Research and

Innovation
performance in
Country Profile
2013
Research and
Innovation
Romania
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate General for Research and Innovation
Directorate C Research and Innovation
Unit C.6 Economic analysis and indicators
European Commission
B-1049 Brussels
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Luxembourg: Publications Oce of the European Union, 2013
ISBN 978-92-79-30859-8
doi:10.2777/25094
European Union, 2013
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Cover Images: earth, #2520287, 2011. Source: Shutterstock.com;
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I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel
1
I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel
Summary : Performance in research, innovation and competitiveness
The indicators in the table below present the synthesis of research, innovation and competitiveness in Romania.
They relate knowledge investment and input to performance or economic output throughout the innovation cycle.
They show thematic strengths in key technologies and also the high tech and medium tech contribution to the
trade balance. The table includes a new index on excellence in science and technology that takes into consideration
the quality of scientic production as well as technological development. The indicator on knowledge intensity of
the economy is an index on structural change that focuses on the sectoral composition and specialisation of the
economy and shows the evolution of the weight of knowledge intensive sectors, products and services.
Investment and input Performance/economic output
Research R&D intensity
2011 : 0.48 % (EU : 2.03 % ; US : 2.75 %)
2000-2011 : +2.53 % (EU : +0.8 % ; US : +0.2 %)
Excellence in S&T
2010 : 17.84 (EU : 47.86 ; US : 56.68)
2005-2010 : +7.81 % (EU : +3.09 % ; US : +0.53 %)
Innovation and
structural change
Index of economic impact of innovation
2010-2011 : 0.38 (EU : 0.61)
Knowledge intensity of the economy
2010 : 28.35 (EU : 48.75 ; US : 56.25)
2000-2010 : +5.86 % (EU : +0.93 % ; US : +0.5 %)
Competitiveness Hot spots in key technologies
Automobiles, ICT, New production technologies,
Nanotechnologies, and Security
HT + MT contribution to the trade balance
2011 : 0.38 % (EU : 4.2 % ; US : 1.93 %)
2000-2011 : n.a. (EU : +4.99 % ; US : -10.75 %)
The reform of the Romanian R&I system has been
under way over the last decade. A National Strategy
for Research and Innovation 20072013 is in place.
However, the economic crisis has hampered its full
implementation due to cuts in the public budget for
R&D. It is noteworthy that the Romanian authorities
decided to support large projects such as the European
Light Infrastructure (ELI) in order to make the most of
reduced investments in R&D. At the same time, some
Romanian scientic journals have acquired an increasing
international visibility and Romanian scientic publications
have improved in overall quality. Institutional reforms of
universities and research institutes are ongoing.
The key challenge for Romania is its low level of competi-
tiveness, a challenge which has signicant consequences
for the R&I system. Romanias economy is character-
ised by the prevalence of low- and medium technology
sectors, with a weak demand for knowledge and an
underdeveloped innovation culture. Romania is ranked
as a modest innovator and has the lowest R&D inten-
sity in the EU and a very low level of business R&D
activity. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011 clas-
sies the country as e ciency driven (together with
Bulgaria), all the rest of the EU economies being either
in transition to, or already in the innovation driven stage.
Over the last decade, policy makers have made
great eorts to reform the R&I system in Romania.
However, the adopted measures would benet from being
supported by a long term vision and are still hampered
by the fact that the awareness of the added value of R&I
for increasing competitiveness and secure high quality
jobs is not yet central to the political debate. In addi-
tion, a lack of continuity in policy decisions from one
government to another and a lack of coordination among
ministries that have in their portfolio R&I activities are
generating stops and gos which are particularly detri-
mental in a domain that requires development of capac-
ities overtime. In order to leverage the importance of
R&I in the overall policy mix of the country, R&I policy
measures would indeed justify being considered in the
broader context of the countrys economic development
and closer integrated in the overarching policy objectives
ROMANIA
Te challenge of improing policy coordination of R&I
and upgrading the economy
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Resear ch and I nnovat i on per for mance i n EU Member St at es and Associ at ed count r i es
of the country. For instance, improving the overall func-
tioning of institutions would result in a better coordina-
tion of R&I policies across various ministries, whereas
an increased focus on competitiveness at political levels
would draw the attention of policy makers to the added
value of R&I for growth and jobs.
Investing in knowledge
R
&
D

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
%
)

Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member State
Notes: (
1
) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011.
(
2
) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0 % for 2020.
(
3
) RO: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 2.0 % for 2020.
Romania trend
Romania (
3
) target
EU trend
EU (
2
) target
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Romania R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020 (
1
)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Over the last decade, R&D intensity in Romania increased
from 0.37 % in 2000 to 0.58 % in 2008, unfortunately
only to drop back to 0.48 % in 2011. Romania currently
has one of the lowest R&D intensities in the European
Union, at a value of less than a quarter of its 2 % target
for 2020.
In absolute terms, public R&D funding reached a peak in
2008, following the adoption of the 20072013 Strategy
for R&D and Innovation. The Strategy has foreseen a
gradual increase of the R&D public budget, but the
planned increase of the R&D public budget in 2009 did
not take place. In absolute terms, government budget
appropriations for R&D decreased by 25.4 % in 2009 and
by a further 2.6 % in 2010 and then increased by 0.5 %
(provisional value) in 2011. Higher education expenditure
on R&D suered a large decrease of 32.2 % in 2009 but
increased by 1.4 % in 2010. The Government expressed
its intention to increase the public budget by 18.6 % in
2011 and by an additional 12.7 % in 2012 (according to
the ERAC Survey, 2012).
In addition, Romania with a value of 0.17 % had one of
the lowest business R&D intensities in the EU in 2011
(rank 25 out of 27), with an average annual growth rate
of -3.4 % between 2000 and 2011. No Romanian rm is
among the top-1000 EU R&D investing rms. The recent
trends show that the 2 % R&D intensity target for 2020
is very ambitious and will be dicult to reach, given both
the recent low budgetary commitment and the very low
level of business R&D activities. This target could be
achieved only if the country prioritises R&I in a context of
smart scal consolidation, whilst implementing without
delay key reforms as outlined in the Action Plan for
Research and Innovation adopted by the Government
in July 2011.
The total number of Romanian participants in
the 7
th
Framework Programme so far is 704
(out of 4888 applicants) ; thereby Romania has received
96 million. The success rate of participants is 14.4 %,
below the EU average success rate of 21.95 %. Romania
3
I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel : Romani a
receives the 19
th
largest share in the EU of 7
th
Framework
Programme funding and has most collaborative links with
Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Spain.
Private and public R&D investment also receives support
by co funding from the Structural Funds. Currently,
13.7 % is allocated to research, innovation and entre-
preneurship from the total of Structural Funds avail-
able to Romania, compared to an overall 25 % at an
EU level. A large part of the Structural Funds for R&I
has been focused on programmes for developing R&I
infrastructure and human resources which have been
developed as complementary to the national R&D
programmes. The massive reduction of the R&D budget
in 2009, however, hampered this complementarity,
whereas the Structural Funds have had an absorp-
tion rate of 30 % (rate of approved payments) for the
R&I sector, the national R&D budget has been indeed
severely cut.
An eective research and innovation system building on the European Research Area
The graph below illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of Romanias R&I system. Reading clockwise, it provides
information on human resources, scientic production, technology valorisation and innovation. Average annual
growth rates from 2000 to the latest available year are given in brackets.
New graduates (ISCED 5) in science and
engineering per thousand population
aged 25-34
(7.7 %)
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per
thousand population aged 25-34
(10.0 %)
Business enterprise researchers (FTE)
per thousand labour force
(-9.8 %)
EC Framework Programme funding per
thousand GERD (EUR)
(-2.7 %)
Foreign doctoral students (ISCED 6) as %
of all doctoral students (
4
)
(18.0 %)
Public-private scientic co-publications
per million population
(15.5 %)
Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD
plus HERD) nanced by business
enterprise as % of GDP
(9.4 %)
SMEs introducing product or process
innovations as % of total SMEs (
5
)
(-4.9 %)
SMEs introducing marketing or
organisational innovations as % of total
SMEs (
5
)
(-1.7 %)
Romania, 2011 (
1
)
In brackets: average annual growth for Romania, 2000-2011 (
2
)
Romania Reference Group (BE+FR+AT+UK) EU
Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard
Notes: (
1
) The values refer to 2011 or to the latest available year.
(
2
) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year
for which comparable data are available over the period 2000-2011.
(
3
) Fractional counting method.
(
4
) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.
(
5
) TR is not included in the reference group.
Employment in knowledge-intensive
activities (manufacturing and business
services) as % of total employment
aged 15-64
(4.9 %)
Scientic publications within the 10 %
most cited scientic publications worldwide
as % of total scientic publications
of the country (
3
)
(4.9 %)
PCT patent applications per billion GDP
in current PPS
(0.2 %)
BERD nanced from abroad as %
of total BERD
(10.9 %)
Business R&D intensity
(BERD as % of GDP)
(-3.4 %)
The Romanian R&I system is primarily public based, with
only 38.3 % of research performed by the business sector
(the EU average is 61.5 %). Another structural feature
is the fragmentation of the public R&D system, which
has a large number of research performers and a lack
of critical mass of research results. Romania scores well
regarding the number of new S&T and PhD graduates.
However, the overall undernancing of R&I since the
1990s created a brain drain, which lef the country with
a pool of researchers with high average age and limited
career prospects. Romania is suering a net outow of
researchers (it is estimated that 15 000 researchers are
currently working abroad).
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Resear ch and I nnovat i on per for mance i n EU Member St at es and Associ at ed count r i es
In terms of research excellence, Romanian universities
are underperforming in all major international rankings
and their scientic production and sta composition
is less internationalised compared to other Member
States. An increase in international scientic co publi-
cations and in the share of national scientic publications
in the top 10 % most cited publications worldwide has
nevertheless been noticeable over the last 10 years.
Overall, the number of international co publications
with other European countries is one of the lowest in
Europe, suggesting that Romania does not su ciently
benet from the international knowledge ows favoured
by the ERA architecture. However, Romanian scien-
tic and technological cooperation is well distributed
across Europe, with France, Germany, Italy, the United
Kingdom, and Spain as main co publication partners and
Germany and Ireland as co patenting partners.
The relative weaknesses of Romanian business sector
R&I are striking : low numbers of PCT patent applications
and of business enterprise researchers, and a low level of
business R&D intensity, on a decreasing trend. The busi-
ness sector is not fuelled by collaborative links between
public and private sectors (as reected by the low
number of public private co publications).
Romanias scientic and technological strengths
The maps below illustrate six key science and technology areas where Romania has real strengths in a European
context. The maps are based on the number of scientic publications and patents produced by authors and
inventors based in the regions.
Strengths in science and technology at European level
Automobiles
Scientic production
Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)
Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Automobiles, 2000-2011
Publications
(Fractional Counting)
0.0 - 13.9
13.9 - 39.4
39.4 - 97.1
97.1 - 197.1
197.1 - 321.2
Canary Islands
French Guiana
Azores
Madeira
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 250
Kilometers
Martinique & Guadeloupe
Runion
Technological production
Information and Communication Technologies
Scientic production
Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)
Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Information and Communication Technologies, 2000-2011
Publications
(Fractional Counting)
0.0 - 375.6
375.6 - 1059.2
1059.2 - 2304.5
2304.5 - 4745.1
4745.1 - 13375.5
Canary Islands
French Guiana
Azores
Madeira
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 250
Kilometers
Martinique & Guadeloupe
Runion
Technological production
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I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel : Romani a
New production technologies
Scientic production
Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)
Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
New Production Technologies, 2000-2011
Publications
(Fractional Counting)
0.0 - 96.4
96.4 - 258.8
258.8 - 492.2
492.2 - 962.4
962.4 - 2715.9
Canary Islands
French Guiana
Azores
Madeira
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 250
Kilometers
Martinique & Guadeloupe
Runion
Technological production
Nanosciences and nanotechnologies
Scientic production
Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)
Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, 2000-2011
Publications
(Fractional Counting)
0.0 - 48.3
48.3 - 134.8
134.8 - 267.7
267.7 - 477.0
477.0 - 817.2
Canary Islands
French Guiana
Azores
Madeira
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 250
Kilometers
Martinique & Guadeloupe
Runion
Technological production
Security
Scientic production
Source: Compiled by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier)
Number of publications by NUTS2 regions of ERA countries
Security, 2000-2011
Publications
(Fractional Counting)
0.0 - 26.3
26.3 - 71.3
71.3 - 148.1
148.1 - 296.8
296.8 - 565.0
Canary Islands
French Guiana
Azores
Madeira
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 250
Kilometers
Martinique & Guadeloupe
Runion
Technological production
As illustrated by the maps above, in terms of scientic
and technological capacity, Romania has potential for
regional clusters in the elds of ICT, nano sciences and
nanotechnologies, automobiles, security and new
production technologies.
Romanias scientic specialisation index, citations and
impact of scientic publications, not visible in the maps
above, reveals that the main scientic elds are mathe-
matics and statistics, physics and astronomy, enabling
and strategic technologies, engineering, and informa-
tion and computer technologies. Chemistry has had an
interesting evolution, being a eld with a rather strong
specialisation in Romania, but with an overall impact
of scientic publications that is low compared to the
world average. In addition, it is striking that the eld
Source : DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data : Science Metrix using Scopus (Elsevier), 2010 ; European Patent O ce, patent applications, 20012010
6
Resear ch and I nnovat i on per for mance i n EU Member St at es and Associ at ed count r i es
of agriculture, sheries and forestry, which has a lot of
potential in Romania for economic growth given the
existing raw materials, is not supported by a comparable
scientic specialisation. The potential that exists in the
eld of agriculture is additionally conrmed by the fact
that the low number of scientic publications are of very
good quality, as reected by their relative impact, which
is comparable to the world average.
Patenting activity in Romania is extremely low and
does not demonstrate much statistically signicant
technological specialisation other than what can be
seen in the maps above. In addition, based on data from
the mid-2000s, no particular specialised established
employment or technology cluster could be identied
in Romania. The cluster policy put in place around the
European Light Infrastructure project funded from the
Structural Funds is expected to lead to the emergence of
a specialised cluster in Romania around scientic capa-
bilities in the eld of physics. Danube Danube Delta
Black Sea is another large project with cluster potential
around it.
Policies and reforms for research and innovation
The country has undertaken a wide range of meas-
ures in the R&I eld over the last 10 years : the current
National R&I Strategy for 20072013 was based on
a broad consultation (Foresight) exercise ; Romanian
scientic journals have been promoted on the interna-
tional circuit ; the share of competition based funding
has surpassed the share of institutional funding for
research ; measures have been taken to improve science
industry links by grants for projects with industrial part-
ners ; innovation vouchers and tax incentives have been
introduced. In addition, in August 2011, the Romanian
government adopted the Reform Action Plan for R&I in
the context of the loan received from the EU. The Action
Plan is built around three pillars : governance of the system,
management of public research institutes and increase
of private sector R&I. Romanian authorities reported on
a number of measures related to the Action Plan, either
adopted or already implemented. A process of certica-
tion of national R&D institutes is ongoing and the legal
framework regarding the funding of these institutes has
been amended ; ambitious reform of universities has been
conducted, paving the way towards more autonomy and
dierentiation between research universities and those
more oriented towards teaching and local needs.
However, the measures would have a greater impact if
supported by a long term vision. The adopted/planned
measures would indeed need to be better related to each
other within an overarching reform, in order to improve
the overall eciency of the R&I system. The setting up
of an inter ministerial Council for R&I could be of great
help in terms of governance. The creation of this Council
was announced in 2002, but it has not really started its
activities. It has the potential to steer action both for
addressing the lack of coordination of research activi-
ties undertaken under the authority of various ministries
and for promoting innovation across the economy. It can
be expected to raise awareness at the highest political
levels on the added value of innovation in various sectors
(i.e. innovation in elds such as agriculture, transport,
services, etc.), notably if its competencies cover both
R&D and innovation activities and if its articulation with
other similar councils is claried.
The development, together with the main stake-
holders, of a common vision for the progress towards a
more knowledge and innovation based economy would
indeed greatly help in increasing synergies and consist-
ency between the various policies having an impact on
business innovation. For instance, there are two dierent
strategies on SMEs and on business environment, with
similar objectives but without clear links between
them. In this context, it is somewhat worrying that while
a strategy for Competitiveness has been developed it
has not yet adopted and it is not clear whether or when
it will be.
As a matter of fact, private sector R&I remains underdevel-
oped and has been in continuous decline since 2000, and the
existing measures to promote private R&I are not fully
commensurable with the challenges faced by local inno-
vative enterprises, multinationals and start ups. It might
be worth considering whether the system could not benet
from replacing the current interventions of a one size ts
all type by targeted interventions for innovative enterprises
with proven successful track records. In addition, there is
an obvious need to address the current mismatch between
the skills needed by the knowledge market and the quali-
cations provided by Academia. Multinationals seem some-
what reluctant about setting up R&I facilities in Romania
due to the vulnerabilities of the intellectual property rights
(IPR) framework, which gives the ownership of an invention/
research result to the employees. In this respect, the nali-
sation of the national patent law is expected to contribute
to an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) for inno-
vative activities, which would ensure an increased level
of productivity. A regulation on the employee patent is
currently under preparation, which may address this issue,
while additional scal incentives for companies undertaking
R&D activities are in place and an innovation voucher was
introduced in 2012.
7
I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel : Romani a
Finally, there is a slow take o in high tech student
start ups, which would need to be boosted by meas-
ures such as nancing and mentoring services vouchers.
There is a special open operation for innovative start ups
and spin os to support the implementation of R&I
results. Seed capital is beginning to become avail-
able : the Ministry of Economy encourages a network of
business angels (venture connectors) in elds such as ICT.
However, high risk business angel investment/venture
capital is still at a very low level and could benet from
being more easily matched by funding, for instance from
an accelerator/investment fund for medium high and
high tech ventures.
Economic impact of innovation
The index below is a summary index of the economic impact of innovation composed of ve of the Innovation
Union Scoreboards indicators.
1
0.384
0.612
0.321
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Romania EU Reference Group (BG+PL+RO+HR+TR)
Romania Index of economic impact of innovation (
1
)
Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit (2013)
Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, Eurostat
Note: (
1
) Based on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011.
Romanias index of economic impact of innovation is
lower than the EU average but higher than the level of the
reference group of countries with similar economic and
research proles. Even if this value needs to be consid-
ered over time and not limited to a single year, it high-
lights a real economic stress for transforming knowledge
and technology into economic competitiveness. A key
strategy is to facilitate the creation of high growth
innovative enterprises, which demands the following
three structural challenges : 1) developing an excellent
research base focused on sectors where Romania is
performing well in terms of international benchmarks
and where it has the potential to attract business
investment ; 2) nurturing entrepreneurship with the aim
of disseminating and fostering research and innovation
in the economy ; and 3) developing appropriate frame-
work conditions for innovation based on an overarching
strategy supported by stakeholders.
The most problematic factors in relation to doing
business have been identied as tax rates, inecient
government bureaucracy, policy instability, access to
nance, and corruption. As a result, measures aiming to
improve competitiveness and foster structural change
in the business sector should encompass a broad set
of measures, going beyond purely R&I related policies
and dealing with the business environment, improving
the infrastructure, enhancing administrative capacity,
ghting corruption and fraud, etc.
As in most of Eastern Europe, the public support for
the development of an informal venture capital market
(both early stage capital and expansion and replacement 1 See methodological notes for the composition of this index.
8
Resear ch and I nnovat i on per for mance i n EU Member St at es and Associ at ed count r i es
phases) is limited. In addition, access to loans for
SMEs undertaking R&I activities is practically non
existent, due both to the perception of banks that R&I
activities are risky and to the lack of incentives for banks
to grant small loans (the cost of processing a le is similar
for a small loan taken out by an SME and for a big loan).
Patent costs at EPO and other international patent o ces
are unaordable for most potential Romanian applicants.
Upgrading the manufacturing sector through research and technologies
The graph below illustrates the upgrading of knowledge in dierent manufacturing industries. The position on
the horizontal axis illustrates the changing weight of each industry sector in value added over the period. The
general trend of moving to the le hand side reects the decrease in manufacturing in the overall economy. The
sectors above the x axis are sectors whose research intensity has increased over time. The size of the bubble
represents the share of the sector (in value added) in manufacturing (for all sectors presented in the graph). The
red coloured sectors are high tech or medium high tech sectors.
Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data: Eurostat
Notes: (
1
) High-tech and medium-high-tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes high-tech, medium-high-tech
and medium-low-tech.
(
2
) 'Rubber & plastics': 1996-2007; 'Pulp, paper and paper products': 1997-2001; 'Wood and cork (except furniture)': 1997-2002;
'Fabricated metal products': 2002-2008; Oce, accounting and computing machinery': 2003-2007; 'Electrical machinery and
apparatus', 'Machinery and equipment', 'Medical, precision and optical instruments', 'Motor vehicles', 'Other transport
equipment': 2003-2008.
Basic metals
Chemicals & chemical
products
Coke, rened petroleum,
nuclear fuel
Construction
Electrical machinery &
apparatus
Electricity, gas & water
Fabricated metal products
Food products , beverages &
tobacco
Machinery & equipment
Medical, precision & optical
instruments
Motor vehicles
Oce, accounting &
computing machinery
Other manufacturing
Other non-metallic mineral
products
Other transport equipment
Pulp, paper & paper products
Rubber & plastics
Textiles, wearing apparel &
fur, leather products
Wood & cork (except
furniture)
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
B
E
R
D

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

a
n
n
u
a
l

g
r
o
w
t
h

(
%
)
,

1
9
9
6
-
2
0
0
8

(
2
)

Share of value added in total value added average annual growth (%), 1996-2008 (
2
)
Romania Share of value added versus BERD intensity
average annual growth, 1996-2008
Romanias limited innovation performance is reected
in its economic structure, which has a prevalence of low-
and medium technology sectors. Demand for knowl-
edge is weak and there is an underdeveloped innovation
culture. In terms of trade and industry specialisation,
Romania is part of the group of lower income countries
in the EU (together with Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania), with lower GDP per person than the EU average
and specialisation in less technologically advanced sectors.
Romania is highly specialised in labour intensive indus-
tries (preparation and spinning of textile bres, sawmilling,
wearing apparel and accessories), in capital driven
industries (cement), and marketing driven ones (foot-
wear). In terms of innovation, Romania is specialised both
in low innovation sectors (wearing apparel, leather) and
in medium high innovation sectors (textiles, basic metals).
9
I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel : Romani a
In dynamic terms, a certain degree of structural change
is shown in the graph above by the increasing added
value in technology driven and innovation sectors (o ce,
accounting and computing machinery and motor vehi-
cles, as well as to a lesser extent electrical machinery
and apparatus). On the other hand, elds with high
knowledge intensity such as medical precision and
optical instruments and, to a certain extent, chemical
and chemical products have decreasing shares of added
value. However, whereas the quality of labour intensive
industries has improved, this is not yet the case for
technology driven ones.
Competitiveness in reaping income of global demand and markets
Investment in knowledge, technology intensive clusters, innovation and the upgrading of the manufacturing sector
are determinants of a countrys competitiveness in global export markets. A positive contribution of high tech and
medium tech products to the trade balance is an indication of specialisation and competitiveness in these products.
3.75
3.43
1.95
1.35
1.13
0.68
0.32
0.26
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.06
-0.10
-0.20
-0.21
-0.24
-0.26
-0.48
-0.97
-2.0 -1.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Electrical machinery, apparatus & appliances
Road vehicles
Fabrics (not narrow or special fabrics)
Telecommunication, sound-recording & reproducing equipment
General industrial machinery & equipment; machine parts
Professional, scientic & controlling instruments & apparatus
Machinery specialised for particular industries
Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials
Iron & steel
Articles of rubber
Oce machines & automatic data-processing machines
Pigments, paints, varnishes & related materials
Textile bres & their wastes
Photographic equipment & supplies; optical goods, watches and clocks
Sanitary, plumbing, heating xtures & ttings
Plastics in non-primary forms
Arms & ammunition
Radioactive & associated materials
Chemical materials & products
Organic chemicals
Fertilisers
Other transport equipment
Metalworking machinery
Medicinal & pharmaceutical products
Plastics in primary forms
Power-generating machinery & equipment
Source: DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data: COMTRADE
Notes: The data for "Arms & ammunition" refers to the period 2006-2011.
Textile bres & their wastes refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 266 and 267.
Organic chemicals refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 512 and 513.
Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 553 and 554.
Chemical materials & products refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598.
Iron & steel refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 671, 672 and 679.
Metalworking machinery refers only to the following 3-digit subdivisions: 731, 733 and 737.
Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products
to the trade balance for Romania between 2000 and 2011
Change in the contribution to trade balance (in % points)
The trade balance in all high tech (HT) and medium
tech (MT) products combined was negative in Romania
up to 2008 and became positive in 2009 and
2010. This contrasts with the total trade balance, where
the positive trend up to 2008 was followed by relative
stagnation in 2009 and 2010. The data, therefore, indi-
cate both a progressive and encouraging shif towards HT
and MT in the trade balance of Romania over the last few
years, and the fact this shif was instrumental to coun-
terbalance the weaknesses in the rest of the economy.
More precisely, the graph above points to the high tech
and medium tech industries that have improved their
contributions to the Romanian trade balance, in particular
road vehicles, electrical machinery, and textiles, and to
a certain extent for telecommunication, general indus-
trial machinery and machinery specialised for particular
industries. In contrast, industries such as power
generating machinery and equipment, plastics, medic-
inal and pharmaceutical products, fertilisers and metal
working machinery are making decreasing contributions
to the trade balance, indicating a possible loss in relative
world competitiveness.
10
Resear ch and I nnovat i on per for mance i n EU Member St at es and Associ at ed count r i es
Over the last 15 years, the Romanian economy has
gained in world competitiveness ; however, structural
change is taking place at a very slow pace. Over the last
decade, Romania has had the highest growth of total
factor productivity in the EU. Taking 2000 as a refer-
ence year, total factor productivity increased by 50 %
in 2008 and by 35 % in 2012. The relative decrease
between 2008 and 2012 can be reasonably attributed
to the economic and nancial crisis. Romania has made
good progress on greenhouse emissions, which have
fallen, and has also succeeded in increasing the share
of renewable energy in gross nal energy consump-
tion. The employment rate fell from 69.1 in 2000 to
62.8 in 2011.
11
I nnovat i on Uni on pr ogr ess at count r y l evel : Romani a
Key indicators
Source : DG Research and Innovation Economic Analysis Unit
Data : Eurostat, DG JRC ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard
Notes : (
1
) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period 2000-2012.
(
2
) EU average for the latest available year.
(
3
) Venture Capital includes early stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, start up, later stage, growth, replacement and buyout for the period
2007-2011.
(
4
) Venture Capital : EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK. These Member States were not included in the EU ranking.
(
5
) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States.
(
6
) The value is the dierence between 2012 and 2000.
(
7
) Break in series between 2002 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2002-2011.
(
8
) The value is the dierence between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions.
(
9
) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest.
(
10
) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.
ROMANIA
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Average
annual
growth
(
1
) (%)
EU
average
(
2
)
Rank
within
EU
ENABLERS
Investment in knowledge
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand population
aged 25-34
: : : 0.72 0.76 1.11 0.92 0.86 0.95 1.35 1.40 : : 10.0 1.69 15
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as % of GDP 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.17 : -3.4 1.26 25
Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as % of GDP 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.28 0.28 0.31 : 9.6 0.74 25
Venture capital (
3
) as % of GDP 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.04 : -1.8 0.35 (
4
) 17 (
4
)
S&T excellence and cooperation
Composite indicator of research excellence : : : : : 12.2 : : : : 17.8 : : 7.8 47.9 23
Scientic publications within the 10 % most cited scientic
publications worldwide as % of total scientic publications
of the country
2.6 2.5 3.0 3.1 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.8 : : : : 4.9 10.9 24
International scientic co publications per million population 44 39 45 66 76 84 89 111 122 133 144 148 : 11.7 300 27
Public private scientic co publications per million population : : : : : : : 5 5 6 8 8 : 15.5 53 24
FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT
Innovation contributing to international competitiveness
PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 : : : 0.2 3.9 27
Licence and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP : : : : 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.12 0.28 0.13 : 41.4 0.58 16
Sales of new to market and new to rm innovations as %
of turnover
: : : : 16.6 : 18.5 : 14.9 : 14.3 : : -2.5 14.4 12
Knowledge intensive service exports as % total service
exports
: : : : 22.3 41.0 44.9 43.8 42.0 44.9 43.0 : : 11.6 45.1 7
Contribution of high tech and medium tech products to the
trade balance as % of total exports plus imports of products
-10.69 -9.21 -9.61 -9.30 -8.45 -7.26 -6.00 -4.42 -2.33 0.60 0.25 0.38 : - 4.20 (
5
) 19
Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) 2000 =
100
100 105 116 120 130 134 140 144 148 137 133 134 132 32 (
6
) 103 2
Factors for structural change and addressing societal challenges
Composite indicator of structural change 16.0 : : : : 19.0 : : : : 28.3 : : 5.9 48.7 27
Employment in knowledge intensive activities (manufacturing
and business services) as % of total employment aged 15-64
: : : : : : : : 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.5 : 4.9 13.6 27
SMEs introducing product or process innovations as % of
SMEs
: : : : 17.8 : 19.4 : 18.0 : 13.2 : : -4.9 38.4 27
Environment related technologies patent applications to the
EPO per billion GDP in current PPS
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 : : : : -1.2 0.39 24
Health related technologies patent applications to the EPO
per billion GDP in current PPS
0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 : : : : -4.2 0.52 25
Europe 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
Employment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) 69.1 68.3
63.3
(
7
)
63.7 63.5 63.6 64.8 64.4 64.4 63.5 63.3 62.8 : -0.1 68.6 22
R&D intensity (GERD as % of GDP) 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.47 0.46 0.48 : 2.5 2.03 26
Greenhouse gas emissions 1990 = 100 55 56 58 60 59 59 60 59 58 49 48 : : -7 (
8
) 85 3 (
9
)
Share of renewable energy in gross nal energy consumption
(%)
: : : : 16.8 17.6 17.1 18.3 20.3 22.4 23.4 : : 5.7 12.5 7
Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully
completed tertiary education (%)
8.9 8.8 9.1 8.9 10.3 11.4 12.4 13.9 16.0 16.8 18.1 20.4 : 7.8 34.6 26
Share of population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) : : : : : : : 45.9 44.2 43.1 41.4 40.3 : -3.2 24.2 26 (
9
)
Romnia
Provocri legate de mbuntirea modului de coordonare a politicii de C&I i de modernizare a
economiei

Rezumat: Performana n cercetare, inovare i competitivitate

Indicatorii din tabelul de mai jos prezint o sintez a cercetrii, inovrii i competitivitii n Romnia.
Ei pun n relaie investiia n cunoatere i aportul n vederea performanei sau rezultatele economice
obinute, pe tot parcursul ciclului inovrii. Aceti indicatori evideniaz elementele tematice forte n
cadrul tehnologiilor cheie, precum i contribuia tehnologiilor de nivel nalt (HT) i mediu (MT) la
balana comercial. Tabelul cuprinde un nou indice privind excelena n tiin i tehnologie care ia n
considerare calitatea produciei tiinifice, precum i dezvoltarea tehnologic. Indicatorul de intensitate
a cunoaterii din economie este un indice privind schimbarea structural, care se axeaz pe compoziia
i pe specializarea sectorial a economiei i arat evoluia ponderii sectoarelor, produselor i
serviciilor bazate pe cunoatere.
Investment and Input Performance/economic output
Research R&D intensity
2011: 0.48% (EU: 2.03%; US: 2.75%)
2000-2011: +2.53% (EU: +0.8%; US: +0.2%)
Excellence in S&T
2010: 17.84 (EU:47.86; US: 56.68)
2005-2010: +7.81% (EU: +3.09%;US: +0.53)
Innovation and
Structural change

Index of economic impact of innovation
2010-2011: 0.384 (EU: 0.612)
Knowledge-intensity of the economy
2010:28.35 (EU:48.75; US: 56.25)
2000-2010: +5.86% (EU: +0.93%; US: +0.5%)
Competitiveness Hot-spots in key technologies
Automobiles, ICT, New production technologies,
Nanotechnologies, and Security
HT + MT contribution to the trade balance
2011: 0.38% (EU: 4.2%; US: 1.93%)
2000-2011: n.a. (EU: +4.99%; US:-10.75%)

Reforma sistemului romnesc de C&I este n desfurare ncepnd de acum zece ani. Exist o
Strategie naional pentru cercetare i inovare n perioada 2007-2013. Cu toate acestea, criza
economic a mpiedicat realizarea complet a acesteia din cauza reducerilor ale bugetului de stat
pentru C&D. Trebuie menionat c autoritile romne au hotrt s sprijine proiecte de amploare
precum Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) pentru a folosi la maximum investiiile reduse n C&D.
n acelai timp, unele reviste tiinifice romneti au cptat o vizibilitate internaional tot mai mare,
iar publicaiile tiinifice romneti s-au mbuntit, n general, sub aspectul calitii. Sunt n curs
reforme instituionale ale universitilor i institutelor de cercetare.
Pentru Romnia, provocarea cheie o constituie nivelul sczut al competitivitii, o provocare cu
consecine semnificative pentru sistemul de C&I. Economia Romniei se caracterizeaz prin
prevalena sectoarelor bazate pe tehnologii de nivel mediu i inferior, cu o cerere de cunoatere
sczut i o cultur a inovrii subdezvoltat. Romnia se claseaz modest la capitolul inovare i are
cea mai sczut intensitate a C&D din UE, precum i un nivel foarte sczut al activitii de C&D n
ntreprinderi. Pentru a completa tabloul slabei inovri, Raportul privind competitivitatea global n
2011 clasific ara ca fiind axat pe eficien (alturi de Bulgaria), n timp ce toate celelalte economii
din UE sunt fie n tranziie ctre, fie se afl deja n etapa axrii pe inovare.
n ultimii zece ani, factorii de decizie au fcut eforturi mari pentru a reforma sistemul C&I din
Romnia. Cu toate acestea, msurile adoptate ar avea de ctigat dac ar fi susinute de o strategie pe
termen lung i sunt nc stnjenite de faptul c, n dezbaterea politic, contientizarea valorii adugate
a C&I pentru creterea competitivitii i asigurarea de locuri de munc de nalt calitate nu ocup nc
un loc central. n plus, lipsa de continuitate, de la o guvernare la alta, a deciziilor privind politica n
domeniu i lipsa coordonrii ntre ministerele care au n portofoliu activiti de C&I genereaz o
evoluie de tipul oprit pornit, care este cu deosebire nociv ntr-un domeniu care necesit
dezvoltarea de capaciti n timp. Pentru a putea influena ponderea C&I n mixul general de politici
naionale, s-ar justifica ntr-adevr ca msurile referitoare la politicile de C&I s fie avute n vedere n
contextul mai amplu al dezvoltrii economice a rii i s fie mai bine integrate n obiectivele generale
2

de politic la nivel naional.. De exemplu, mbuntirea funcionrii generale a instituiilor ar duce la
o mai bun coordonare a politicilor de C&I ntre diversele ministere, iar o mai mare axare pe
competitivitate la nivel politic ar atrage atenia factorilor de decizie asupra valorii adugate a C&I
pentru creterea i pentru crearea de locuri de munc.
Investiia n cunoatere
Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit
Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, Member State
Notes: (1) The R&D intensity projections based on trends are derived from the average annual growth in R&D intensity for 2000-2011.
(2) EU: This projection is based on the R&D intensity target of 3.0% for 2020.
(3) RO: This projection is based on a tentative R&D intensity target of 2.0% for 2020.
Romania - trend
Romania
(3)
- target
EU - trend
EU
(2)
- target
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
R
&
D

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
%
)
Romania - R&D intensity projections, 2000-2020
(1)

n ultimul deceniu, intensitatea C&D din Romnia a crescut de la 0,37 % n 2000 la 0,58 % n 2008,
pentru ca, din pcate, s scad din nou pn la 0,48 % n 2011. n prezent Romnia are unul dintre cele
mai sczute niveluri de intensitate a C&D din Uniunea European, la o valoare mai mic de un sfert
din inta sa de 2 % pentru anul 2020.
n termeni absolui, finanarea public a C&D a atins un vrf n 2008, dup adoptarea Strategiei de
cercetare-dezvoltare i inovare pentru perioada 2007-2013. Strategia a prevzut o cretere treptat a
bugetului public pentru C&D, dar creterea planificat a bugetului pentru C&D nu s-a produs n 2009.
n termeni absolui, creditele acordate din bugetul de stat pentru C&D au sczut cu 25,4 % n 2009 i
cu nc 2,6 % n 2010, iar apoi au crescut cu 0,5 % (valoare provizorie) n 2011. Cheltuielile pentru
C&D din nvmntul superior au suferit o scdere mare, de 32,2 %, n 2009, dar au crescut cu 1,4 %
n 2010. Guvernul i-a exprimat intenia de a crete bugetul public cu 18,6 % n 2011 i cu nc 12,7 %
n 2012 (conform Studiului ERAC, 2012).
n plus, Romnia a avut unul dintre cele mai sczute niveluri de intensitate a activitii C&D n
ntreprinderi din UE, cu o valoare de 0,17 % n 2011 (locul 25 din 27) i cu un ritm de cretere mediu
anual de -3,4 % n perioada 2000-2011. Nicio companie romneasc nu figureaz n topul celor 1000
de firme din UE care investesc n C&D. Tendinele recente arat c inta de 2 % privind intensitatea
C&D pentru 2020 este foarte ambiioas i va fi greu de atins, avnd n vedere att recentele
angajamente bugetare sczute, ct i nivelul foarte sczut al activitilor de C&D din ntreprinderi.
Aceast int ar putea fi atins numai n condiiile n care ara ar transforma C&I ntr-o prioritate, ntr-
un context de consolidare fiscal inteligent, punnd totodat n aplicare, fr ntrziere, reformele
cheie prezentate n Planul de aciune pentru cercetare i inovare adoptat de guvern n iulie 2011.
Numrul total de participani romni la cel de-al 7-lea program cadru este pn acum de 704 (din
4 888 de solicitani); n consecin Romnia a primit 96 milioane euro. Procentul de succes al
participrii este de 14,4 %, sub procentul mediu de succes din UE care este de 21,95 %. Romnia se
afl pe locul 19 n privina dimensiunii finanrii prin cel de-al 7-lea program cadru al UE i are
majoritatea legturilor de colaborare cu Germania, Italia, Marea Britanie i Spania.
3

Investiiile publice i cele private n C&D primesc sprijin i prin co-finanare din fondurile structurale.
n prezent, un procent de 13,7 % din totalul fondurilor structurale disponibile pentru Romnia este
alocat pentru cercetare, inovare i antreprenoriat, n comparaie cu procentul general de 25 % de la
nivelul UE. O mare parte a fondurilor structurale pentru C&I au fost direcionate ctre programe de
dezvoltare a infrastructurii i resurselor umane pentru C&I, ca o completare a programelor naionale
de C&D. ns reducerea masiv a bugetului pentru C&D din 2009 a mpiedicat aceast
complementaritate. n timp ce fondurile structurale pentru sectorul C&I au avut o rat de absorbie de
30 % (procentul plilor aprobate), bugetul de stat pentru C&D a fost ntr-adevr diminuat drastic.
Un sistem eficace de cercetare i inovare n cadrul Spaiului European de Cercetare
Graficul de mai jos ilustreaz punctele forte i punctele slabe ale sistemului de C&I al Romniei. Citit n
sensul acelor de ceasornic, graficul ofer informaii privind resursele umane, producia tiinific, punerea
n valoare a tehnologiei i inovarea. n paranteze sunt prezentate procentele medii anuale de cretere
ncepnd din 2000 pn la ultimul an pentru care sunt disponibile date.
Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit
Data: DG Research and Innovation, Eurostat, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard
Notes: (1) The values refer to 2011 or to the latest available year.
(2) Growth rates which do not refer to 2000-2011 refer to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year
for which comparable data are available over the period 2000-2011.
(3) Fractional counting method.
(4) EU does not include DE, IE, EL, LU, NL.
(5) TR is not included in the reference group.
New graduates (ISCED 5) in science
and engineering per thousand
population aged 25-34
(7,7%)
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6)
per thousand population aged 25-34
(10,0%)
Business enterprise researchers
(FTE) per thousand labour force
(-9,8%)
Employment in knowledge-intensive
activities (manufacturing and
business services) as % of total
employment aged 15-64
(4,9%)
Scientific publications within the
10% most cited scientific
publications worldwide as % of total
scientific publications of the
country (3) (4,9%)
EC Framework Programme funding
per thousand GERD (euro)
(-2,7%)
Foreign doctoral students (ISCED 6)
as % of all doctoral students (4)
(18,0%)
PCT patent applications per billion
GDP in current PPS
(0,2%)
BERD financed from abroad as % of
total BERD
(10,9%)
Pulic-private scientific co-
publications per million population
(15,5%)
Public expenditure on R&D
(GOVERD plus HERD) financed by
business enterprise as % of GDP
(9,4%)
SMEs introducing product or
process innovations as % of total
SMEs (5)
(-4,9%)
SMEs introducing marketing or
organisational innovations as % of
total SMEs (5)
(-1,7%)
Business R&D Intensity (BERD as
% of GDP)
(-3,4%)
Romania, 2011
(1)
In brackets: average annual growth for Romania, 2000-2011
(2)
Romania Reference Group (BG+PL+RO+HR+TR) EU

Sistemul romnesc de C&I este n principal de stat, n condiiile n care doar 38,3 % din cercetare se
realizeaz de ctre sectorul de afaceri (media UE este de 61,5 %). O alt caracteristic structural este
fragmentarea sistemului public de C&D, care are un numr mare de cercettori, dar i lipsete masa critic
de rezultate ale cercetrii. Romnia se prezint bine n ceea ce privete numrul de noi absolveni de
faculti tiinifice i tehnice i numrul de absolveni de doctorat. ns subfinanarea general a C&I din
1990 pn n prezent a generat un exod al creierelor n urma cruia ara a rmas cu un efectiv de cercettori
cu o vrst medie ridicat i perspective de carier limitate. Romnia sufer n prezent o pierdere net de
cercettori (se estimeaz c n momentul de fa lucreaz n strintate 15 000 de cercettori).
n materie de excelen n cercetare, universitile romneti au rezultate nesatisfctoare conform tuturor
clasamentelor internaionale importante, iar producia lor tiinific i compoziia personalului sunt mai
puin internaionalizate n comparaie cu alte state membre. Cu toate acestea, n ultimii 10 ani se remarc o
4

cretere a numrului de coautori romni n publicaiile tiinifice internaionale i o proporie mai mare de
publicaii tiinifice naionale n topul celor 10 % cele mai citate publicaii la nivel mondial.
Per total, numrul de coautori romni n publicaiile din alte ri europene este unul dintre cele mai sczute
din Europa, ceea ce sugereaz faptul c Romnia nu beneficiaz suficient de pe urma fluxurilor
internaionale de cunotine favorizate de structura SEC. Cu toate acestea, cooperarea tiinific i
tehnologic romneasc este bine distribuit n Europa, principalii parteneri ai coautorilor romni de
publicaii fiind din Frana, Germania, Italia, Marea Britanie i Spania, iar principalii coautori de brevete
fiind din Germania i Irlanda.
Deficienele relative ale C&I din sectorul romnesc al ntreprinderilor sunt izbitoare: un numr foarte mic
de cereri de brevete n cadrul Tratatului de cooperare n domeniul brevetelor i un numr foarte mic de
cercettori n ntreprinderi, precum i un nivel foarte sczut al intensitii C&D n ntreprinderi, cu tendine
de scdere. Sectorul de afaceri nu este alimentat de legturi de colaborare ntre sectorul de stat i cel privat
(fapt care se reflect n numrul sczut de coautori de publicaii cu caracter public-privat).

Punctele forte ale Romniei n domeniul tiinei i tehnologiei

Hrile de mai jos ilustreaz ase domenii tiinifice i tehnologice cheie n care Romnia are puncte
forte reale n context european. Hrile se bazeaz pe numrul de publicaii tiinifice i brevete
produse de autori i inventatori din diferite regiuni.

Puncte forte n tiin i tehnologie la nivel european

Producia tiinific Automobile Producia tehnologic


Producia tiinific Tehnologia informaiei i comunicaiilor Producia tehnologic


Producia tiinific Noi tehnologii de producie Producia tehnologic
5



Sursa: DG Cercetare i Inovare Unitatea de analiz economic
Date: Science Metrix cu ajutorul Scopus (Elsevier), 2010; Oficiul European de Brevete, solicitri de brevete, 2001-2010

Producia tiinific Nano-tiine i nano-tehnologii Producia tehnologic



Producia tiinific Securitate Producia tehnologic



Dup cum ilustreaz hrile de mai sus, n materie de capacitate tiinific i tehnologic Romnia are
potenial pentru clustere regionale n domeniul TIC, al nanotiinelor i nanotehnologiilor, al
automobilelor, al securitii i al noilor tehnologii de producie.

Indicele de specializare tiinific a Romniei, citrile i impactul publicaiilor ei tiinifice, care nu
sunt prezentate n hrile de mai sus, arat c principalele domenii tiinifice sunt matematica i
statistica, fizica i astronomia, tehnologiile generice i strategice, ingineria i tehnologiile informaiei
i calculatoarelor. Chimia prezint o evoluie interesant, fiind o specializare destul de puternic n
Romnia, dar cu un impact general al publicaiilor tiinifice sczut fa de nivelul mediu mondial. n
6

plus, este izbitor faptul c domeniul agriculturii, pescuitului i silviculturii, care are mult potenial de
dezvoltare economic n Romnia, avnd n vedere materiile prime existente, nu este susinut printr-o
specializare tiinific pe msur. Potenialul care exist n domeniul agriculturii este confirmat o dat
n plus de faptul c numrul mic de publicaii tiinifice de profil sunt de foarte bun calitate, ceea ce
se reflect n impactul lor relativ, comparabil cu media mondial.

Activitatea de brevetare este extrem de sczut n Romnia i nu demonstreaz o specializare
tehnologic foarte semnificativ din punct de vedere statistic, pe lng ceea ce se poate vedea pe
hrile de mai sus. n plus, pe baza datelor de la mijlocul anilor 2000, nu s-a putut identifica n
Romnia nici un cluster stabil specializat n crearea de locuri de munc sau n tehnologie. Se sper ca
politica de creare a unui cluster n legtur cu proiectul Extreme Light Infrastructure, finanat din
fonduri structurale, s conduc la apariia n Romnia a unui cluster specializat avnd n centru
capacitile tiinifice din domeniul fizicii. Proiectul Dunre - Delta Dunrii Marea Neagr este un
alt mare proiect care prezint potenial de formare a unor clustere.


Politici i reforme pentru cercetare i inovare
n ultimii 10 ani, Romnia a ntreprins o gam larg de msuri n domeniul cercetrii i inovrii:
actuala Strategie naional de cercetare i inovare pentru perioada 2007-2013 a avut la baz o ampl
aciune de consultare (previzional); revistele tiinifice romneti au fost promovate n circuitul
internaional; proporia finanrilor acordate pe baz de concurs a depit proporia finanrilor
instituionale destinate cercetrii; s-au luat msuri de mbuntire a legturilor dintre tiin i
industrie prin acordarea de fonduri nerambursabile pentru proiecte cu parteneri industriali; au fost
introduse vouchere i stimulente fiscale pentru cercetare. n plus, Guvernul Romniei a adoptat n
august 2011 Planul de aciune pentru reforma n cercetare i inovare, n contextul mprumutului primit
de la UE. Planul de aciune este construit pe trei piloni: guvernana sistemului, managementul
institutelor publice de cercetare i creterea ponderii activitii de cercetare i inovare din sectorul
privat. Autoritile romne au prezentat rapoarte privind o serie de msuri, adoptate sau deja aplicate,
legate de Planul de aciune. Este n curs de desfurare un proces de certificare a institutelor naionale
de cercetare-dezvoltare, iar cadrul legal privind finanarea acestor institute a fost modificat; se
realizeaz o reform ambiioas a universitilor, cu scopul de a netezi calea ctre mai mult
autonomie i difereniere ntre universitile de cercetare i cele orientate mai mult ctre activitatea
didactic i nevoile locale.
Cu toate acestea, msurile ar avea un impact mai mare dac ar fi susinute de o viziune pe termen lung.
Msurile adoptate/planificate ar trebui ntr-adevr s fie mai bine corelate n cadrul unei reforme
atotcuprinztoare, pentru a mbunti eficiena general a sistemului de cercetare i inovare.
nfiinarea unui Consiliu interministerial pentru cercetare i inovare ar fi de mare ajutor n materie de
guvernan. Crearea acestui Consiliu a fost anunat n 2002, dar el nu i-a nceput nc activitatea n
mod real. Consiliul are potenialul s dirijeze msurile att pentru a rezolva lipsa de coordonare a
activitilor de cercetare ntreprinse sub autoritatea diverselor ministere, ct i pentru a promova
inovarea n ntreaga economie. Se poate atepta ca acest Consiliu s creasc contientizarea la
nivelurile politice cele mai nalte n ceea ce privete valoarea adugat pe care o are inovarea n
diverse sectoare (respectiv inovarea n domenii precum agricultura, transportul, serviciile), n special
dac activitatea sa va include att activitile de cercetare-dezvoltare, ct i cele de inovare i dac se
vor clarifica competenele sale n comparaie cu alte consilii similare.
Elaborarea unei viziuni comune, mpreun cu principalele pri interesate, care s vizeze evoluia ctre
o economie bazat n mai mare msur pe cunoatere i inovare ar ajuta mult, ntr-adevr, la creterea
sinergiilor i a consecvenei diverselor politici cu impact asupra inovrii n sectorul economic. De
exemplu, exist dou strategii diferite pentru IMM-uri i pentru mediul de afaceri, cu obiective
similare, dar fr legturi clare ntre ele. n acest context, este oarecum ngrijortor c, dei a fost
elaborat o strategie pentru competitivitate, aceasta nu este nc adoptat i nu este clar dac sau cnd
se va ntmpla acest lucru.
7

n fapt, cercetarea i inovarea din sectorul privat rmn la un nivel subdezvoltat i se afl n declin
continuu ncepnd din anul 2000, iar msurile existente de promovare a C&I nu sunt n ntregime pe
msura provocrilor cu care se confrunt ntreprinderile, multinaionalele i noile ntreprinderi
inovatoare locale. Ar merita poate s se analizeze dac sistemul nu ar putea beneficia de pe urma
nlocuirii actualelor intervenii de tipul msur unic cu intervenii orientate pentru ntreprinderile
inovatoare care i-au dovedit deja succesul n aceast direcie. n plus, exist o nevoie evident de
rezolvare a actualei nepotriviri dintre calificrile necesitate de piaa cunoaterii i calificrile oferite de
nvmntul superior din Romnia. Multinaionalele par oarecum reticente n a crea faciliti de C&I
n Romnia, din cauza vulnerabilitilor pe care le prezint cadrul referitor la drepturile de proprietate
intelectual (DPI), care atribuie angajailor proprietatea asupra unei invenii/rezultat de cercetare. n
acest sens, se sper ca finalizarea legii naionale a brevetelor s contribuie la creterea investiiilor
strine directe (ISD) n activiti inovatoare, care s asigure un nivel sporit al productivitii. n
momentul de fa este n curs de pregtire un regulament privind brevetul angajatului, care ar putea
s rezolve aceast problem. Exist stimulente fiscale suplimentare pentru companiile care ntreprind
activiti de cercetare-dezvoltare, iar n 2012 s-a introdus un voucher pentru inovare.
n sfrit, nfiinarea de ctre studeni a unor firme noi, de nalt tehnologie, demareaz lent i ar
trebui s fie impulsionat de msuri precum vouchere pentru finanare i pentru servicii de ndrumare.
Exist o operaiune special deschis pentru firme noi i pentru cele rezultate din divizare care are
rolul de a sprijini punerea n aplicare a rezultatelor C&I. ncepe s devin disponibil capitalul iniial:
Ministerul Economiei ncurajeaz o reea de investitori provideniali (conectori de capital de risc) n
domenii precum TIC. Cu toate acestea, investiiile/capitalul de mare risc provenit de la investitori
provideniali este nc la un nivel foarte sczut i ar putea beneficia de pe urma cuplrii sale cu
finanri provenite, de exemplu, dintr-un fond accelerator/de investiii pentru ntreprinderi din zona
tehnologiilor medii i nalte

Impactul economic al inovrii

Indicele de mai jos este un indice rezumat al impactului economic al inovrii, compus din cinci
indicatori din tabloul de bord al Uniunii cercetrii i inovrii
1
.

Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit (2013)
Data: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013, Eurostat
Note: (1) Based on underlying data for 2009, 2010 and 2011.
0.384
0.612
0.321
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
Romania EU Reference Group
(BG+PL+RO+HR+TR)
Romania - Index of economic impact of innovation
(1)


1
Vezi nota metodologic pentru compoziia acestui indice.
8


n cazul Romniei, indicele impactului economic al inovrii este mai sczut dect cel mediu din UE,
dar mai ridicat dect nivelul grupului de referin al rilor cu profil economic i de cercetare
asemntor. Chiar dac aceast valoare trebuie analizat n evoluia ei n timp i nu limitat la un
singur an, ea pune n eviden o preocupare economic real pentru transformarea cunoaterii i
tehnologiei n competitivitate economic. Facilitarea crerii de ntreprinderi inovatoare cu nalt
dezvoltare reprezint o strategie major, care reclam urmtoarele trei modificri structurale: 1)
dezvoltarea unei baze de cercetare excelente, axate pe acele sectoare in care Romnia are o bun
performan n comparaie cu reperele internaionale i n care exist potenial de atragere a unor
investiii n activiti economice; 2) stimularea antreprenoriatului cu scopul diseminrii i ncurajrii
cercetrii i inovrii n economie; i 3) punerea la punct a unor condiii cadru corespunztoare pentru
inovare, bazate pe o strategie cuprinztoare, sprijinit de prile interesate.

Factorii cei mai problematici n ceea ce privete activitatea ntreprinderilor au fost identificai ca fiind
ratele de impozitare, birocraia de stat ineficient, instabilitatea politicilor, accesul la finanare i
corupia. Ca rezultat, msurile menite s mbunteasc competitivitatea i s ncurajeze modificarea
structural a sectorului de afaceri ar trebui s cuprind un set amplu de msuri, care s treac dincolo
de politicile legate strict de C&I i s se ocupe de mediul de afaceri, de mbuntirea infrastructurii,
de creterea capacitii administrative, de combaterea corupiei i a fraudei, etc.

La fel ca n majoritatea rilor din Europa de est, sprijinul public pentru dezvoltarea unei piee
informale de capital de risc (att capital pentru faza iniial, ct i pentru fazele de extindere i
nlocuire) este limitat. n plus, accesul la credite al IMM-urilor care se angajeaz n activiti de C&I
este practic inexistent, att din cauza bncilor care percep activitile de C&I ca fiind riscante, ct i
datorit lipsei de stimulente pentru ca bncile s acorde mprumuturi mici (costul prelucrrii unui
dosar este acelai, indiferent dac este vorba de un credit mic, pentru un IMM, sau de unul mare).
Costurile aferente nregistrrii brevetelor la OEB i la alte birouri internaionale de brevete este
prohibitiv pentru majoritatea solicitanilor romni poteniali.



























9


Modernizarea sectorului industriilor prelucrtoare prin cercetare i tehnologii

Graficul de mai jos ilustreaz creterea nivelului cunoaterii n diverse industrii prelucrtoare. Poziia
pe axa orizontal ilustreaz schimbarea ponderii fiecrui sector industrial pe perioada respectiv n
ceea ce privete valoarea adugat. Tendina general de deplasare ctre stnga reflect scderea
ponderii industriei prelucrtoare n totalul economiei. Sectoarele de deasupra axei x sunt cele a cror
intensitate a cercetrii a crescut n timp. Dimensiunea cercului reprezint ponderea sectorului (n
valoare adugat) n industriile prelucrtoare (pentru toate sectoarele reprezentate n grafic).
Sectoarele colorate n rou sunt sectoarele cu tehnologie nalt sau medie.
Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unit
Data: Eurostat
Notes: (1) High-Tech and Medium-High-Tech sectors are shown in red. 'Other transport equipment' includes High-Tech, Medium-High-Tech
and Medium-Low-Tech.
(2) 'Rubber & plastics': 1996-2007; 'Pulp, paper and paper products': 1997-2001; 'Wood and cork (except furniture)': 1997-2002;
'Fabricated metal products': 2002-2008; Office, accounting and computing machinery': 2003-2007; 'Electrical machinery and
apparatus', 'Machinery and equipment', 'Medical, precision and optical instruments', 'Motor vehicles', 'Other transport
equipment': 2003-2008.
Basic metals
Chemicals & chemical
products
Coke, refined petroleum,
nuclear fuel
Construction
Electrical machinery &
apparatus
Electricity, gas & water
Fabricated metal products
Food products , beverages
& tobacco
Machinery & equipment
Medical, precision & optical
instruments
Motor vehicles
Office, accounting &
computing machinery
Other manufacturing
Other non-metallic mineral
products
Other transport equipment
Pulp, paper & paper
products
Rubber & plastics
Textiles, wearing apparel &
fur, leather products
Wood & cork (except
furniture)
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
B
E
R
D

i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
-
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
n
n
u
a
l

g
r
o
w
t
h

(
%
)
,
1
9
9
6
-
2
0
0
8
(
2
)

Share of value added in total value added - average annual growth (%), 1996-2008 (2)
Romania - Share of value added versus BERD intensity - average annual growth, 1996-
2008

Performana limitat a Romniei n materie de inovare se reflect n structura ei economic, n care
predomin sectoarele cu tehnologie medie i inferioar. Cererea de cunotine este slab, iar cultura
inovrii este subdezvoltat. n privina specializrii comerului i a industriei, Romnia face parte din
grupul rilor UE cu venit sczut (la fel ca Bulgaria, Estonia, Letonia i Lituania), cu un PIB mediu pe
cap de locuitor mai sczut dect media european i cu specializare n sectoare mai puin avansate
tehnologic. Romnia este foarte specializat n industrii intensive sub aspectul forei de munc
(pregtirea i filatura fibrelor textile, producia de scnduri, confecii i accesorii), n industrii bazate
pe capital (ciment), i pe pia (nclminte). n materie de inovare, Romnia este specializat n
sectoare cu nivel sczut de inovare (confecii, piele) i n sectoare cu nivel de inovare mediu-nalt
(textile, metale de baz).

n termeni dinamici, graficul de mai sus indic un oarecare grad de modificare structural, prin
creterea valorii adugate n sectoare bazate pe tehnologie i inovare (echipamente de birou, maini de
contabilizat i de calculat, autovehicule i, n mai mic msur, maini i aparate electrice). Pe de alt
parte, domeniile bazate pe cunoatere, ca de pild instrumentele medicale, de precizie i optice, i ntr-
o anumit msur, substanele i produsele chimice, nregistreaz o scdere a ponderii valorii
10

adugate. Totui, n timp ce calitatea industriilor bazate pe fora de munc s-a mbuntit, situaia este
deocamdat diferit n cazul industriilor bazate pe tehnologie.
Competitivitatea n cadrul cererii i al pieelor mondiale

Investiiile n cunoatere, clusterele bazate pe tehnologie, inovarea i modernizarea industriilor
prelucrtoare reprezint factori determinani pentru competitivitatea unei ri pe pieele mondiale de
export. O contribuie pozitiv a produselor de tehnologie nalt i medie n cadrul balanei comerciale
constituie un indicator al specializrii i competitivitii n privina acestor produse.
Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis unit
Data: COMTRADE
Notes: The data for "Arms & ammunition" refers to the period 2006-2011.
"Textile fibres & their wastes" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 266 and 267.
"Organic chemicals" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 512 and 513.
"Essential oils & resinoids; perfume materials" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 553 and 554. "Chemical materials & products" refers only to
the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 591, 593, 597 and 598. "Iron & steel" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 671, 672 and 679.
"Metalworking machinery" refers only to the following 3-digits sub-divisions: 731, 733 and 737.
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
C
h
a
n
g
e

in

t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n

t
o
t
r
a
d
e

b
a
la
n
c
e
(
in

%
p
o
in
t
s
)
Evolution of the contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to the trade balance
for Romania between 2000 and 2011

Balana comercial a tuturor produselor de tehnologie nalt (HT) i tehnologie medie (MT) combinate
a fost negativ n Romnia pn n 2008 i a devenit pozitiv n 2009 i 2010. Aceasta contrasteaz cu
totalul balanei comerciale, n care tendina pozitiv de pn n 2008 a fost urmat de o stagnare
relativ n 2009 i 2010. Prin urmare, datele indic att o deplasare treptat i ncurajatoare ctre HT i
MT n balana comercial a Romniei n ultimii civa ani, precum i faptul c aceasta a reuit s
determine o contrabalansare a deficienelor din restul economiei.

Mai exact, graficul de mai sus scoate n eviden industriile de tehnologie nalt i tehnologie medie
care i-au mbuntit contribuia la balana comercial a Romniei, mai ales autovehiculele,
echipamentele electrice i textilele i, ntr-o anumit msur, echipamentele de telecomunicaii,
utilajele industriale generale i cele specializate pentru anumite industrii. Prin contrast, sectoare
precum cel al mainilor i echipamentelor de generare a energiei electrice, cel al maselor plastice, al
produselor medicinale i farmaceutice, al ngrmintelor i al mainilor de prelucrare a metalelor
contribuie tot mai puin la balana comercial, ceea ce indic o posibil scdere a competitivitii
relative la nivel mondial.

n ultimii 15 ani, economia romneasc a ctigat n competitivitate pe plan mondial; cu toate acestea,
modificrile structurale au loc ntr-un ritm foarte lent. n ultimul deceniu, Romnia a avut cea mai
nalt cretere a productivitii totale a factorilor din UE. Dac lum anul 2000 ca an de referin,
productivitatea total a factorilor a crescut cu 50 % n 2008 i cu 35 % n 2012. Scderea relativ ntre
11

2008 i 2012 poate fi atribuit, n mod rezonabil, crizei economice i financiare. Romnia a nregistrat
progrese importante n privina emisiilor de gaze cu efect de ser, care au sczut, i a reuit s creasc
i ponderea energiei din surse regenerabile n consumul final brut de energie. Rata ocuprii forei de
munc a sczut de la 69,1 n anul 2000 la 62,8 n 2011.
Indicatori cheie pentru Romnia

12

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average EU Rank
ROMANIA annual average
(2)
within
growth
(1)
EU
(%)
ENABLERS
Investment in knowledge
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6) per thousand
population aged 25-34
: : : 0.72 0.76 1.11 0.92 0.86 0.95 1.35 1.40 : : 10.0 1.69 15
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D (BERD) as %
of GDP
0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.17 : -3.4 1.26 25
Public expenditure on R&D (GOVERD + HERD) as %of
GDP
0.11 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.28 0.28 0.31 : 9.6 0.74 25
Venture Capital
(3)
as %of GDP 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.04 : -1.8 0,35
(4)
17
(4)
S&T excellence and cooperation
Composite indicator of research excellence : : : : : 12.2 : : : : 17.8 : : 7.8 47.9 23
Scientific publications within the 10%most cited
scientific publications worldwide as %of total scientific
publications of the country
2.6 2.5 3.0 3.1 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.8 : : : : 4.9 10.9 24
International scientific co-publications per million
population
44 39 45 66 76 84 89 111 122 133 144 148 : 11.7 300 27
Public-private scientific co-publications per million
population
: : : : : : : 5 5 6 8 8 : 15.5 53 24
FIRM ACTIVITIES AND IMPACT
Innovation contributing to international competitiveness
PCT patent applications per billion GDP in current PPS 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 : : : 0.2 3.9 27
License and patent revenues from abroad as %of GDP : : : : 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.12 0.28 0.13 : 41.4 0.58 16
Sales of new to market and new to firm innovations as
%of turnover
: : : : 16.6 : 18.5 : 14.9 : 14.3 : : -2.5 14.4 12
Knowledge-intensive services exports as %total
service exports
: : : : 22.3 41.0 44.9 43.8 42.0 44.9 43.0 : : 11.6 45.1 7
Contribution of high-tech and medium-tech products to
the trade balance as %of total exports plus imports of
products
-10.69 -9.21 -9.61 -9.30 -8.45 -7.26 -6.00 -4.42 -2.33 0.60 0.25 0.38 : - 4,20
(5)
19
Growth of total factor productivity (total economy) -
2000 = 100
100 105 116 120 130 134 140 144 148 137 133 134 132 32
(6)
103 2
Factors for structural change and addressing societal challenges
Composite indicator of structural change 16.0 : : : : 19.0 : : : : 28.3 : : 5.9 48.7 27
Employment in knowledge-intensive activities
(manufacturing and business services) as %of total
employment aged 15-64
: : : : : : : : 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.5 : 4.9 13.6 27
SMEs introducing product or process innovations as %
of SMEs
: : : : 17.8 : 19.4 : 18.0 : 13.2 : : -4.9 38.4 27
Environment-related technologies - patent applications
to the EPO per billion GDP in current PPS
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 : : : : -1.2 0.39 24
Health-related technologies - patent applications to the
EPO per billion GDP in current PPS
0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 : : : : -4.2 0.52 25
EUROPE 2020 OBJECTIVES FOR GROWTH, JOBS AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
Employment rate of the population aged 20-64 (%) 69.1 68.3 63,3
(7)
63.7 63.5 63.6 64.8 64.4 64.4 63.5 63.3 62.8 : -0.1 68.6 22
R&D Intensity (GERD as %of GDP) 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.41 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.47 0.46 0.48 : 2.5 2.03 26
Greenhouse gas emissions - 1990 = 100 55 56 58 60 59 59 60 59 58 49 48 : : -7
(8)
85 3
(9)
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy
consumption (%)
: : : : 16.8 17.6 17.1 18.3 20.3 22.4 23.4 : : 5.7 12.5 7
Share of population aged 30-34 who have successfully
completed tertiary education (%)
8.9 8.8 9.1 8.9 10.3 11.4 12.4 13.9 16.0 16.8 18.1 20.4 : 7.8 34.6 26
Share of population at risk of poverty or social
exclusion (%)
: : : : : : : 45.9 44.2 43.1 41.4 40.3 : -3.2 24.2 26
(9)
Source: DG Research and Innovation - Economic Analysis Unit
Data: Eurostat, DG JRC - ISPRA, DG ECFIN, OECD, Science Metrix / Scopus (Elsevier), Innovation Union Scoreboard
Notes: (1) Average annual growth refers to growth between the earliest available year and the latest available year for which compatible data are available over the period
2000-2012.
(2) EU average for the latest available year.
(3) Venture Capital includes early-stage, expansion and replacement for the period 2000-2006 and includes seed, start-up, later-stage, growth, replacement,
rescue/turnaround and buyout for the period 2007-2011.
(4) Venture Capital: EU does not include EE, CY, LV, LT, MT, SI, SK, These Member States were not included in the EU ranking.
(5) EU is the weighted average of the values for the Member States.
(6) The value is the difference between 2012 and 2000.
(7) Break in series between 2002 and the previous years. Average annual growth refers to 2002-2011.
(8) The value is the difference between 2010 and 2000. A negative value means lower emissions.
(9) The values for this indicator were ranked from lowest to highest.
(10) Values in italics are estimated or provisional.

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via one of the sales agents of the Publications Oce of the European Union
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European Commission
Research and Innovation performance in Romania - Country profile
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
2013 25 pp. 21 29.7 cm
ISBN 978-92-79-30859-8
doi:10.2777/25094
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doi:10.2777/25094
Research and Innovation policy