Professional Documents
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60
180
3.142
= 0.58 m
Velocity through the screen, Vs=Q/H1*Ws =
1.17
0.58 x 2.94
= 0.69 m/sec
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
5.6Check for design
Head loss through screen in normal condition,
h1=0.0729(V
s
2
-Va
2
) = 0.0729 (0.69
2
0.60
2
)
=0.01 m
less than 0.15 m hence ok
Head loss on 50% clogging h1=0.0729(2*Vs
2
-Va
2
) = 0.07292x 0.69
2
-060
2
= 0.04m
less than 0.3 m hence ok
Water Depth downstream Hb,
(Za-Zb)+Va
2
/2g-Vs
2
/2g+Ha-Headloss thru screen in normal condition
= 0.48 m
Water Depth downstream Hb,
(Za-Zb)+Va
2
/2g-Vs
2
/2g+Ha-Headloss thru screen in clogged condition
= 0.45 m
Provide the Dimension of Screen Chamber (Fine Screens) as 6 m x
3.9 m x 0.5 m SWD + 0.3 m Freeboard
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
5.7 OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE OF MANUAL BAR
SCREEN
Hand cleaned screens should be cleaned as often as required to prevent backing up of
sewage.
A manually-cleaned bar screen is shown in Figure .6.1
2.1 A typical manual bar screen
The following are important for O&M of bar screen:
a. Preventive maintenance for checking and repairing
Check whether the standing platform is at least 2 m wide with the first 1 m as
slotted. An example of a risky platform is presented in Figure 6.2, in which
there is no space for the operator to stand after he has lifted and dumped
screenings on it. Because of the lack of space, he may move backwards and
fall into the sewage channel. Also, screens should be inclined to the horizontal
by an angle of 60 degrees or more, otherwise, the operator has to bend
forward. The rear side of the platform should have handrails.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Check the condition of ladders and paint them periodically.
Once a month check the rigidity of handrails.
Verify the platform for its sturdiness by gently setting the foot on it.
Verify that the lighting is not in front or behind the operator. It should be
above the operator, at least 2.5 m high and mounted on the sidewall.
Verify that the operator platform and slotted platform have 3-m head room
androof so that the operator is not drenched and he can lift the cleaning rake
freely.
b. Regular maintenance on a daily basis and repairs
Verify that the screen rods have not broken loose.
Verify that the cleaning rake is well washed in running water after each use.
Verify that gum boots are kept inside a locker covered with mesh.
Verify that disposable gloves are available for all 3 shifts and a stock of one
month is available.
Verify that helmet is available.
c. Maintainance
Before daily operation, verify all the above. If these points are not met, do not
enter the screen area. Enter all missing items in the site register
If all items are in order, do the cleaning once in four hours in each shift.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Ensure that operators do not stand one behind the other. This may cause an
accident because while pulling the rake backwards, the operator in the front
may hit and push the operator in the rear into the sewage channel.
Once the screens are cleaned and screenings are deposited on the slotted
platform allow them to drip dry till the next cleaning after 4 hours.
Push the screenings with the rake to the side of the platform to drop them into
the tipper positioned there.
47
Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
6. GRIT CHAMBER
6.1 FUNTION
Grit removal is necessary to protect the moving mechanical equipment and
pump elements from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear and tear. Removal of
grit also reduces the frequency of cleaning of digesters and settling tanks. It is
desirable to provide screens device ahead of grit chambers to reduce the effect of rags
and other large floating materials .
6.2 COMPOSITION OF GRIT
Grit in sewage consists of coarse particles of sand, ash and clinkers, egg shells, bone
chips and many inert materials inorganic in nature. Both quality and quantity of grit
varies depending upon (a) types of street surfaces encountered (b) relative areas
served (c) climatic conditions (d) types of inlets and catch basins (e) amount of storm
water diverted from combined sewers at overflow points (f) sewer grades (g)
construction and condition of sewer system (h) ground and ground water
characteristics (j) industrial wastes (k) relative use of dumping chutes or pail depots
where night soil and other solid wastes are admitted to sewers and (1) social habits.
The specific gravity of the grit is usually in the range of 2.4 to 2.65. Grit is non-
putrescible and possesses a higher hydraulic subsidence value than organic solids.
Hence it is possible to separate the gritty material from organic solids by differential
sedimentation in a grit chamber.
6.3 BASIC DATA REQUIRED
The basic data essential for a rational approach to the design of grit chambers are
hourly variations of sewage flow and typical values for minimum, average and peak
flows. Since the grit chamber is designed for peak flows and the flow through
velocity is maintained constant within the range of flow, successful design and
operation of grit chamber calls for a fairly accurate estimation of the flows, the
quantity and quality of grit varies from sewage to sewage. Data relating to these two
factors is very useful in proper design of grit collecting, elevating and washing
mechanisms. In the absence of specific data, for every 1 Million litres of raw
sewage,grit content may be taken as 0.05 to 0.15 m3/ML for domestic sewage and
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
0.06 to 0.12 m3/ML for combined sewage. The quantity may increase three to four
fold during peak flow hours which may last for 1 to 2 hours.
6.4 Generic Design of Grit Chambers
6.4.1 Settling Velocity
Grit chamber may be designed on a rational basis by considering it as a
sedimentation basin. The grit particles are treated as discrete particles settling with
their own settling velocities. The settling velocity is governed by the size and
specific gravity of the grit particles to be separated and the viscosity of the sewage.
The minimum size of the grit to be removed is 0.20 although 0.10 to 0.15 mm is
preferred for conditions where considerable amount of ash is likely to be carried in
the sewage. The specific gravity of the grit may be as low as 2.4 but for design
purposes a value of 2.65 is used. The settling velocity of discrete particles can be
determined using the appropriate equation depending upon the Reynolds number,
1. Stokes Law
R
s
=
18
()
7.1
where, R
s
= Settling velocity, m/s
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s
R
s
= Mass density of grit particle, kg/m3
= Mass density of liquid, kg/m3
d =Size of the particle,
= Kinematic viscosity of sewage, m
2
/s
Ss = Specific gravity of grit particle, dimensionless
Stokes law holds good for Reynolds number R below 1.0;
This corresponds to particles of size less than 0.1 mm. The flow conditions are
laminar where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces.
2. Transition Law
The design of grit chamber is based on removal of grit particles with minimum
size of 0.2 mm or 0.15 mm and therefore Stokes Law is not applicable to
determine the settling velocity of the grit particles for design purposes. The
settling velocity of a discrete particle is given by the general equation.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
R
s =
4
3
()
R
7.2
Where C
D
is the Newton coefficient of Drag which is a function of Reynolds
number. The transition flow conditions hold when Reynolds number is between 1
and 1,000. In this range, C
D
can be approximated by
C
D
=
18.5
0.6
=
18.5
(
s d
)
0.6
.7.3
Substituting the value of CD in above equation and simplifying
R
s
=[0.707( 1)
1.6
0.6
]P
0.714
.7.4
The settling velocity of grit particles in the transition zone is also calculated by
the Hazens modified formula
R
s
=60.6 (S
s
-1)d
3 +70
100
..7.5
Where d in equation7.5 is in cm and T is the temperature in degree Centigrade
and R
s
in cm/s. The settling velocity of grit particles in the range of 0.1 mm and
1mm can be determined using equation (7.4) and this equation or its approximate
empirical form of equation (7.5) should be used in design of grit chambers which
are designed to remove particles of size 0.15 mm or 0.2 mm.
3. Newtons Law When the particle size increases beyond 1 mm and Reynolds
number beyond 1,000, the Newton coefficient drag C
D
assumes a constant value
of 0.4 and the following equation can be used to determine the settling velocity
of grit particles.
R
s
=[3.3 g (S
s
-1) d ]
0.5
6.4.2 Surface Overflow Rate
Efficiency of an ideal settling basin is expressed as the ratio of the settling velocity of
the particles to be removed (R
s
) to the surface overflow rate (o).
=
s
o
Where R
o
is defined as the ratio of flow of sewage to be treated in an ideal settling
tank to the plan area of the tank, i.e., Q/A. It is equal to the settling velocity of those
particles which will be 100% removed in ideal settling tank.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
6.5 DESIGN OF GRIT REMOVAL UNIT
No. of Grit channels = 2
(1Working+1StandBy)
Computation of Settling Velocity: Stoke's Law
Kinematic Viscosity of Effluent assumed = 0.0000011 m
2
/sec
Particle Diameter assumed = 0.000150 m
Settling Velocity =R
s
=
18
()
=
9.81
18
(2.651)
1
0.00015
2
0.0000011
= 0.02 m/s
Reynold's number, Re=(d.Vs/Kinematic viscosity) = 2.73
for Transition flows, Vs=[(0.707(Ss-1)d
1.6
v-
0.6
)]
0.714
= 0.02 m/s
Actual Setling velocity = 0.02 m/s
Removal efficiency = 0.02 x 24 x 3600
= 1474.07cum/sqm/d
Assumed Removal Efficiency = 75.00 %
= 1105.55cum/sqm/d
Actual Surface Over Flow Rate :(Q/A)=V
s
n/[(1-)
-0.125
-1] = 974cum/sqm/d
take n=.125,
Dimensions of grit channel:
Peak Flow = 101250.00 cum/day
Total Plan area of Grit channel =Qpeak/(Q/A) = 103.97 m
2
Assumed Width of the Grit channel = 2.50 m
Length of the Channel = 41.60 m
Liquid Depth assumed = 1.50 m
Provide a depth for the Grit Storage = 0.30 m
Provide the Dimension of Grit Removal unit as 41.6 m x 2.5 m x 1.5 m SWD +
0.3 m Freeboard
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
6.6 Grit Removal Maintainance
6.6.1 Preventive Maintenance
Almost all these equipment are patented. Each manufacturer has proprietary
schedules for preventive maintenance. These schedules should be followed.
Preventive maintenance should done only by the manufacturer or the erection
contractor who has installed these equipment, and not by the operators.
5.6.2 Regular Day to Day Maintenance
The operator should hose the mechanical parts using the high pressure hose, and
pump the final treated sewage so that slime does not accumulate.Where flap gates or
turnstiles are provided, the operator should necessarily exercise these once a
day.The operator should not enter the chambers unless the sewage entry is blocked,
the chamber has been dry for at least two hours and the operator is wearing an
oxygen mask.
In the case of velocity controlled channels, the trip switch controlled travelling
bridge with suspended suction hoses for each channel all connected to a vacuum
pump set are standard items. If this system fails and grit accumulates in the channel,
each channel should be taken out of sewage flow. The scour valve should be opened
below the chamber and the sewage after filtering through the in-built filter port
should be allowed to drain to the site drain. Thereafter, the chamber should be
allowed to air dry for at least two hours, high pressure water jetting, draining and air
drying cycle carried out at least three times. Subsequently, labourers can be deployed
to scrap the grit provided that the labourers wear goggles, gloves, safety shoes and
oxygen masks.
6.7 DISPOSAL OF GRIT
The grit is usually pre-rinsed in the grit removal chamber itself before it is evacuated
from it. shows a typical grit chamber.Clean grit is characterised by the lack of odour.
Washed grit may resemble particles of sand and gravel, interspersed with inert
materials from households. Grit washing mechanism has to be included whenever
the detention time is more and flow through velocity is less. Unless washed, it may
contain considerable amount of organic matter. This becomes an attraction to rodents
and insects and is also unsightly and odorous. The grit should be contained in a
secure landfill as directed by the local pollution control authority or disposed along
with the municipal solid wastes, if permitted.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
7. EQUALIZATION TANK
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
7.1 FUNCTION
The sewage from the bar screen chamber and grit trap comes to the
equalization tank. The equalization tank is the first collection tank in an STP. Its main
function is to act as buffer: To collect the incoming raw sewage that comes at widely
fluctuating rates, and pass it on to the rest of the STP at a steady (average) flow rate.
During the peak hours, sewage comes at a high rate. The equalization tank stores this
sewage, and lets it out during the non-peak time when there is no/little incoming
sewage. Through constant outflow rate, it is easier to design the rest of the units of the
STP.
7.1 Equalization tank
7.2 DESIGN
Since the diurnal variation in the quality of the sewage is not significant, the
equalization tank is used only for buffering the daily fluctuations in the sewage flow
quantity. The equalization tank must be of sufficient capacity to hold the peak time
inflow volumes. Peak times and volumes are site-specific and variable:
In the case of residential complexes, there is a distinct morning major peak
(when all residents are using their kitchens, bathrooms and toilets), followed
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
by a minor peak in the late evening hours. In a typical residential complex, an
equalization tank with a capacity to hold 4-6 hours of average hourly flow
should be adequate (based on the diversity of the population in the complex).
In addition, the sewage generation may be heavier during the weekends. In
such cases, the sewage volume generated on a weekend should be taken as
reference.
In the case of a commercial or software complex, peak flows commonly occur
during the lunch hour.
In the case of manufacturing units, the shift timings is a major factor. Peaks
occur at breakfast, lunch and dinner timings of the canteen.
7.3 CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING
The incoming sewer line is usually gravity-fed,and is likely to be at
considerable depth below the ground level. Therefore it is prudent not to make the
tanks of STP too deep, otherwise it requires very deep excavations and expensive
construction. It also makes the maintenance and cleaning processes very hazardous.
It is necessary to force compressed air in the sewage held in the tank. This is
mandatory for two reasons:
It keeps the raw sewage aerated, thereby avoiding septicity and suppressing
odor generation
It keeps solids in suspension and prevents settling of solids in the tank, thereby
reducing frequency of manual cleaning of the tank
The tank may be of any shape, provided it permits placement of air diffusers for
full floor coverage and uniform mixing over the entire floor area. The diffusers should
be retrievable: Individual diffusers (or sets of diffusers) may be lifted out and cleaned
for routine maintenance. This will reduce frequency of shut down of the Equalization
tank for manual cleaning purposes. If membrane diffusers are used, they will fail
frequently, due to the repeated cycles of expansion and contraction caused by
fluctuating water levels in the equalization tank. Therefore, only coarse bubble
diffusers must be used in the equalization tank
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
7.4 EQUALIZATION TANK (COLLECTION CHAMBER )
Peak Design Flow = 101250.00 Cum/day
Assumed Detention period = 2 hours
Volume of the Tank required =
1012500
24
x 2
=8437.5 Cum
Assumed Depth of Liquid column = 3 m
Area required for the equalization tank = 2812.5 Sq.m
No. of Tanks Proposed = 2nos
Area required for each equalization tank = 1406.25 Sq.m
Length to Breadth ratio = 1
Breadth of the tank = 37.5 m
Length of the tank = 37.5 m
Provide the Dimension of Equalization Tank (Collection Chamber )
as 37.5 m x 37.5 m x 3 m SWD + 0.3 m Freeboard
7.5 MIXING ARRANGEMENTS
Assumed BOD reduction in the tank = 15% Percent
Incoming BOD of Raw sewage = 320.00 mg/L
BOD to be reduced = 320 x 0.15
= 48 mg/L
BOD Load =
4860.0 kg/day
Oxygen required to remove BOD load = 2 kg/kg of
BOD
Oxygen required = 9720.0 kg/day
= 405.00 kg/hr
Actual Air Required = 25510.20 Cum/hr
Provide Corse bubble aeration grids for = 25520.00 cum/hr
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
7.6 Operation And Maintenance Considerations
Keep air mixing on at all times
Ensure that the air flow/ mixing is uniform over the entire floor of the tank.
Adjust the placement of diffusers and the air-flow rate as needed.
Keep the equalization tank nearly empty before the expected peak load hours
(otherwise it will overflow)
Check and clean clogged diffusers at regular intervals
Manually evacuate settled muck/ sediments at least once in a year
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
8. RAW SEWAGE LIFT PUMPS
8.1 FUNCTION
If we use gravity to move the sewage through the units of STP, the units would have
to be placed progressively deeper below the ground level. To avoid deep excavations,
a pumping stage is introduced to lift sewage to the next unit in the STP, which is the
aeration tank.
This strategy yields a double benefit:
All downstream units may be placed at a convenient level above ground,
resulting in cost savings.
At the same time, the maintenance of STP becomes easier. The pumping rate
can be set at a calibrated uniform flow, so that downstream units are not
affected by fluctuating flows.
8.2 DESIGN CRITERIA
The capacity of the raw sewage lift pump is selected based on daily average rated
capacityof the STP, on the premise that the pumps shall be operated for 20 Hours in a
day.
The lifting capacity of the pumps (called total head or total lifting height) may be
selected based on the level difference between the sewage-delivery level at the
aeration tank and the floor level of the equalization tank.
8.3 CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING
Despite the presence of the bar screen(s) before the equalization tank, in real-life
situations, we cannot rule out the presence of solids, polythene bags, plastic covers,
cups etc. in the equalization tank. These items pose a serious threat to the pumps. Let
us compare three different types of pumps for this job:
Submersible pumps with smaller flow passages in their impellers are not the
correct application for this duty: They are prone to frequent failures (either the
impeller gets damaged, or the pumps stall and then the winding burns).
Comminutor pumps with a cutter/shredder option solve the clogging issue by
pulverizing the obstacles, but they end up mixing nonbiodegradable material
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
in the sewage in such a way that separating the material becomes impossible.
This is a threat to the environment.
Therefore, the correct choice would be horizontal, centrifugal, non-clog, solids
handling (NC-SH) pumps with open impellers.
There are other valid and practical reasons for this selection:
1. The NC-SH pump is robust for this application, and failure rate/ frequency is
very low.
2. The NC-SH pumps are rated to handle solids up to even 20 mm size with an
open impeller design, whereas submersible pump with closed impeller design
comes with smaller openings.
3. The NC-SH pumps are less expensive than submersible pumps, but work at a
lower efficiency due to open impeller design. In an STP, robust treatment
performance is of prime importance and of higher priority than savings in
energy at the cost of treatment efficiency.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
4. Repair/ servicing costs for NC-SH pumps are negligible compared to
submersible pumps
5. The NC-SH pumps may be serviced at the STP site itself within a few hours
with readily available spares and consumables. On the other hand, the
submersible pumps have to be sent to their service center/ factory for any
repairs, and the time required is typically 2 weeks.
6. Once a submersible pump goes for repair, it never recovers 100% efficiency,
and failures start occurring periodically (As per our experience, these pumps
are for use and throw duty only)
7. Guarantees/ warranties on repaired units are available, only if sent to the
respective factories.
8. The NC-SH pumps are equipped with a Non Return Flap valve in the body
itself, which functions as a normal foot valve: hence priming of these pumps is
not required at every start.
The raw sewage lift pump is a critical machinery, and so it must have a standby unit.
The electrical control circuit must ensure that both pumps cannot run at the same time
(otherwise they will
generate excessive pressure and damage the plumbing. Also, a higher flow rate means
partially treated sewage is passed out of STP.) Separate suction piping for each of the
two pumps is preferred, so that a clogged inlet pipe can be cleaned while the other
pump is operating. The delivery header of the two pumps must conform to good
piping engineering practice with necessary fittings for isolating the pumps for
maintenance, etc. It is nearly impossible to get pumps that provide the exact
combination of flow rate and head we need. Therefore, a bypass branch line (back
tothe equalization tank) with a control valve must be provided, so that the sewage
flow rate can be precisely set to the designed value. At the same time, provide for
locking this valve, so that the STP operator cannot tamper with its settings to increase
the flow rate. Sufficient space must be allowed around the pump for movement of
operators and technicians for routine operation and maintenance activities.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
8.4 RAW SEWAGE PUMPS
No. of pumps - 2 (2W+2SB)
Type of Pumps used - Horizontal Centrifugal
Average flow = 45000.00 Cum/day
Number of working hours = 20 hrs
Flow Capacity of Pump required =
45000.00
20
= 2250.00 Cum/hr
Proposed pumps 4numbers (2W + 2SB), flow per Pump =
= 1125.00 Cum/hr
(
1125.00
3600
)1000
= 312.50 lps
Head required = 14.00m
HP required for pump =
.
= 117.00 hp
8.5 OPERATION ANDMAINTENANCECONSIDERATIONS
Switch between the main and standby pumpevery 4 hours (approximately).
Check oil in the pump every day; top up ifnecessary
Check motor-to-pump alignment after everydismantling operation
Check condition of coupling and replacedamaged parts immediately
Check for vibrations and tighten the anchorbolts and other fasteners
Check condition of bearings, oil seals,mechanical seal and replace if
necessaryCompletely drain out oil and replace afresh asper manufacturers
recommendationAlways keep safety guard in its properposition
Ensure discharge of raw sewage into theaeration tank is visible and can be
monitored.
Maintain the flow rate at designed level (notampering with the bypass valve)
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
9. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS
9.1 Function
Sewage Treatment addressed here will be on biological treatment technology
and cover such of those technologies for which validated design guidelines are
available in India over the past many decades and which permits drafting the unit
sizes without depending on any equipment manufacturer or any patented process
covered by a royalty of usage. There are no doubt other more recent technologies with
each of them having their own design guidelines by the respective equipment vendors
and for which obviously there are proprietary issues in procurement out of public
funds. No doubt, unless these are tried out at some point in time, there is no way of
inheriting these forever, but at the same time the proprietary issue has to be got over.
Hence, these technologies will be addressed later in this chapter under the title
Recent Technologies. Accordingly, the technologies to be considered in this chapter
will be the Activated Sludge Processes, Attached Growth Systems, Treatment
Methods Using Immobilization Carrier, Stabilization Ponds and Anaerobic Treatment.
The Trickling filter technology of yesteryears is decided to be phased out considering
the difficulties of its rotary distributor upkeep; Psychoda flies nuisance and the
induction of more effective surface area to unit volume configured media.
9.2 Activated Sludge Process
9.2 .1 Introduction
Aerobic suspended growth systems are of two basic types, those which
employ sludge recirculation, viz., conventional activated sludge process and its
modifications and those which do not have sludge recycle, viz., aerated lagoons, in
both cases sewage containing waste organic matter is aerated in an aeration basin in
which micro-organisms metabolize the soluble and suspended organic matter. Part of
the organic matter is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized to carbon dioxide
and water to derive energy. In activated sludge systems the new cells formed in the
reaction are removed from the liquid stream in the form of a flocculent sludge in
settling tanks. A part of this activated sludge is recycled to the aeration basin and the
remaining forms waste or excess sludge. In aerated lagoons the microbial mass leaves
with the effluent stream or may settle down in areas of the aeration basin where
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
mixing is not sufficient. The suspended solids concentration in the aeration tank
liquor, also called mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), is generally taken as an
index of the mass of active micro-organisms in the aeration tank. However, the MLSS
will contain not only active micro-organisms but also dead cells as well as inert
organic and inorganic matter derived from the influent sewage. The mixed liquor
volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) value is also used and is preferable to MLSS as it
eliminates the effect of inorganic matter. Aerobic and facultative bacteria are the
predominant micro-organisms which carry out the above reactions of organic matter
i.e. oxidation and synthesis. Their cellular mass contains about 12% Nitrogen and 2%
Phosphorous. These nutrients should be present in sufficient quantity in the waste or
they may be added, required, for the reactions to proceed satisfactorily. A generally
recommended ratio of BOD5:N:P is 100:5:1. Domestic sewage is generally balanced
with respect to these nutrients.
9.2.2 Activated Sludge Process Variables
An activated sludge plant essentially consists of the following:
(i) Aeration tank containing microorganisms in suspension in which the
reaction takes place,
(ii) Activated sludge recirculation system
(iii) Excess sludge wasting and disposal facilities,
(iv) Aeration systems to transfer oxygen and
(v) Secondary sedimentation tank to separate and thicken activated sludge.
These are schematically illustrated in Figure 9.1 (a) to (e). The main variables of the
activatedsludge process are the loading rate, the mixing regime and the flow scheme.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
10. DESIGN OF AERATION TANK
10.1 Design Criteria
Typical values of loading parameters for various activated sludge modifications
commonly usedin India are furnished in Table below
10.1 Characteristics and design parameters of activated sludge systems for sewage
10.2 Extended Aeration
The flow scheme of the extended aeration process and its mixing regime are
similar to that of the completely mixed process except that primary settling is omitted.
The process employs low organic loading, long aeration time, high MLSS
concentration and low F/M. The BOD removal efficiency is high. Because of long
detention in the aeration tank, the mixed liquor solids undergo considerable
endogenous respiration and get well stabilized. The excess sludge does not require
separate digestion and can he directly dried on sand beds. Also the excess sludge
production is a minimum.
The oxygen requirement for the process is higher and the running costs are
also therefore high. However, operation is rendered simple due to the elimination of
primary settling and separate sludge digestion. The method is, therefore, well suited
specially for small and medium size communities and zones of a larger city.
In small plants intermittent operation of extended aeration systems may be adopted,
intermittent aeration cycles are:
(i) closing of inlet and aerating the sewage,
(ii) Stopping aeration and letting the contents settle and
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
(iii) Letting in fresh sewage which displaces an equal quantity of clarified
effluent. Sludge is wasted from the mixed liquor. To handle continuous flows
a number of units may be operated in parallel.
The oxidation ditch is one form of an extended aeration system having certain special
features like an endless ditch for the aeration tank and a rotor for the aeration
mechanism. The ditch consists of a long continuous channel usually oval in plan. The
channel may be earthen with lined sloping sides and lined floor or it may be built in
concrete or brick with vertical walls. The sewage is aerated by a surface rotor placed
across the channel. The rotor not only aerates the sewage but also imparts a horizontal
velocity to the mixed liquor preventing the biological sludge from settling out.
10.3 Design Consideration
The items for consideration in the design of activated sludge plant are aeration tank
capacity and dimensions, aeration facilities, secondary sludge settling and recycle and
excess sludge wasting.
10.3.1 Aeration Tank
VX = YQ
C
(S
O
-S) / (1 +Kd C) ..............(10.1)
The volume of the aeration tank is calculated for the selected, value of
byassumingasuitable value of MLSS concentration, X, in Equation (10.1 ).
Alternatively the tank capacity may be designed from F/M and MLSS concentration
according to Equation (). The F/M and MLSS levels generally employed in different
types of commonly used activated sludge systems are given in Table 10.1 along with
their corresponding BOD removal efficiencies.
It is seen that economy in reactor volume can be achieved by assuming a large
value for X. However, it is seldom taken to be more than 5,000 g/m3. A common
range is between 1,000 and 4,000 g/m3. Considerations which govern the upper limit
are: initial and running cost of sludge recirculation system to maintain a high value of
MLSS, limitations of oxygen transfer equipment to supply oxygen at required rate in a
small reactor volume, increased solids loading on secondary clarifier which may
necessitate a larger surface area to meet limiting solid flux, design criteria for the tank
and minimum HRT for the aeration tank for stable operation under hydraulic surges.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Except in the case of extended aeration plants and completely mixed plants, the
aeration tanks are designed as long narrow channels. This configuration is achieved
by the provision of round the- end baffles in small plants when only one or two tank
units are proposed and byconstruction as long and narrow rectangular tanks with
common intermediate walls in large plants when several units are proposed. In
extended aeration plants other than oxidation ditches and in complete mix plants the
tank shape may be circular or square when the plant capacity is small or rectangular
with several side inlets and equal number of side outlets, when the plant capacity is
large.
The width and depth of the aeration channel depends on the type of aeration
equipment employed. The depth controls the aeration efficiency and usually ranges
from 3 to 4.5 m for surface aerators, the deeper depth being justified by use of hopper
bottomed tank square cells
and draft tubes. In the case of diffused aeration, the delivery pressure at the
compressor plays a crucial part in that in general, where this exceeds about 6.5 m
water cooled compressors will be needed and this shall be duly considered, Beyond
70 mld duplicate units are preferred. The width controls the mixing and is usually
kept between 5 and 10 m. Width-depth ratio should be adjusted to be between 1.2 to
2.2. The length should not be less than 30 or not ordinarily longer than 100 m in a
single section length before doubling back. The horizontal velocity should be around
1.5 m/min. Excessive width may lead to settlement of solids in the tank Triangular
baffles and fillets are used to eliminate dead spots and induce spiral flow in the tanks.
Tank free board is generally kept between 0.3 and 0.5 m.
Due consideration must be given in the design of aeration tanks to the need for
emptying them for maintenance and repair of the aeration equipment. Intermediate
walls should be designed for empty conditions on either side. The method of
dewatering should be considered in the design and provided for during construction.
The inlet and outlet channels of the aeration tank should be designed for empty
conditions oneither side. The method of dewatering should be considered in the
design and provided forduring construction.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
The inlet and outlet channels of the aeration tanks should be designed to maintain a
minimumvelocity of 0.2 m/s to avoid deposition of solids. The channels or conduits
and their appurtenances should be sized to carry the maximum hydraulic load to the
remaining aerationtank units when any one unit is out of operation. The inlet should
provide for free fall into aeration tank when more than one tank unit or more than one
inlet is proposed. The free fall will enable positive control of the flows through the
different inlets. Outlets usually consist of free fall weirs. The weir length should be
sufficient to maintain a reasonably constant water level in the tank. When multiple
inlets or multiple tanks are involved, the inlets should be provided with valves, gates
or stop planks to enable regulation of flow through each inlet.
10.4 DIFFUSED AERATION
Diffused air aeration involves the introduction of compressed air into the sewage
through submerged diffusers of fine bubble or coarse bubble type. In the former,
compressed air is released at or near the bottom of the aeration tank through porous
tubes or plates made of aluminium oxide or silicon oxide grains cemented together in
a ceramic matrix. Troubles due to clogging from the inside can be reduced by
providing air filters and those due to clogging from outside can be avoided by
providing adequate air pressure below the diffusers at all times. In spite of such
precautions, fine bubble diffusers will require periodical cleaning. Air supplied to
porous diffusers should contain less than 0.02 mg of dust per cum of air.
Coarse bubble aerators have lower aeration efficiency than fine bubble aerators but
are cheaper in first cost and are less liable to clogging and do not require filtration of
air. In longish channel type aeration tanks, air diffusers are generally placed along one
side of the aeration tank, helping to set up a spiral flow in the tank which improves
mixing and prevents the solids from settling. They are located 0.3 m to 0.6 m above
tank floor to aid in tank cleaning and reduce clogging during shutdown. The agitator-
sparger is a special mechanical aerator system involving the release of compressed air
at the bottom of the aeration tank in large bubbles and the breaking up of the bubbles
into fine bubbles by submerged turbine rotors located above the air outlets. The
turbine rotors also provide mixing.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
10.5 DESIGN OF AERATION TANK
No of Tanks = 2
Flow - completely mixed
Q- per tank = 22500.00 cum/day
BOD = 320 48
= 272.00 mg/Lt
MLSS = 2500.00
Type Aeration - Diffuser type fine bubble
Blowers - = 2.00 ( 1W+1SB)
F/M assumed = 0.12
Volume of the tank =
22500.00272.00
0.122500
= 20400.00 Cum
Add additional volume of 25% for sludge recycle = 0.25x20400.00
= 5100.00 Cum
Total volume of tank = 20400.00+5100.00
= 25500.00 Cum
Hydraulic Detention Time =
25500.0
12500
= 2.04 day
Depth of the tank = 4.00 m
Area of the Tank =
25500.00
4.00
= 6375.00 Sq.m
Area for each tank = 6375.00 Sq.m
Assumed Breadth to Length Ratio = 1.00
Width of the tank =
6375
1.00
x0.1
= 79.9 m
Length of tank =
6375.00
79.9
=79.8 m
Provide the Dimension of Aeration tank as 79.8 m x 79.9 m x 4 m SWD + 0.5 m
Freeboard
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
10.1 Aeration tank
Blower capacity
BoD load =
22500 x 272
1000
= 6120.00 kg/day
=
6120.00
24
= 255.00 kg/hr
Oxygen Required for 1 kg BOD removal = 2.00 kg
Theoretical Oxygen =255.00 x 2.00
= 510.00 kg/hr
Actual requirement of air =
510.00
0.6x0.7x1.2x0.21x0.2
= 24092.97 cum/hr
Total Air Requirement = 24092.97+25510.20
= 49603.50 Cum/hr
Fine bubble diffuser assumed to inject oxygen of = 10.00 cum/hr
Provide Membrane diffuser for aeration tank = 4960 No.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Provide 2 Blowers of capacity at 0.45 ksc (1W+ 1 SB)
= 49603.50 cum/hr
foreachtank
Sludge Volume Index assumed = 100.00
Sludge Recirculation Qr/Q=X
t
/((10^6/SVI)-X
t
) = 0.33
Volumetric loading rate =
22500 x 272
25500 x 1000
= 0.24 kg/cum
= 2500x20400
= 51000000.00
Xt V =
y
Q (Y
o
Ye)
c
/(1 + k
e
c
) = 22500.00x(272.00-20)
= 5670000.00
= 56700000.0051000000
= 0.11
= 0.11-0.6
= 0.05
Hydraulic Mean Cell Residence Time =
1
0.05
= 19.54 days
Reduction in the Aeration Tank = 95.00 %
Outlet BOD from the Aeration tank = 272.00-(95.00x272.00)
= 13.60 mg/L
10.6 Operation And Maintenance
Two methods are commonly used to supply oxygen from the air to the bacteria-
mechanical aeration and diffused aeration. Both methods are mechanical processes
with the difference being whether the mechanisms are at or in the aerator or at a
remote location. Mechanical aeration devices agitate the water surface in the aerator
to cause spray and waves by paddle wheels mixers, rotating brushes or some other
method of splashing water into the air or air into the water so that oxygen can be
absorbed. Mechanical aerators in the tank tend to be lower in installation and
maintenance costs. Usually, they are more versatile in terms of mixing, production of
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
surface area of bubbles, and oxygen transfer per unit of applied power. Diffused air
systems use a device called a diffuser to break up the air stream from the blower
system into fine bubbles in the mixed liquor. The smaller the bubble, the greater is the
oxygen transfer due to the greater surface area of rising air bubbles surrounded by
water. Unfortunately, fine bubbles will tend to regroup into larger bubbles while
rising unless they are broken up by suitable mixing energy and turbulence.
Record the pumping time and weekly waste solids for this time period if results are
satisfactory. If the extended activated sludge plant does not have an aerobic digester,
applying waste activated sludge to drying beds may cause odour problems. If odours
from waste activated sludge drying beds are a problem, consider the following
solutions:
Waste the excess activated sludge into an aerated holding tank. This tank can
be pumped out and the sludge disposed of in an approved sanitary landfill. If
aerated long enough, the sludge could be applied to drying beds.
The excess or waste activated sludge can be removed by a septic tank pumper
and disposed of in an approved sanitary landfill.
Arrange for disposal of the excess activated sludge at a nearby treatment plant.
Annually, check the bottom of the hoppers for rocks, sticks, and grit deposits.
Also, check the tail pieces of the air lifts to be sure that they are clear of rags
and rubber goods and in proper working condition.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
11. CLARIFIERS
11.1 Functions
Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of
solids being deposited by Sedementation. A clarifier is generally used to remove
solid particulates or suspended solids from liquid for clarification and (or) thickening.
Concentrated impurities, discharged from the bottom of the tank are known as sludge,
while the particles that float to the surface of the liquid are called scum.
11.2 Rim Flow Sludge Suction Clarifiers
These are clarifiers with inlet along the rim and sludge sucked out at the floor through
suctionboxed arms instead of scrappers and is reported to save on foot print and
denser sludges andquicker return to aeration tank without analysis of the live sludge.
11.2.1 Advantages
It is claimed that given the same clarifier volume as conventional centre feed
clarifiers, these types of clarifiers can handle much higher throughputs and the
rising sludge phenomenon is minimized.
The need for a buried central feed pipe in large central feed clarifiers is
avoided.
The sludge is sucked out as soon as it settles on the floor and transferred to
aerationtank and thus avoiding cell lysis.
11 . 2. 2 Disadvantages
Here again, each vendor advocates his own criteria for the equipment and their
types which makes it difficult to bring about a common and validated
designcriteria.The sludge suction arrangement if it gets into repair necessitates the
emptying ofthe clarifier for repairs.
11.3 Improved Circular Secondary Clarifier (HYDROPLUME)
CSIR-NEERI
The conventional secondary clarifiers do not take hydraulic energy dissipation into
account, they are either too large or often fail in giving the efficient solids-liquid
separation. In this endeavour, CSIR - NEERI has developed a clarifier design
radically different from the conventional circular clarifiers. It is called as
HYDROPLUME, which is an effective hydraulic energy dissipating, solids contact
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
and sludge recirculation type high rate secondary clarifier that provides natural
flocculation through plume formation. It produces excellent effluent quality and helps
in attaining the treated effluent quality conforming to discharge standards and the
settled sludge is removed through a specially designed suction mechanism. The
sludge removal mechanism is designed and fabricated to remove sludge from all
around the clarifier and discharging it from a stationary outlet as depicted in Figure
11.4 Design Procedure for Secondary clarifiers:
The clarifier detention times from NEERI study based on the compilation of the list
ofsecondary clarifier of STPs throughout the country
1. Choose the average overflow rate in Table and arrive at the surface area
2. Choose the peak overflow rate in Table and arrive at the surface area
3. Choose the average solids loading rate in Table and arrive at the surface area
4. Choose the peak solids loading in Table and arrive at the surface area
5. Choose the higher of the above four values and decide the diameter
6. Verify the weir overflow rate for compliance to Table
7. If the rate exceeds, verify the same with a double sided launder inside the clarifier
8. Even with this, if the rate exceeds, increase the diameter suitably.
9. Choose a compatible SWD.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
11.5 Design of Secondary clarifier
No. of Tanks =2
Average Flow in each tank =
45000.00
2
=22500.00 cum/day
SOR = 25.00Cum/Sqm/day
SWD = 2.00 m
Solid conc. In settled sludge -% = 0.8 to 0.9 %
Withdrawal frequency - continuous
Area Required for the Tank =
22500.00
25
= 900.00 Sq.m
Diametre Required for Secondary Settling Tank = 900 x 2
=33.85 m
Assumed Detention Period = 3.10 hrs
=(
22500.00
24
)x 3.10
=2906.25 Cum
Depth of the Clarifier assumed = 2.50 m
Area of the Clarifier = 1162.50 Sq.m
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Provide Secondary Clarifier of Diametre =
1162.50
4
=38.50 m
Surface Loading Rate =
22500.00
1162.50
=19.35 Cum/Sq.m/day
Provide the Dimension of Secondary clarifier as 38.5 m diametre x 2.5 m
SWD + 0.5 m Freeboard
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
Clarifier
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
12. DISINFECTION BY CHLORINATION
12.1 Function
Disinfection of effluent from water reclamation facilities (WRFs) is required
to decrease thedisease risks associated with the discharge of sewage containing
human pathogens (diseasecausing organisms) into receiving waters. These
microorganisms are present in large numbers in sewage effluents.
Disinfection by chlorination is the most widely used technology in both
water supply and sewage treatment. As thetreated sewage is fresh from secondary
aerobic biological treatment, the chlorination of sucheffluents does not result in
hazards. In the case of effluents from anaerobic processes like UASB,the provision of
an aerobic polishing treatment is mandatory before such chlorination. The usual
dosage used is 10 mg/l and the detention time in the contact tank is 30 minutes.
Suitable bafflesare provided in these tanks to maximize the duration of contact. These
tanks shall not becovered and free wind must be allowed to blow across the tank. The
residual chlorine after thecontact has been generally detected at 1 to 1.5 mg/l at the
maximum and there are no offensive
The chlorine gas is controlled, metered, introduced into a stream of injector water and
thenconducted as a solution to the point of application.
The primary advantage of vacuum operation is safety. If a failure or breakage occurs
in thevacuum system, the chlorinator either stops the flow of chlorine into the
equipment or allows airto enter the vacuum system rather than allowing chlorine to
escape into the surroundingatmosphere. In case the chlorine inlet shutoff fails, a vent
valve discharges the incoming gas tothe outside of the chlorinator building.
The operating vacuum is provided by a hydraulic injector. The injector operating
water absorbsthe chlorine gas and the resultant chlorine solution is conveyed to a
chlorine diffuser throughcorrosion resistant conduit. A vacuum chlorinator also
includes a vacuum regulating valve todampen fluctuations and allow smooth
operation. Vacuum relief prevents excessive vacuumwithin the equipment.
Chlorine gas flows from the chlorine container to the gas inlet. After entering the
chlorinator,the gas passes through spring-loaded pressure regulating valve which
maintains the proper
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
operating pressure. A rotameter is used to indicate the rate of gas flow. The rate is
controlled byV-notch variable orifice. The gas then moves to the injector where it
dissolved in water andleaves the chlorinator as a chlorine solution (HOCl) ready for
application.
12.2 DESIGN
Percentage of Chlorine in Bleaching powder = 25
Density of solution = 1 gm/ml
Strength of the solution = 1 %
Bleaching powder required = 144.0000 kg/d
for one percent solution, tank capacity, = 14400 liter
Dosing Rate = 1.44E+08 ml/day
= 144000 l/day
= 6000 lph
Volume of the tank required per shift of 8 hours = 48 cum
Provide a tank size of3.0m x 3.0m x(1.5m +.3m ) TD
BOD reduction after Disinfection = 10 %
BOD outlet to Garden, Irrigation or Reuse for Flushing is = 7.8 Mg/Lsafe
for irrigation
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
13. SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
13.1 Applicability
This method can be used in all places where adequate land is available 13260 and
dried sludge can beused for soil conditioning. Where digested sludge is deposited on
well drained bed of sand andgravel, the dissolved gases tend to buoy up and float the
solids leaving a clear liquid at thebottom which drains through the sand rapidly. The
major portion of the liquid drains off in a fewhours after which drying commences by
evaporation. The sludge cake shrinks producing crackswhich accelerates evaporation
from the sludge surface. The areas having greater sunshine, lowerrainfall and lesser
relative humidity, the drying time may be about two weeks while in otherareas, it
could be four weeks or more. Covered beds are not generally necessary.
13.2 Unit Sizing
The sludge drying process is affected by weather, sludge characteristics, system
design (including depth of bed) and length of time between scraping and lifting of
sludge material.High temperature and high wind velocity improve drying while high
relative humidity andprecipitation retard drying.
13.2.1 Area of Beds
The area needed for dewatering and drying the sludge is dependent on the volume of
the sludge,cycle time required to retain sludge for dewatering, drying and removal of
sludge and makingthe sand bed ready for next cycle of application and depth of
application of sludge on dryingbed. The cycle time between two dryings of sludge on
drying beds primarily depends on thecharacteristics of sludge including factors
affecting its ability to allow drainage and evaporationof water, the climatic parameters
that influence evaporation of water from sludges and themoisture content allowed in
dried sludge. The cycle time may vary widely, lesser time requiredfor aerobically
stabilized sludges than for anaerobically digested sludge and for hot and dryweather
conditions than for cold and/or wet weather conditions.
Area of land required for sludges can be quite substantial with value of 0.1 to 0.25
m3/capitabeing reported for anaerobically digested sludge under conditions that are
unfavourable for dewatering and drying. The average cycle time for drying may range
from a few days to 2weeks in warmer climates to 3 to 6 weeks or even more in
unfavourable ones.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
13.3 Percolation Type Bed Components
A sludge drying bed usually consists of a bottom layer of gravel of uniform size over
which islaid a bed of clean sand. Open jointed tile under drains are laid in the gravel
layer to providepositive drainage as the liquid passes through the sand and gravel.
13.3.1 Gravel
Graded gravel is placed around the under drains in layers up to 30 cm with a
minimum of 15 cmabove the top of the under drains. At least 3 cm of the top layer
shall consist of gravel of 3 to 6mm size.
13.3.2 Sand
Clean sand of effective size of 0.5 to 0.75 mm and uniform coefficient not greater
than 4.0 isused. The depth of sand may vary from 20 to 30 cm. The finished sand
surface shall be level.
13.3.3 Under Drains
Under drains are made of vitrified clay pipes or tiles of at least 13300 10 cm dialaid
with open joints.However other suitable materials may also be used. Under drains
shall be placed not more than6 m apart.
13.3.4 Walls
Walls shall preferably be of masonry and extend at least 40 cm above and 15 cm
below sandsurface. Outer walls should be kerbed to prevent washing outside soil on to
beds.
13.3.5 Dimensions
Drying beds are commonly 6 to 8 m wide and 30 to 45 m long. A length of 30 m
away from theinlet should not be exceeded with a single point of wet sludge
discharge, when the bed slope isabout 0.5%. Multiple discharge points may be used
with large sludge beds to reduce the lengthof wet sludge travel.
13.3.6 Sludge Inlet
All sludge pipes and sludge inlets are so arranged to easily drain and have a minimum
of 200mm dia terminating at least 30 cm above the sand surface. Splash plates should
be provided atdischarge points to spread the sludge uniformly over the bed and to
prevent erosion of the sand.
13.3.7 Cover
Sludge drying bed in high rainfall areas in the country needs cover with FRP etc., in
accordancewith requirement.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
13.3.8 Drainage
Drainage from beds should be returned to the primary settling units if it cannot be
satisfactorilydisposed of otherwise.
13.4 Sludge Removal
13.4.1 Preparation of Bed
Sludge drying beds should be prepared well in advance of the time of
application of a freshbatch of sludge. All dewatered sludge which has formed a cake
should be removed by rakes andshovels or scrapers, care being taken not to pick up
sand with the sludge. After the completeremoval of sludge cake, the surface of the bed
is cleaned, weeds and vegetation removed, thesand levelled and finally the surface
properly raked before adding the sludge. The rakingreduces the compaction of the
sand on the surface and improves the filterability of the bed.
Only properly digested sludge should be applied to the drying beds. Poorly digested
sludge willtake a much longer time for dewatering. Sludge containing oils, grease and
floating matter clogthe sand and interfere with percolation. Samples of sludge from
the digester should be examinedfor the physical and chemical characteristics to ensure
that it is ready for withdrawal.
13.4.2 Withdrawal of Sludge
Sludge should be withdrawn from the digester at a sufficiently high rate to clear the
pipeline.Rodding and back-flushing of the inlet pipe may sometimes become
necessary to make thematerial flow easily. Valves must be opened fully to start with
and later adjusted to maintainregular flow. The flow may be regulated to keep the
pipe inlet from being submerged. Nakedflames should be prohibited while opening
sludge valves and exposed discharge channels.
13.4.3 Removal of Sludge Cake
Dried sludge cake can be removed by shovel or forks when the moisture content is
less than70%. When the moisture content reaches 40% the take becomes lighter and
suitable for grinding.Some sand always clings to the bottom of the sludge cake and
results in loss of sand thusreducing the depth of the bed. When the depth of the bed is
reduced to 10 cm, clean coarse sandwhich matches the original sand, should be used
for replenishment to the original depth of thebed.
13.4.4 Hauling and Storage of Sludge Cakes
Wheel barrows or pickup trucks are used for hauling of sludge cakes. In large plants
mechanicalloaders and conveyors may be required to handle large quantities of dried
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
sludge. Sludgeremoved from the bed may be disposal of directly or stored to make it
friable, therebyimproving its suitability for application to soil.
13.1 Sludge drying beds
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
CONCLUSION
A successful technical project involves integration of various fields. This is
an attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological and chemical and
civil engineering.
Since, in ProddaturMunicipal Corporation there is no proper treatment plant
for sewage, it is necessary to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant. The plant is
designed perfectly to meet the future expansion for the next 30 years in accordance
with Indian Codal provisions. This project consists the design of the complete
components of a Sewage Treatment Plant from receiving chamber, screening
chamber, grit chamber, sedimentation tank, secondaty clarifier, active sludge tank
and sludge drying beds for sewage. The output generated can be successfully used
for the irrigation, gardening and flushing purpose.
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Modeling, Operation and maintenance of Waste (Sewage) water Treatment Process
REFERENCE
1.Engineering Manual On Sewerage And Sewage Treatment By
Central Public Health And Environmental Engineering
Organization, Ministry Of Urban Development, New Delhi.
2. Operation And Maintenance Manual OnSewerage And Sewage
Treatment By Central Public Health And Environmental
Engineering Organization, Ministry Of Urban Development ,New
Delhi.
2. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering - G. S. Birdie
3. Water supply and sanitary engineering by S K Garg.
85
1. INTRODUCTION
2. POPULATION
FORECAST
3. DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT FACILITIES
4. LAB TESTS
5. BAR SCREEN
CHAMBER
6. GRIT CHAMBER
7. EQUALIZATION
TANK
8. RAW SEWAGE
LIFT PUMPS
9. BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
PROCESS
10. DESIGN OF
AERATION TANK
11. DESIGN OF
CLARIFIERS
12. DISINFECTION
BY CHLORINATION
13. SLUDGE DRYING
BEDS
14. CONCLUSION