An accessory fruit (sometimes called false fruit, spurious fruit, or pseudocarp) is a fruit in

which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to
the carpel.
[1]
xamples of accessory tissue are the receptacle of strawberries, fi!s, or mulberries,
and the calyx of Gaultheria procumbens or Syzygium jambos. "omes, such as apples and pears,
are also accessory fruits, with much of the fruit flesh derived from a hypanthium.
[#]
$ruit with fleshy seeds, such as pome!ranate or mamoncillo, are not considered to be accessory
fruit.
%he terms false fruit, spurious fruit, and pseudocarp are older terms for accessory fruit that have
been critici&ed as 'inapt',
[1]
and are not used by botanists today
Accessory Fruits
Accessory fruit defines a false fruit also (nown as pseudocarp. )n these fruits the parts other than
ovary and its wall are important in formin! the fleshy fruit part. %he true fruit is red and
accessory is white.
Cashew Fruit
$rom *i(ipedia+ *hat appears to be the fruit of the cashew tree is an oval or pear,shaped
accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). -alled the cashew apple, it ripens
into a yellow and.or red structure about /011 cm lon!.
%he true fruit of the cashew tree is a (idney,shaped drupe that !rows at the end of the accessory
fruit. *ithin the true fruit is a sin!le seed, the cashew nut.
I love Cashew nuts but never thought about where they come from
*hat appears to be the fruit of the cashew tree is an oval or pear,shaped accessory fruit or false
fruit that develops from the receptacle of the cashew flower. -alled the cashew apple, better
(nown in -entral America as 'jocote de mara12n', it ripens into a yellow and.or red structure
about /011 cm lon!. )t is edible, and has a stron! 'sweet' smell and a sweet taste. %he pulp of
the cashew apple is very juicy, but the s(in is fra!ile, ma(in! it unsuitable for transport. )t is
often used as a flavor in a!ua fresca.
%he true fruit of the cashew tree is a (idney or boxin!,!love shaped drupe that !rows at the end
of the pseudofruit. %he drupe develops first on the tree, and then the peduncle expands into the
pseudofruit. *ithin the true fruit is a sin!le seed, the cashew nut.
3A4%3 56%
-ashew nuts are si!nificant sources of iron (essential for red blood cell function and en&yme
activity), ma!nesium (promotes ener!y release and bone !rowth), phosphorus (builds bones and
teeth), &inc (essential to di!estion and metabolism) and selenium (has important antioxidant
properties, thus protectin! the body from cancer).
%hese nuts are also !ood sources of protein.
)n comparison to other tree nuts, cashew nuts have a lower fat content. %hey are also, li(e all
other tree nuts, cholesterol free.
-ashew nuts also contain si!nificant amounts of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties that
protects the body from cancer and heart disease.
ROSACEAE - Rose Family
Herbs, shrubs, and trees
Leaves alternate, simple, with paired stipules
Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, often perigynous, solitary to racemose and
cymose
Calyx, corolla, and androecium attached to rim of hypanthium
Fruit an achene, follicle, or drupe
Seed without endosperm
Economic importance:
Rosa rose
Rubus blac!berry, dewberry, raspberry
Pyrus pear
Malus apple
Prunus plum, peach, nectarine, cherry, apricot, almond
"any other ornamentals
#iagnostic characteristics numerous stamens, hypanthium
"edicinal uses some have astringent properties and are used to treat diarrhea, other uses
include aid in childbirth, stomach aches, and various types of inflammations
$%% genera, &%%% species divided into ' subfamilies based mainly on fruit types
768$A9)4)7 :$ %3 ;:7)<A
Spiraeoideae fruit dry, a follicle or capsule,
"aloideae fruit a pome
(osoideae gynoecium of $% or more pistils, fruit often dry, aggregate and accessory fruits
are also found in this subfamily) Strawberries *derived from the receptacle+ and
rose hips *derived from the hypanthium+ are both accessory fruits) ,he -real-
fruits in both these cases are achenes) .lac!berries and raspberries are aggregates
of miniature drupes)
/runoideae fruit a drupe or achene
Fruits and Seeds
How are -seedless- fruit produced0
Fruit: a matured ovary containing one or more seeds)
)n flowers, the ovary is a protective vessel in which ovules are nourished to
their mature form, seeds. *ithin this vessel, the ovules remain attached to
parent tissue alon! &ones of placentation. %hese &ones of placentation are
(nown as carpels. :varies can be composed of one to numerous carpels. %he
number of ovules associated with each carpel, and thus the number associated
with the ovary, can vary from one to many. Also, some ovaries can be
separated into several distinct chambers while others consist of only one
chamber. %hese chambers are called locules. %he number of locules is often (but not always)
e=ual to the number of carpels.
"lant fruits are a major portion of the food eaten by animals. *hile you are aware of this,
you should remember that not everythin! defined as a fruit is 'sweet'.
.asic parts of a fruit:
1. /ericarp , the fruit wall (composed of >#, >?, >@).
#. Ectocarp or Exocarp , the outermost layer of the pericarp.
?. "esocarp , the middle layer of the pericarp.
@. Endocarp , the inner layer of the pericarp.
/. /lacenta , a re!ion of attachment of seeds on the fruit
wall.
A. Funiculus , the stal( attachin! the seed to the placenta.
B. Seed , a matured ovule.
,ypes of fruits:
.ased on floral origin:
Simple fruits , <erived from a sin!le pistil of one flower. (pea, tomato, lily, apple, cucumber).
1ggregate fruits , <erived from more than one pistil on one flower. (strawberry,
raspberry)
"ultiple fruits , <erived from several flowers, (inflorescence). (pineapple, fi!).
.ased on floral structure:
,rue fruits , -omposed of only the ovary wall , (pea, tomato, lily).
1ccessory fruits , -omposed of the ovary wall plus other flower parts , (apple,
cucumber, strawberry, fi!).
.ased on physical characteristics:
Fleshy fruits:
1. <rupe , one carpel with a sin!le seed, fleshy outer and inner stony layers
#. 8erry , more than one carpel with few to many seeds , (tomato, !rape, banana)
a. 3esperidium , tou!h rind, numerous carpels separable as CsectionsC , (oran!e,
!rapefruit)
b. "epo , leathery,s(inned, one carpel with ? lines of ovules , (peach, plum, olive,
raspberry, almond)
?. "ome , fleshy accessory fruit, (the hypanthium forms the edible portion), with
cartila!inous core , (apple, pear)
#ry fruits:
1. )ndehiscent [do not open]
a. Achene , more than one carpel with a sin!le seed, fruit coat free from seed coat ,
(buttercup, sunflower, strawberry)
b. -aryopsis (!rain) , 1,seed, fruit coat fused with seed coat , (corn, wheat)
c. 7amara , 1,seed, fruit with win!li(e out!rowth , (ash)
d. 5ut , one seed, thic( hard wall, surrounded by cup or hus( , (oa(, hic(ory)
#. <ehiscent [open when dry]
a. $ollicle , 1 carpel splits alon! one side only , (<elphinium, mil(weed,
ma!nolia)
b. 4e!ume , 1 carpel splits alon! both sides , (pea, bean)
c. 7ili=ue , # carpels lose outer walls leavin! septum
d. -apsule , several carpels, splittin! len!thwise or by pores , (lily, iris,
poppy)
Fruit development:
"ollination, and the ensuin! fertili&ation within the ovules, stimulates the ovary enclosin! them to be!in !rowin!
into a fruit. *ithin a few days after successful pollination the ovary be!ins to swell perceptible. %his is called the
fruit set. $ruit development is under the influence of the plant hormones auxin and !ibberellin. "ollen is one of the
richest natural sources of auxin, so it is thou!ht that the initial stimulus to fruit !rowth comes simply from the auxin
to which the pistil is exposed as a result of pollination. Applyin! the hormone auxin or !ibberellin to the ovaries of
flowers can induce a fruit to develop without pollination or fertili&ation. %his is called a parthenocarpic fruit and
is, of course, seedless.
*hen its seeds are ready for dispersal, a fruit ripens. 7ome characteristics of ripenin! are familiar+ chan!in! from
!reen to some bri!ht color, sweetenin!, and softenin!. A fruitCs color chan!es due to chlorophyll brea(down and the
formation of other pi!ments in the chromoplasts. 7weetenin! is due to the accumulation of su!ar, which can reach
concentrations of over #DE by wei!ht in some fruits. %he softenin! of fruit tissue durin! ripenin! involves the
brea(down of cell wall components, particularly pectin.
%he ripenin! can be induced prematurely by exposin! fruit to air that contains only a few parts per million of the
!aseous plant !rowth re!ulator, ethylene. ;ipenin! can be delayed by storin! fruits in air (ept as free of ethylene as
possible and supplemented with extra -:#, which anta!oni&es the physiolo!ical action of ethylene.
#ay &
1re food reserves inside seeds made of cells0
Seed: a matured ovule)
1 typical seed consists of:
1. Embryo , the youn! plant within the seed consistin! of+
a. picotyl , will form the leaf of the new plant.
b. 3ypocotyl , will form the stem of the new plant.
c. ;adicle , will form the root of the new plant.
#. Endosperm , food reserve derived from fertili&ed polar nuclei.
F Cotyledons , serve as food for the sproutin! plant.
2. Seed coat , a structure derived from the wall of the ovule to protect the inner parts.
3. Hilum , the funicular scar on the seed coat.
4. "icropyle , a hole throu!h the seed coat.
Embryonic development, occurin! within the !rowin! seed, creates a new individual from a fertili&ed e!!. %he
embryo !oes throu!h several increasin!ly complex sta!es as its mitotic divisions continue. %hese sta!es include the
early proembryo, the !lobular sta!e, the heart sta!e (cotyledons be!in to emer!e), the torpedo sta!e (differentiation
of the vascular tissues be!in), and finally the mature embryo.
%he endosperm of most developin! seeds is at first noncellular or li=uid. )n both corn and coconuts, a portion of the
endosperm remains li=uid after the outer part of the endosperm has become cellular. After the endosperm has
become cellular, it be!ins to convert available nutrients into insoluble reserves such as starch, proteins, and
ve!etable oils, storin! up these products for the future use of the embryo durin! seed !ermination.
%he final important feature of embryo development within the seed is the cessation of !rowth when the embryo
attains full si&e. %his is commonly called embryo dormancy. %his is a temporary, physiolo!ically imposed
dormancy. )f it fails, the embryo continues to !row and the seed !erminates within the fruit, the seed becomin!
useless as a means of reproduction.
Seed dispersal: spreading the seeds away from the
parent plant)
8esides reproducin! a species, seeds are also the principal
means of mi!ration to coloni&e new territory or find an
environment permittin! survival when local conditions chan!e
unfavorably.
<ispersal of seeds in nature is accomplished in many ways.
7eeds can be dispersed by animals, wind, water, etc. Animal
dispersers ran!e from insects to birdsG mammals to fish.
9odifications in the shape, structure, and often color of the
protective ovary directly correspond to the ways in which seeds
are dispersed. 8ri!ht, fleshy berries are commonly dispersed by
fruit,eatin! birds. *in!ed fruits, such as those found on maple
trees, have obvious modifications to facilitate wind dispersal.
)n some cases, plant parts such as sepals or bracts that surround the fruit, aid in dispersal. )n other cases, seeds
themselves bear structures that promote dispersal after the seed is released from the fruit. %he term dispersal unit
refers to any detached plant part servin! as a vehicle for seed dispersal.
#ay '
How do the cotyledons of monocots and dicots
differ as the seedling begins to grow0
Seed germination: the beginning of growth from a seed)
Seed germination is a critical step in a plantCs life cycle. 8ecause of the limited si&e of the embryo and the limited
food reserves that can be stored in a typical seed, most seedlin!s are relatively frail. Het they must be able to
withstand environmental ha&ards such as storms and temperature extremes, and they must compete with older plants
in order to become extablished. "lants have evolved environmental responses in seeds helpin! to assure that they
!erminate under the most advanta!eous environmental conditions, and responses in their seedlin!s helpin! them
overcome some of the difficulties they often encounter.
Iermination be!ins with the physical upta(e of water by the dry seed, called imbibition, followed by resumption of
!rowth by the embryo at temperatures favorable to !rowth. 7ome seeds, such as willows, be!in to !erminate
immediately after sheddin!, as soon as they reach moist, warm soil. :ther seeds, such as wild oats, will not
!erminate when they are shed, but lose their dormancy and become able to !erminate after a limited time (usually a
few wee(s). %his is called afterripening. 9any seeds possess a more persistent dormancy that can be lifted only by
environmental conditions favorable to the success of the seedlin!s.
7ome seeds are dormant merely because they possess tou!h seed coats impervious to water or oxy!en or
mechanically preventin! !rowth of the embryo. After dispersal in nature, exposure to the elements !radually brea(s
down and wea(ens the seed coats, eventually permittin! !ermination. %his behavior tends to space out the different
seeds from the same yearCs crop, dependin! on the accidents of exposure, allowin! the species to ta(e advanta!e of
chance opportunities for seedlin! establishment whenever they occur.
:ther seeds show a selfimposed dormancy of the embryo itself, which can be terminated by a specific
environmental si!nal such as+
Cold temperature) %hese seeds re=uire an extended exposure to temperatures near free&in! before they
will !erminate at temperatures favorable to !rowth. %his re=uirement, normally satisfied by the
temperatures of winter, ensures that the seeds will !erminate only in sprin!, with a whole !rowin! season
ahead of them.
Exposure to light) 9any small seeds re=uire exposure to li!ht before they will !erminate. %his helps
ensure that they will not !erminate when buried too deeply for the seedlin! shoot to reach the surface of the
!round. %he !ermination of many weed seeds is li!ht sensitive. *hen land is tilled, seeds buried in the soil
are brou!ht to the surface, exposin! them to li!ht. %his enables weeds to reappear =uic(ly.
#ry heat) %hese seeds are adapted to coloni&in! !round that has been opened up by forest or brush fires.
%hey !erminate only after exposure to the heat from these fast movin! fires.
Leaching by sufficiently heavy rainfall) 4eachin!,dependent seeds of desert annuals ensure that
!ermination will occur only after enou!h rain has fallen to permit seedlin!s to complete their life cycle
even if it doesnCt rain a!ain that season.
Seed viability:
7eeds retain their ability to !erminate for !reatly varyin! len!ths of time. %he seeds of some plants of the moist
tropics are viable for only a few wee(s while seeds of plants of the dry tropics must possess !reater lon!evity,
waitin! for favorable conditions. *hile determinin! the actual len!th of the viability of seeds in nature is difficult,
controlled experiments have been done.
An experiment be!un in 1JBK by *. L. 8eal of 9ichi!an 7tate 6niversity has determined the lon!evity of weed
seeds when buried in the soil. 8eal filled #D bottles with sand holdin! /D seeds of each of #D (inds of nerbaceous
plants, mostly weeds , a total of 1DDD seeds in each bottle , and buried the bottles @/ cm (1J inches) below the soil
surface. 8ottles have been du! up at intervals, and !ermination tests made, ever since. %he seeds of only three
species survived lon!er than /D years. 8y 1KBD, after KD years of burial, only one species, Verbascum blattaria
(moth mullein), survived, still !ivin! #DE !ermination.
Iermination of some seeds at much !reater a!es has been recorded. $or example, seeds from a herbarium specimen
of the 'sil( tree', Albizzia julibrissin, collected in 1BK/ and stored in the 8ritish 9useum, !erminated in 1K@#, when
1@B years old. %he record for proved lon!evity seems to be some viable water lily (Nelumbo nucifera) seeds, dated
by the radioisotope method to be about 1D@D years old, which were found in a peat layer in 9anchuria.
8ecause of persistent seed dormancy, many of the seeds shed each year do not !erminate in that or the next !rowin!
season, and some may not !erminate for many years, even thou!h still viable. %his builds up a 'ban(' of buried
seeds in the soil whose numbers often !reatly exceed the number of !rowin! plants in the area. As many as 1DDD to
/DDD viable seeds per s=uare meter of soil have been found under various (inds of ve!etation and #D,DDD to JD,DDD
weed seeds per s=uare meter of cropland. %his seed ban( enables the re!eneration of plant populations after
catastrophic events such as fire, flood, and drou!ht. 7imilarly, weed seed ban(s in a!ricultural soils ensure the
continual re!rowth of weeds despite efforts to control them.
(esearch Lin!s:
Fruit type drawings 2 of 3C, Chapel Hill
(eproductive "orphology ,exas 14"
(eproductive Characters Lab ,exas 14"
/arthenocarpic, or seedless fruit can be produced by applying the hormone
auxin or gibberellin to the ovaries of flowers)
,hese hormones can stimulate the ovaries to produce fruit without pollination or fertili5ation)
1t least some of the food reserve in seeds is made of cells)
However, these reserves may also include noncellular substances such as starch and mineral oil)
1s a seedling begins to grow, the cotyledons of monocots stay in the soil while
those of dicots are pushed above ground)
"uch of the monocot cotyledon is made of noncellular material) "uch of the cotyledon of a dicot is cellulear,
actually becoming the first leaf of the sprout)
%he cashew plant is beautiful inside outM
"art
4en!th.
3ei!ht.
*idth
7hape and.or -olor
7pecial
$eatures
6ses
$ull,!rown
tree
1D,1#
meters
7mall, domed,
shaped crown
(-anopy)
)rre!ularly,shaped
ever!reen Iood species for reforestation,
beautify landscapes as
ornamental plants,
trun(
provide shade by intercroppin!
with other smaller plants
$ence and lumber for
construction of boats and ferries
8ar( is used to cure sore !ums
and tooth ache
4eaf
@ to ## cm
lon! and #
to 1/ cm
broad
spirally arran!ed,
elliptic to obovate,
!reen to yellow,
!reen
leathery
textured
Houn! leaves can be eaten raw
or tossed into !reen salad
9edicinal cure for burns, s(in
ailments and stomach disorders,
$lower
petals B to
1/ mm lon!
small, pale !reen at
first then turnin!
reddish, with five
slender, acute petals
produced in a
panicle or
corymb up to
#A cm lon!,

-ashew apple
/011 cm
lon!
oval or pear,shaped
ripens into a yellow
and.or red structure
lon!ated, heart,
shaped
accessory fruit
or false fruit
can be eaten raw or used in the
production of jam, chutney, or
various bevera!es such as wine
<rupe
-ontainin!
the nut or the
seed

(idney or boxin!,
!love shape
true fruit of the
cashew tree
-ashew nuts, (ernel has
aphrodisiac properties, &ero
cholesterol and balances
cholesterol level, nerve tonic,
steady stimulant and body
builder
5ut meat is used as antidote for
irritant poisons
-ontains -ashew 5ut 7hell
li=uid (-574) used to treat
leprosy, elephantiasis, psoriasis,
warts, corn and crac(s in the
soles of the feet
;oots
1./ x the
hei!ht of
the tree
3as pur!ative properties

Ama&in!, isnNt itO 5o part of the -ashew %ree is put into wasteM Almost every part has its own
direct uses to man. %he once (nown Pla&y manNs treeQ is now (nown as Pthe !olden treeQM
9aturity )ndex
-ashew trees start to bear fruits #,? years from plantin!. $ull bearin! is reached in ten to fifteen
years and continues for another twenty or more years. %he trees have a life span of ?D,@D years
or more.-ashew trees start to bear fruits #,? years from plantin!. $ull bearin! is reached in ten to
fifteen years and continues for another twenty or more years. %he trees have a life span of ?D,@D
years or more.
)n the "hilippines, cashew bears flowers from 5ovember to 9arch and harvestin! may start in
$ebruary, pea( in 9ay and lasts up to Lune.
%he receptacle turns out as the apple of the fruit. )t is !reen and hard when youn!. As it matures,
the apple becomes bi!!er and softer and becomes juicier. %he apples are ready for harvest when
the color is full red or yellow. %he nuts on the other hand are ready for harvest when the nuts
turn ash !ray in color.
8ac( to top
%he $ruit -omposition -ashew Apple
%his is the accessory fruit. false fruit. %his is also the edible, juicy portion which is about 1D
times heavier than the nut when ripe. *hen the apple is fully ripe, it detaches from the twi! and
falls to the !round. )t is elon!ated, round or heart shaped, hence the name Anacardium which
means Pshaped li(e a heartQ. %he very youn! apple is !reen or purple, turnin! yellow or red
when ripe. %he ripe apple has a peculiar smell. )t contains mostly invert su!ar and hi!h in
vitamin -. %he tannin content of the apples causes the astrin!ent.
-omposition of -ashew Apple
Luice J/E
7u!ar 1DE
Ritamin - #?@ m!, ?B1 m!
;iboflavin KK m! 0 1#@ m!
<rupe
%his is the real fruit that !rows on top of the pseudo fruit or the apple. *ithin the drupe is the
seed called the cashew nut. *hen cut cross,wise, it has the followin! parts+
1. %he shell or the protective coverin! of the (ernel
#. %he testa or the thin layer between the shell and the (ernel
?. %he (ernel is the mil(y, edible part of the cashew nut
-omposition of the -ashew SernelT
5eutral lipid KAE
Ilycolipid and phospholipids @E
T(5ational ;esearch -entre for -ashew, /B@ #@? Rittal, Sarnata(a, )ndia ;eceived+ 1J 9arch
1KJB ;evised+ 1 Lune 1KJB)
1) Fruit /arts
Carpophore) $loral axis extension between adjacent carpels, as in the Apiaceae.
Ectocarp or Exocarp) :utermost layer of pericarp.
Endocarp) )nnermost differentiated layer of pericarp.
Funiculus) 7eed stal(.
"ericarp) A portion of fruit that seemin!ly matured as a separate fruit.
"esocarp) 9iddle layer of pericarp.
/ericarp) $ruit wall.
/lacenta) ;e!ion of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.
(eplum) "ersistent septum after dehiscence of fruits, as in the 8rassicaceae.
(etinaculum, 6aculator or Echma) A persistent indurated, hoo(,li(e funiculus in the fruits of
Acanthaceae.
(ostellum or .ea!) "ersistent stylar base on fruit.
Seed) A matured ovule.
Septum or #issepiment) "artition.
.) Fruit Structural ,ypes
*Classification based primarily on origin, texture, and dehiscence7 types grouped
as simple, aggregate, multiple, accessory)+
$) Simple Fruits
*Fruit derived from the ovary of a solitary pistil in a single flower+
a) #ry 8ndehiscent Fruit ,ypes *Figure 9:$+
*Fruits that do not split open at maturity+
1chene) A one,seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with seed attached to fruit wall at one point only,
derived from a one,loculed superior ovary.
.alausta) 9any,seeded, many, loculed indehiscent fruit with a tou!h, leathery pericarp, as in
Punica.
Calybium) A hard one,loculed dry fruit derived from an inferior ovary, as in Quercus.
Capsule, 8ndehiscent) <ry fruit derived from a two, or more loculed ovary, as in Peplis.
Caryopsis or ;rain) A one,seeded dry, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat adnate to the fruit
wall, derived from a one,loculed superior ovary.
Cypsela) An achene derived from a one,loculed, inferior ovary.
3ut) A one,seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit with a hard pericarp, usually derived from a one,
loculed ovary.
3utlet) A small nut.
Samara) A win!ed, dry fruit.
2tricle) A small, bladdery or inflated. one,seeded. dry fruit.
b) #ry #ehiscent Fruit ,ypes *Figure 9:<+
*Fruits that split open at maturity+
Capsule) <ry, dehiscent fruit derived from a compound ovary of # or more carpels.
#iplotegium) A pyxis derived from an inferior ovary.
Follicle) A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits alon! one suture.
Legume) A usually dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel that splits alon! two sutures.
Loment) A le!ume that separates transversely between seed sections.
Silicle) A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more carpels that dehisce alon! two sutures
and which has a persistent partition after dehiscence and is as broad as, or broader, than lon!.
Sili=ue) A silicle type fruit that is lon!er than broad.
c) Capsule ,ypes *Figure 9:&+
*Classification based on type of dehiscence+
1crocidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces throu!h terminal slits, or fissures, as in Staphylea.
1nomalicidal or (upturing Capsule) :ne that dehisces irre!ularly, as in Ammannia.
.asicidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces throu!h basal slits or fissures, as in some species of
Aristolochia.
Circumscissle Capsule or /yxis) :ne that dehisces circumferentially, as in Plantago.
#enticidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces apically, leavin! a rin! of teeth, as in Cerastium.
8ndehiscent Capsule) :ne that does not dehisce at maturity, as in Peplis.
Loculicidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces lon!itudinally into the cavity of the locule, as in
pilobium.
>perculate Capsule) :ne that dehisces throu!h pores, each of which is covered by a flap, cap,
or lid, as in Papa!er.
/oricidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces throu!h pores, as in "riodanis.
Septicidal Capsule) :ne that dehisces lon!itudinally throu!h the septa, as in Penstemon.
?alvular or Septifragal Capsule) :ne with valves brea(in! away from the septa, as in
#pomoea.
d) Schi5ocarpic Fruit ,ypes *Figure 9:'+
*Fruits derived from a simple, two or morelocular compound ovary in which the locules
separate at fruit maturity simulating fruits derived from the ovaries of simple pistils+
Schi5ocarpic 1chenes) 7eparatin! achenes which are one,seeded, dry, indehiscent fruits with
seed attached to fruit wall at one point only, derived from a superior ovary, as in Sidalcea.
Schi5ocarpic .erries) 7eparatin! berries which have a fleshy pericarp, as in Phytolacca.
Schi5ocarpic Carcerules) 7eparatin! carcerules which are dry, fewseeded, indehiscent locules,
as in Althaea.
Schi5ocarpic Follicles) 7eparatin! follicles which are dry, dehiscent fruits derived from one
carpel, splittin! alon! one suture, as in Apocynaceae.
Schi5ocarpic "ericarps, Cremocarp, or Carpopodium) 7eparatin! mericarps which are dry,
seed,li(e fruits derived from an inferior ovary, as in the Apiaceae.
Schi5ocarpic 3utlets, Cenobium) 7eparatin! nutlets which are dry,indehiscent @,parted fruits
with a hard pericarp around a !ynobasic style, as in the 8ora!inaceae and 4amiaceae.
Schi5ocarpic Samaras) 7eparatin! samaras which are win!ed, dry fruits, as in Acer.
e) Fleshy Fruit ,ypes*Figure 9:@+
1mphisarca) A berry,li(e succulent fruit with a crustaceous or woody rind, as in $agenaria.
.erry) $leshy fruit, with succulent pericarp, as in Vitis.
#rupe) A fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp, as in Prunus.
#rupelet) A small drupe, as in %ubus.
Hesperidium) A thic(,s(inned septate berry with the bul( of the fruit derived from !landular
hairs, as in Citrus.
/epo) A berry with a leathery nonseptate rind derived from an inferior ovary, as in Cucurbita.
/yrene) $leshy fruit with each seed surrounded by a bony endocarp, as in #le&.
<) 1ggregate Fruit ,ypes *Conocarpium+ *Figure 9$%$+
*1 group of separate fruits developed from carpels of one flower+
1chenecetum) An a!!re!ation of achenes, as in %anunculus.
.accacetum or Etaerio) An a!!re!ation of berries, as in Actaea.
#rupecetum) An a!!re!ation of drupelets, as in %ubus.
Follicetum) An a!!re!ation of follicles, as in Caltha.
Samaracetum) An a!!re!ation of samaras, as in $iriodendron.
&) "ultiple Fruit ,ypes
*Fruits on a common axis that are usually coalesced and derived from the ovaries of several
flowers+
.ibacca) A fused double berry, as in $onicera.
Sorosis) $ruits on a common axis that are usually coalesced and derived from the ovaries of
several flowers, as in 'orus.
Syconium) A syncarp with the achenes borne on the inside of a hollowed,out receptacle or
peduncle, as in (icus.
') 1ccessory Fruit ,ypes *Figure 9$%<+
*Fruits derived from simple or compound ovaries and some nonovarian tissues, as the
hypanthium7 classification arranged alphabetically7 types of accessory structures given in
parentheses below)+
.ur *8nvolucre+) -ypsela enclosed in dry involucre, as in )anthium.
Coenocarpium *?arious Structures+) 9ultiple fruit derived from ovaries, floral parts, and
receptacles of many coalesced flowers, as in Ananas.
#iclesium *Calyx+) Achene or nut surrounded by a persistent calyx, as in 'irabalis
;lans *8nvolucre+) 5ut subtended by a cupulate, dry involucre, as in Quercus.
Hip or Cynarrhodion *(eceptacle and Hypanthium+) An a!!re!ation of achenes surrounded
by an urceolate receptacle and hypanthium, as in %osa.
/ome *(eceptacle and Hypanthium+) A berry,li(e fruit, adnate to a fleshy receptacle, with
cartila!inous endocarp, as in 'alus.
/seudocarp *(eceptacle+) An a!!re!ation of achenes embedded in a fleshy receptacle, as in
(ragaria.
/seudodrupe *8nvolucre+) %wo,four loculed nut surrounded by a fleshy involucre, as in
*uglans.
Syconium *(eceptacle, possibly peduncle+) 9ultiple fruit surrounded by a hollow, compound,
fleshy receptacle, as in (icus.
,ryma *8nvolucre+) %wo,four loculed nut surrounded by a dehiscent involucre at maturity, as in
most species of Carya.
Ainged 3ut *.ract+) 5ut enclosed in a win!li(e bract, as in Carpinus.
Fruits 1ccessory Fruits
An actual fruit is dry acheneG and the accessory is red and juicy at the time of maturity. 9ost of
the accessory fruits are simple fruits that develop from inferior ovaries. Accessory fruits
examples are apple, strawberry, =uince, pineapple, watermelon etc..
7trawberry
%he strawberry is an accessory fruit as discussed earlierG
that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries
(which are the 'seeds', actually achene) but from the pe! at
the bottom of the hypanthia that held the ovaries. 7o from a
technical standpoint it could be that, the actual fruits of the
plant are the seeds, and the flesh of the strawberry is a
ve!etable.
)t is !reenish,white as it develops and in most species turns
red when ripe. %he rosette !rowth of these plants is a well,
(nown characteristic. 9ost of the species send out lon!
slender runners that actually produce a new bud at the
extremity. %he leaves typically have three leaflets, but the
number of leaflets may be five or one

Apple
Apple tree is a deciduous tree. %he sprin! season is the most ideal
for the apple flowers to bloom alon! with the leaves. $lowers are
white, initially tin!ed pin( with five petals. %he leaves are
alternately arran!ed, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated
mar!in, sli!htly downy below, /,1# cm lon! and ?,A cm broad on a
#,/ cm petiole. %he season for the apple fruits is usually the
autumn.
Apples are always (nown for health reasons as said 'an apple a day
(eeps the doctor away'. %here are many reasons why we say soM
Apples are su!!ested to reduce certain levels of ris( of colon,
prostate and lun! cancer.
Apples are a host of Ritamin - and antioxidant compounds, which explains the reduced ris( of cancer.
%he fiber in the fruit is responsible for reducin! the ris( of colon cancer. %hey wei!h much for their rich
calorie content. %here are about #/DD (nown apple varieties, so you can try at least ten amon! them.
*atermelon
*atermelon is the fruit and also plant of a vine,li(e (climber and
trailer) herb ori!inally from southern Africa. %his flowerin! plant
bears an accessory fruit of a type that are actually called as false
berry by botanists. %he watermelon fruit are, loosely considered
as a type of melon (althou!h not in the !enus -urcumas) it has a
smooth exterior rind and a juicy, sweet, and usually carries red
interior flesh.
%he species descriptor -atullus vul!aris is sometimes,
synonymously, used to refer to this plant (vul!aris meanin!
'common'). $resh watermelon could be eaten in a variety of ways
and is also often used to flavor summer drin(s and smoothies all
taste !ood. %he simplest way to cut a watermelon is to slice it
crossways and then to slice the resultin! round slabs into halves
or =uarters. %his method is !enerally used in a casual settin!
where people do not mind the juices flowin! everywhere.
7ince the rind provides a handle, no utensils are needed. )f the watermelon is to be eaten in
conjunction with a meal, it is !enerally cut into bite,si&ed s=uares or balled with a melon baler.
%he resultin! pieces are often mixed with other melons and fruits and possibly syrup to form a
fruit salad.
"ineapple
%he pineapple is a fruit native to the Asian tropics, with a delicate and fresh
fra!rance thatCs simply irresistibleM %he top of the fruit resembles a royal
crown or as some would say the feathers of the mythical "hoenix bird and the
flesh is !olden li(e the s(in of the Asian pear. )n %aiwanese the pronunciation
of the word pineapple sounds li(e a propitious meanin! blessin! of !ood
fortune and future prosperity.
)t is a popular custom to decorate oneCs home or office with symbols
resemblin! the luc(y and auspicious pineapple to ensure that all of oneCs
efforts will be blessed and all of oneCs !oals will come to fruition. %he
pineapple has been referred to in traditional culture as the best !ift for a house
warmin! party and upon the openin! of a new business or to wish oneCs
favorite political candidate success at the election boxes.
%he pineapple was introduced to %aiwan lon! a!o and durin! the 1Kth
century it had become a common fruit throu!hout the island. After the end of
Lapanese domination in %aiwan, the !overnment en!a!ed in a!!ressive
promotion of pineapple cultivation and within a decade the re!ion around
-hiayi -ounty had become a (ey producer of a hardy meltin! pot variety of
cross,bred pineapples.
7ince the pineapple enjoys hi!h temperatures and has excellent drou!ht resistant properties and locations
where the temperature differentiates throu!hout the year and durin! the day is most ideal for pineapple
propa!ation. 7prin! is ideally conducive to the natural climactic demands of pineapple for the
environment and weather. A wide variety of pineapples have been developed includin! the atemoya ice,
cream,tree pineapple, winter honey pineapple, ice cream pineapple, fra!rant apple pineapple, perfume
pineapple and etc. "ineapples do not have the advanta!e of lon!,term stora!e, so for export purposes it is
usually harvested early to prevent deterioration in =uality durin! shipment. %aiwan pineapples are
exported mainly to Lapan, 3on! Son!, 7in!apore and -anada.
8erries
A berry is a simple fruit with seeds and pulp formed from a sin!le ovary.
)n non,technical usa!e, berry means any small fruit that can be eaten whole
and lac(s objectionable seeds.
%he bramble fruits, compound fruits of !enus ;abus (blac(berries), are
some of the most popular pseudo,berries. %here are different varieties of
berries which are classified as true berries and false berries.


Strawberry seeds
4ar!e on 8lac(
<ie *eni!sten wissen, dass rdbeeren 7ammelnussfrUchte sind und dass die ei!entlichen
$rUchte diese (leinen 5Usschen sind.
9ehr da&u hier+ de.wi(ipedia.or!.wi(i.rdbeere
'%he strawberry is an accessory fruitG that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries
which are the 'seeds' (actually achenes) but from the pe! at the bottom of the hypanthium that
held the ovaries. 7o from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and
the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. )t is whitish,!reen as it develops and in
most species turns red when ripe.'
read more about here en.wi(ipedia.or!.wi(i.7trawberry

Sorbus aria
"ome accessory fruits
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