Statistics

Each unit is a sequence of lessons on a particular Statistics topic.

Each classroom-ready lesson on key Statistics concepts within a unit includes:
Teacher notes (PDF) - use to effectively prepare and conduct each lesson. Open using Adobe Reader for best
viewing.
TI-Nspire document (TNS) - explore math concepts using TI-Nspire technology and the student activity.
Transfer the TNS file to your students.
Student activity - print and share the Adobe PDF with your students or customize the Microsoft Word file to
customize the lesson for your students.
Built-in product tutorials - for just-in-time learning of basic TI-Nspire skills. Use Adobe Flash Player for best
viewing.
You can match these classroom-ready lessons to your course of instruction by aligning them to textbooks, curriculum standards
and assessment standards. The lessons for Middle Grades Math, Statistics and Precalculus were designed for the TI-Nspire
handheld operating system (OS) and computer software version 3.0 or later.

Displaying and Describing Univariate Data
Univariate data is quantitative if the individual observations are numerical responses: Numerical operations generally have
meaning and the variables have units. In these lessons, students investigate center and spread, standard deviation as a measure
of spread, histograms and boxplots. Students will create and describe graphs and identify and analyze the important
characteristics of their graphs.
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This lesson involves the interpretation of different types of histograms: frequency histograms, relative frequency histograms,
and density histograms.
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In this activity, students will examine sample ages from three countries displayed in a spreadsheet and in relative frequency
histograms that highlight the distinctive features of the distribution of the ages from each sample.
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This lesson involves representing distributions of data using boxplots.
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This lesson involves analyzing three parallel boxplots.
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Students will recognize that the mean and standard deviation (SD) and the median and interquartile range (IQR) are two ways
to measure center and spread.
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This lesson is intended as an introductory activity to the concept of standard deviation.
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This lesson involves gaining a basic understanding of what standard deviation is measuring by examining the location of data
around the mean.
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Students will identify and interpret the mean geometrically as the location of the coins on the ruler such that the sum of the
distances on either side of the mean is the same.

Normal Distributions
Distributions whose shapes are unimodal and approximately symmetric can be modeled by a normal distribution. In these
lessons, students will investigate families of normal distributions and their characteristics, create and analyze normal
probability plots, investigate z-scores and transform skewed univariate data.
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Students will investigate the relationship of the equation of a normal curve to its graph. They will use a slider to change the
values of two parameters, and !, to investigate their effects on the normal curve, noting in particular that m represents the
location of the mean and that s represents the distance from the mean to the curve
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This lesson involves finding the area under the standard normal curve with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 for a given
distance from the mean and compare this to the area under the curve for another member of the family of normal curves.
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In this activity, students will learn four characteristics of a normal curve: the distribution is symmetric and mound-shaped; the
mean and median are approximately equal; the distribution meets the 68-95.5-99.7 rule; and the normal probability plot is
linear. They will use these to determine if a data set it normal.
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This lesson involves creating a normal probability plot for several data sets involving height to examine the appearance of such
plots when the distribution is approximately normal.
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This lesson involves examining multiple samples taken from a single approximately normal population.
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Students use the area to the left of a value in a normal distribution to find its percentile and then reverse the process to find the
value for a given percentile.
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This lesson involves square root, logarithmic, square, and exponentiation transformations of skewed univariate data using a
given data set.

Describing Bivariate Data
Bivariate data indicates a relationship between two variables. In these lessons, students investigate two quantitative variables
through the use of scatterplots, outliers and influential points, the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination and
the least-squares regression line. Students will create and describe graphs and identify and use the important characteristics of
their graphs.
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This lesson involves analyzing the association between the number of spaces from Go and the cost of the property on a
standard Monopoly board.
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This lesson involves creating a scatterplot and fitting a line to student pulse rates collected before and after exercise.
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This lesson involves a least-squares regression line fit to a set of nine values.
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This lesson involves square root, semi-log, and log-log transformations of curved bivariate data using given data sets.
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This lesson involves predicting values of a particular variable.
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This lesson involves investigating the connection between the scatterplot of bivariate data and the numerical value of the
correlation coefficient.
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In this activity, students will identify outliers that are influential with respect to the least-squares regression line. Students will
describe the role of the location of a point relative to the other data in determining whether that point has influence on the least-
squares regression line.
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Students will collect data, find the linear regression model of the data, and address aspects of the data that affect regression.
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Probability and Random Variables
A probability distribution describes the range of possible values a random variable can have. In the activities, students
investigate discrete and continuous distributions, explore the Law of Large Numbers, examine two-way tables and use
simulation to estimate solutions to probability problems. They also focus on probability concepts such as conditional
probability, independence and dependence and mutually exclusive events.
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This lesson involves analyzing the results of a survey using a two-way frequency table.
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This lesson involves thinking about probability when additional information is given.
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This lesson involves binomial trials, distributions, and probabilities. Students can create the tns file following the steps in
Binomial_Pdf_Create_Eye_Color, or they can use the premade file Binomial_Pdf_Eye_Color.tns
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This lesson involves simulating tossing two fair dice, recording the sum of the faces, and creating a dotplot of the sums.
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In this activity, students will use a simulation to find the experimental probability of independent events, tossing two coins.
They will find the sample space and then compare the experimental and theoretical probabilities.
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Students will describe how the distribution of a random sample of outcomes provides information about the actual distribution
of outcomes in a discrete sample space. Then they will identify the structure that emerges as more and more data are added to a
distribution (that is, the features of the distribution of random processes stabilize as the sample gets larger). Students will
recognize that relative frequencies of particular outcomes after a few observations are more likely to deviate substantially from
exact values than are relative frequencies based on more observations.
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This lesson involves examining the general shape of binomial distributions for a variety of values of n and p.
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Sampling and Experimentation
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This lesson involves investigating the effectiveness of two mosquito sprays in a large tract of land by using two different
experimental designsone randomized design and one randomized block designs.
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This lesson involves investigating the effectiveness of two mosquito sprays in a large tract of land by using three different
experimental designsone randomized design and two randomized block designs.
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This lesson involves determining which of three different sampling methodsa simple random selection design and two
stratified selection designswould be most beneficial in selecting a survey sample within a given context.
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Compare the results of the three estimation methods to show that random samples of rectangles provide estimates that, on
average, are closer to the true population mean than the other two methods.
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This lesson involves investigating aspects of statistical information reported in the media or other venues, aspects that are often
misunderstood by those unfamiliar with sampling.

Sampling Distributions
The distribution of all possible samples of the same size is known as a sampling distribution. In these lessons, students
investigate the concepts of sampling distributions of sample means and sample proportions and related concepts such as why
the sample standard deviation is calculated by dividing by n-1, the Central Limit Theorem and the n<10%N rule. Students will
simulate data and observe and describe graphs.
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This lesson involves examining samples from a normal population and observing the distribution of the means of those
samples.
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Students will investigate calculating a sample variance using both n and n-1 as the divisor for samples drawn with and without
replacement.
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This lesson involves examining distributions of sample means of random samples of size n from four different populations.
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This lesson involves examining the variability of individual elements and their related standardized test statistics when those
elements are drawn randomly from a given normally-distributed population.
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This lesson involves investigating the differences between the standard deviations of sampling distributions of means for
samples taken from finite populations with and without replacement.

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This lesson involves investigating the relationship between the standard deviation of a population, the area of a set of
rectangles, and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample mean areas of the rectangles.
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This lesson involves investigating how a t-distribution compares to a normal distribution.
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In this lesson, students will estimate the largest number of a population based on random samples from the population, as
statisticians did in WWII.

Confidence Intervals
A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values, calculated from a set of sample data, which is likely to include an
unknown population parameter. The activities in this unit engage students in reasoning about confidence levels, the difference
between confidence levels and confidence intervals, margin of error and the role of sample size. Activities involve confidence
intervals for both sample means and sample proportions.
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Students will interpret a confidence level as the average success rate of the process used to produce an interval intended to
contain the true mean of the population. Students will recognize that as the confidence level increases, on average, the
confidence interval increases in width.
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This lesson involves the concept of confidence intervals as a tool to make statements about a population proportion based on a
given sample.
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This activity involves generating a confidence interval for a population proportion from a random sample of size 100 and
considering how certain one can be that this interval contains the actual population proportion.
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This activity investigates generating a confidence interval for the mean of a random sample of size 100 from an unknown
population.
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Do senior citizens and college students have different memories about high school? The activity Confidence Intervals: 2-
Sample Proportions involves investigating random samples from two populations from a large Midwestern city with respect to
the question: "When you were in high school, did you have a hero?" How can responses from two random samples from each
population be used to estimate the responses of all senior citizens and all college students in this city?
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This lesson involves investigating the confidence interval and hypothesis test for the slope of a regression line.
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Hypothesis Tests
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data from an experiment, survey, or an observational study,
deciding whether the evidence is sufficient to reject the null hypothesis. The lessons in this unit focus on developing
understanding of central inferential concepts. Students generate random samples, set up hypotheses tests and examine the
meaning of p-values and alpha levels, their similarities and differences, Type I and II errors and their connection to power.
They also investigate different tests and their characteristics.
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Students will recognize that the alpha value (significance level of a test) is the relative frequency for sample statistic values that
lead to a "reject the null" conclusion, given that the null hypothesis is actually true. Students will recognize that a sample mean
can lead to a "reject the null" or "fail to reject the null" depending on the alpha level.
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This lesson involves beginning with a null hypothesis specifying the mean of a normally distributed population with a given
standard deviation.
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In this lesson, samples are generated from a population for a particular hypothesis test, leading to the conjecture that the null
hypothesis is actually false.
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This lesson involves deriving and interpreting the chi-square as an indication of whether two variables in a population are
independent or associated.
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This lesson involves approximate sampling distributions obtained from simulations based directly on a single sample. The
focus of the lesson is on conducting hypothesis tests in situations for which the conditions of more traditional methods are not
met.
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This activity allows students to experiment with different alpha levels and alternative hypotheses to investigate the relationship
among types of error and power.
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This activity involves investigating whether a difference really seems to exist between two sample means.
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This lesson involves investigating chi-squared tests and distributions.
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