Profile of Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein
Born in Germany (Ulm, Kingdom of Wrttemberg, German Empire)
14 March 1879 18 April 1955
Lived between the Romanticism and modernism (New Times)
Discovered:
1. Mass-energy equivalence. Deep connection between energy and mass expressed in
E=mc ( e represents energy; m mass; c the square of the speed of light)
2. New general theory of relativity when a ray of light passes near a massive body, the
ray should bend. He spurred British astronomers to try to observe a total eclipse. The
astronomers succeeded in taking pictures of stars near the eclipse.










Simulation based on the equations of general
relativity: a star collapsing to form a black hole while
emitting gravitational waves






Ring of test particles influenced by gravitational
wave


3. Photoelectric effect. Electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic
solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy
from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as visible or ultraviolet
light.
4. Quantification. Mathematical quantification considers the following statement:
12 = 1 + 1, and 22 = 2 + 2, and 3 2 = 3 + 3, and n 2 = n + n, etc.
5. Einstein field equations (EFE). Describes the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a
result of space-time being curved by matter and energy. This theory was first published
in 1915 as a tensor equation.
6. Bose-Einstein statistics. BoseEinstein statistics apply when quantum effects are
important and the particles are "indistinguishable". Quantum effects appear if the
concentration of particles (N/V) nq. Here nq is the quantum concentration, for which
the interparticle distance is equal to the thermal de Broglie wavelength, so that the wave
functions of the particles are touching but not overlapping.
7. Classical unified field theories this theory began with the Riemannian geometry of
general relativity, and attempted to incorporate electromagnetic fields into a more
general geometry, since ordinary Riemannian geometry seemed incapable of expressing
the properties of the electromagnetic field.

Albert Einstein was discovering his theories within a natural science, which is mostly
related to physics and social science.
Because of the last mentioned theory scientists pursued several avenues of generalization,
including extending the foundations of geometry and adding an extra spatial dimension.

General relativity theory predicts that the path of light is bent in a gravitational field; light
passing a massive body is deflected towards that body. This effect has been confirmed by
observing the light of stars or distant quasars being deflected as it passes the Sun.


Mass energy equivalence formula was used in the development of the atomic bomb. By
measuring the mass of different atomic nuclei and subtracting from that number the total
mass of the protons and neutrons as they would weigh separately, one gets the
exact binding energy available in an atomic nucleus. This is used to calculate the energy

released in any nuclear reaction, as the difference in the total mass of the nuclei that enter
and exit the reaction.

The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, in 1945
It raised up around 18 km above the bombs hypocenter


Photoelectric method usages are:
Photomultipliers they are still commonly used wherever low levels of light must be
detected;
Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect, for
example, Philo Farnsworth's "Image dissector" used a screen charged by the photoelectric
effect to transform an optical image into a scanned electronic signal;
The Gold-leaf electroscopes are designed to detect static electricity;

The gold-leaf electroscope


The photoelectric effect will cause spacecraft exposed to sunlight to develop a positive
charge. This can get up to the tens of volts;
Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric
effect;

Photons hitting a thin film of alkali metal or semiconductor material such as gallium
arsenide in an image intensifier tube cause the ejection of photoelectrons due to the
photoelectric effect and etc.

Some of the theories of Albert Einstein could be used for developing weapons such as
atomic bombs and etc. Others could change the way of thinking about how the universe
works, what is the shape of it etc.
Most of his ideas and theories are still used, however some of them were changed a bit or
complied with other theories or ways of thinking.