1. When was USB originally developed, and by whom?

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s in an

effort to simplify the connections between computers and peripheral devices by a group
of seven companies who started the development of USB in 199! "he companies that
are involved are# $ompa%& '($& )B*& )ntel& *icrosoft& +($& and +ortel! "he goals were
to develop a single interface that could be used across multiple devices& eliminate the
many different connectors currently available at the time& and increase the data
throughput of electronic devices!
2. What do each of the wires in the cable do, and what are the color codes of the wires?
"here are four wires in a USB cable! "hese wires are used to transmit power and data to
and from the electronic device and the ,$ or personal computer! "he color codes of wires
are# -ed& Blac.& /reen& and 0hite! "he red 1 blac. are used for the power& green 1
white are used for the data! 2unctions of each wire are as follows#
Red Wire "his is the positive wire i!e! live wire which means that the power lies on this
wire! )t handles the voltage of about 34 in direct current! "his is the power source
without which no electronic device wor.s!
Blac! Wire Blac. wire in world standard is always the ground wire& common wire&
negative wire or body wire! 0ithout this wire& red wire cannot wor.! )t is the negative
charge of electricity for '$ current!
"reen Wire "he green wire is used to transmit data! "his is the '5"5 6 ('-) or the
data negative or the minus symbol!
White Wire "he white is for the '5"5 7 ('7) or the data positive8plus symbol! )t
serves as the data transmitter through which the data moves!
#. $ow are binary one %1& and binary %'& encoded in USB (sing which wires?
Binary one (1) and binary (0) are encoded in USB using data wires i!e! green 1 white
wires! "he USB interface uses a differential transmission that is non-return-to-9ero
inverted (+-:)) encoded with bit stuffing across data wires! )n this type of encoding&
binary one (1) is represented by no change in voltage level and binary 9ero (0) is
represented by a change in voltage level! "he bit stuffing is done by inserting logic 0
following seven consecutive logic 1s! )t provides synchroni9ation!
). What are the pin connections for the *ype + connector?
"ype 5 connectors are flat and rectangular in shape! )t provides a ;downstream<
connection that is intended for use solely on host controllers and hubs!
,ins -ame .escription /olor
1 4cc 734'$ -ed
= '- 'ata- 0hite
> '7 'ata7 /reen
/+' /round Blac.
0. What are the pin connections for the *ype B connector?
"ype B connectors are s%uare in shape! )t provides ;upstream< connection that is used on
peripheral devices! "he pin connections are same as type 5 connector!
1. $ow many USB devices may be daisy2chained together?
Up to 1=? devices can be daisy chained together!
3. $ow m(ch power can be p(lled from a single USB line?
)t can supply power to devices to which it connects& with a limit of 13 0 ma@imum per
device!
4. Which comm(nication modes can USB s(pport?
5. What is the ma6im(m data rate for USB1.1 7 USB2.'?
USB1!1 gives ma@imum data rate of 1=*bps!
USB=!0 gives ma@imum data rate of A0*bps!