POLITICS-ADMINISTRATION

1. Woodrow Wilson father of study of Public Administration.

The Study of Public Administration, published in Political
Science quarterly in 1887. Originator of the doctrine of politics-
administration dichotomy.
2. Politics dealt with question of policy formulation.
3. Administration carrying out policy/detailed and systematic
execution of Public Law.
4. Administration acc. to Wilson, is characterized as a field of
business removed from the hurry and strife of politics.
5. William McKinley killed by Leon Czologzs
6. James Garfield killed by Charles Guiteau
7. Abraham Lincoln killed by John Wilkes Booth
8. John F. Kennedy killed by Lee Harvey Oswald
9. Politics Congress & Local Sanggunian Policy formulation
evaluate results and outcomes.
10. Administration Executive implementation monitoring
and assessment of outputs.
11. Politics Policy formulation,
12. Public Administration Policy implementation Public
Outcomes Impacts.
13. Politics authoritative statement.
14. Political Will the will of Decisive action.
15. Policy is whatever the govt opted to do and not to do.
16. Public Policy consist of political decisions.
17. Big Policies National from the 3 branches product of
politics
18. Small Policies Local product of plotics.
19. Political Activity involves the exercise of power, especially
the mobilization of various kinds of resources in order to achieve
a chosen set of ends in a situation where the interest of the
various parties concerned potentially conflict.
20. Frank J. Goodnow (1900) clearly delineated politics and
administration and dichotomized their functions.
21. Politics determines the goals and policies.
22. Administrator is to be neutral politically. Neutrality applies
to policies whether it is defined as partisan politics of formulating
policy. Minimum neutrality applies to partisan neutrality. Elected
officials cannot interfere with the administration or the
implementation of policy. j
23. Administrators rely on their technical competence to
develop the best way to administer the policy and goals set by
elected officials and they must be insulated from political
pressure as they exercise discretion based on professional
competence to carry out policies set by the governing board or
the legislature.
24. Public Administration sub-discipline of Political Science. It
is the study of Public Administration by means of institutional
description, policy analysis and evaluation, and
intergovernmental relations analysis. A shared project in Public
Administration is developing a public sector organization theory
and market principles.
25. Functions of Politics among others a. Separation of powers
prevents harmony; b. Harmony is essential to popular
government; c. Parties provide harmony of politics and
administration; d. Students of politics must consider the party
system; e. Some political control is necessary.
26. Functions of Administration among others a.
Administration of Justice Government; b. Administration must
execute the will of the State; c. Quasi-Judicial Character of
Administration.
27. What parts of the function of administration should be
subject to control of politics? Political control of administration
is necessary. While the administration of justice is completely
removed from political control, the administration of
government cannot be. Administration must be subject to
control of the body entrusted with expressing the will of the
State in that way, administration is subordinated to politics.
28. Is there a need to separate politics and administration?
Politics should not go beyond the executive character of
administration. Any attempt beyond that is more likely to
produce evil rather than good. Thus, quasi-judicial, statistical and
semi-scientific investigation of facts and gathering of information
should be removed from politics. Their general conduct, but not
their concrete actions, should be subject to political control.
29. Two types of Administrative System a. The Administrative-
Dominated; b. The Legislature-Dominated.
30. The Administrative-Dominated officers who execute will
and are vested with large discretion in so much that they express
the will of the state in minor details. It is characterized by a
Hierarchy of officers, who owe allegiance to superior officers and
not to law. Superior officers have the right of discretion and
control. No clear distinction politics and administration exists.
31. The Legislature-Dominated officers vested with no
discretion at all, where the instruction of other organs determine
what and how a thing is to be done; extreme of popular
government to make popular will felt in all the details; controlled
completely by body charged with expression of the will; lays
emphasis on allegiance to law. Usually highly decentralized; have
advantages in retarding arbitrary administrative action and
despotism.
32. Nigro and Nigro (1980) there is no clear separation
between administration and politics. Politics is the process by
which power and influence are acquired and exercised.
33. Leonard D. White American author who categorically
stated that Public administration consists of all operations which
have for their purpose the fulfilment or enforcement of public
policy.
34. Woodrow Wilson an eminent scholar who pointed out that
study of Public Administration should be concerned with the
actional or operational side of the government.
35. Paul H. Appleby public administration is policy making . . .
on a field where mighty forces contend, forces engendered in
and by society.
36. Politics in its widest scope, is the government itself. A
peoples quest for human betterment through public means.
37. Partisan Politics the relation of partisan politics to public
administration largely depends on the form of government
concerned.
38. Three main factors contribute to effectiveness a.
Continuity in office, b. Objectivity of outlook; c. Skill in
management and supervision.
39. Legislators make fundamental policy out of laws which they
enact.
40. Administrators accept the law as their general mandate on
which to base their operations.
41. Donald Share democratization from authoritarian rule has
been one of the most intensely studied topics of the 1980s.
42. Bureaucracy the mechanism by which public policy is to be
implemented. It serves as the vehicle by which the govt services
are to be delivered. It refers to the administrative system of the
State, or of government, which is tasked with the functions of
administering, enforcing and implementing public policy.
43. Plato concept of the Republic
44. Marx state is an instrument of exploitation and managing
the common affairs perpetuated by the ruling class or the
bourgeoisie. State is a hierarchical class structure to protect the
interest of the ruling class.
45. Weber bureaucracy is a large and complicated organization.
State is a human community that claims the monopoly of
legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
46. Hobbes and Locke evolution of the modern State.
47. David Held modern Western Political thought has
considered the notion of the state as an impersonal and
privileged legal or constitutional order with the capability of
administering and controlling a given territory.
48. Helds convenient typology: Four Standards or Traditions of
Modern State a. Liberalism; b. Liberal Democracy; c. Marxism;
d. Political Sociology.
50. Liberalism focused on question of sovereignty and
citizenship. (Thomas Hobbes and John Locke)
51. Thomas Hobbes modern state is a creature of consent
between the sovereign and the governed in a society perversely
viewed as hostile.
52. John Locke state is the medium designed to preserve and
maintain law and order at home, and protection against
aggression from abroad.
53. Liberal Democracy significance of political accountability as
associated with the need for the political apparatus to ensure
accountability of the governors to the governed. (Jeremy
Bentham, James Stuart Mill, John Stuart Mill and Jeans Jacques
Rousseau)
54. Marxism class structure and the forces of political coercion.
(Karl Marx, Lenin and Trotsky)
55. Political Sociology institutional mechanisms of the state
and the system of administration of nation state. (Max Weber)
56. State represents the embodiments and the collective
articulation of a given community in the direction and
management of its affairs.
57. Webers Three modes of Authority a. Traditional authority;
b. Charismatic domination by a leader; c. Domination by a
rational-legal authority chosen on the basis of rules.
58. Bureaucratic organization government organizations
performing administrative functions, and which, through the
years, have acquired a pejorative connotation, generally
associated with inefficiency, incompetence, corrupt behaviour or
other forms of negative practices.
59. Bureaucracies (Weber) large, complex organizations
characterized by precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of
files, continuity, discretion, unity strict subordination, reduction
of friction and material and personal costs.
60. Bureaucratic Institutions (Weber) the most technically
efficient form of organization possible.
61. Albrows 7 concepts of Bureaucracy a. rational
organization; b. administrative inefficiency; c. rule by officials; d.
public administration; e. administration by officials; f.
Organizations; g. Way of capturing the essence of the state in
modern society.
62. Bureaucracy (Wilson) mechanism or the medium by which
the functions of the state are undertaken in civilized societies as
derived from the character of public policy formulated by the
governmental system in general.
63. Bureaucracy (Taylor Cole) group of human beings or
employees who are performing definite functions considered
essential by a community.
64. Functions of Public Policy (Musgrave and Musgrave) a.
Allocation of resources and wealth; b. distribution of functions; c.
employment and price stability.
65. Bureaucracy (Downs) organizations performing social
functions in modern societies that must be accomplished by
nonmarket-oriented organizations.
66. Functions of the State (Kaplan) a. Use and regulation of
available resources; b. distribution of goods, services and
income; c. creation and administration of public services; d.
production, buying and selling of goods and services; e. Direct
investment and support to private investors; f. maintenance of
employment and income; g. Public financing of production and
contemporary policies.
67. Functions of State and Bureaucracy (feedforward
functions) a. The provision and delivery of goods, services and
opportunities; b. The regulatory functions of government; c. The
functions of extracting support from the constituency; d. The
information dissemination and communication functions.
68. Transition to Democracy a. Incremental Democratization;
b. Transition through Transaction; c. Transition through
protracted revolutionary struggle; d. Transition through regime
rupture.
69. Consensual Transition the process of democratic reform
enjoys support from the authoritarian regime.
70. Resurgent Democracy authoritarian ruler experienced loss
of legitimacy and turned over the power to the democratic
opposition.