News 6 Thursday, March 20, 2014 Register

1
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A major announcement this week appears to confrm
theories on what happened in the frst tiny fractions of
a second after the Big Bang that created the universe.
One thing that announcement didnt do: It didnt
help those of us with normal-size brains
understand the importance of this discovery.
THE BIG BANG
Space and time are created when a
single, very hot, very dense point in
space begins to expand.
Scientists might differ on
details or how they calculate
time. But this, roughly, is
how they think the universe
was created.
1 SECOND LATER
The universe continues to cool and
expand, but not quite as quickly.
Basic forces of nature emerge:
gravity and the force that holds
nuclei of atoms together.
1 HUNDREDTH OF A
BILLIONTH OF A TRIL-
LIONITH OF A TRILLION-
ITH OF A SECOND LATER
The expansion of the universe
suddenly accelerates, doubling in
size at least 90 times. This is the
period astrophysicists call inflation.
3 MINUTES LATER
The universe as we know it takes
shape. Protons and neutrons
collide to form deuterium and then
hydrogen and helium. The universe
today is still largely made of these
elements.
380,000 YEARS LATER
Once the enormous cloud of hot,
expanding gas begins to cool,
electrons are able to combine
with the nuclei that have formed.
Photons little bits of light
rush outward. Astronomers can
still detect this light as micro-
wave radiation.
400 MILLION
YEARS LATER
Gravity gradually pulls together
clumps of gas into denser
pockets. Stars ignite in these
pockets, and then groups of
stars gather into galaxies.
3 BILLION YEARS LATER
Smaller galaxies merge into larger
ones. Some stars collide, creating
black holes and quasars.
6 BILLION YEARS LATER
Some stars die in gigantic
explosions called supernovae.
These explosions scatter elements
such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen,
calcium and iron, gold and uranium
into space. It is from these
scattered atoms that planets
are made.
9 BILLION YEARS LATER
A rotating cloud of gas begins to
spin around a dense center. The
cloud flattens into a disc. The
center becomes our sun while
dense clumps in the disc form into
the planets of our solar system.
RIPPLES FROM THE
BIG BANG
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
A BIG
BANG
HISTORY
A VIOLENT BEGINNING
WHAT IS INFLATION?
Within a
tiny fraction
of a second,
the Big
Bang
inflated the
universe.
A violent beginning to the cosmos would have created gravity waves. Observations now seem to confirm this.
The theory of inflation explains how the universe expanded so uniformly
and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
Compression
waves
Big
Bang
Cosmic
microwave
background
Lines indicate orientation
and degree of polarization
Gravity
waves
Compression waves created
a pattern in the afterglow
of the expansion, known as
the cosmic microwave
background, which scien-
tists have studied and
mapped since the 1960s.
In the 1990s, physicists
theorized that rapid inflation
during the Big Bang would
also generate gravity waves,
which would leave their
mark by polarizing light in
the cosmic afterglow.
Extremely sensitive telescopes
at the South Pole have
detected such skewed light
waves, but scientists have
spent almost a decade ensur-
ing that the phenomenon was
not the result of other factors.
PATTERSON CLARK, THE WASHINGTON POST
Source: Harvard-
Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics
Sources: PBS Nova, Space.com,
Scientific American, Universe Today
THE UNIVERSE is just
under 14 billion years old.
From our position in the
Milky Way galaxy, we can
observe a sphere the
visible universe extend-
ing 14 billion light-years in
every direction. But
there's a mystery. Wher-
ever we look, the universe
has an even temperature.
NOT ENOUGH TIME
The universe is not old
enough for light to travel
the 28 billion light-years
from one side of the
universe to the other,
and there has not been
enough time for
scattered patches of hot
and cold to mix into an
even temperature.
DISTANT COFFEE
At a smaller scale,
imagine using a
telescope to look a
mile in one direction.
You see a coffee cup,
and from the amount
of steam, you can
estimate its tempera-
ture and how much it
has cooled.
COFFEE EVERYWHERE
Now turn around and look
a mile in the other direc-
tion. You see the same
coffee cup, at exactly the
same temperature.
Coincidence? Maybe. But
if you see the same cup in
every direction, you might
want to look for another
explanation.
INFLATION solves this
problem. The theory
proposes that, less than
a trillionth of a second
after the Big Bang, the
universe expanded
faster than the speed of
light. Tiny ripples in the
violently expanding mass
eventually grew into the
large-scale structures of
the universe.
EXPANSION
Returning to our coffee,
imagine a single, central
pot expanding faster
than light and cooling to
an even temperature as
it expands. That is
something like inflation.
And the structure of the
universe mirrors the
froth and foam of the
original pot.
LARRY BUCHANAN AND JONATHAN CORUM, THE NEW YORK TIMES
FLUCTUATION
Astronomers have now
detected evidence of
these ancient fluctua-
tions in swirls of polar-
ized light in the cosmic
background radiation,
which is energy left
over from the early
universe. These are
gravitational waves
predicted by Einstein.
STILL NOT
ENOUGH TIME
There has not been
enough time to carry
coffee cups from place to
place before they get
cold. But if all the coffee
cups were somehow
filled from a single coffee
pot, all at the same time,
that might explain their
even temperature.