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Orissa(Dhenkenal &
Kalahandi)
Uttar Pradesh
(Moradabad &
Maharajganj)
Overall, we may say that out of 10 questions, on the average the students were able to do about 4
sums correctly in Orissa and 6 correctly in Uttar Pradesh. Students had mastered the skill of
addition in both states and of subtraction in only one state, namely, Uttar Pradesh. Performance
of students on division sums was a slightly better than that on Multiplication sums. Performance
on questions relating to `Time was poor in both the states (less than 20%). The concept of
fraction (1/4) as shown in a shaded figure was clear to more students in Uttar Pradesh than in
Chart 23
30
Orissa. Also on Money and measurement problems the students of Orissa performed poorly
in comparison to those of Uttar Pradesh.
It is a matter of concern if after four years of schooling, students do not get
equipped with these basic numeracy skills which are so important in ones
daily life
31
CHAPTER V
Conclusions & Suggestions
The present study was conducted in four states (Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh). In these states DPEP was implemented between 1997-98 and 2002-03 in a few selected
districts. In this report only the findings for Karnataka, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh are included.
The results of the study in Maharashtra could not be included due to some flaws found in the
data during data analysis.
The broad objectives of this study were i) to find out whether the schools have maintained or
improved on their performance in respect of learning outcomes as measured by the achievement
tests used in TAS for the penultimate grade of primary cycle ii) to find out to what extent
students at the end of primary cycle have acquired the basic numeracy and literacy skills and iii)
to study the contribution of school and home background factors to achievement of students. In
this report only the first two objectives have been addressed.
For the first objective, students achievement level was compared with the achievement level of
students of the same grade in the same schools two years earlier when Terminal Assessment
Survey (TAS) was conducted for DPEP. The same tests that were used in TAS were
administered to the students in this study for checking whether the achievement level had
remained the same or had improved or declined after a gap of 2 years since the completion of
DPEP. For the second objective, in addition to the TAS tests, simple tests of reading and writing
in language and doing simple arithmetic sums, were also administered to assess the literacy and
numeracy level of the students.
The study was conducted in two districts which had medium achievement in TAS in each state.
The findings reported here are for the three states: Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. The
districts were Dhenkanal and Kalahandi in Orissa; Bellary and Mysore in Karnataka; and
Maharajganj and Moradabad in Uttar Pradesh. Two States (Orissa and Uttar Pradesh) had
primary cycle of 5 years whereas Karnataka had primary cycle of 4 years. The same fifty schools
in which TAS was administered in these districts were chosen for testing the students. Students
studying in the penultimate class of the primary cycle were tested.
Data on school infrastructure, teachers and home background of students was collected using
questionnaires for schools, teachers and students. While TAS tests in language and Mathematics
were used to assess students achievement, the tests for measuring literacy and numeracy were
developed specifically for this study. The tests had three components: Reading aloud, Writing
skill and Reading Comprehension. Each component was given equal weightage.
The average achievement could be considered as satisfactory in Uttar Pradesh but quite poor in
Karnataka and Orissa, the mean scores (average of two district) in language and mathematics
respectively being 72.7 and 64.5 in Uttar Pradesh, 38.9 and 39.9 in Karnataka and 41.1 and
45.6 in Orissa. Comparison of mean scores (expressed as percentage of maximum marks) in
32
language and mathematics in TAS of 2003 was made with the mean scores of the presented
Repeat Assessment Survey (RAS,2005) to see whether there was any significant increase or
decrease in achievement level of students after two years since the cessation of DPEP.
State District Language Mathematics
M*-TAS M*-RAS Diff. M*-TAS M*-RAS Diff.
Karnata
ka
Bellary 40.6 31.9 -8.6 37.5 26.9 -10.6
Mysore 40.3 26.3 -14.0 39.1 27.2 -11.9
Orissa Dhenkenal 41.5 54.3 12.8 48.3 43.4 -4.9
Kalahandi 40.6 45.3 4.7 41.9 33.9 -8.0
Uttar
Pradesh
Maharajganj 71.9 57.7 -14.14 64.2 51.9 -12.3
Moradabad 73.9 64.5 - 9.45 64.9 57.9 -7.0
M = Mean (%)
In Orissa, there was decrease in the mean score in Mathematics and an increase in mean score in
language in both districts between TAS and the present the Repeat Assessment Survey (RAS).
In Dhenkenal, the mean score declined from 48.3 in TAS to 43.4 in RAS in Mathematics and
increased from 41.5 in TAS to 54.3 in RAS in Language. In Kalahandi, the mean score declined
from 41.9 in TAS to 33.9 in RAS in mathematics and increased from 40.6 in TAS to 45.3 in
RAS in language.
In Uttar Pradesh, in both the districts achievement scores showed decline in both subjects
Language and Mathematics between TAS and RAS. In Maharajganj, the mean score declined
from 64.2 in TAS to 51.9 in RAS in Mathematics and from 71.9 in TAS to 57.7 in RAS in
Language. In Moradabad, the mean score declined from 64.9 in TAS to 57.9 in RAS in
mathematics and from 73.9 in TAS to 64.5 in RAS in language.
In Karnataka too, the achievement scores showed considerable decline. In mathematics, the
mean score in TAS were 37.5 and 39.1 in Bellary and Mysore respectively which declined to
26.9 and 27.2 in the two districts in RAS-05. Similarly in language, achievement scores in TAS
were 40.6 and 40.3 in Bellary and Mysore respectively which declined to 31.9 and 26.3 in the
two districts in RAS-05.
Achievement in literacy tests indicate that around one fourth of the students in Karnataka
(27.1%) and Orissa (27.6%) could be deemed as literate. In Uttar Pradesh, the picture was better
with more than half (54.2%) of students being in this group. Very few students were found to be
fully literate that is who scored 75% and above. Only 0.5% in Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh and
1.3% in Orissa scored over 75% marks in literacy test. In all the three states, students
achievement in reading comprehension was higher than that in reading aloud and writing. They
could read silently and get gist of what was written but could not read aloud fluently and made
errors in pronunciation of words.
Development of numeracy skill was observed to be inadequate with more than half of the
students scoring below 40% marks in the numeracy test in Karnataka (60.7%) and Orissa
33
(53.7%). In Uttar Pradesh achievement was much better as only 15% of the students scored
below 40% marks.
Results of the study raise concern about the learning experiences being provided to the children
in schools. Overall low achievement of students in general and low achievement in basic literacy
skills in particular, indicate that much more needs to be done to improve teaching learning in
classrooms in order to equip children with basic knowledge along with understanding and
application of knowledge, development of oral expression and writing skill.
In order to remedy the situation, it is important to review teachers training programme/s for
primary teachers. Both pre-service and in-service training programmes need to be critically
examined to prepare teachers for teaching in a manner that stimulate childrens curiosity , make
classroom learning attractive for children and eventually help in enhancing the achievement level
of the children completing primary cycle and making them literate and numerate in true sense.
34
Annexure I
Word list used for assessing reading skills in Orissa
35
Annexure II
Subject: Mathematics , Number of Items: 40
State: Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
Number Students Tested: Orissa- 1669, Uttar Pradesh-1848
Mean Score and SD of the Test: Orissa- 15.56 &7.8 ; Uttar Pradesh-21.8& 5.1
Reliability (Cronback Alfa): Orissa- 879, Uttar Pradesh-0.67
Orissa Uttar Pradesh
Item No Facility
value
*DI $ Average
Achievement
Point
Biserial
Facility
Value
*DI $ Average
Achievement
Point
Biserial
m1 81.786 0.348 16.76 0.3264 94.859 0.067 21.93 0.1011
m2 56.860 0.412 17.88 0.3419 50.595 0.220 22.76 0.1899
m3 54.284 0.639 18.99 0.4798 75.487 0.353 22.64 0.2877
m4 46.075 0.559 19.45 0.4616 65.855 0.430 23.01 0.3293
m5 69.802 0.384 17.29 0.3376 84.199 0.228 22.29 0.2187
m6 51.228 0.534 18.84 0.4315 58.496 0.408 23.07 0.2956
m7 36.010 0.514 20.29 0.4555 53.950 0.424 23.13 0.2824
m8 35.470 0.224 17.74 0.2075 53.139 0.392 23.28 0.3094
m9 42.301 0.373 18.51 0.3242 80.574 0.335 22.54 0.2936
m10 63.331 0.621 18.49 0.4943 82.035 0.319 22.52 0.2997
m11 39.425 0.463 19.16 0.3728 42.911 0.310 23.24 0.2450
m12 55.662 0.634 18.95 0.4876 71.753 0.322 22.64 0.2613
m13 45.416 0.576 19.66 0.4801 71.753 0.353 22.68 0.2739
m14 26.123 0.412 15.56 0.0000 39.610 0.539 24.33 0.4035
m15 45.896 0.514 18.99 0.4055 63.366 0.339 22.77 0.2495
m16 37.268 0.510 19.70 0.4096 63.041 0.344 22.87 0.2736
m17 31.935 0.510 20.97 0.4757 42.478 0.306 23.26 0.2463
m18 46.195 0.603 19.74 0.4972 72.078 0.295 22.53 0.2285
m19 43.080 0.621 19.95 0.4903 51.732 0.426 23.35 0.3151
m20 36.369 0.636 20.71 0.4998 50.379 0.479 23.66 0.3685
m21 24.506 0.339 20.25 0.3430 41.180 0.288 23.07 0.2084
m22 19.173 0.220 19.17 0.2257 41.883 0.202 22.75 0.1577
m23 50.449 0.667 19.47 0.5065 73.160 0.348 22.66 0.2772
m24 51.768 0.639 19.30 0.4974 81.277 0.120 22.16 0.1438
m25 37.268 0.627 20.73 0.5115 54.113 0.525 23.61 0.3864
m26 35.351 0.386 19.44 0.3683 42.424 0.304 23.22 0.2392
m27 20.791 0.304 21.07 0.3624 36.634 0.290 23.35 0.2314
m28 27.861 0.472 21.13 0.4444 37.554 0.399 23.83 0.3097
m29 15.458 0.182 20.04 0.2459 33.117 0.483 24.63 0.3923
m30 27.382 0.379 20.29 0.3728 36.688 0.417 23.88 0.3115
m31 26.603 0.517 22.18 0.5116 39.827 0.319 23.28 0.2364
m32 33.074 0.561 20.38 0.4350 43.994 0.348 23.27 0.2558
m33 23.607 0.339 20.85 0.3775 27.110 0.235 23.47 0.2001
m34 45.237 0.674 20.26 0.5484 33.983 0.191 22.98 0.1659
m35 32.534 0.481 20.52 0.4422 59.416 0.408 23.04 0.2941
m36 43.679 0.588 19.78 0.4771 60.552 0.395 23.11 0.3183
m37 26.123 0.519 22.22 0.5084 40.747 0.348 23.50 0.2770
m38 27.561 0.479 21.29 0.4537 48.810 0.346 23.13 0.2547
m39 26.303 0.239 19.31 0.2876 47.348 0.395 23.39 0.2962
m40 16.657 0.222 20.06 0.2582 33.009 0.386 23.94 0.2956
Average 38.898 54.528
*DI - DISCRIMINATION INDEX
$ Average achievement - MEAN OF STUDENTS WITH CORRECT RESPONSE
36
Subject: Word Knowledge, Number of Items: 35
State: Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
Number Students Tested: Orissa- 1669, Uttar Pradesh-1848
Mean Score and SD of the Test: Orissa- 19.59 &7.14; Uttar Pradesh-21.7 & 4.28
Reliability (Cronback Alfa): Orissa- 859, Uttar Pradesh-0.492
Orissa Uttar Pradesh
Item no Facility
value
*DI $Average
Achievement
Point
biserial
Facility
value
*DI $AVERAGE
ACHIEVMENT
Point
Biserial
W1 75.974 0.268 20.67 0.2690 89.502 0.093 21.87 0.1146
W2 73.637 0.483 21.48 0.4424 74.459 0.304 22.29 0.2346
W3 60.096 0.521 22.14 0.4383 63.690 0.428 22.68 0.3027
W4 64.649 0.596 22.19 0.4924 73.810 0.304 22.40 0.2738
W5 56.501 0.616 22.74 0.5028 62.825 0.455 22.83 0.3427
W6 57.100 0.619 22.71 0.5041 72.457 0.348 22.44 0.2797
W7 66.147 0.603 22.15 0.5012 64.773 0.499 22.89 0.3765
W8 61.354 0.557 22.25 0.4694 64.177 0.368 22.58 0.2746
W9 57.879 0.532 22.17 0.4236 53.247 0.441 23.01 0.3262
W10 42.421 0.290 21.85 0.2717 55.303 0.273 22.48 0.2022
W11 60.635 0.470 21.88 0.3981 63.636 0.169 22.11 0.1261
W12 48.352 0.455 22.55 0.4011 57.305 0.200 22.31 0.1646
W13 55.662 0.443 21.92 0.3656 64.502 0.071 21.98 0.0876
W14 59.377 0.621 22.36 0.4690 61.310 0.277 22.42 0.2112
W15 44.877 0.353 21.97 0.3008 52.381 0.517 23.25 0.3794
W16 56.681 0.503 22.09 0.4005 66.775 0.346 22.55 0.2809
W17 55.003 0.552 22.45 0.4429 56.061 0.550 23.25 0.4086
W18 63.811 0.592 22.31 0.5059 66.288 0.381 22.54 0.2746
W19 57.280 0.623 22.64 0.4946 62.554 0.521 22.92 0.3679
W20 55.902 0.636 22.80 0.5062 63.203 0.366 22.57 0.2659
W21 60.096 0.375 21.50 0.3283 72.835 0.317 22.38 0.2595
W22 49.251 0.459 22.29 0.3725 55.032 0.375 22.85 0.2968
W23 55.123 0.479 22.28 0.4175 53.842 0.368 22.84 0.2872
W24 58.658 0.537 22.29 0.4504 64.502 0.284 22.45 0.2356
W25 51.768 0.435 22.06 0.3584 56.602 0.186 22.22 0.1383
W26 57.400 0.647 22.80 0.5219 55.790 0.432 22.95 0.3276
W27 55.063 0.517 22.25 0.4124 62.987 0.322 22.54 0.2555
W28 44.578 0.233 21.65 0.2588 63.853 0.399 22.69 0.3069
W29 52.487 0.441 22.00 0.3548 47.781 0.186 22.44 0.1650
W30 46.016 0.443 22.51 0.3776 56.926 0.412 22.88 0.3165
W31 47.394 0.419 22.31 0.3616 61.797 0.302 22.45 0.2223
W32 47.633 0.508 22.67 0.4114 52.002 0.286 22.69 0.2403
W33 45.237 0.530 22.84 0.4137 58.063 0.166 22.24 0.1479
W34 57.519 0.643 22.58 0.4873 62.662 0.195 22.25 0.1659
W35 56.561 0.525 22.18 0.4139 57.251 0.277 22.47 0.2077
Average 55.946 62.005
*DI - DISCRIMINATION INDEX
$ Average achievement - MEAN OF STUDENTS WITH CORRECT RESPONSE
37
Subject: Reading Comprehension, Number of Items: 35
State: Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
Number Students Tested: Orissa- 1669, Uttar Pradesh-1848
Mean Score and SD of the Test: Orissa- 15.43 & 7.22; Uttar Pradesh-20.77& 5.11
Reliability (Cronback Alfa): Orissa- 0.867, Uttar Pradesh-0.717
Orissa Uttar Pradesh
ITEM NO
FACILITY
VALUE
*DI $Average
Achievement
POINT
BISERIAL
FACILITY
VALUE
*DI $Average
Achievement
POINT
BISERIAL
R1 70.042 0.297 16.67 0.2613 90.043 0.104 20.98 0.1234
R2 66.327 0.466 17.34 0.3700 78.139 0.208 21.25 0.1774
R3 52.846 0.506 18.25 0.4124 61.310 0.490 22.23 0.3592
R4 35.111 0.390 18.85 0.3476 49.567 0.426 22.43 0.3217
R5 50.989 0.519 18.26 0.3988 61.093 0.443 22.21 0.3527
R6 38.886 0.357 18.17 0.3019 48.701 0.397 22.32 0.2952
R7 36.189 0.392 18.86 0.3569 45.076 0.344 22.30 0.2709
R8 40.683 0.521 18.43 0.3433 70.292 0.401 21.74 0.2916
R9 63.032 0.550 17.87 0.4400 73.810 0.421 21.79 0.3347
R10 60.156 0.548 17.98 0.4328 67.045 0.395 21.83 0.2955
R11 32.055 0.239 17.56 0.2020 58.442 0.421 22.13 0.3152
R12 42.840 0.426 18.16 0.3265 60.119 0.379 22.03 0.3024
R13 53.445 0.559 18.50 0.4545 69.589 0.481 22.06 0.3814
R14 36.609 0.472 19.29 0.4054 45.833 0.461 22.69 0.3452
R15 31.875 0.554 20.59 0.4880 51.245 0.472 22.53 0.3527
R16 34.332 0.634 20.61 0.5178 54.924 0.510 22.52 0.3776
R17 38.286 0.472 19.17 0.4071 47.890 0.428 22.39 0.3036
R18 31.216 0.377 19.07 0.3389 43.074 0.439 22.66 0.3214
R19 55.003 0.747 19.28 0.5883 74.892 0.399 21.80 0.3477
R20 50.090 0.743 19.67 0.5871 67.911 0.399 21.90 0.3213
R21 49.011 0.687 19.51 0.5529 69.426 0.512 22.12 0.3976
R22 48.892 0.690 19.66 0.5719 61.472 0.514 22.31 0.3802
R23 54.883 0.468 18.13 0.4113 34.416 0.330 22.67 0.2690
R24 44.817 0.636 19.48 0.5045 60.823 0.550 22.44 0.4067
R25 59.257 0.692 18.69 0.5432 76.299 0.439 21.82 0.3682
R26 24.086 0.266 19.25 0.2974 50.487 0.497 22.57 0.3553
R27 41.941 0.690 20.08 0.5464 65.314 0.461 22.07 0.3487
R28 35.770 0.490 19.54 0.4239 48.052 0.350 22.14 0.2575
R29 38.167 0.517 19.47 0.4387 52.868 0.257 21.68 0.1884
R30 44.757 0.501 18.92 0.4341 74.729 0.297 21.57 0.2689
R31 36.309 0.610 20.33 0.5115 50.271 0.341 22.03 0.2476
R32 40.084 0.621 19.78 0.4918 55.790 0.435 22.18 0.3096
R33 33.613 0.357 18.91 0.3422 54.329 0.355 22.00 0.2622
R34 33.253 0.424 19.52 0.3990 54.708 0.377 22.15 0.2965
R35 38.526 0.373 18.27 0.3106 49.026 0.213 21.60 0.1591
AVERAGE 44.097 59.343
*DI - DISCRIMINATION INDEX
$ Average achievement - MEAN OF STUDENTS WITH CORRECT RESPONSE