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2
and
that is usually applied to some dielectric liquids.
With solutions of diesel oil with additives no clear
saturation. In this case, applying Thomson's theory,
saturation should occur at electric fields higher than 1
MV/m. However for these fields other phenomena
like increase of bulk creation of charge carriers or
injection.
Theoretical models of both phenomena are reported in
several works[4]. First one is described with the
theory of Onsager of field enhancement of
dissociation constant of equilibrium 1.
K
d
K
d
I e E U
e E U
=
0
1 0
2
0
4
2
/ ( )
/ ( )
In this formulae K
d0
is the dissociation constant at
the thermodynamic equilibrium, I
1
is the modified
Bessel function of first kind and order 1 and
L e E U =
0
2
/ ( )
where e
o
is the electron charge and U the thermal
potential equal to kT/e
0,
with k Boltzman's constant.
In solutions of hydrocarbons with surfactants this
theory has been also applied to describe the
enhancement of constant K
d1
of equilibrium 2 [8]
Current density j of some injection models where free
ions must escape from the image barrier [4] are
expressed by
j K
ech
q
a
=
with K
ech
D x
i
x
a
x
a
E
o
U
K L L
=
+ 2
1
2
exp ( / / )
( / )
where D mean diffusion constant of ions, x
a
is the
minimum distance of approach of an ion to the
electrode wall, x
i
e
U
=
0
16
and q
a
is the charge
density at the plane x
a.
This charge density is usually
estimated with q
a
A =
2
with A a coefficient taht
depends on liquid caracteristics.[Castellanos]
Both theories give similar results in our case and these
predictions fits well with our experiments. However
this theoretical analyses can not distinguish the role of
each phenomena. Transient reponse enable us to
explain this.
Transient regime
Transient reponse is obtained with the system of
figure 1 operating with an oscilloscope Tektronic
P7001. Time constants of the whole measurement
systems are about 1 ms.
At low electric fields transient phenomena are faster
than the time constants of the measurement system
and from the decay of current with time no useful
information can be obtained.
A typical transient reponse at higher electric fields is
shown in figure 5. It is composed by an initial plateau
of current Io with time, then an increase of it until
time T
t
when a maximum I
mx
is recorded and then a
decrease towards the steady value.
In figure 6 we show the dependence of T
t
with
electrode voltage. In a first region of these curves time
T
t
depends linearly with voltage. In a second region
this linearity is lost. The expression of transit time of
ions from one electrode to the other of injection
models in isolating liquids with the simpler models is
T
t
d
V
=
2
(3)
where we see that T
t
is inversely proportional to V as
can be verified in the first region of our curves.
Non linearity in the second region is usually explained
by the influence of electroconvection phenomena.
In figure 7 we show the dependence of T
t
with
electrode spacing. It is observed that time Tt
dependence with d is not quadratic as should be
expected from formulae (3). This and the initial
plateau of current Io with time shows that residual
conduction phenomena is also present.
Figure 8 and figure 9 shows the quotient of I
mx
with
Io as a function of V for pure diesel oil and diesel oil
with additives respectively. This quotient is a good
parameter to estimate the relative importance of
injection and residual conduction.
As this quotient is higher for pure diesel oil than for
diesel oil with additives, we can think that injection is
much more important in the first case.
For diesel oil solutions with additives this quotient is
quite close to 1 so a low level of injection seems to
occur. This agrees with other researcher's results of
some pure hydrocarbons with surfactants where no
injection is observed. This ihas been explained by the
large size of this micelles and its difficulty to have a
close approach to the electrode.
So, for diesel oil with additive, at high electric fields
we think that at least two kinds of charge carriers are
present, one minoritary proceeds from injection
(maybe the same of pure diesel oil) and the other
majority, of larger size, from the dissociation of the
reversed micelles.
Though transient response is only qualitatively
predicted by theories of injection in isolating liquids, a
rough estimation of a kind of mean ionic mobility
can be obtained with formulae 3
Table 2 shows us this mean mobilities. Also we show
in the third and fifth column the product of this mean
mobility and coefficient of dynamic viscosity .
Walden's law predicts that his product should be
constant at different temperatures. This table shows us
that this law is satisfactorily verified.
TABLE 2
T
K
10
-8
m
2
/Vs
10
-8
cPo m
2
/Vs
10
-8
m
2
/Vs
10
-8
cPo m
2
/Vs
0 ppm 10 ppm
293 1.05 2.81 1.66 4.44
303 1.21 2.44 2.22 4.48
313 1.59 2.56 2.50 4.02
323 1.96 2.7 2.86 3.94
Conclusions
In this paper we have studied the behaviour of a
commercial diesel oil with a surfactant.
It is shown the influence of liquid temperature and
surfactant concentrartion on some useful electrical
parameters as dc conductivity and mean ionic
mobility.
We have verified that theories usually considered for
pure hydrocarbons can be used to describe the
electrical behaviour of this complex mixture at low
and high electric fields.
Acknowledgments
We are very greatful to Dr P.Atten with whom we
have held very fruitful discussions.
References
1. G.Artana, Thse doctorale, Universit de Poitiers,
1995.
2. Douwes Van der Waarden
3. Klinkenberg
4. Peersons
5. Denat, Thse doctorale, Universit de Grenoble
6 Adamczewsky
7 Thomson
8 Randriamalala, Thse doctorale, Universit de
Grenoble