PRELIM

INTERCONVERSION
1. Convert 25.0 grams of KMnO4 to moles.
The molar mass of KMnO4 is 158.034 grams/mole.

2. Calculate how many moles are in 17.0 grams of H2O2
The molar mass of H2O2 is 34.0146 grams/mole

3.. How many atoms are in 2.12 mol of propane (C3H8)?
x atoms = 2.12 mol x (6.02 x 1023 atoms / 1 mol)
= 1.28 x 1024 atoms

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION


1. What is the electron configuration of Fe( Iron)
Atomic number: 26
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
2. What is the electron configuration of S (sulfur)
Atomic number: 16
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
3. Find the electron configuration of silicon
Answer: silicon= [Ne] 3s2 3p2 or 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
WAVE MECHANICS
(wavelength)
1. Light with a frequency of 7.26 x 1014 Hz lies in the violet region of the visible spectrum. What is the wavelength of
this frequency of light? Answer in units of nm.

Solution:

Substitute into = c:

(x) (7.26 x 1014 s1) = 3.00 x 108 m s1
x = 4.13 x 107 m

Convert from m to nm:

4.13 x 107 m x (109 nm / 1 m) = 413 nm
2. When an electron beam strikes a block of copper, x-rays of frequency 1.07 x 1019 Hz are emitted. What is the
wavelength of these x-rays? Answer in units of pm.

Solution:

Substitute into = c:

(x) (1.07 x 1019 s1) = 3.00 x 108 m s1
x = 2.80 x 1011 m

Convert from m to pm:

2.80 x 1011 m x (1012 pm / 1 m) = 28 pm
3.Calculate the wavelength (in meters) of radiation a frequency of 5.00 x 1014 s1.

Solution:

Substitute into = c:

(x) (5.00 x 1014 s1) = 3.00 x 108 m s1
x = 6.00 x 107 m

the unit typically used for wavelengths of visible light is nanometers:

6.00 x 107 m times (109 nm / 1 m) = 600 nm.
ENERGY

1.The red light from a helium-neon laser has a wavelength of 633 nm . What is the energy of one photon?
Two equations are needed:
E = h where
E = energy
h = Planck's constant = 6.626 x 10-34 Js
= frequency
and
c = where
c = speed of light = 3 x 108 m/sec
= wavelength
= frequency
= c/
E = h
E = hc/
E = 6.626 x 10-34 Js x 3 x 108 m/sec/ (633 nm x 10-9 m/1 nm)
E = 1.988 x 10-25 Jm/6.33 x 10-7 m E = 3.14 x -19 J
2. Microwave ovens emit microwave energy with a wavelength of 12.9 cm. What is the energy of exactly one photon
of this microwave radiation?
c=v E=hv(Energy (J) = frequency (Hz) times Plancks constant (Joule-Second or J-S))
c= 2.998 x 108 m/s (this problem wants us to use this number for speed of light), h=6.626 x 10-34J-s
Now we simply plug in, making sure that our units match (convert 12.9cm to meters)
2.998 x 108 m/s = .129m * v
2.998 x 108 m/s / .129m = v
v = 2,324,031,008 Hz
Now that we found v, we can solve for E.
E = 2,324,031,008 Hz * 6.626 x 10-34J-s
E= 1.539902946 x 10-24J
E= 1.54 x 10-24J (significant figures)
3. Calculate the energy of one photon of yellow light that has a wavelength of 589nm.
c=v
E=hv
Convert nm to meters.
589nm = 5.89 10-7 meters.
Plug into equation to find frequency (v).
3.00 108 m/s / 5.89 10-7 meters = v
v = 5.09 x 1014 Hz
Now we can plug into our energy equation to find Joules of energy for one photon.
E = 5.09 x 1014 Hz * 6.626 x 10-34J-s
E= 3.37 x 10-19J
IONIC FORCES OF AN ION PAIR
PAULING EQUATION
METTALIC STRUCTURES
ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE ENERGY
METALLIC STRUCTURES
SC
BCC
1. The edge length of the unit cell of Ta, is 330.6 pm; the unit cell is body-centered cubic. Tantalum has a density of
16.69 g/cm3.
(a) calculate the mass of a tantalum atom. (b) Calculate the atomic weight of tantalum in g/mol.
Convert pm to cm:
330.6 pm x 1 cm/1010 pm = 330.6 x 1010 cm = 3.306 x 108 cm
Calculate the volume of the unit cell:
(3.306 x 108 cm)3 = 3.6133 x 1023 cm3
Calculate mass of the 2 tantalum atoms in the body-centered cubic unit cell:
16.69 g/cm3 times 3.6133 x 1023 cm3 = 6.0307 x 1022 g
The mass of one atom of Ta:
6.0307 x 1022 g / 2 = 3.015 x 1022 g
The atomic weight of Ta in g/mol:
3.015 x 1022 g times 6.022 x 1023 mol1 = 181.6 g/mol
2. Chromium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. The unit cell volume is 2.583 x 1023 cm3. Determine
the atomic radius of Cr.
Determine the edge length of the unit cell:
[cube root of] 2.583 x 1023 cm3 = 2.956 x 108 cm

We wish to determine the value of 4r, from which we will obtain r, the radius of the Cr atom. Using the Pythagorean
Theorem, :
d2 + (d2)2 = (4r)2
3d2 = (4r)2
3(2.956 x 108 cm)2 = 16r2
r = 1.28 x 108 cm
3. Barium has a radius of 224 pm and crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the
unit cell?
Calculate the value for 4r
radius for barium = 224 pm
4r = 896 pm
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem:
d2 + (d2)2 = (896)2
3d2 = 802816
d2 = 267605.3333. . .
d = 517 pm

FCC
1. The crystal structure of GaAs is zinc blende with lattice constant a =0.565 nm. Calculate
the number densities of Ga and As per cubic centimeter.

2. The Ge crystal has diamond structure with lattice constant of 0.565 nm. Calculate the
number of Ge atoms per cm3.

3. Calculate the radius of a iridium atom, given that it has a FCC structure, with a
density of 22.4 g/cm3 and an atomic weight of 192.2 g/mol.


HCP
1. Consider the hcp unit cell.
R is radius of the atoms of the structure.

Note:
The picture shown does not show the atoms in their true size.
They would be touching along the length a.
Hence:
a = 2R
The atom in the 2/3 1/3 1/2 position is also touching the atoms at the "corners".
Hence:
d = 2R
Therefore:
d = a
geometry of hcp unit cell showing dimensions for calculation of c/a ratio
Consider triangle with sides d, x and h shown here.
x = (1/3)(length of base diagonal)
x = (1/3) ( sqrt(a2 + a2 - 2a2cos120o) )
x = (1/3) a sqrt(3)
d = a

triangle showing angle alpha, side sqrt(3), side sqrt(6) and hypotenuese 3
cos(alpha) = x /d
cos(alpha) = [(1/3) a sqrt(3)]/a
cos(alpha) = sqrt(3)/ 3
sin (alpha) = sqrt(6)/ 3
sin (alpha) = h/d
Hence:
h/d = sqrt(6)/ 3
Subsustite the following into this equation:
h = c/2
d = a
To get:
(c/2) / a = sqrt(6)/ 3
Solve this for the ratio of c/a:
c/a = [2sqrt(6)]/3
c/a = 1.633
2.
THEORETICAL DENSITY


1. compute the theoretical density of CsCl.

2 .Calculate the density of Mg, an hcp metal.
density = mass / volume
density = mass unit cell / volume of unit cell
volume of unit cell = area x height
area = a x h = a x a (sin60o) = a2(sin60o)
height = c = 1.633a
Hence:
volume of unit cell = area x height
volume of unit cell = a2(sin60o) x (1.633a)
volume of unit cell = 1.414 a3
And since a = 2RMg
volume of unit cell = 1.414 (2RMg)3
volume of unit cell = 1.414 x (23) (0.160nm)3
volume of unit cell = 0.04634nm3
Now we calculate the mass of the Mg unit cell:
mass of unit cell = (2atoms / hcp unit cell) x (24.31g / 6.023 x 1023atoms)
mass of unit cell = 8.072 x 10-23 g
And finally:
density = mass unit cell / volume of unit cell
density = (8.072 x 10-23 g) /(0.04634nm3) x (107nm/cm)3
density = 1.742 g/cm3
3. calculate the density of FeO, given that it has the rock salt crystal structure.




MIDTERM

POLYMER STRUCTURES