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Both
liquids and gases are fluids. Liquids are deformable but not compressible, while gases are deformable as
well as compressible
Ideal fluids are completely characterized by it density and pressure. They do not have shear
stresses or dissipative properties like viscosity.
In real fluids, viscosity, shear stresses, surface tension etc. are all present.
Ans. Viscosity is the property of a fluid to resist relative motion between adjacent fluid layers.
Due to viscosity, resisting shear stresses originate in the fluid between adjacent fluid layers having
velocity difference. The two types of viscosity are dynamic (absolute) viscosity () and kinematic
viscosity (). Mathematically, dynamic viscosity is defined by the relation:
= .
v
2
= constant
Where and v are density and velocity of the fluid at any point inside the streamline.
The first term is called the pressure head, the second term is the gravitational head and the
third term is called the velocity head.
Source: Fundamentals of fluid mechanics : Munson Okiishi, Young
For fluid flowing in streamline, Bernoullis equation tells us that the sum of the pressure head (p/),
velocity head (V
2
/2g) and gravitational head (h) is constant. Each of these heads represent a form of
energy pressure energy, kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. The energy line represents
the sum of these heads at different points of the flow. This can be measured by a pitot static tube
measuring stagnation pressure). Under the assumptions of Bernoulli equation, this sum is constant
giving rise to a straight line denoting constant energy.
On the other hand, the hydraulic grade line (HGL) represents the sum of the pressure and gravitational
head (not the velocity head). So, the total energy remaining same, if the velocity of fluid at a point
increases, then the hydraulic grade line dips. The piezometric sum represented by the hydraulic grade
line is measured by a static pressure tap connected to a piezometer tube.