250A Homework 1


  

Solution by Jaejeong Lee

Question 1 Let
be a linear operator. Show that
dimensional invariant subspaces.

has 1 and 2







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-/!.1#"03!$ &%2546$ 7%
')(
% -/.;0<!#"/$ =%
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)
'
8
(
:

9
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')$ '+%(CED )#"/$ % $ G%
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F $5)#"/$ I%

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')
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 ')% (C+
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$$ =%
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Solution The characteristic polynomial of is real cubic, so it has at least one

real root and an eigenvector
such that
. Note that
is a 1-dimensional invariant subspace of
and
. Now if
,
then
and any 2-dimensional subspace of
is invariant under . If
, then
is a 2-dimensional invariant subspace, since
for
we have
and
hence
. If
, then
is a 2-dimensional invariant subspace since
. Therefore, in any case, has a 2-dimensional invariant subspace,
too.

PG
P be the P spaceby of 9 matrices. What is -!.;0Q$ PG( ? Now define the
VWXY D Z[
XY D Z[^_=`
P R 4 T%US  LD L D 4\]4 L D
-/acb .
Compute
#dfeh$m2g jlDk i 2jlk i-/.;0Q9) $ , where #dfe is a matrix
Solution The standard basis for P is 
unit with its only nonzero entry being 1 at
( . Thus P+( on . We compute
XY 4 pqpr4 pmst4 p  Z[ XY L 4 pqp 9 4 pms L 4 p  Z[
4?4 sprpr4?4 sqstst4?4 s   D 9 4?4 sprp uv4?4 sqss 9 4?4 s  j
  q L L  9  L q
#d
f
N
e
g

2
q
j
k
p
so the eigenvectors
of
are

w
D
i
G
i
x
9

and the corresponding eigenval



j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
/
c
a
b
m
$
#2
O
)
{
s
s
s
s
D L D Dy . Therefore, Gz AxJ|~} (C .
ues are JD
Question 2 Let
linear operator

dfe  $  d (

$
be the 
w ( matrix with entries
`
ep

Question 3 Van der Monde Determinant. Let

-/a b oGz d  e $  e %  d ( .
Solution Note that
X D  p $  p ( ss    $  p (
pp Z `
Y D  s $  s (    $  s (
[ 
&  ... ... ... s . . . ... p 
D 
$ 
(    $ 
(

We use induction on  . When QGL , we verify

`
p
-/acb D  s  + s %  p
D 
% D and let
Assume now the assertion is true up to 
X D  p $  p ( ss    $  p (
pp Z
 D  s $  s (    $  s (
 `
 $  (C -/a b Y .. ..

[
..
..
..
.
s


p
.
.
.
.
 D  p $  s p (    $  p (p

D

   


 $  ( is a polynomial of degree  % D and  $  d (&B for D i 2 i  % D , we

Since
have
 $  (
X D  p    $  p (
xxss Z
$ % D(

-/a b Y D..  ..s  .  .  $  s (..
[  $  %  p ( $  %  s (    $ % 
p (
.
D. 
.p    $ 
.p (
xs
  p Jd   e  p $  e %  d (  $  %  p ( $  %  s (    $  % 
p ( j


Show that

X D  p $  p ( ss   
-/acb Y D..  ..s $  ..s (  .  . 
.
. .
. s
$





D


(

  $
(
  pJd  e p $  e %  d ( 

e % d
$
 pJd e    (

$$  sp (
pp Z
 (.
[ 
$ 
(..
p
$ 
%  p ( $ 
%  s (    $ 
% 
p (

by the induction hypothesis. Therefore, we finally get

and the assertion is true for n.

Question 4 (Anti)commutators. Let


that the mapping

j 

be a finite dimensional vector space. Show

$ ( $ (
where
% P P j j
j 
$P
j
\ P j . In addition, verify the
obeys the Leibnitz rule P
Jacobi identity
`
\ wj P j +B
P j Qj
j
$
j
r
\



T
P
(
P
P
Generalize the above laws to the mapping    
j
 P  . Include also new rules which mix both operations.






$ (

j ( T P
 P j
\ Qj wj P











(C $ ( K\ $ (
$  (  $ P j  orj  P j   and  , Qj
in cases
 (  P  and
example, when
 , we have
P j  P j K\ P j
Solution We want to find a kind of the Leibnitz rule




















, or

 j  . For


(1)

and when

$  (  P j  and  Qj , we have `
P j j  P j j \ Qj P j














(2)

Now I present a trick to find such rules. (It may not be a trick but a principle.
Because I dont know why it works, to me, it is a trick.)



 














is assigned odd,
Matrices can be assigned two attributes, even and odd. If
we mark it
, and if even, leave it as it is.
Step1 Write down (1) or (2).
e.g.
Step2 Assign attributes to
arbitrarily.
e.g.
Step3 Regard (odd,odd)-pair and (even,even)-pair as even and other pairs as
odd.
e.g.
is odd, so
is even.
is even and
is odd.
by
.
Step4 If you find odd odd , replace
e.g.
Step5 If an odd, as an operator, goes past another odd, then replace by .
e.g.
(
goes past )
Step6 Remove markings and declare you found a rule.
e.g.











 

 !"
#$ %'&
#(

)&#(

*&+,-
.
*

#(

)&#(

&+0/1



#( )&2#(1&+/1

 
#(1&+/13#()&54
Step1 
-
,,
.
Step2 
*-
6
7

*
8
6
9-
.
6
7

Step3 Observe 


and 


.
Step4 
*-
6
7
#(
*
*&+6
:-
*#(
*6
&
Step5 



#(

&+
/;
#(

&
Step6 
#(3&+/13#()&
Example2. '#+)&
<=7#(3&5
/ '#()&
>4
Step1 + -

=-
>
?0 +

.
Step2 
*+ -
6
8


-
8
>6
7
@0 
+
6
7


Step3 Observe  
*6
7

, 
-
8
, and 
*6
8
.
Step4 
*'#+-
6
*&
7#(
-
&56
8
@0 
'#(
6
*&

Step5 
'#+

&

7#(

&5

A/ 
'#(

&

Step6 '#+-)&
%7#(3&5
/ -'#()&

Example1.






'#+)&
< # -
>)& #++
.&54
Step1 + -

=-
>
?0 +

.
Step2 + 
6


=
8
>6
7
 -
+6
7


Step3  


is even, 

and 

are odd.
Step4 '#+
6
&
 # 

>6
& #+-
+6
8
.&
Step5 '#+

&
 # 

>
& #+
+

.&
Step6 '#+-)&
%# -
>)&  #+-+
.&

Example3.

Find more on your own. Note that you never get

and Step4.

(No change)

 P j  j  because of Step3



be a finite dimensional
jP  $ (
a
 $ PG( a
 $ (C a
 $ P \ \ D P j ( j
L
j
j
j
j
if Bh P
. Hint: Develop and solve a differential equaP

P
$
a
$
a
$








tion for
(

P+(
(  $ ( .
 Q  
Solution We need the identity

   (proved below) to see

$
U( GP $
( \]      $
U(


 $qP \ \  \   j $
( $ j

 P

P (
U(
$
the last equality coming from the commutativity assumptions. Since Bv( +B we
get the unique solution
`
$
(  
        
 $ 
(Verify this. We need the commutativity assumptions again. To solve
( 
$  "\ !  (  $  ( we observe $ #%$'&   Q$  ( ( 
 t (\
) !   .)* Plugging $
E D we j get the
desired equality. To show
, let   ( 

P  and

Question 5 Baker Campbell Hausdorff Formula. Let





. Show that
vector space and














    ;


+P jU   Q     %     P
 P $m  Q    j
  
(

 P j 
$O     QQ     j
  
(
 

compute the Taylor expansion for

Q  

 


 s
  Q  
 s

Q    \
`  $ ( \ D
s
L



and so on. Therefore

 









$ (\