-------------------------------------- Sewerage Notes (Additional)

Sanitation is the prevention of the sporadic outbreak of diseases dangerous for the
general health of the public. This can be achieved by either controlling or eliinating such
environental factors as contribute in soe for or the other to the transission of the
diseases. These factors include the following!
a) "ater supply
b) #arriage or disposal of huan e$creta and other wastes fro counities%
industries and trades
c) The enace of insects os&uitoes% flies and rodents with regards to foods and
other services
d) 'entilation and airconditioning
e) Atospheric pollution and ethods of purification
f) (lubing in the case of buildings
g) )ther hygienic factors
Sewage ay be defined as the used water or li&uid wastes of a counity% which includes
huan and household wastes together with street-washings% industrial wastes and such
ground and stor-water as ay be i$ed with it.
#onstituents of Sewage!
a) *oestic sewage% which includes huan e$creta as well as discharges fro
kitchens% baths% lavatories etc.% fro public and private buildings
b) +ndustrial and trade wastes fro anufacturing processes such as tanneries%
slaughter houses% distilleries% ills% canneries% laundries% cheical plants% etc.
c) ,round water or subsoil water entering sewers through leaks ( +nfiltration and
+nflow)
d) Stor water which is rain water fro houses% roads% along with surface water etc.
#lassification of Sewers According to their -se!
.. Sanitary sewers carry doestic sewage% industrial waste% and whatever ground%
surface% and stor water enters through /oints% anhole covers% and defects in the
syste.
0. Stor sewers are designed to carry the surface and stor water passing through or
generated in the area which they serve.
1. #obined sewers carry all types of sewage in the sae conduits.
2elation to "ater -se
Sanitary sewage and industrial wastes are derived principally fro the water supply. 'ery
little water is actually 3consued4 in the sense that it is peranently reoved fro the
counity5s environent. 6or this reason% estiation of sewage flows should be prefaced
by a study of both present water consuption and that e$pected in the future.
Stor "ater *rainage Syste
A piping syste used for conveying rain water and other precipitations through stor
sewers to a place of disposal.
6actors Affecting Stor water drainage!
.. +ntensity and duration of rainfall
(inversely proportional to each other7 the longer the duration% in hours% the saller
the intensity% in 8hr) (intenasity fre&uency)
0. Topography of the water shed this
includes such factors as!
a. 9$tent of the area drained the
bigger the area of precipitation% the greater would be the e$tent of area
drained.
b. Shape of the area the fan-shaped
areas drain away discharge ore &uickly than the ovoid-shaped areas.
c. Slope of the area on a steeper
slope% the rate of stor water flow would be greater.
d. Nature of soil the pereability%
vegetation and built up areas also have great effects on the flow. 2un-off
norally increases with increase in iperviousness while decreases in
forest and vegetation growth.
1. Nuber of available ditches in the area if the nuber is large and the ditches are
also largely si:ed% part of the stor water ay be retained or reoved thus
decreasing the &uantity available for providing stor water drainage.
;. <uidity% wind and teperature greater huidity% high winds and war
teperature tend to reduce the stor water flow.
+nfiltration is the water which enters sewers through poor /oints% cracked pipes and the
walls of anholes.
+nflow enters through perforated anhole covers% roof drains connected to sewers% and
drains fro flooded cellars. This is associated with runoff while infiltration is drawn fro
the soil and ay occur even in dry weather.
Tie of #oncentration - is defined as the longest tie% without unreasonable delay% that
would be re&uired for a drop of water to flow fro the upper liit of the drainage area to
the point where concentration or the a$iu effect of flood is considered. Thus% the tie
of concentration to any point in a stor sewer is a cobination of two things!
i. inlet tie and
ii. tie of flow in the sewer
+nlet tie also called tie of entry is the tie re&uired for first drops of rain water to flow
fro the distant points of water shed to the head of the sewer or drain. This is found (i) to
decrease with any increase either in the slope or iperviousness of the ground surface (ii)
to increase either with an increase in the distance over which water has to travel or with
greater watershed-storage. +n practice% it is generally assued to lie between 1 inutes for
a steep and ipervious area and 0= inutes for a flat and agricultural area.
Tie of flow in the sewer is the ratio of the length of the sewer to the velocity of flow when
running full.
Significance. The iportance of the tie of concentration in the design of sewers would be
understood fro an illustration given below!
>et the drainage area of a watershed contributing flow to a sewer be assued as .==
acres. >et the inlet tie be ? inutes and the tie of flow be .@ iutes. Thus tie of
concentration A ?B.@ A 01 inutes.
At any tie between ? and 01 inutes after coencing of stor% the area
contributing the flow at the lower end of the sewer will be proportional to the tie that has
elapsed% since the coenceent of stor. Thus% whole of the area of .== hectares would
be contributing the flow to the lower end at the end of 01 inutes% i.e.% the tie of
concentration% but only half of the area% i.e.% ?= hectares would contribute to the flow at the
end of ?BC A .; inutes of the coenceent of stor % since the tie taken for stor
water to flow down the whole length of the sewer will halved. This is indicated by the
Area-Tie ,raph as shown in the figure. )A representing no area contributing until the
end of inlet tie (1inutes)% straight line AD representing whole of the area contributing
at the end of the tie of concentration (01inutes) and D# representing whole of the area
contributing flow during the rest of stor.
This shows that for a sewer having T inutes as the tie of concentration% A
hectares as the area being drained when sub/ected to a rain-stor% then a period of T
inutes ust elapse before rainfall fro every part of the area has reached the lower end
of the sewer% when the rate of flow in the sewer would be a$iu. +f the stor lasts
longer than T inutes% the sewer would continue to flow full but the rate of flow would be
less% while for the stor lasting less than T inutes% the sewer would not flow full because
only a part of the area contributes to the flow.
The above facts are suari:ed as below!
.) The rate of run-off generally increases with the tie of duration of rainfall.
0) The a$iu rate of flow in a sewer caused by a stor occurs at the end of the
tie of concentration of the sewer.
1) +f the duration of the stor is less than the tie of concentration of the sewer the
rate the rate of rainfall will be heavier but will not last long enough for the entire
area to contribute towards the flow.
;) +f the duration of the stor is greater than the tie of concentration% the entire area
will contribute but at a lower rate.
>loyd *avis 6orula used in the design of stor sewers!
E A F=.? $ 2 $ A $ + (6.(.S. units)

E A .8F $ 2 $ A $ + (Getric units)

"here E A discharge in cu. . per in.
A A area in hectares
2 A total rainfall in . per hour
+ A ipereability factor
The factor .8F is the constant e$pressed in cu % per in. per hec. of . .
rainfall.
+G(92G9AD+>+TH 6A#T)2S 6)2 *+66929NT S-26A#9S
Type of Surface 'alue of +pereability 6actor
Water-tight roof surface =.I= =.C?
Asphalt pavements in good order =.@;? =.C=
Stone, brick and wood-block
pavements with tightly cemented
joints
=.I? - =.@?
The same with open or
uncemented joints0
=.;= =.I=
nferior block pavements with
open joints
=.;= =.?=
!acadami"ed roads =.0? =.F=
#ravel roads and walks =..? =.1=
$npaved streets, vacant lands =..= =.1=
%arks, open spaces, lawns,
meadows etc&
=.=? =.1=
Wooded areas =.=. =.0=
*esign of Stor "ater Sewers!
a) *ivide up the ap of a district to be drained into a nuber of areas% each to be
served by one sewer. Gark sewer- lines on the plan and calculate the area served
by each sewer.
b) 2educe each sewered area into its e&uivalent ipereable area% i.e.% area $
ipereability factor.
c) *raw sections along the lines of the sewers and deterine the gradients at which
the sewers are proposed to be laid.
d) Assue a probable si:e of the sewer and find the velocity of flow through the
sewer at the available gradient by the use of any of the hydraulic forulas.
*eterine the tie of flow in the sewer% length of the sewer being known.
e) Ne$t find out the tie of concentration by adding to the tie of flow already
deterined% an assued value of the inlet tie.
f) #alculate the &uantity of stor water flow per unit tie. -se >loyd *avis
forula.
g) +f the run-off discharge as calculated in (f) above agrees with the discharge of the
sewer when carried at the given grade and velocity% the assued si:e of the
sewer is correct. +n case of any deviation between the two% a fresh si:e ust be
selected and the foregoing calculations revised. Thus% by trial and error% the
correct si:e of the sewer can be found out.
9$aple
.. Assuing that the surface on which the rain falls in a district is
classified as follows!
0=J of the area consists of roofs for which the run-off ratio is taken
as =.C=%
0?J of the area consists of paveents for which the run-off ratio is
=.@?%
?=J of the area consists of lawns% gardens% and vegetable plants for
which the run-off ratio is =..= and the reaining
?J of the area is wooded for which the run-off ratio is =.=?7
deterine the coefficient of run-off.
+f the total area of the district is ..F0 hectares% and the a$iu
intensity is taken as =.F? 8hr% what is the total run-off for the
districtK
A district having an area of .F hectares with coefficient of relative
ipervious as =.I?% has to be drained to a sewer of C== eters length%
laid at a gradient of . in 1==. The rainfall intensity ay be assued to
be of .= to 0= inutes duration and the tie of entry at the sewer-inlet
as 1 inutes. *esign the stor water sewer.
(robles!
.. *esign an outfall sewer in the separate syste for a town with a population of
.==%=== persons with water supply at .@=li. (er head per day. The sewer is to be of
brickwork rendered sooth with ceent ortar (n A =.=.0) and the perissible
slope is . in .%===. A self-cleansing velocity of =.I? 8sec is to be developed7 the
*.".6. ay be taken as .81
rd
of the a$iu discharge.
"hat is the e&uivalent egg-shaped section of this circular sewerK #alculate
the velocity in the new section when flowing full and at *.".6.
0. Assuing that the surface on which the rain falls in a district is classified as follows!
0=J of the area consists of roofs for which the run-off ration is taken as =.C=% 0?J
of the area consists of paveents for which the run-off-ratio is =.@?% ?=J of the area
consists of lawns% gardens and vegetable plants for which the run-off-ratio is =..=
and the reaining ?J of the area is wooded for which the run-off-ratio is =.=?7
deterine the coefficient of run-off.
+f the total area of the district is ..F0 hectares% and the a$iu intensity is
taken as F0.?8hr% what is the total run-off for the districtK
1. A district having an area of .F hectares with coefficient of relative ipervious as
=.I?% has to be drained by a sewer C==. length% laid at a gradient of . in 1==. The
rainfall intensity ay be assued to be of .= to 0= inutes duration and the tie of
entry at the sewer inlet as 1 inutes. *esign the stor sewer.
F. 6ind the full flow capacity and velocity in a 0; inch e&uivalent circular
si:e concrete arch pipe stor sewer. The sewer is installed on a =.;=
percent slope. The n value is =.=.0 for concrete stor sewers.
I. Select the si:e of a circular concrete pipe re&uired for a sanitary sewer
installed on a =.? percent slope. The average flow rate is .= ft.
1
per
second. The peak flow is estiated at 0.? ties the average flow and the
iniu flow is appro$iately one-third the average flow. The n value
is =.=.1 for sanitary sewers. The iniu re&uired velocity is 0 fps.
(uping of Sewage
Necessity of (uping. Sewage is re'uired to be pumped because of any of the
following reasons(
b& n order to drain off a low-lying area, when the rest
of the sewerage system being drained gravitationally cannot be
lowered to facilitate the drainage of the low-lying area&
c& When the land is flat and laying sewers at their proper grades
could mean e)pensive e)cavation& n such a case, sewage may be
lifted at intervals and subse'uent sewers laid at reasonable depth
below the surface&
d& When the outfall sewer is lower than the entrance to the treatment
works or the body of water into which sewage is discharged for
dilution&
e& When a sewer has to go across a high ridge& nstead of driving a
tunnel, pumping sewage into sewers laid across the slope of the
ridge at reasonable depths may be more economical&
f& When it is re'uired to drain off the sub-basements in the case of
large office buildings and business blocks, the level of the
basement-floor being lower than the invert-level of the street
sewer&
#lassifications of (ups!
*& +entrifugal pumps
,& -eciprocating pumps
.& %neumatic ejectors
/& Air-lift pumps
(uping Stations
>ocation. +onditions affecting location of pumping stations are mainly
topographical, the site chosen should not be capable of being flooded either due to
seepage from river running close by or as a result of heavy storms& The location
should preferably be at or near a place of storm relief, so that in case of break-
down of pumps, sewage accumulated can overflow into the valley&
#oponent (arts! The principal component parts of a large pumping installations
are(
*& #rit channel or 0etritus %it
,& Screens, coarse and fine
.& Sumps or wet wells or receiving wells
/& %ower units and pumping sets with float-switch arrangements
1& nlet or low level sewer and rising main to outlet or high level sewer
2& 3mergency overflows or by-pass to remove sewage during emergencies&
4& 5low recorders
6& 7entilation arrangements such as e)traction fans
3)ample
*& A town with a population of /0,000 has a water supply of *.1 liters per head
per day& The system of sewage is separate and the subsoil conditions are
fairly dry, surface drainage being provided& The sewage enters the pumping
station through the low level sewer at -&8& /1&00 and leaves through the high
level sewer at -&8& 1/&00&
+alculate(
a& si"e of the rising main
b& si"e of the pump and
c& 9&:&%& of the pump re'uired
$se the following assumptions(
8ength of the rising main as *10 m&
!a)imum flow ; .)0W5
-ising mains also drains the sump
7elocity in the rising main ; *&, m<sec
!inimum time of pumps running continuously ; *1 mins&
8oss of head in bends etc& ; 0&. m&
%ump efficiency ; 20 =
Three pumps work out of which any two will take the ma)imum
discharge, the third acting as a standby
0epth of sump ; .m&
,& The following are the details in connection with the lifting of sewage from a
low level district into a high level gravity sewer(
-&8& of 8&W&8& in in low-level gravity main ; 21&0
-&8& of full flow in high-level gravity main ; 46&10
8ength of rising main ; ,0,&1 m&
Average 0W5 ; 0&0./ m
.
<sec
!aking suitable assumptions, determine the si"e of the sump, and the horse-
power of the pump and motor you would provide& What automatic device you
would install>
*ecoposition of Sewage
5resh sewage usually contains some free o)ygen - , to 1 ppm ?parts per million@&
The organic matter present in the sewage is, therefore, acted upon by the aerobic
and facultative bacteria& The available o)ygen is soon used up, whereupon the
anaerobic and facultative are brought into action& They split up the comple)
organic compounds, setting free the o)ygen content which is taken up for their
growth and development& #ases like carbon dio)ide ?+A,@ hydrogen sulphide
?:,S@, ammonia ?B:.@ and methane ?+:/@ also given off& The process is termed
as putrefaction, and is the first step in the decomposition of sewage& The liberated
elements, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur are soon acted upon by the aerobic bacteria,
transforming them into stable and unobjectionable compounds of nitrates,
carbohydrates, sulphates, thus marking the completion of the second step in the
decomposition process& This second or the final step is called o)idation& Thus,
decomposition of sewage is generally the result of the process of putrefaction and
o)idation& An putrefaction alone are based the following units of sewage treatment
C
*& Septic tanks
,& mhoff tanks
.& Sludge digestion tanks
Similarly, o)idation are based the following units(
*& +ontact beds
,& Trickling filters
.& Aeration tanks
+ycles of 0ecomposition
N+2),9N #H#>9
There are four different stages in this cycle&
*& %utrefactive Stage sets in on the death of plants or animals& The resulting
dead tissues and cells are attacked by the putrefactive bacteria& The waste
products of animals, i&e&, e)creta and urea are also subjected to similar
bacterial action& Adoriferous gases are the first products, nitrogen finally
appearing as ammonia ?B:.@& ?8ine A9 on the diagram@&
,& Bitrification Stage is brought through agency of the aerobic bacteria by the
o)idation of the ammonia in sewage to first as nitrites and then nitrates& The
nitrates are the final and stable compounds which are available as plant food&
Dndicated by line 9+@
.& %lant life& The nitrates are taken up by the plant-roots and converted into
plant-protein ?indicated by line +0@& Also, in the absence of o)ygen, nitrates
may be acted upon by anaerobic bacteria reducing to ammonia and free
nitrogen& This process is called denitrification ?indicated by line +A
Sometimes the nitrifying bacteria take up this free nitrogen and ammonia
from the air converting them back into nitrates& This process is called
nitrogen fi)ation ?indicated by line A0@&
/& Animal 8ife is the highest stage of the cycle in which the vegetable proteins
and carbohydrates form part of the living animal substance ?indicated by line
0A& An the death of the animal, the cycle is repeated&
See figure
Sulphur and +arbon +ycles
n the sulphur cycle, the putraction stage results in the formation of hydrogen
sulphide ?:,S@ with offensive odors& n the presence of o)ygen, the hydrogen
sulphide is o)idi"ed by the aerobic action into offensive sulphates which are taken
up by the plants and the cycle continues&
n the carbon cycle, the organic matter containing cellulose, starch and sugars or
carbohydrates, undergoes fermentation through the en"ymatic process , giving off
carbon dio)ide ?+A,@& The carbon dio)ide is taken up by the plants, then unites
with the water in them and through the action of sunlight again forms
carbohydrates&
#eneral mportance
The cycles of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon underlie all processes of sewage
treatment and disposal and relative presence tells much about the progress of
decomposition and resulting condition of sewage as well as the efficiency of
sewage treatment&
Analysis of Sewage
Abjectives(
*& To ascertain various substances present in the sewage
,& To determine their physical, chemical and biological characteristics in order
to know the type and degree of treatment re'uired
.& To obtain such information and results necessary for the operation and
maintenance of the sewage-treatment works
/& To show progress of self-purification and pollution of a stream
Sampling of Sewage(
*& Time C no ideal time because the character of sewage changes from time to
time, however, to have a representative sample of the sewage, composite
samples should be taken&
+omposite samples could be(
a& Series of grab samples collected at e'ual time intervals
b& Automatic samplers
,& %lace C no ideal place, however, it is recommended that samples be taken
about 2E from the surface of the li'uid where turbulence of flow more or less
mi)es the sewage&
Strength of Sewage C is an inde) of its nuisance, producing potentialities& These
are nuisance contained in sewage as sludge, odor, biochemical o)ygen demand
?9A0@, suspended solids, and turbidity
Significance of %hysical Analysis(
*& Temperature C effect on biological activities
,& +olor C gray color indicates fresh sewage, black color indicates septic
sewage
.& Ador C fresh sewage is odorless, septic sewage has a putrid odor
/& Turbidity C normally, sewage is turbid and the higher the turbidity, the
stronger is the sewage&
Significance of +hemical Analysis
This includes the following tests(
*& 0issolved A)ygen ?0&A&@ C is the amount of o)ygen dissolved in a sewage&
Significance(
a& presence of 0&A& indicates freshness of sewage
b& presence of 0&A& in the treatment plant effluent indicates efficiency
of treatment
c& presence of 0&A& in the stream where sewage effluent has been
discharged indicates little danger of nuisance occurring
t is important that 0&A& concentration should be maintained to a level of / - 6
mg<li at all times&
The 0&A& determination is usually made by the WinklerFs method which is an
o)idation-reduction process carried out chemically to liberate iodine in amount
e'uivalent to the 'uantity of dissolved o)ygen originally present&
,& 9iochemical A)ygen 0emand ?9&A&0&@ C is the amount of o)ygen re'uired
for biological decomposition of the organic matter under aerobic conditions&
This test is the most important in sewage analysis as it indicates the amount
of decomposable organic matter in the sewage, the larger the concentration,
greater the biochemical o)ygen demand and conse'uently more of the
nuisance-potential or strength of sewage& This test has a special significance
in stream pollution control as it enables to determine the degree of pollution
in the stream at any time&
The o)idation process of organic matter proceeds in two stages& The
first stage lasts 4 C *0 days or more when the carbonaceous matter gets
o)idi"ed, the 'uantity of o)ygen taken up is rapid at first but then proceeds
slowly, the rate depending upon the temperature and characteristics of sewage&
n the second stage, the nitrogeneous matter takes place& This is called
nitrification and proceeds for a much longer period before the process gets
stabili"ed&
Tests for 9&A&0& are usually made at temperature of ,0
o
+ and for a
period of 1 days& ,0
o
+ is more or less a median value as far as natural bodies of
water are concerned while the 1-day period is sufficient to satisfy 40 to 60
percent of the total 9&A&0& in case of domestic and industrial wastes&
%roblem(
5ind the 4-day ,1
o
+ 9A0 if the .-day *1
o
+ 9A0 is ,00ppm, G
,0
; 0&* for
domestic sewage&
9&A&0& Test
The test for 9&A&0& is based upon determination of 0issolved o)ygen prior to
and following a 1-day period of incubation at ,0
o
+& The sample of sewage is
diluted with the dilution water and then incubated at ,0
o
+ for a period of 1
days& As 9&A&0 of the sample depends to a great e)tent on the dilution used,
several dilutions ?at least two or three@ should be used& The dissolved o)ygen
measurements of the undiluted sample?0A
s
@ before incubation and of diluted
sample ?0A
i
@ and of dilution water called blank ?0A
b
@ after the period of
incubation are taken& 9&A&0& is then calculated from the e'uation
3'uation
.& +hloride C is an organic substance not affected by biological treatment&
Therefore, any reduction or diminution of the chloride content of sewage
after coming from a sewage treatment plant indicates that dilution of
sewage has taken place to cause reduction&
/& Bitrogen-
a& 5ree Ammonia Bitrogen C low amount indicates fresh sewageH high
amount indicates stale sewage&
b& Arganic Bitrogen C high amount indicates fresh sewageH low amount
indicates stale sewage&
c& Bitrite Bitrogen C indicates freshness of raw sewage and since nitrite
nitrogen is a very unstable form of nitrogen, its presence indicates that
sewage is undergoing changes in character&
d& Bitrate Bitrogen C indicates stability of sewage&
1& 5ats is significant because its presence will result in changing of filters and
formation of scum in settling tanks and aeration tanks&
2& 7olatile Acid C is an inde) of anaerobic digestion and is significant in
sludge treatment&
4& Alkalinity and Acidity - indicate presence of industrial wastes
6& p: C negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration& t is important as
an aid in the operation of a sewage treatment plant& p: of sewage should be
from 2 C 6 in order that biological treatment will be efficient&
I& #ases C :ydrogen sulfide ?:
,
S@ gas is an odorous gas which indicates septic
sewage& !ethane gas formed during decomposition of sewage is undesirable
in sewers because of its e)plosive character&
*0& -elative Stability C amount of o)ygen available in the li'uid in terms of the
total amount of o)ygen needed for stability& t is useful in estimating
pollution condition of plant effluents&
-elative stability ?-&S&@ C t is the amount of o)ygen available in sewage in terms
of the total amount of o)ygen re'uired for satisfaction of the *st stage demand&
-elative stability is thus a measure of o)ygen demand e)cept that the values
obtained are relative and not absolute& t is e)pressed in percentage of total o)ygen
re'uired and usually calculated from the e)pression(
S ; *00 ?*-0&4I/
t,0
@ or S ; *00 ?*-0&201
t.4
@
Where(
S ; is the relative stability
t,0 or t.4 C represent the time in days for a sewage sample to decolori"e a
standard volume of methylene blue solution when incubated ,0
o
+ or .4
o
+
respectively&
The decolori"ation, caused by the en"ymes produced by anaerobic bacteria is an
indication of the available o)ygen in o)idi"ing the unstable organic matter& This
test is suitable mainly in the case of polluted stream water or sewage effluents& n
the case of raw sewage, the color is precipitated out due to the presence of
colloidal matter in the sewage&
%roblem(
A sewage treatment plant effluent is given the relative stability test& f
incubation is at .1
o
+ and decolori"ation occurs in . days, compute the
relative stability in percent&
9iological Analysis
*& 9acteriological C no significance e)cept to indicate the presence of
certain types of industrial wastes&
,& !icroscopical C aid in determining progress of stream pollutions and
the conditions of sand filters and trickling filters&
%opulation 3'uivalent - is an e)pression of some characteristics of the
per capita flow of sewage in terms of the same characteristics of the per
capita flow of standard sewage& The average 9A0 for each person
contributing to separate sewers, e)cluding any industrial waste is 0&*4
lbs<day& 5or combined sewers, the 9A0 is about 0&,/ lbs<capita<day&
%opulation e'uivalent is useful(
a& As an inde) of the strength of industrial wastes for purposes of
treatment at the municipal sewage treatment works
b& As a means of assessing charges for waste treatment against
industries instead of considering only the volume of sewage&
Standard Sewage C sewage in which industrial waste of all kinds are
largely about and which have been collected during dry weather flow&
+haracteristics of Standard Sewage
*& 9A0 ; 0&*4 lbs<capita<day
,& Suspended solids ; 0&,0 lbs<capita<day
.& +hlorine demand ; 0&00/22 lbs<capita<day
%opulation 3'uivalent, %&3& ; 5low in !#0 ) 6&./ ) character of
waste in ppm J same character of standard sewage in lbs&<capita<day
%roblem(
What is the %&3& of an industrial waste having a 9A0 of *000ppm and is being
discharged into a stream at the rate of * !#0>
%roblem(
A sewage with an ultimate 9A0 of 4/ ppm is to be discharge into a stream at
the rate of * !#0& f the minimum flow of the stream during the summer
monthsnis *0&/ !#0 and the stream water has a dissolved o)ygen content of I&0
ppm, would it be safe to discharge such sewage without affecting fish life if fish
needs / ppm of 0&A& in order to survive> f it is not safe, what degree of treatment
in terms of 9A0 removal should be re'uired>