerland, 25-27 February 2010. UNESCO MAS/Organisations/UNESCO/
Ittingen/Expert_Meeting_Ittingen_Serial_nominations_and_properties.pdf

Session 39 (lecture): Management context, monitoring & evaluating (Tim
Williams)
The wider context of management plans, including financial management, will be explored.
Tools and techniques to evaluate the implementation of the management plan. Modifications
to the plan may be introduced as a result of this evaluation. Examples of improvements and
responses to problems identified during the evaluation process.
Key reading:
East and North Africa. Washington: The World Bank, 41-55. Available at:
MacLean, F. 2009. Heritage Marketing Management. London: Routledge on order
World Bank & UNESCO 1999. Florence conference on Culture and Sustainable
Development. MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/ {various files}

World Bank 1999. Summary report of the World Bank cultural site management workshop,
26-30 April 1999. Sustainable Developments 24(5), 1-10 MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/WB/sustainable development workshop.pdf
World Bank 2001. Cultural Heritage and Development. A Framework for Action in the
Middle East and North Africa. World Bank: Washington MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/WB/CH in ME and NA.pdf
See the World Bank website at: http://web.worldbank.org/

Session 40: Conclusions & review (Tim Williams)


10 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
10.1 Communication
The primary channel of communication within the Institute of Archaeology is e-mail. If you
wish to be contacted on your personal or work e-mail address, please arrange for e-mail sent
to your UCL address to be forwarded to your other address, since staff and other students will
expect to be able to reach you through your College e-mail, which they can find on the UCL
web-site. Students must consult their e-mail regularly, as well as the student pigeon-holes in
the Basement Common Room for written communications. Please also ensure that you keep
your contact details (especially your telephone number) up to date on Portico, in case you
need to be contacted.
10.2 Attendance
Registers will be taken at all classes, and Departments are required to report the attendance of
each student to UCL Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. If you are unable to
attend a class, please email the course co-ordinator to explain, in order to ensure that there is a
record of the reasons for your absence.
It is a College regulation that attendance at lectures, seminars and practicals be monitored. A
70% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required (excluding absences due to
illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical
certificates or other documentation, as appropriate).
Students should also be aware that potential employers seeking references often ask about
attendance and other indications of reliability.
10.3 Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institutes coursework guidelines from Judy Medringtons office (411A).
10.4 Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with
holdings of particular relevance to this course are the Anthropology and Bartlett libraries.
10.5 Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please
discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students
with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
10.6 Health and Safety
The Institute has a Health and Safety policy and code of practice which provides guidance on
laboratory work, etc. This is revised annually and the new edition will be issued in due
course. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these guidelines and students have
a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. This is particularly important in
the context of the laboratory/field/placement work which will be undertaken as part of your
degree.

10.7 Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback during the course
of the year. Students will be asked to fill-in Progress Forms at the end of each term, which the
Degree Co-ordinator will discuss with them, which include space for comment on each of
their courses.
At the end of each course all students are asked to give their views on the course in an
anonymous questionnaire, which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course.
These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the
course. The summarised responses are considered by the Degree Co-ordinator, the Institute's
Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching
Committee.
If students are concerned about any aspect of a specific course, we hope they will feel able to
talk to the relevant Course Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, or have more
general concerns, they should consult their Personal Tutor, Academic Administrator (Judy
Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Dr. Karen Wright).


APPENDIX 1: USB FLASH DRIVE
Introduction
There are six areas on the USB flash drive:
1. Charters: copies of some of the major charters, international conventions, etc.
relevant to our topic.
2. Management Plans: a variety of plans, not all archaeological, from around the world.
3. Organisations: material, often policy or guidance documents, organised by specific
organisations (e.g. UNESCO, ICOMOS, English Heritage).
4. Regional papers: some papers relating to specific parts of the world, and within those
sometimes to specific countries.
5. Site Management themes: papers organised by topics, such as Archaeological Parks,
Buffer zones, Ethics, etc.
6. Workshops: some papers relating to specific workshops and/or approaches to
workshops.
Some of the papers on this drive are referenced in the main handbook reading (indicated by
the orange references which tell you which directory to look in (e.g. MAS/Site Management
themes/Cultural tourism/Florence/ {various files}), and often give the specific filename (e.g.
MAS/Site Management themes/Cultural tourism/WB/CH in ME and NA.pdf).
Browse the USB to explore its content.
Files: PDF format
Most of the files on the USB are in Portable Document Format (PDF). Adobe Reader XI
is free software that lets you view and print PDF files on a variety of devices and operating
systems. This is now standard on many computers including all the machines in our cluster
rooms.
You can download it for free from: http://www.adobe.com/uk/products/reader.html
Follow the instructions to download the appropriate version for your machine.
Copyright
As most of the material on this USB is copyrighted, you must observe the copyright
conditions scrupulously. These permit you to read the USB on your computer and to make
hard copies for your personal use. They do not permit you to make either copies of the USB
or hard copies for other people.

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