Ewf

Welding Fabrication Standards Page 1
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780

Foreword
During the year 2004, workshops regarding the Leonardo Continued Project where held in certain
European Countries with the participation of experts from the welding industry in order to identify
the competence profile, knowledge and experience requirements for welding engineers and
inspectors. The main purpose of the project was to develop appropriate continuous education tools
such as training courses (classroom instruction, distance learning) and education on the job.
The initial education, qualification and certification of welding and inspection personnel itself has
been harmonised by the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). However,
an accessible, convenient and reliant modular method to deliver the appropriate knowledge has to
be developed in order to maintain and upgrade this knowledge and develop appropriate skills for
which welding engineers and inspectors are called for by the industry.
This leads to the set up of learning tools to integrate and update the knowledge already achieved
by the qualified personnel, in order to follow the technology trends in the welding field, avoiding
duplication of training items with the previous education achieved with the IIW/EWF courses.
In this framework The Italian institute of welding (Istituto Italiano della Saldatura - IIS), has
developed
the following educational tools for the classroom instruction:

slide presentation through computer projector, to be used by teachers during the training
courses;
books (electronic and/or paper format), to be used by participants;
exercise questions, to be used during classroom instruction.
This book is therefore meant to provide direct and clear information on European standards
relevant to welding fabrication, as these are subject to continuous updating; therefore knowledge
of requirements of the standards is to be considered basic knowledge for welding co-ordinators
and inspection personnel.
Moreover this book has been recently integrated taking into consideration guidelines produced by
EWF for the application of ISO 3834 requirements, produced after several years of experience of
its members in technical assistance on the field of welding fabrication, education and training of
welding and NDT personnel and in certification of welded products manufacturers.


With review of GSI - SLV Duisburg and EWF.



Summary
1 Quality management and welding fabrication.................................. 7
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................7
1.2 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834 ....................................................8
1.3 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834...................................................10
1.3.1 The EWF ISO 3834 certificate and schedule........................................................10
1.3.2 The integrated management system.....................................................................11
2 EN ISO 3834-2 requirements............................................................ 13
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................13
2.2 Requirements review and technical review.....................................................13
2.3 Subcontracting................................................................................................15
2.4 Welding personnel ..........................................................................................15
2.4.1 Welders and welding operators.............................................................................15
2.4.2 Welding coordination personnel............................................................................17
2.5 Welding inspection personnel .........................................................................19
2.6 Equipment ......................................................................................................19
2.7 Welding and related activities.........................................................................20
2.7.1 Production planning ..............................................................................................20
2.7.2 Welding procedures and instructions....................................................................21
2.7.3 Welding related document control.........................................................................24
2.8 Welding consumables ....................................................................................24
2.9 Parent material ...............................................................................................26
2.10 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)..................................................................27
2.11 Inspection and testing.....................................................................................28
2.12 Non-conformance and corrective actions .......................................................32
2.13 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment ...32
2.14 Identification and traceability ..........................................................................35
2.15 Quality records ...............................................................................................36
3 Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements ......................................... 38
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................38
3.2 Choice of the appropriate quality level............................................................38
3.3 Comparison chart ...........................................................................................39
3.3.1 ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level............................................................40
3.3.2 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level ......................................................................41


3.3.3 ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level...................................................................41
4 European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure vessels 42
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................42
4.2 EN 13445 1: General rules ..........................................................................43
4.3 EN 13445 2: Materials .................................................................................44
4.4 EN 13445 3: Design ....................................................................................44
4.5 EN 13445 4: Fabrication..............................................................................45
4.5.1 Specific requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................45
4.5.2 Requirements for subcontracting ..........................................................................46
4.5.3 Specific requirements for welding activities ..........................................................46
4.5.4 Other requirements ...............................................................................................47
4.6 EN 13445 5: Inspection and testing.............................................................47
4.7 EN 13445 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts made of
spheroidal graphite cast iron..........................................................................49
4.8 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................50
5 European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial piping 52
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................52
5.2 EN 13480-2: Materials....................................................................................53
5.3 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations.............................................................55
5.4 EN 13480-4: Fabrication.................................................................................55
5.4.1 General requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................55
5.4.2 Requirements for the welding activities.................................................................56
5.5 EN 13480-5: Inspection..................................................................................57
5.6 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping ..................................58
5.7 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................59
6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired vessels to
contain air or nitrogen. ........................................................................... 62
6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................62
6.2 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired pressure
vessels...........................................................................................................63
7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas supply
systems.................................................................................................... 66
7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................66
7.2 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard. ............................................67
7.3 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories.....................................................68
7.4 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems ..................................................68
7.5 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria......................69
8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and aluminium
structures ................................................................................................ 72
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................72


8.2 EN 1090 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery
conditions.......................................................................................................73
8.2.1 Requirements for the design of structures. ...........................................................73
8.3 EN 1090 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures....75
8.3.1 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers .................................................76
8.3.2 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria.........................78
8.4 EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures79
9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway vehicles
and components ..................................................................................... 82
9.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................82
9.2 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer.........................................83
10 Normative references....................................................................... 86




1 Quality management and welding fabrication
1.1 Introduction
Manufacturing processes such as fusion welding are widely used to produce many products, and
for some companies, these are the key production features. Products may range from simple to
complex; examples include pressure vessels, domestic and agricultural equipment, cranes,
bridges, transport vehicles and other items.
These processes exert a profound influence on the cost of manufacture and on the quality of the
product. It is therefore important to ensure that these processes are carried out in the most
effective way and that appropriate control is exercised over all aspects of the operation. In general,
ISO 9001 standard has been developed in order to apply a consistent Quality Management
System.
However, surface coating, painting, composite manufacture, welding and brazing are considered
as special processes because the quality of the manufactured product cannot be readily verified
by final inspection. In the case of welded products, quality cannot be inspected directly in the
product, but has to be built in during fabrication, as even the most extensive and sophisticated
non-destructive testing does not improve the quality of the product.
For this reason quality management systems alone may be insufficient to provide adequate
assurance that these processes have been carried out correctly. Special controls and
requirements are usually needed, which require adequate competence control before, during and
after operation. For products to be free from serious problems during production and in service, it
is necessary to provide controls from the design phase through material selection, into
manufacture and subsequent inspection. For example, poor design may create serious and costly
difficulties in the workshop, on site, or in service; incorrect material selection may result in
problems, such as cracking in welded joints.
To ensure sound and effective manufacturing, the management needs to understand and
appreciate the sources of potential problems and to implement appropriate procedures for their
control.


All these considerations lead to the development of specific standards, which were the EN 729
standards for fusion welding. The first edition of this standard is dated 1997; in 2005 the new
revision is meant to be ready, passed into ISO numbering system as EN ISO 3834.
In this chapter an overview of the most significant clauses of EN ISO 3834 will be given
considering also the normative references that could be helpful in the fulfilment of such
requirements.

Figure 1 Welding workshop (manufacturing of wind mills)
1.2 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834
EN ISO 3834 is a standard independent of the type of construction manufactured that provides a
method to demonstrate the capability of a Manufacturer to make products of the specified quality,
both in workshops and at field installation sites. Therefore applicable measures for different
circumstances are identified, such as the following:
in contractual situations for the specification of welding quality requirements;
by Manufacturers to establish and maintain welding quality requirements;
by committees, drafting manufacturing codes or application standards to specify appropriate
welding quality requirements;


by organisations assessing welding quality performance, e.g. third parties, customers, or
Manufacturers.
As a consequence, these International Standards can be used by internal and external
organisations, including certification bodies, which could offer certification services by assessing
the Manufacturer's ability to meet customer, regulatory or the manufacturer's own requirements.
This International Standard is structured in five parts:
EN ISO 3834-1: Guidelines for selection and use;
EN ISO 3834-2: Comprehensive quality requirements;
EN ISO 3834-3: Standard quality requirements;
EN ISO 3834-4: Elementary quality requirements;
EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO
3834-3 and EN ISO 3834-4.
It should be noted that the above standards define specific quality requirements at different levels,
but do not assign those levels to any specific product group. The Manufacturers generally select
one of the three levels (as specified in part 2, 3 and 4 of the standard) based on the following
considerations regarding their products:
the extent and significance of safety critical products;
the complexity of manufacture;
the range of products manufactured;
the range of different materials used;
the extent to which metallurgical problems may occur;
the extent to which manufacturing imperfections, e.g. misalignment, distortion, weld
imperfection, can affect product performance.
When compliance to EN ISO 3834 part 2 or 3 is required, the requirements contained in this
International Standard shall be adopted in full; however, in certain situations (e.g. where
manufacturing is more suited to ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4, or where particular operations are not
technologically applicable and therefore cannot be undertaken), such requirements may be
selectively amended or deleted. Whenever this situation occurs, the evaluation of the effective
need for this minimising of requirement procedure shall be properly possibly evaluated and
accepted by contractual parties and/or potential certification bodies.
As to the relationship between EN ISO 3834, that applies to fusion welding manufacturing, and EN
ISO 9001:2000, that applies to every kind of product or service, the first can be considered as a
possible way to fulfil the latter requirements
1
.

1
However EN ISO 3834 are stand alone standard, as its application is viable, even if the company does
not apply any quality management system to any of its activities.


On the basis of the above stated considerations, EN ISO 3834 should be referred to both as a
system and a process standard, as it also identifies quality management requirements to obtain
adequate control of the manufacturing process (e.g. the welding fabrication activities).
In the chapter 2 the ISO 3834 - 2 requirements will be explained in detail ,giving practical guidance
on the application and use, while in chapter 3 the differences from part 2, 3 and 4 will be outlined,
and guidance is given on their selection criteria.
1.3 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834
The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF), by virtue of its unique
international expertise has developed a high integrity and specialised certification system to assure
companies compliance with EN ISO 3834. Great care has been taken to detail the interpretation of
the standard in terms of third party assessment, to specify and register properly trained scheme
assessors, and to devise an operational structure so that certification of companies will be
consistent wherever the scheme rules are applied.
This is done by appointing one organisation in each country to act for EWF, and these
organisations are assessed and monitored against Rules provided by EWF itself. These
organisations are known as the EWF Authorised National Bodies for Company Certification
(ANBCCs), and are responsible for ensuring that the standards of assessment and certification are
maintained. In this, the objective is that EWF certified companies will have demonstrated that they
have achieved an identified, minimum level of capability over a specified scope of activity,
irrespective of the country in which they had been qualified.
1.3.1 The EWF ISO 3834 Certificate and Schedule
The primary intention of EN ISO 3834 certification is to ensure that manufacturers are competent
and exercise adequate control of the special process of welding so that customers or others may
have confidence that the welded products they produce will comply with the regulatory and/or
contractual requirements.
Moreover, in the field of quality management in fabrication, the European trend is clearly moving
toward a product/process approach. The European Directives and their supporting European
harmonised standards (requiring the fulfilment of specific technical requirements, typical of any
merchandise sector) are exhaustive examples of that. In order to help Companies in the fulfilment
of such requirements, consistently to the product manufactured, EWF have produced specific
supplementary guides for the processes/products considered (e.g. railway components, pressure
vessels, construction products), taking into consideration the applicable standards (also
considered in this book) and the best practice manufacturing procedures, already shared by the
main European Manufacturers and Customers.


In order to give evidence of such specific technical capabilities of Manufacturers, the EWF
Certificate, where the references, against which the certification has been got, are reported
together with the issue and expiry date of the Certificate itself and the Companys data, is
supplemented with a Schedule, where technical information (reference standards, materials,
welding processes, supplementary requirements, deviations, etc.) on the fabrication process
adopted and the welded products manufactured is detailed and the name of the responsible
welding co-ordinator reported.
Therefore the advantages for the Manufacturers in getting a certification against the EWF ISO
3834 Certification Scheme, can be summarised as follows:
welded products are differently treated according to the specificity of their welding fabrication
process;
manufacturers are guided to satisfy harmonised European Directives requirements through
implementation of the Scheme;
the specific areas of competence (for Personnel and Companies) are explicitly encompassed
and registered in the Schedule;
manufacturers can get visibility through the Register (www.ewf.be) of certified Companies.
1.3.2 The Integrated Management Certification System
EWF realised also a certification Scheme dealing with the environmental management in welding
fabrication, having as a basis the EN ISO 14001 (Environmental management systems-
Specification with guidance for use) and its EWF interpretations toward welding and allied
processes. The result of that has been the EWF Environment Management Scheme (EWF
EMS).
More recently, a third Scheme has been introduced, related to health and safety management in
welding and allied processes. The starting reference document has been the BSI 8800 (Guide to
occupational heath and safety management system), interpreted and fitted on the specific
technological operations, resulting in the EWF Safety Management Scheme (EWF SMS).
Its anyway unquestionable that a Manufacturer can control the Environment, Health and Safety
aspects of his welding fabrication process only if the welding and allied activities are already
properly controlled from the production point of view, that is through implementation of the EWF
EN ISO 3834 Scheme.
The result of such an approach is the possibility for Companies to adopt the comprehensive EWF
Integrated Manufacturer Certification System (EWF IMCS), covering all the management aspects
in welding fabrication, that is: quality, environment and heath & safety.



2 EN ISO 3834-2 requirements
2.1 Introduction
EN ISO 3834-2 defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding in workshops
and/or on site. Therefore compliance to the requirements of this part should provide the best
quality level achievable for the welding fabrication activities.
2.2 Requirements review and technical review
The Manufacturer shall review the contractual and any other requirements together with any
technical data relevant to the welding fabrication activities, in order to verify that the work content is
within its capability to perform, that sufficient resources are available to achieve delivery schedules
and that documentation is clear and unambiguous. All information necessary to carry out the
manufacturing operations shall be therefore available prior to the commencement of the work,
otherwise it should be asked the purchaser
2
to provide all the necessary data.
Moreover the Manufacturer shall identify any variation between the final contract and previous
quotations and notify the purchaser of any programme, cost or engineering changes that may
result.
Within the contract review, particular attention should be given to the product standard to be used
together with any supplementary requirements, and to statutory and regulatory requirements.
As for the technical subjects to be considered, the following items should be considered in detail:
a) parent material(s) specification and welded joint properties;
b) quality and acceptance requirements for welds;
c) location, accessibility and sequence of welds including accessibility for inspection and non-
destructive testing;
d) the specification of welding procedures, non-destructive testing procedures and heat treatment
procedures;
e) the approach to be used for the qualification of the welding procedures ;
f) the qualification of the personnel;
g) selection, identification and/or traceability (e.g. for materials, welds);


h) quality control arrangements including any involvement of an independent inspection body;
i) inspection and testing;
j) subcontracting; post weld heat treatment;
k) other welding requirements, e.g. batch testing of consumables, ferrite content of weld metal,
ageing, hydrogen content, permanent backing, use of peening, surface finish, weld profile;
l) use of special methods (e.g. to achieve full penetration without backing when welded from one
side only);
m) dimensions and details of joint preparation and completed weld;
n) welds which are to be made in the workshop, or elsewhere;
o) environmental conditions relevant to the process (e.g. very low temperature ambient
conditions or any necessity to provide protection against adverse weather conditions);
p) handling of non-conformance.

Figure 2 Drawing of a pressure vessel

2
or the design and/or other internal departments when the construction is designed by the Manufacturer.


A possible way to demonstrate the Manufacturers compliance with these normative requirements
is the registration of the subject review by filing either the minutes meeting or the relevant check
list.
2.3 Subcontracting
Subcontracted services or activities (e.g. welding, inspection, non destructive testing, heat
treatment), shall be managed by the Manufacturer as if they were carried out by the Manufacturer
himself. Therefore Subcontractors should be considered as internal departments:
all relevant specifications and requirements shall be supplied to the Subcontractor;
a Subcontractor shall work under the order and responsibility of the Manufacturer;
the information to be provided to the sub-contractor shall include all relevant data from the
requirements review and the technical review. Additional requirements may be specified as
necessary to assure the Subcontractors compliance with technical requirements.
However the Manufacturer shall ensure that the Subcontractor complies with the quality
requirements as specified, and therefore shall check that the Subcontractor:
provides such records and documentation of his work as may be specified by the
Manufacturer;
fully complies with the relevant requirements of EN ISO 3824-2 Standard.
Compliance with these requirements may be demonstrated by acknowledgement of a document
receipt or by checking that the relevant documentation is cited in the subcontracting contract.
Moreover, the Manufacturer can assess the Subcontractor, or reserve the possibility to do it at a
later date.
2.4 Welding personnel
As welding is a special process, the human factor has a key role in the production of quality
products. Therefore sufficient (in number) and competent personnel for the planning, performing
and supervising of the welding and allied activities shall be available, according to standard and
customer requirements.
2.4.1 Welders and welding operators
Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by an appropriate test. Whenever no other
specific Customers requirement is applicable, the standards reported in the following table apply.


Welding process Material Applicable standard
Steel EN 287 1, ISO 9606-1
Aluminium and aluminium alloys ISO 9606-2 (EN 287 2)
Copper and copper alloys ISO 9606-3
Nickel and nickel alloys ISO 9606-4
Titanium and titanium alloys, ISO 9606-5
Arc welding, manual and
partly mechanised
Zirconium and zirconium alloys ISO 9606-5
Arc welding, fully mechanised
and automatic
All EN 1418 (ISO 14732)
Underwater welding All ISO 15618-1 and 2
Table 1 Standards for the qualification of welders and welding operators
All qualification records shall be filed in the last upgraded revision and properly controlled;
moreover, if the production welds are of the required quality and if the test records (e.g. half-yearly
documentation about radiographic or ultrasonic inspections, or fracture tests, etc.) are filed,
prolongation of the certificate time of validity may be obtained, as the compliance with EN ISO
3834 requirements may demonstrate sufficient reliability.
It should be noted that the standards referenced in table 1 consider the figure of the examiner or
examination body as a person or organisation appointed to verify compliance with the applicable
standard, without giving any specific guidance on it. As a consequence, many different situations
can be considered
3
:
qualification is issued by a person without any recognised qualification;
qualification is issued by a qualified person (IWE, IWT, IWS, IWI-P
4
), with reference to his/her
qualification diploma (and relevant stamp);
qualification is issued by the Manufacturers qualified welding coordinator (IWE, IWT, IWS) in
the name of the Manufacturer itself;
qualification is issued by an independent third party, possibly authorised by the customer or by
a national accreditation body
5
.
However, specification of the examiner or examining body for the approval of welders and/or
welding procedures shall be a contractual requirement or, otherwise, a fabrication code
requirement.

3
The same situations apply for the qualification of welding procedures
4
International Welding Inspection Personnel (Comprehensive, Standard and Basic levels)
5
EWF has established a system for the qualification of welding personnel and of welding procedure
specifications. Accreditation bodies running in such a system are sometime referred as ANBCC (authorised
National body for Certification of Companies)


Figure 3 Welding workshop for aerospace applications
2.4.2 Welding coordination personnel
Welding coordination is the key activity for achievement of the desired quality for the welded
product as the welding coordination personnel has responsibility for quality activities, as reported in
ISO 14731/EN 719.
Therefore the Manufacture has to comply with the following requirements:
- the number of welding coordinators shall be sufficient to provide adequate control, and
therefore based on the number/dimension of workshops, employees, welders, etc.
- only one responsible welding coordinator shall be appointed, who is responsible for all the
welding fabrication activities in the company;
- tasks and responsibilities for each other person involved in the welding coordination activities
shall be described in detail, usually in an appropriate list;


- welding coordination personnel shall have sufficient knowledge of welding and allied process
in general, and detailed knowledge of the assigned tasks.
Depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and the number of the
workshops, and on the relevance of the welding activities, the welding coordination personnel can
be directly employed by the Manufacturer or a consultant, however assuring adequate presence in
the company.
Typical tasks for the welding coordinator are reported as follows
6
:
- contract and design review;
- evaluation of weldability and relevant choice of base material (if applicable) and welding
consumables;
- assessment of possible Subcontractors;
- welding (and allied activities) production planning;
- equipment management;
- welding and testing (preliminary to final) activities;
- welding documents control and management of the ISO 3834 quality system.
This leads to the need of appropriate knowledge and experience, that shall comply with EN
719 / ISO 14731 requirements. In particular, three different levels of knowledge are considered:
1. comprehensive technical knowledge;
2. specific technical knowledge;
3. basic technical knowledge.
The level of knowledge shall be based on normative and contractual requirements or could be a
Manufacturers choice based on the range and on the complexity of the products, on the dimension
and the number of the workshops, on the relevance of the welding activities.
IIW provides for guidelines for the qualification of International Welding Engineers, Technologists
and Specialists, corresponding to the three above mentioned levels. IIW qualification guarantees
appropriate knowledge, but is not compulsory; therefore the Manufacturer can refer to any other
qualification, but shall, however, be prepared to demonstrate adequacy of such a qualification to
customers or certification bodies.
Concerning the experience, no specific requirement is given; two years of experience in the
specific field of the Manufacturers welded products are generally considered as sufficient, even if
experience should be at least proportional to the complexity of the welding production. EWF
provides for a three years based Certification programme for welding Engineers, Technologists

6
The full list is reported in EN 719 / ISO 14731.


and Specialists, namely C-EWE, C-EWT, C-EWS (Certified European Welding Engineer,
Technologist and Specialist).
2.5 Welding inspection personnel
Welding inspection activities require qualified personnel. Therefore at least NDT personnel should
be adequately qualified according to EN 473/ISO 9712. Moreover, inspection activities should be
managed and supervised by someone having general knowledge of the welding activities and in
depth knowledge of welding inspection.
Such activities may be directly managed by the welding coordinator, or by welding inspectors
depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and on the number of
workshops and on the relevance of the welding activities.
IIW provides for a guideline regarding training courses for the following three levels of welding
inspectors:
- IWI C (International Welding Inspector Comprehensive)
- IWI S (International Welding Inspector Standard)
- IWI B (International Welding Inspector Basic)
However it shall be noted that for some test or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional
checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or welding operator can be considered as an inspector
himself.
2.6 Equipment
The Manufacturer shall have available equipment adequate to his products and production volume.
All the equipment shall be included in a list, which may be considered both as a way to provide
potential customers with information on the Manufacturers capabilities and productivity, and as a
tool for the equipment management.
Table 2 reports an example list of equipment reporting relevant characteristics, serial number and
reference to the maintenance sheet. Maintenance intervals and operations shall be reported on the
maintenance sheet.
All the equipment shall be properly managed, thus assuring control and maintenance; in addition
its instruments (e.g ammeters, voltmeters) shall be calibrated, whenever correlated to the product
quality, or certified according to a possible contractual requirement. As an example, periodic
examination of cables, tips, contact tubes and general cleaning of welding power sources should
be carried out at appropriate periodic intervals.
Description Serial number Characteristics
maintenance
sheet number
Notes


MIG Welding
Power source
Xxx 1223123 450 A - Inverter MIG 0001 -
TIG Welding
Power Sources
Xxx 12233124 200 A - Inverter TIG 0001 -
Travelling bridge-
crane
CC 12345
Load capacity: 5000 Kg
Working area: 10mx10m
Crane 01 -
CO
2
Laser Beam
cutting Equip.
00xx aio - 356 Power: 1 kW LBC 01 -
Table 2 Example of equipment list

Figure 4 Cranes in a welding workshop
Moreover, appropriate tests shall be performed after the installation of new (or refurbished)
equipment in order to verify the correct function. Such tests shall be carried out and documented in
accordance with appropriate standards, whenever relevant.
2.7 Welding and related activities
2.7.1 Production planning
Before starting the manufacture of a product or a series of products (generally after the technical
review), the Manufacturer plans its production activities in order to properly define all the activities
to be performed with relevant sequences, processes and procedures, and personnel allocation.


The typical result of such an activity is the production and inspection plan, which will cover the
production of each component (if relevant) throughout all the manufacturing stages; in some
cases, this is to be registered as a production document. Moreover, it can be delivered to the final
customer together with the product, whenever this is contractually required.
2.7.2 Welding procedures and instructions
The Manufacturer shall prepare the Welding Procedure Specification(s) (WPS) and shall ensure
that these are used correctly in production.
The welding procedures applied during production shall be as specific as possible, in order to
clearly identify actions and parameters to be used for the required joint. However, if the relevant
WPS contains data too detailed and not useful for the welder, dedicated work instructions may be
used directly derived from such a WPS containing only the necessary data. These instructions
have to refer directly to the welding procedure specification they derived from, e.g. by referring to
the relevant WPS number.
In the next page a typical WPS form is reported, produced according to EN ISO15609-1.


WPS n Rev.
COMPANY NAME OR LOGO
WELDING PROCEDURE
SPECIFICATION (WPS)
Supp. WPQR Date
Welding process(es) a) b) c)
Type(s) a) b) c)
JOINTS
Joint Type
Backing
Backing material
Weld preparation
Method of preparation & Cleaning
PARENT METAL
Group n To group n
Spec. Type & grade
To Spec. Type & grade
Thickness
Outside Diameter
Other Joint drawiing
WELDING CONSUMABLE GAS(ES)
a) b) c) Gas(es) Mixture Flow Rate
Specification n Plasma l/min
Designation Shielding a) l/min
Size Shielding b) l/min
Trade name Trailing l/min
Manufacturer Backing l/min
Flux design. EN Other
Flux Trade name ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC -
Weld deposit Current
Other
Polarity
WELDING POSITION
Mode of Metal
Transfer

Position Tungsten Electrode Type & size
Welding Progression Electrode wire feed speed range
Other Other
PREHEAT TECHNIQUE
Preheat Temperature String or weave beads
Interpass Temperature Orifice or gas cup size
Preheat maintenance Initial & interpass cleaning
Other Method of back gouging
PWHT and/or AGEING Oscillation Amplitude Freq.
Temperature Range Distance contact tube work piece
Time Range (hour) Multiple, single pass (for side)
Heating rate Single or multiple electrodes
Cooling rate Torch angle direction of welding
Other Other
Filler metal Current
Run(s) or
Layer(s)

Welding
process

EN designation or trade
name .
Size
(mm)
Type &
polarity
Amperage
A
Voltage
V
Travel
Speed
mm/min
Heat input
KJ/mm
Other

MANUFACTURER APPROVED BY
Figure 5 Welding Procedure Specification


Considering that welding is a special process and that the quality of the welded joint cannot be
properly controlled only by final tests, the welding procedures significant for the final product
quality shall be qualified precisely prior to production. As a consequence, those Welding Procedure
Specifications should be prepared in accordance with a Welding Procedure Qualification Record
(WPQR). Normative references to the specification and to the qualification of welding procedures
are given in table 3.
Welding process Standard Material Scope Field of application
ISO 15607
WPS,
WPQR
General Rules
ISO 15610
Qualification based on tested welding
consumables
ISO 15611
Qualification based on previous welding
experience
ISO 15612
Qualification by adoption of a standard
welding procedure
All fusion welding
processes
ISO 15613
All
WPQR
Qualification based on pre-production welding
test
ISO 15609-2 WPS Compiling
Gas Welding
ISO 15614 - 1
Steels
WPQR
Qualification based on welding procedure test
Steels
ISO 15609-1 All WPS Compiling
ISO 15614 - 1
Steels and
Nickel alloys
WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test
ISO 15614 - 2
Aluminium,
Magnesium
ISO 15614 - 3 Steel castings WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test
ISO 15614 - 4
Aluminium
castings
ISO 15614 - 5
Titanium and
zirconium
ISO 15614 - 6 Copper WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test
ISO 15614 7 All applicable WPQR
corrosion resistance overlay, cladding
restore and hardfacing
Arc welding
ISO 15614 8 All applicable WPQR
- Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints
ISO 15609 3 All WPS Compiling
Electron beam
welding
ISO 15614 11 All applicable WPQR Qualification based on welding procedure test
ISO 15609 4 All WPS Compiling
Laser Welding
Underwater Arc
Welding Wet
Hyperbaric
Underwater Arc
Welding Dry
Hyperbaric
Table 3 Standards for the qualification of welding procedures
Different methods for the qualification of welding procedures are available:
- welding procedure test this method consists in welding a standardised test piece on which
destructive and non-destructive tests are carried out in order to verify the achievement of
required properties;


- use of approved welding consumables - this method of approval may be used if the welding
consumables and the base material are not particularly affecting the welding quality,
provided that heat inputs are kept within specified limits;
- previous welding experience - a welding procedure may be qualified by referring to previous
experiences in welding if the Manufacturer is able to prove, by appropriate authentic
documentation of an independent nature, that he has previously satisfactorily welded the
same joint with reliable results;
- use of a standard welding procedure a procedure is qualified if it is issued as a
specification in the format of a WPS or WPQR based on appropriate qualification (e.g based
on the relevant part of EN ISO 15614), not related to the Manufacturer and qualified by an
examiner or examining body;
- Pre production Test - this method is the only reliable method of qualification for those welding
procedures in which the resulting properties of the weld strongly depend on certain
conditions such as: components, special restraint conditions, heat sinks etc., which cannot
be reproduced by standardised test pieces; it is mostly used when the shape and dimensions
of standardised pieces do not adequately represent the joint to be welded.
Even if different qualification methods are considered, the most commonly used are qualification
by welding procedure test and pre-production test; however the applicable method of qualification
is generally specified in either manufacturing codes, standards or contracts.
2.7.3 Welding related document control
In order to demonstrate the achieved quality of the welded product, all the welding related
documents (e.g. WPS, WPQR, Welders Qualification record, etc) shall be properly controlled.
This involves the preparation and maintenance of a procedure for the management of such
documents, in order to identify issuance responsibilities, distribution methods, availability, and
method for withdrawing obsolete documents. Even if it is not a normative requirement, a commonly
adopted method to control documentation is the production of a written procedure, produced or
approved by the welding coordinator, to be kept by the Manufacturer quality assurance department
or directly by the welding coordinator himself.
2.8 Welding consumables
Welding consumables are a basic element in the quality of a welded joint. As an example, covered
electrodes, which have absorbed humidity due to incorrect storage or management procedures,
can seriously affect the quality of a welded joint causing cold cracks, porosity, etc. Therefore
welding consumables such as filler metals, shielding gases, welding fluxes, etc. shall be managed
according to the suppliers recommendations.


Figure 6 Oven for welding electrodes
As a reference, table 4 reports the standards for the classification of welding consumables sorted
by material and welding process.


Material Welding process Standard
All applicable to the process Submerged arc welding (fluxes) EN 760
All applicable to the process TIG (tungsten electrodes) EN 26848
All applicable to the processes
Shielding gases for arc welding
and cutting
EN 439
Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal
arc welding
EN 758
TIG EN 1668
Covered electrodes EN 499
MIG/MAG EN 440
Non alloyed and fine grain steels
Submerged arc welding (wire
flux combination)
EN 756
TIG, MIG/MAG EN 12070 Creep resistant steels
Flux (or metal) cored arc welding EN 12071
arc welding
EN 12535
Submerged arc welding (wire
flux combination)
EN 14295
High strength steels
TIG, MIG/MAG EN 12534
arc welding
EN 12073
Stainless and heat resistant
steels
TIG - Rods and wires EN 12072
Aluminium and Aluminium alloys TIG, MIG EN 18273
Nickel and Nickel alloys Covered electrodes EN 14172
Table 4 Standards for the welding consumables
2.9 Parent material
The material shall be stored in a way, which prevents from adverse effects (this applies also to
client supplied material). Moreover, some materials seem to be quite similar but possess very
different properties; thus, identification shall be maintained at least during the storage.
Even if it is not specifically required, a written procedure, which has to be prepared or is to be
approved by the welding coordinator and has to be made available to the parent material
warehouse, is suggested to cover this point of the standard.
In order to be sure that the product delivered by the supplier complies with the Manufacturers
needs and orders, references to the certificates for the conformance of the furnished product to
the order can be made according to EN 10204 Metallic products - Types of inspection
documents.
In accordance with such a standard, inspection documents are divided in two groups, based on the
following conditions:


- class 2 documents (namely 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) are certificates or test reports issued by
personnel employed in the production departments
- class 3 documents (namely 3.1.A, 3.1.B, 3.1.C, 3.2) are inspection reports or certificates
issued by personnel independent from the production departments.
As a consequence, class 3 documents can be considered more objective, although they will add
cost (and value) to the product to be delivered.
It shall be noted that both above-mentioned types of documents refer to the Manufacturer order
and to the relevant standards, which are to be attached to the documents.
The type of document needed for the welding fabrication is not reported in the ISO 3834 Standard;
possibly, this can be reported on product standards, on fabrication codes or can be a customer
requirement.
2.10 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)
Post-weld heat treatments as heat treatments in general can be considered as special processes.

Figure 7 Hot air heat treatment of a pressure vessel
Hence, the Manufacturer is anyhow responsible for the quality of the final product and has to
manage properly all the activities relevant to the heat treatment, which concerns:
- subcontracting;
- personnel;


- inspection and destructive and non destructive testing;
- equipment for heat treatment (suitability, maintenance, etc.);
- heat treatment parameters;
- heat treatment specification;
- measuring of parameters;
- heat treatment records.
In particular a PWHT procedure shall be produced by the Manufacturer or by the potential supplier,
though approved by the Manufacturers Welding Coordinator according to the Customer or
Standard/code requirements. It has to be compatible with the parent material, the welded joint, the
construction etc.
Moreover, the heat treatment shall be recorded during the process to evidence that the
specification has been followed as well as to ensure the traceability for the particular product.

Figure 8 Equipment for the heat treatment control
The technical report CR/ISO TR 17663 is a reference for the management of the heat treatment
activities.
2.11 Inspection and testing
In order to guarantee the application of all the fabrication procedures and the required properties
for the product, appropriate inspections and tests shall be implemented during the manufacturing
process


Location and frequency of such inspections and/or tests will depend on the contract and/or product
standard, on the welding process and on the type of construction. As a general rule the state of
inspection and testing of the welded product have to be indicated in some way. Such a means
shall be adequate to the type of product; as an example, a Fabrication and Control Plan may be
required for big products (on which the testing activities are marked); while routing cards or
confined space inside the manufacturing plant shall be sufficient for small series product to indicate
the inspection and testing status. Table 5 reports a typical chart for tests to be carried out before,
during and after welding operations.
In some situations, the signature of the inspector
7
shall be required in order to enhance the
traceability of the welding and related process activities. Moreover, the reference number of the
relevant test report shall be included, if required.
All the procedures or instructions relevant to inspection and testing shall be made available to the
inspection personnel, and properly controlled.
As to NDT, testing activities (method, technique and extension) shall be carried out in
consideration of and in accordance with the quality level of the product. Some of those parameters
are reported in the manufacturing codes, where the designer chooses the class of the weld taking
into consideration all of the above mentioned factors. All these aspects should be considered
during the design review phase by the welding coordinator.

Figure 9 Welding gauge for Visual Inspection of joints

7
For some tests or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or
welding operator itself shall be considered as inspector.


TEST
Tests before welding operations Reference procedure
Checked
(date)
Signature of
the inspector
Reference
report
Suitability and validity of welders
qualification certificates

Suitability of welding procedure
specification

Identity of parent material
Identity of welding consumables
Joint preparation (e.g. Shape and
dimensions)

Fit-up, jigging and tacking
Special requirements in the welding
procedure specification (e.g.
Prevention of distortion)

Arrangement for any production test
Suitability of working conditions for
welding, including environment

Tests during welding operations
Preheating / interpass temperature
Welding parameters
Cleaning and shape of runs and
layers of weld metal;

Back gouging;

Welding sequence;

Correct use and handling of welding
consumables;

Control of distortion;
Dimensional check
Tests after welding operations
Compliance with acceptance criteria
for Visual Testing

Compliance with acceptance criteria
for other NDT examinations (e.g.
Radiographic or Ultrasonic Testing)

Compliance for destructive testing
(when applicable)

Results and records of post-welding
operations (e.g. PWHT)

Dimensional checking.
Table 5 Template for testing and inspection chart.
EN 12062 standard may be used as a reference for the application of NDT on welded structures,
reporting cross references between testing standards, acceptance levels and quality levels (see
table 6).



Test
method
Quality level
according to
EN ISO 5817
Applicable standard for the testing
method and relevant level
Standard for the acceptance
and relevant level
B
C VT
D
EN 970 no levels are specified
Refer directly to the imperfections
dimension as reported in EN ISO
5817
B EN 1289 2X
C EN 1289 2X PT
D
EN 527-1 no levels are specified
EN 1289 3X
B EN 1291 2X
C EN 1291 2X MT
D
EN 1290 no levels are specified
EN 1291 3X
B EN 13445 level B EN 15817 - 1
C EN 13445 level B* EN 15817 2 RT
D EN 13445 level C EN 15817 3
B EN 1714 At least level B EN 1712 2
C EN 1714 At least level A EN 1712 2 UT**
D Level not applicable***
* However, the maximum area for single exposition shall be in accordance with level A
** Only for ferritic steels
*** However, level D can be applied, with the same requirements of level C, if agreed by the contracting parties
Table 6 Applicable standards for NDT examination according to EN 12062.

Figure 10 Ultrasonic Testing on a claw


2.12 Non-conformance and corrective actions
As previously stated, ISO 3834 is a process standard, which refers to welding fabrication, however
containing some elements relevant to the management system.
Therefore, non conformances refer to either product defects or aberrations from the contract
(however concerning the product itself). As a consequence, the Manufacturer has to consider
proper procedures to resolve non-conformances and avoid further accidents in the future
(avoidance of recurrence of non-conformances).
In particular, if repair welding is needed, repair specifications shall be produced or approved by the
welding coordinator, and shall be made available to the repairing site (note that qualification,
according to any standard, is not required). After repair has been accomplished, the items shall be
re-inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements.
2.13 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing
equipment
In general, calibration of welding equipment instruments (e.g. ammeters, voltmeters) is only
required where the quality/repeatability of the weld depends on accurate and repeatable setting of
parameters such as current, voltage, speed, gas flow, pulse characteristics, etc.
In some cases, calibration is not needed, as appropriate repeatability of the weld quality can be
simply achieved by indirect control of parameters. As an example in manual metal arc welding,
heat input can be controlled via the measurement of the run out length. Oxygen cutting machines
are similarly controlled by observing the quality (visual appearance) of the cut faces. Therefore it
can be stated that in this case, the instrument to be calibrated shall be, the intuition and
experience of qualified and skilled welders. Elaborate procedures for calibration of instruments will
be in some cases impossible to be applied or however, if applicable, will simply add costs without
increasing the quality.
In general, calibration of instruments is required for automatic welding machines, temperature
recorders for heat treatment, NDT equipment, etc.
Moreover, calibration is necessary in other situations. Instruments for inspection and testing and
for control of e.g. PWHT should be calibrated at regular intervals. New welding processes and new
power sources, e.g. pulsed arc welding, are difficult or impossible to control just on the base of
"intuition and experience", therefore objective instruments are required. Control of mechanised
welding operations necessitate strict control of heat input, which also presupposes reliable
instruments.
A good reference for the management of calibration of welding and related processes for
Manufacturers applying ISO 3834 is the EN 17662 standard Welding - Calibration, verification and


validation of equipment used for welding, including ancillary activities. A key issue of the standard
is the discussion of the influence of various process variables on the resulting output and, in
particular, of the possibilities of verification of the output by subsequent monitoring, inspection and
testing.
Especially the following concepts are applicable to welding manufacturing:
- calibration: set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship
between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or
values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding
values realised by standards;
- verification: confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that specified
requirements have been fulfilled;
- validation: confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the
particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.

Figure 11 Automatic Twin Arc Submerged arc welding system
The specific requirements to calibration, verification and validation of a particular instrument should
be derived from the required performance, which should be compatible with the permissible range
as specified in the welding procedure specification (WPS) for the variable(s) in question.
Moreover it should be noted that any types of instruments used for control of welding such as
ammeters, voltmeters, thermocouples, stop-watches etc. are also used for non-welding purposes:
the requirements on accuracy, when used for welding purposes, might be less stringent than for


other applications of the instruments. Normal ( standardised) procedures for calibration,
verification and validation of the instruments may be too stringent and costly, if applied for welding
purposes.
Table 7 gives examples of the content of the standard, as relates to welding consumables.
Designation Requirements Procedure
Application of flux and
filler metal, method,
position, deposition rate,
etc.
Instruments should be calibrated, verified
or validated, as appropriate.
Requirements to measuring
instruments such as weighing
instruments, vernier callipers, rulers
and straightedges, etc. are found in
several EN, ISO and national
standards. Stopwatches may be
validated by comparison with any
reasonably accurate clock.
Handling
Instruments used e.g. for control of
storage conditions (temperature, humidity,
etc.) should be calibrated, verified or
validated.
Requirements - 5 % for the
instruments concerning humidity and
+ 5 C for thermometer.
Temperature in storage
cabinet/room
Instruments for temperature control, e.g.
thermometers and other temperature
indicators should be validated
Requirement max. +/- 5 C.
Treatment prior to welding
Instruments used for process control
should be calibrated, verified or validated,
as appropriate, depending on the nature of
the treatment: drying, cleaning, etc.
Appropriate standards for the
procedure should be consulted.
Table 7 EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding consumables
Concerning welding processes parameters, EN ISO 17662 states that the requirement for
calibration, verification and validation of instruments to measure arc welding parameters should be
related to the ratio between deposited weld metal and total cross sections (a high ratio
corresponding to a cold process and a low ratio to a hot process): welding processes/power
sources, which permit significant variations of such a ratio, necessitate calibration, verification or
validation, whenever the heat input control is required (see table 8).


Designation Requirements Procedure
Electrical variables
Current (mean)* Ammeters should be validated.
See ENV 50184. Mean value of
(rectified) current.
Arc voltage (mean)
3
Voltmeters should be validated.
See ENV 50184. Mean value of
(rectified) tension.
Maximum width of the run
or weaving amplitude
when weaving is applied
Instruments used for measuring should be
calibrated, verified or validated, as
appropriate.
instruments such as vernier callipers,
micrometer callipers, etc. are found in
standards.
For Mechanised welding
Travel speed
Measurements by means of stopwatches
and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need
not to be calibrated, verified or validated
provided the rulers are not visibly
damaged.
Stopwatches may be validated by
comparison with any reasonably
accurate clock or watch. See also ENV
50184.
Wire feed speed
Measurements by means of stopwatches
and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need
not to be calibrated, verified or validated
provided the rulers are not visibly
damaged.
Stopwatches may be validated by
comparison with any reasonably
accurate clock or watch. See also ENV
50184.

Weawing Frequency
Calibration, verification or validation not
required, provided size (penetration) and
position of weld can be determined by
non-destructive examination.
-
Dwell time of oscillation
Calibration, verification or validation not
required, provided size (penetration) and
position of weld can be determined by
non-destructive examination.
-
Torch, electrode and/or
wire angle
Instruments used for measuring should be
calibrated, verified or validated, as
appropriate.
instruments such as vernier callipers,
micrometer callipers, etc. are found in
standards.
* The signal should be monitored continuously. The sampling time should be sufficient to give a reasonably
stable reading. If tong-tests are used for measurement of current, the difference between mean value
and RMS value measuring instruments has to be taken into consideration.
Table 8 EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding parameters
2.14 Identification and traceability
Identification of pieces and parts, and the possibility to retrace their position during the
manufacturing stages and when delivered to the customer is one of the most effective way to
achieve quality of the product and to have feedback about its functionality.



However, it shall be noted that identification and traceability can imply expensive procedures and
are therefore not required by the ISO 3834 standard. However, they can be required by standards,
fabrication codes or by the customer himself.
Whenever required, it shall be maintained during the manufacturing process, which means that for
every piece or component it shall be possible to retrieve its history by marking the parts and
controlling the relevant documentation. Documented systems to ensure identification and
traceability of the welding operations shall include:
- identification of production plans;
- identification of routing cards;
- identification of weld locations in construction;
- identification of non-destructive testing procedures and personnel;
- identification of welding consumable (e.g. designation, trade name, Manufacturer of
consumables and batch or cast numbers);
- identification and/or traceability of parent material (e.g. type, cast number);
- identification of location of repairs;
- identification of location of temporary attachments;
- traceability for fully mechanised and automatic weld-equipment for specific welds;
- traceability of welder and welding operators of specific welds;
- traceability of welding procedure specification of specific welds.
2.15 Quality records
Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of five years in the absence of any other
specified requirements.
Quality records shall include, when applicable:
- record of requirement/technical review;
- material certificates;
- welding consumable certificates;
- welding procedure specifications;
- equipment maintenance records;
- welding procedure approval records (WPQR);
- welder or welding operator qualification certificates;
- production plan;
- non-destructive testing personnel certificates;
- heat treatment procedure specification and records;
- non-destructive testing and destructive testing procedures and reports;
- dimensional reports;


- records of repairs and non-conformance reports.


3 Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements
3.1 Introduction
ISO 3834 incorporates three quality levels that may be included in product standards, regulations
and contracts or selected by a Manufacturer. The particular level selected will depend on the
nature of the product to be manufactured, the conditions in which it will be used and the range of
products manufactured.
In this chapter some criteria for the choice of the appropriate level will be given, outlining the
differences of every part (and level) of the standard.
3.2 Choice of the appropriate quality level
Product standards that require compliance with ISO 3834 have emphasised two critical areas in
the choice of quality level. On one hand has been the safety critical nature of the products whilst,
on the other, there has been the inclusion of the type of loading (static, dynamic) in the product
service environment.
At first it should be noted that a Manufacturer compliant at a particular quality level is also
compliant at a lower level. Thus, a Manufacturer demonstrating compliance to ISO 3834-2 is also
compliant with ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4.
This may be relevant for a Manufacturer producing a range of products, some of which may require
a comprehensive quality level while others only require a standard or elementary quality level.
Such a Manufacture can apply the comprehensive quality level to all its products, or only apply the
comprehensive quality level to those products where it is required, and apply the requirements at a
lower level for the products for which this is more appropriate.
Moreover, a Manufacturer applying ISO 3834 part 2 or part 3 can have some suppliers working on
small assemblies or, in some cases, can need some extra welders properly qualified and
controlled. In such situations the Manufacturer can require to his suppliers the application of a
lower quality level. For example, this is the case of ISO 3834 part 4, that seems the easiest way to
comply with the quality requirements for welders on loan.
In general, the standard quality level should be suitable for the broad range of products that have a
normal safety relevance and may experience dynamic loading. Such products would be


manufactured from conventional materials where the weldability is known and the precautions to
be taken to ensure mechanical performance and defect avoidance are well documented. Products,
which have a very limited safety component and are subjected to only moderate static loads with
minor dynamic components, would normally only require the elementary quality level.
Where the safety factors are significant and there are high static and dynamic loading and the
materials are designed for high performance applications, the comprehensive quality level would
be appropriate. Moreover, in some situations materials and loading seem to be pertinent to
standard quality level, but the innovative nature of the design or the use of novel production
processes can imply the choice of the comprehensive quality level in place of the standard level.
It is not possible to allocate specific quality parts of ISO 3834, i.e., parts 2, 3 or 4, to particular
types of products, because there can be different levels of complexity in the design, materials and
fabrication processes in any product group.
For example, in the case of bridges manufacturing, some bridges are highly complex in the design
and are subject to significant dynamic loads. High strength steels may be employed and the
product may be subjected to high levels of non destructive testing to meet tight fabrication defect
acceptance levels. In contrast, foot bridges use conventional materials with little or no complexity
in manufacture and are not subjected to high levels of dynamic loading.
3.3 Comparison chart
In the following tables, a comparison chart of the quality requirement of the different parts of ISO
3834 is reported.
Requirement ISO 3834 - 2 ISO 3834 - 3 ISO 3834 - 4
Requirements review
Necessary documentation is
required
Necessary -documentation
may be required
Necessary -
documentation is not
required
Technical review
Necessary - documentation is
required
Necessary - documentation may be required
Sub-contracting
Treat like a Manufacturer for the specific subcontracted product, services and/or
activities, however final responsibility for quality remains with the Manufacturer
Table 9 Comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (to be continued )


Welders and welding
operators
Qualification is required
Welding co-
ordination personnel
Required No specific requirement
Equipment
maintenance
Necessary as applicable to
provide, maintain and
achieve product conformity,
documented plans, and
records are required
Necessary as applicable to
provide, maintain and
achieve product conformity,
records are recommended
As necessary to assure
equipment suitable and
available, no specific
requirements for
records
Production and
testing equipment
Suitable and available as required for preparation, process execution, testing,
transport, lifting in combination with safety equipment and protective clothes
Production planning
Required documented plans
and records are required
Required documented plans
records are recommended
No specific requirement
Welding procedure
specifications
Required
Appropriate welding
technique required
Qualification of the
welding procedures
Required No specific requirement
Batch testing Storage
and handling of
welding
consumables
If required No specific requirement
Storage of parent
material
A procedure is required in accordance with supplier
recommendations
In accordance with
supplier
recommendations
Confirmation that the requirements according to product
standard or specifications are fulfilled
Post-weld heat
treatment
Procedure, record and
traceability of the record to
the product are required
Procedure and record are
required
No specific requirement
Inspection and
testing before, during
and after welding
Necessary If required
Non-conformance
and corrective
actions
Measures of control are implemented procedures for repair
and/or rectification are required
Measures of control are
implemented
Calibration and
validation of
measuring,
inspection and
testing equipment
Necessary If required No specific requirement
Identification during
process
If required No specific requirement
Traceability If required No specific requirement
Quality records If required
Table 10 comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (continued)
3.3.1 ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level
This part can be applied to constructions in which the failure of welds may lead to total product
failure with successive significant financial consequences and a major risk of human injury.
The product may be subject to pronounced dynamic loading in addition to high static loading.


Manufacture can be complex and the range of materials could include high performance metals as
well as more standard materials such as structural boiler steels and aluminium alloys that require
enhanced controls to avoid the occurrence of deleterious fabrication imperfections.
3.3.2 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level
This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds could impair the intended use of
the construction and the operational unit in which it forms a part. The product would have a normal
safety risk and the financial consequences would not be extreme.
The manufacturing technique would be conventional without reliance on high performance
materials and the production processes would be well established.
3.3.3 ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level
This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds would not fundamentally impair
the intended use of the constructions. Additionally, failure would not be expected to have any
adverse effects on the safety of people and would only have minor financial consequences.
The materials used would be simple as well as the manufacturing technique.


4 European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure
vessels
4.1 Introduction
A possible definition of pressure vessel is housing and its direct attachments up to the coupling
point connecting it to other equipment, designed and built to contain fluids under pressure.
Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design,
manufacturing and testing of these standards, mainly taking into consideration the hazard arising
from possible failure of the vessels. As a consequence, all the European countries produced their
own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions (generally the same
in every country) and the national industrial customs.
After the development of the European Market, and in order to guarantee harmonisation of national
legislation to abolish commercial and technical barriers, the European directive 97/23/CE on
pressure equipment (PED) has been developed, applicable to all pressure equipment working with
internal or external pressure higher than 0,5 bar.
The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets
of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential
requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity.
In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 54 Unfired pressure vessels prepared the
standard EN 13445, harmonised to the 97/23/CE directive, relating to unfired pressure vessels
subject to a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge and with maximum allowable
temperatures for which creep effects need not to be considered, i.e. for maximum allowable
temperatures for which the corresponding maximum calculation temperature renders a relevant
proof strength smaller than the 100 000 h creep rupture strength
8
.

8
In the case of ferritic steels, for ferritic steels the temperature limit corresponds to calculation temperatures
below approximately 380 C.


Figure 12 A polyethylene reactor made of Carbon steel
This European Standard is not applicable to the following types of pressure equipment:
- transportable pressure equipment;
- items specifically designed for nuclear use, the failure of which may cause a release of
radioactivity;
- pressure equipment intended for the generation of steam or superheated water at
temperatures higher than 110 C;
- vessels of riveted construction;
- vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in EN 13445-2 or EN 13445-
6;
- multilayered, autorefragged or pre-stressed vessels;
- pipelines and industrial piping.
The standard is composed by 6 parts and a technical report; a brief description of which will be
given in the next paragraphs.
4.2 EN 13445 1: General rules
This Part outlines the basic principles underpinning the standard.
The Manufacturer is required to declare that the technical design specification and the supporting
documentation are in compliance with the requirements of this standard.


Unforeseen factors may arise that require design modifications and/or manufacturing concessions.
These need to be handled with the same rigour as the original design.
4.3 EN 13445 2: Materials
This Part deals with the general philosophy on materials, material grouping and low temperature
behaviour in relation to Room Temperature performance range providing the general requirements
for establishing technical delivery. It is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and excludes at
present materials operating in the creep conditions.
Furthermore it includes four annexes, which give further details as relate to:
material grouping system, (according to CR ISO 15608:2000) with a list of all acceptable
material grades based upon European base material standards;
information on the requirements for the prevention of brittle fracture in the base material and
the welds (two methods based upon a code of practice developed from fracture mechanics are
included);
information on technical delivery conditions for clad products;
survey on European base material and component standards and their systematic
nomenclature.
4.4 EN 13445 3: Design
This Part of the standard gives the rules to be used for design and calculation under internal and/or
external pressure (as applicable) of pressure bearing components of Pressure Vessels, such as
shells of various shapes, flat walls, flanges, heat exchanger tubesheets, including the calculation of
reinforcement of openings. Rules are also given for components subject to local loads and to
actions other than pressure.
For all these components three different design approaches are considered:
Design by Formulae (DBF), as appropriate formulae are given in order to find stresses, which
have to be limited to safe values; these formulae are generally intended for predominantly
non-cyclic loads, i.e. for a number of full pressure cycles not exceeding 500;
Design by Analysis (DBA), which can be used either to evaluate component designs or loading
situations for which a DBF method is not provided, or, more generally, as an alternative to
DBF.
Design by Formulae (DBF), based on limit analysis for certain components (such as flanges
and tubesheets).
Methods are also given where a fatigue evaluation is required, due to a number of load cycles
being greater than 500. There are two alternative methods:


a simplified method based on DBF (valid only in case of pressure variations);
a sophisticated method based on a detailed determination of total stresses using, for example,
FEM or experimental methods, to be used also in the case of variable loads other than
pressure.

Figure 13 Chart in EN 13445 3 (Correction factor fm to take account of mean stress in
unwelded material for N > 2x106 cycles)
As already stated, for the time being, the scope of Part 3 is limited to steel components working at
temperatures lower than the creep range of the specific material concerned.
4.5 EN 13445 4: Fabrication
The philosophy in Part 4 is based on existing good practice in current European Standards, as
relates requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of
steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material
traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, production tests, forming
requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
Part 4 is not applicable for pressure vessels and parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron for
which separate and different requirements regarding manufacturing are given in EN 134445-6.
4.5.1 Specific requirements for the Manufacturer
According to the standard the following requirements shall be fulfilled by the Manufacturer:
the organisation (and relevant responsibilities) for the control of manufacturing operations,
which includes special processes such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly
defined by the Manufacturer;


the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be adequate
for the purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of EN 13445-4;
the manufacturing equipment shall be adequate for fabrication;
the staff shall be adequate for the assigned tasks, in particular as far as welding co-ordination
is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined by the Manufacturer
in accordance with ISO 14731/EN 719 in the job assignment;
the quality requirements for welding defined in ISO 3834-3:1994 shall be met as a minimum;
material traceability to the original identification markings is required through appropriate
methods;
the batch numbers of welding consumables shall be recorded.
4.5.2 Requirements for subcontracting
When welding, forming, heat treatment and non destructive testing work is performed by a
Subcontractor, the following requirements shall be met:
the Subcontractor shall give information on its manufacturing capabilities by an appropriate
subcontracting form;
the Manufacturer shall properly asses the Subcontractor, that he applies the requirements
according to this part of the standard and according to the ISO 3834 3;
the Manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the welding procedure and welding operator
qualification records or take other action to ensure that they comply with this part of the
standard.
4.5.3 Specific requirements for welding activities
In addition to what reported in ISO 3834-3, welding of the component parts of a pressure vessel
shall only be undertaken if the following conditions are satisfied:
a welding procedure specification for every type of joint is held by the Manufacturer;
the welding procedures selected by the Manufacturer are qualified for the field of application;
the welders and welding operators are qualified for the work allocated to them and their
approval is in the validity period;
a record shall be maintained for each weld reporting the welder or welding operator that
performed the joint.
The type and design of the weld detail shall be considered taking into consideration:
the method of manufacture;
the service conditions (e.g. corrosion);
the ability to carry out the necessary non-destructive testing required in accordance with EN
13445-5.


As for the approval of welding procedures, qualification by welding procedure test and pre
production test are the only applicable methods, and specific requirements for the acceptance
criteria for the tests are given to integrate the ISO 15614. This is required also in the case of repair
by welding.
In the case of welds other than pressure retaining welds directly attached to the pressure vessels
(e.g. tray rings, support feet, etc.), welding procedure specifications may be acceptable by holding
welding procedure approval records by to previous experience and /or standard welding procedure
for arc welding.
Whenever welders not in the employ of the Manufacturer are used, they shall be under the full
technical control of the Manufacturer and work to the Manufacturer's requirements.
Other requirements are given for filler metals, joint preparation methods, attachment supports and
stiffeners and preheat.
4.5.4 Other requirements
This part of the standards reports other requirements as concerns:
materials
manufacturing tolerances;
production tests;
forming of pressure parts;
post weld heat treatment (PWHT);
repair;
finishing operations.
4.6 EN 13445 5: Inspection and testing
This Part covers all those inspection and testing activities associated with the verification of the
pressure vessel for compliance with the standard, including design review by the Manufacturer and
supporting technical documentation.
Numerous inspection activities, in addition to the Non Destructive Testing (NDT) are described
including document control, material traceability, joint preparation and welding.
The requirements for testing are predominantly related to individually designed single vessels.
However, procedures are provided for serially produced pressure vessels.
The level of testing is driven by the selection of the vessel testing group. Basically, the testing
group determines the level of NDT and the joint coefficient used in the design. There are four
testing groups, which are designed to give the same safety by a combination of several factors.


Testing groups take into consideration manufacturing difficulties associated with different groups of
steels, maximum permitted thickness, welding processes, service temperature range and the
thickness by means of the joint coefficient of the governing joint (i.e. the full penetration butt joint
that, as a result of the weld joint coefficient, governs the thickness of the component). Table 1
reports the testing groups for steel pressure vessels.
The testing groups are numbered from 1 to 4 in decreasing levels of NDT. However, testing groups
1, 2 and 3 are subdivided into subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in order to reflect the better
behaviour to crack sensitivity of easy to weld low carbon alloyed steels and Austenitic stainless
steels.
As for testing group 4, it shall be applicable only for:
Group 2 fluids
9
;
Ps 20 bar; and
Ps 20 000 bar x L above 100 C; or
Ps 50 000 bar x L if temperature is equal or less than 100 C;
higher pressure test;
maximum number of full pressure cycle less than 500;
lower level of nominal design stress (according to EN 13445-3).
A single testing group is normally applied to the entire vessel. However, provided specific
requirements are met, a combination of testing groups is permitted.
Table 11 reports the main requirements for the testing groups.
In terms of quality levels for the welding imperfections, the overall philosophy has been the general
adoption of the following acceptance criteria:
predominantly non-cyclic loaded vessels: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'C'
vessels subject to cyclic loading: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'B'

9
According to the 97/23/Ce Directive, Group 2 fluids are non dangerous fluids (i.e. fluids other then
explosive, extremely or highly flammable or flammable, toxic and very toxic, oxidizing)


Testing group and subgroup
Requirements
1 a 1 b 2 a 2 b 3 a 3 b 4
Permitted materials
(CR ISO 15608)
1 to 10
1.1, 1.2,
8.1
8.2, 9.1,
9.2, 9.3, 10
1.1, 1.2, 8.1
8.2, 9.1,
9.2, 10
1.1, 1.2,
8.1
1.1, 8.1
Extent of Visual inspection 100% to the maximum possible extent
Extent of NDT for governing
welded joints
100%
100% on first item, 10%
after satisfactory
experience
25% 10% 0%
NDT of other welds A specific reference table is given in the standard (Table 6.6.2-1)
Joint coefficient (to be used
for design)
1 1 0,85 0,7
Maximum thickness for
each material
No additional
requirements due
to testing
gr. 9.1, 9.2:
30 mm
gr, 9.3, 8.2*
10: 16 mm
gr. 1.1, 8.1:
50 mm
gr, 1.2:
16 mm
No additional requirements due
to testing
Welding process
No additional
requirements due
to testing
Fully mechanised or
automatic welding
processes
No additional requirements due
to testing
Service temperature range No additional requirements due to testing
gr. 1.1:
-10200C
gr. 8.1:
-50500C
* 30 mm for group 8.2 material is allowed if delta ferrite containing welding consumables are used for
depositing filling passes up to but not including the capping
Table 11 Testing groups and relevant requirements
4.7 EN 13445 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts
made of spheroidal graphite cast iron
This Part specifies that the Manufacturer shall select a testing factor of 0,8 (visual inspection only)
or 0,9 (NDT inspection) when a cast pressure vessel or cast part is designed for pressure up to 50
bar and a maximum temperature of 300 C.
As concerns welding, no production or repair welding shall be carried out on spheroidal graphite
cast iron parts.
Concerning component design, the DBF method is generally followed considering appropriate
formulae to limit stresses up to safe values. These formulae are generally intended for
predominantly static loads, which means for a number of load cycles not exceeding 200 000 in the
case of spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, a method for design by experiment up to 6000 bar
x l without calculation is given.
Inspection and testing requirements are as in Part 5 except requirements for castings and test
pressure. Interaction between good design and good workmanship is so important for cast vessels
that special requirements are laid down in this Part.


Annex A is informative for the determination of burst pressure and wall thickness minimum
requirements.
4.8 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures
This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for unfired
pressure vessels as covered by Article 1, 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED).
The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and
manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment
procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III.
Therefore the following information are given:
classification of pressure vessels in hazard categories;
conformity assessment procedures, as relates of the choice of the most appropriate procedure
and the involvement of responsible authorities;
management of subctontracted activities.
Moreover, an useful summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the
Responsible Authority in respect of P.E.
D. conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for informative scope only.




5 European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial
piping
5.1 Introduction
In the framework of European Directive 97/23/CEE for pressure vessels (PED), also metallic
industrial piping has to fulfil certain safety requirements, as relates to materials, design and
calculation, fabrication and installation, inspection and testing.

Figure 14 Metallic industrial piping in a plant.
Such safety requirements depend on the hazard category, based on the type of fluid (defined as
dangerous or non-dangerous) in combination with the internal volume (in this case the pipe
diameter) and/or the maximum allowable pressure (PS) of the pipeline.
This lead to the development of the EN 13480:2002 standard Metallic industrial piping, prepared
by Technical Committee CEN/TC 267 "Industrial piping and pipelines", as specific standard
harmonised do the European directive.


The standard applies to metallic piping above ground, ducted or buried, irrespective of pressure,
and does not relate to:
pipelines and their accessories;
stream waterways such as penstocks, pressure tunnels, pressure shaft for hydro-electric-
installations and their related specific accessories;
permanently fixed piping for ships, rockets, aircraft and mobile offshore units;
items specifically designed for nuclear use, failure of which may cause an emission of
radioactivity;
well-control equipment used in the petroleum, gas or geothermal exploration and extraction
industry and in underground storage, which is intended to contain and/or control well pressure,
including the piping;
piping of blast furnaces including the furnace cooling, hot blast recuperators, dust extractors
and blast furnace exhaust gas scrubbers and direct reducing cupolas including the furnace
cooling, gas converters and vacuum;
furnaces and pans for melting, re-melting de-gassing and casting of steel and non ferrous
metals;
enclosures for high voltage electrical equipment such as switchgear, control gear and
transformers;
pressurised pipes for the containment of transmission systems such as for electrical power and
telephone cables;
internal piping of boilers and piping integral to pressure vessels.
The standard is divided in six parts; part 1 is a general introduction of the standard, the other part
define specific requirements, a detail of which will be given in the next paragraphs.
5.2 EN 13480-2: Materials
This Part specifies the requirements for materials (including metallic clad materials) for industrial
piping and supports, not serviced in the creep range temperatures.
It specifies the requirements for the selection, inspection, testing and marking of metallic materials
for the fabrication of industrial piping.
All the materials shall have sufficient ductility, as specific values for elongation are provided (e.g.
14% in the transverse direction and 16% in the longitudinal direction).
Three different methods for the evaluation of the impact tests properties are provided, based on
the following different approaches:
technical requirements are developed from operating experience and applicable to all metallic
materials, but limited to certain thicknesses for which experience exist;


technical requirements are developed from the principle of fracture mechanics and from
operating experiences (only applicable to C, C-Mn and low alloy ferritic steels with a specified
minimum yield strength of 460 N/mm);
technical requirements are derived by the application of a fracture mechanics analysis (to be
used only in agreement with the parties concerned).
Maximum values for the Carbon, Sulphur and Silicon content are provided depending on the
considered material (see Table 12).
Maximum content of cast analisys
Material
%C %S %P
Steel 0,23 0,025 0,035
Ferritic stainless steels 0,08 0,015 0,040
Martensitic stainless steels 0,06 0,015 0,040
Austenitic stainless steels 0,08 0,015 0,045
Austenitic stainless steels 0,10 0,015 0,035
Austenitic-ferritic stainless
steels
0,030 0,015 0,035
Table 12 Maximum content of alloying element for steels
Special provisions are also given as relates to lamellar tearing, design temperature above 20C,
prevention of brittle fracture, fasteners and lined piping.

Figure 15 Stocking of pipes and fittings
The marking of the products or delivery units shall ensure traceability between the product or
delivery unit and the inspection documents. For European standardised materials, the marking


shall fulfil the requirements of the relevant standard; for materials not contained in an European
standard the marking shall at least contain:
the material specification (reference, material designation);
the Manufacturer's name or mark;
the stamp of the inspection representative, if applicable.
For material supplied with specific inspection the marking shall include an identification, which
permits the correlation between the product or delivery unit and the relevant inspection document.
5.3 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations
The calculation rules in this part apply for operating and testing conditions as well as preset, cold
spring conditions, flushing and cleaning conditions.
This part considers only elastic calculation methods, although some components might exhibit
plastic behaviour.
The design load shall be one or a combination of the following, at least:
internal and/or external pressure;
temperature;
weight of piping and contents;
climatic loads;
dynamic effects of the fluid;
movements of the ground and buildings;
vibrations;
earthquakes.
In the specific case of welds other than circumferential, depending on the pressure, size, type of
fluid and inspection extent, different values for the joint efficiency factor (Z) are identified.
5.4 EN 13480-4: Fabrication
ISO 3834 is not directly recalled by this standard, even if some requirements are similar to those of
the standard.
5.4.1 General requirements for the Manufacturer
The standard requires the presence of welding supervisors, having sufficient knowledge and
experience in the field of welding and capable to give the welders clear and unambiguous working
instructions.


As relates to welding materials, in addition to what is required in part 2 of the standard, the
Manufacturer is requested to have filler metals and auxiliary materials with documentation
according to EN 10204, test report 2.2.
For identification and traceability reasons, all the welds shall be directly correlated to the welder
that performed the joint, by the welders symbol close to the weld itself or by corresponding details
in the fabrication documents.
5.4.2 Requirements for the welding activities
Welders and welding operator shall be qualified according to the relevant standard (EN 287-1 and
EN 1418) for the intended processes, material groups and range of sizes, and shall be in
possession of a valid test certificate.
Welding procedures specification shall be prepared in accordance to the relevant European
standard - e.g. EN 15609 (EN 288-2) -, also reporting information on the Non Destructive Testing
to be applied to the joint.
Specifications shall be properly qualified by an appropriate method, depending on the piping
class (defined on the base of diameter, pressure and type of fluid). In the case of the higher
classes (class II and III) only qualification by welding procedure test or welding pre-production test
are accepted, having as examining body a third party. Less stringent requirements are given for
less critical classes.
During electric arc welding, piping shall be earthed so that no welding currents flow through spring
hangers, constant load hangers, snubbers, machines, valves, mechanical connections etc. This
has to be accomplished in order to avoid both welding defects (e.g. due to arc blow) and to avoid
damage or degradation in the mechanics of these components (e.g. ball bearings) due to high
welding currents.
Welding defects, which require repair shall be removed by grinding, chipping, gouging, flame,
plasma or machining part or all of the weld. When using thermal processes, the pipe and weld
material shall not be adversely affected. Prior to repair welding, the surface of all joints shall be
examined by NDT to ensure they are free from cracks and other defects.
Weld repairs shall be made using approved procedures and approved welding personal; A weld
defect shall not be repaired more than twice with the same procedure. Any further repair shall be
done in accordance with an approved, modified and documented procedure.
All weld repairs shall be documented, by reporting the test reports that lead to the repair, (e.g. by
attaching the films showing the defects, if available), and the repair procedures and the report for
the newly carried on tests.


Figure 16 Welding of a 10 inches industrial piping
5.5 EN 13480-5: Inspection
This Part of the Standard specifies the requirements for inspection and testing of industrial piping
to be performed on individual spools or piping systems, including supports, designed in
accordance with part 3 and 6 (if applicable), and fabricated and installed in accordance with EN
13480-4.
Type, extension and acceptance criteria for the testing are reported, depending on the piping
class. The following inspection phases are identified:
design validation;
in-process inspection and testing (including welding process indirect control, as relates to
welders, to welding procedures and to inspection during welding);
non destructive testing of welds;
final assessment;
documentation to be maintained and delivered with the product.
Table 13 reports the general requirements for the non destructive testing of welds, and the relevant
acceptance criteria.


NDT Technique Method Acceptance criteria
Visual Examination
(VT)
EN 970 Refer to EN 5817 level B
Radiographic Testing
(RT)
EN 1435:1997, class B
a b

EN 12517:1998:
Acceptance level 2
and additional requirements
Ultrasonic Testing
(UT)
EN 1714:1998, class B
b

EN 1712 :1997
c
:
Acceptance level 2
d

Penetrant Testing (PT) EN 571-1
EN 1289 :1998,
Acceptance level 1
Magnetic Particle Testing
(MT)
EN 1290
EN 1291 :1998,
Acceptance level 1
NOTES:
a
However, the maximum area for single exposure shall correspond to the requirements of EN
1435:1997, class A.
b
Class A for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II.
c
For the characterisation of indications EN 1713 may be used.
d
Acceptance level 3 for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II.
Table 13 Requirements for the non destructive testing of welds

Figure 17 Ultrasonic testing of a pipe to pressure vessel connection
5.6 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping
This Part of EN 13480 identifies specific requirements for industrial piping either totally buried or
partly buried and partly run in sleeves or similar protection, running at an operating temperature up
to 75C. This part must be used in conjunction with the other six parts of EN 13480.


Figure 18 Lining of a buried pipeline in the nearby of a chemical plant
Where buried piping subject to this standard connects to piping installed under other jurisdiction
such as pipelines, the transition should be made at a closing element e.g. an isolating or regulating
valve separating the two sections, that should be close to the boundary of the industrial site, but
may be inside or outside the boundary.
The standard reports therefore some additional requirements, as relates to:
safety
depth of installation;
pipes marking and recording;
design and calculation;
installation (trenches, pipe laying and back filling);
sleeves or casings;
corrosion protection;
examination and testing.
As concerns welding activities, no specific requirements are given.
5.7 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures
This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for
industrial piping and pipelines as covered by Article 1, 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive
(PED).
The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and
manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment
procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III.
Therefore the following information are given:


classification of industrial piping vessels in hazard categories;
conformity assessment procedures, as relates to the choice of the most appropriate procedure
and the involvement of responsible authorities;
management of subcontracted activities.
Moreover, an useful Summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the
Responsible Authority in respect of PED conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for
informative scope only.




6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired
vessels to contain air or nitrogen.
6.1 Introduction
Meeting a variety of safety objectives, Directive 87/404/EEC (amended by Directive 93/68/EEC)
relating to simple pressure vessels came into force in the European Community on 1 July 1990. To
ensure the disposal of existing stocks before the application date of this directive, a transition
period was authorised until 1 July 1992, the date upon which the national regulations were
abrogated in all Member States.
This directive establishes the methods of inspection of these vessels, permitting them to be sold
and commissioned in all Member States and benefit from free circulation.
The Directive is applicable to series-produced simple pressure vessels introduced on the
European market, regardless of origin, if subjected to an internal pressure greater than 0.5 bar,
intended to contain air or nitrogen and not exposed to fire or flame.
Other limitations also apply in relation to the materials used, the shape of the vessels, the
maximum pressure, the product PS x V (working pressure PS, volume -V), and the minimum and
maximum operating temperatures. The Directive also includes a list of exceptions.
The Directive introduces the following concepts:
a classification of simple pressure vessels according to the risk created by the combination of
working pressure and volume, as expressed by PS x V;
Essential safety requirements, compliance with which may be assumed further to the use of a
harmonised European standard, or by submitting a prototype representative of the production
under consideration, or a combination of both;
Conformity assessment procedures by risk class, which give Manufacturers the option of
selecting the most stringent class. 4. increased Manufacturer responsibility. The
Manufacturer is now required to issue a declaration of conformity with the Directive for his
equipment;
The obligation on the part of the Manufacturer to supply the user with a user manual
specifying the intended areas of use and the maintenance and installation conditions required
for safety purposes.


Figure 19 Simple unfired pressure vessel containing Air (Left side) and Nitrogen (Right)
In this framework, CEN TC 54 Simple pressure vessels produced a series of standard, namely
the EN 286 Simple unfired pressure vessels made to contain air or nitrogen, made of 4 parts:
Part 1: design, manufacture and testing;
Part 2: Pressure vessels for air braking and auxiliary systems for motor-vehicles and their
trailers;
Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for rail rolling stock
Part 4: Aluminium pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for railway rolling
stock.
In the following paragraph the requirements to be met during welding fabrication as relates to EN
286 - part 1 will be briefly described.
6.2 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired
pressure vessels
This Standard applies to the design and manufacture of simple unfired serially made pressure
vessels with a single compartment manufactured by welding (even if some design can entail the
use of bolts) having a simple geometry and have branches not lager in diameter than 0,5 of the
diameter of the cylinder to which they are welded.
The two following production procedures are considered:


a cylindrical part of circular cross section is closed by outwardly dished and/or flat ends which
revolve around the same axis as the cylindrical part;
two outwardly dished ends revolving around the same axis;
Moreover, the field of application of the standard considers the following technical conditions are
met:
the vessel is subjected to an internal gauge pressure greater than 0,5 bar;
the parts and assemblies contributing to the strength of the vessel under pressure are made
either of non-alloy quality steel or of non-alloy aluminium or non-age hardening aluminium
alloys;
the maximum working pressure is 30 bar and the product of that pressure and the capacity of
the vessel (PS x V) is greater than 50 bar litres and not exceeding 10 000 bar litres;
the minimum working temperature -50 C and maximum working temperature not higher than
300C for steel and 100C for aluminium or aluminium alloy vessels.
It does not apply to vessels specifically designed for nuclear use, to vessels specifically intended
for installation for the propulsion of ships and aircraft, or to fire extinguishers.
Aspects of Quality Assurance are dealt with in various clauses and annexes of this Standard, even
if there is no specific requirements as relates to the application of quality management standards.
Therefore the fulfilment of EN ISO 3834
10
can only be suggested, and is not compulsory.
As concerns specific requirements for welding activities, the following apply:
there shall be no welding carried out on the pressurised parts of a vessel once the hydraulic
test has been successfully completed; however reinforcing plates for supports and brackets
are not considered to be pressurised parts;
if a manual root on the reverse side is made prior to a second run made by an automatic
process then the root weld shall be taken back to the sound metal to remove any inclusion i.e.
slag, etc.;
welding procedures shall be qualified by welding procedure test or previous satisfactory
experience;
the testing and qualification of welding procedures, welders and welding operators shall be
carried out by an approved inspection body.
The standards also reports specific testing criteria and relevant acceptance depending on the type
of joint, stresses and materials considered in the design phase.

10
The EN ISO 3834 part 3 or part 4 seem to be enough significant to guarantee proper management of
welding operations.


As relates to the equipment, it is required to the Manufacturer to calibrate the testing equipment
and to maintain the relevant record.


7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas
supply systems.
7.1 Introduction
Gas supply systems are complex and the importance on safety of their construction and on their
use has led to the development of very detailed codes of practice and operating manuals in the
European countries. These detailed statements embrace recognised standards of gas engineering
and the specific requirements imposed by the legal structures of each country.
Some basic elements are common to the production and testing of weld joints for the installation
and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including in-
service pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and non-
corrosive natural gas as relates to materials, manufacturing techniques, location and design
temperature.

Figure 20 Pipeline welded in the northern areas.
In this framework the CEN TC 234 supply systems produced the EN 12732:2000 gas supply
systems welding steel pipework functional requirements with the purpose of identifying


commonly adopted requirements and to be intended as state of the art in the field of pipelines
constructions for gas supply system.
7.2 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard.
This standard contains requirements for the production and testing of weld joints for the installation
and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including in-
service pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and non-
corrosive natural gas accordingly, where:
the pipeline elements are made of unalloyed or low-alloyed carbon steel;
the pipeline is not located within commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the
industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such
premises ;
the pipework is not located within household installations according to EN 1775:1998;
the design temperature of the system is between -40 C and 120 C inclusive.

Figure 21 - Welding of a Buried Pipeline
The standard can be considered as divided in different parts, the first reporting general
requirements applicable to all supply systems, the others giving specific indications for distribution
systems, for transmission systems and for metering, regulating and compressor stations.


7.3 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories
The standard considers different categories of pipelines, depending on which the requirements to
comply with are identified. Table 14 reports this assignment based on the materials used and on
the operating pressure.
Category
Operating
pressure
Base material Example of use
A
Lower than
100 mbar
C and C-Mn steels,
with R
s
360Mpa*
Mains and service pipes in gas supply
systems
B
100 mbar up to
5 bar
C and C-Mn steels,
with R
s
360Mpa*
Mains and service pipes in gas supply
systems, pipework in stations
C 5 bar up to 16 bar
C and C-Mn steels,
with R
s
360Mpa*
Pipeline including pipework in stations
and gas distribution systems
D Higher than 16 bar
Low alloyed C, C-Mn,
microalloyed and quenched
and tempered steels**
Pipeline including pipework in stations
and gas distribution systems
NOTES
* Steels classified as Group 1 according to CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208
** Steels classified as Group 1 to 3 according CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208
Table 14 Allocation to quality requirements categories
However, depending on particular conditions, such as materials used, line routing, design or
welding techniques, higher or lower quality categories can be assigned in order to identify the more
coherent quality requirements.
7.4 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems
Depending on the quality requirement category, some specific requirements on the application of
quality systems are identified by the standards.
This involves the application of an appropriate quality level of EN ISO 3834, the qualification grade
of the welding coordinator, the NDT personnel and the approval of welding procedures; giving the
exact interpretation and integrating the clauses of EN ISO 3834.
Table 15 reports a summary on the recommended quality requirements to be fulfilled.


Quality category
Quality requirement
A B C D
Quality system according to EN ISO 3834
- EN ISO 3834 2 (Comprehensive) OPT. OPT. REC. REC.
- EN ISO 3834 3 (Standard) OPT. OPT. REC. REC.
- EN ISO 3834 (elementary) REC. REC. - -
Welding co-ordination personnel
- Welding engineer OPT. OPT. OPT. REC.
- Welding technologist OPT. OPT. REC. -
- Welding Specialist OPT. REC. REC. -
- Foreman with several years of experience REC. REC. - -
Qualification of welders
According to EN 287-1 in on-site conditions REC. REC. REC. REC.
Welding procedures qualification
According to EN 288-2* REC. REC. REC. REC.
Applicable method of qualification of welding procedure:
- Welding procedure test OPT. OPT. REC. REC.
- Use of approved welding consumables REC. REC. - -
- Previous experience REC. - - -
- Standard welding procedures OPT. OPT. REC. REC.
- pre-production welding tests OPT. REC. REC. -
- welding procedure test for site welding OPT. OPT. OPT. REC.
Key:
REC. Recommended
OPT. Optional
- not required
Notes:
* This standard refers to the old Qualification standards; EN 288-2 has been
replaced by EN 15609
Table 15 Recommended quality requirements according to EN 12732
Particular attention should be devoted to the qualification of welders for the installation of buried
pipelines, that should carry on approval test in onsite conditions, by examination conducted in an
area, which simulates a pipe trench of the following dimensions:
maximum length: 1,5 m;
maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench bottom: 0,4 m;
maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench wall: 0,5 m.
Welders certificate shall clearly indicate, by reference to this standard, that the welders
qualification test has been performed under the conditions mentioned above.
7.5 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria
Weld quality shall be ensured by inspection of the welds using destructive tests and/or non-
destructive examination. The results of these tests shall be documented.


Non-destructive examination shall be carried out in accordance with approved procedures and
destructive testing acceptance criteria shall be the same as for the original welding procedure.
The minimum extent of non-destructive examination depends on the quality requirement category
and the type/position of the weld joint, as reported in table 16.
Cate
gory
Type/position of the weld
VT (by
welding
supervisor
Volumetric
inspection
NDT
(RT/UT)*
Superficial
NDT
inspection
Circumferential welds, branches, nozzles and fillet welds;
longitudinal seams
** ** / *** -
A Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline
sections crossing railways, navigable waterways or
landing strips/runways
100% **** -
Circumferential welds ** ** -
Branches, nozzles and fillet welds ** **
Longitudinal seams 100% 10% -
B
Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline
sections crossing railways, major roads and motorways,
navigable waterways or landing strips/runways
100% **** -
Circumferential welds 20% 10% -
Branches, nozzles, fillet welds 100% - 10%
Weld joints not included in the pressure test 100% 100% -
C
waterways or landing strips/runways
100% 100% -
Circumferential welds 100% 20% -
Branches, nozzles, fillet welds 100% ******* 20% *****
Weld joints not included in the pressure test 100% 100%***** -
If pipelines/units are laid or installed in built-up areas 100% 100% -
D
waterways or landing strips/runways
100% 100% -
NOTES
* The proportion of both techniques shall be agreed.
** Representative random sample on the basis of the total number of weld joints made by a welder during
the course of one year.
*** One destructive test of field weld per year by means of tensile and/or bending test for welders qualified
only for gas welding (process 311) or only for fillet welds.
**** The pipeline operator shall specify the extent of non-destructive examination taking into account the
design conditions, for example:
- external loads in addition to internal pressure;
- supports;
- expansion due to temperature.
***** Where welds with incomplete penetration are used, the pipeline operator can require 100 %.
***** Seams shall be tested 100 % by two different inspection techniques.
******* For branches and nozzles, consideration should be given by the pipeline operator to these methods.
Table 16 Minimum extent of NDT according to EN 12732
Where less than 100 % non-destructive examination has to be performed, the pipeline operator
shall select which welds are to be tested. Whenever the quality of the weld joint does not meet the
requirements, further welds shall be examined to determine the extent of the problem (except


when otherwise agreed, two further welds shall be inspected for each rejected weld) and the cause
of the fault shall be eliminated.
The definition of acceptance criteria is under the responsibility of the Manufacturer, depending on
the design, the quality requirement category and the inspection level.
Useful information on the applicable NDT techniques for the inspection of the pipelines are given in
Appendixes C to F. As example, figure 22 reports the calibration block suggested for the
application of Ultrasonic Testing.

Figure 22 Calibration block with rectangular grooves and edge (dimensions in mm)



8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and
aluminium structures
8.1 Introduction
Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design,
manufacturing and testing of steel structures; as a consequence all the European countries
produced their own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions
(generally the same in every country) and the national industrial customs.
In the same framework as pressure vessel one, after the development of the European Market,
and in order to guarantee harmonization of national legislation to abolish commercial and technical
barriers, the European directive 89/106/CE on construction products (CPD) has been developed.

Figure 23 Steel structure manufacturing (covering of a swimming pool)


For the purposes of this Directive, construction product means any product which is produced for
incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil
engineering works. Construction products are hereinafter referred to as 'products'; construction
works including both buildings and civil engineering works are hereinafter referred to as Works.
Therefore the directive does not directly refer to the whole product, but to all those single elements
(e.g. beams, connections, etc), that assembled realize the final work.
Member States shall presume that products are fit for use if they enable works in which they are
employed, provided the latter are properly designed and built, to satisfy the essential requirements
referred to in Article 3 of the directive.
The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets
of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential
requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity.
In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 135 Steel structure fabrication is now
preparing the standard (the name will be EN 1090) harmonized to the 89/106/CE directive. This
standard is made of 3 parts:
- Part 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery conditions
- Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
- Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures
8.2 EN 1090 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General
delivery conditions
This European Standard specifies general technical delivery conditions in terms of performance
characteristics for structural steel and aluminium components placed on the market as construction
products. The components may be used directly or for inclusion in construction works or as
structural components in the form of kits.
The Standard also specifies requirements for the evaluation of conformity to the specified
performance characteristics and for the test methods to be used.
8.2.1 Requirements for the design of structures.
Structural characteristics of a component covered in this Standard refer to its load bearing
capacity, fatigue strength and resistance to fire
11
.

11
Those structural characteristic shall refer to National Determined Parameters (referred as NPD in the
standard), that are parameters specified in the National Annex to the relevant Eurocode, defined by the
member states


The load bearing capacity for a component shall refer to the specified actions and combination of
actions, referring to situations for which the loads are predominantly static such that the influence
of repetitive loads need not be considered.
The fatigue strength for steel components shall be determined in accordance with EN 1993
(Eurocode 3) for steel structures and with EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) for aluminium components and
are usually expressed by reference to S-N diagrams.
The resistance to fire shall be determined according to the relevant part of Eurocodes.
In conclusion, the standards does not give specific guidance for the design, as the structural
characteristics shall be determined in accordance the relevant Eurocodes, as follows:
- EN 1990 (Eurocode 0) - Basis of structural design;
- EN 1991 (Eurocode 1)- Actions on structures;
- EN 1993 (Eurocode 3)- Design of steel structures, for steel components;
- EN 1994 (Eurocode 4)- Design of composite structures of steel and concrete, for the steel
parts;
EN 1999 (Eurocode 9)- Design of aluminium structures, for aluminium components.

Figure 24 Workshop for bridge manufacturing.


8.3 EN 1090 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel
structures
This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of structural steelwork.
The pursued objective during the realization of a project of structure is to control risks connected to
it by controlling possible execution defects. Nature and extend of risks being specific in every
structure according to its purpose and complexity, execution classes are specified in this European
Standard, to which correspond execution requirements with different severity levels.
In accordance with EN 1990:2001, which defines consequence classes in its annex B for the
purpose of reliability differentiation, three different consequence classes for structural elements are
distributed in three levels noted as CC1, CC2 and CC3. The consequence classes of the elements
of a structure may be indicated on the basis of indications given in table 17.
Consequences
Class
Description
Examples of buildings and civil
engineering works
CC3
High consequence for loss of human life, or
economic, social or environmental
consequences very great
Grandstands, public buildings where
consequences of failure are high (e.g. a concert
hall)
CC2
Medium consequence for loss of human
life, economic, social or environmental
consequences considerable
Residential and office buildings, public buildings
where consequences of failure are medium (e.g.
an office building)
CC1
Low consequence for loss of human life,
and economic, social or environmental
consequences small or negligible
Agricultural buildings where people do not
normally enter (e.g. storage buildings),
greenhouses
Table 17 Definition of consequences classes
It should be noted that a same work, or part of it, can contain elements with different consequence
classes.
Moreover, in the definition of requirements for the product (and for the Manufacturer) also the use
condition of the component shall be considered (execution and use); as a consequence the
standard defines the execution categories, based on the table 18.


Consequences Class
Execution and use categories
CC1 CC2 CC3
E1 Elements for which fatigue assessment is necessary 1 2 2
E2
Elements not concerned by E1 but by some particular conditions, as
following:
- Temperature of service of elements < -20 C,
- Welded elements made of S355 steel grade with thickness > 25 mm
- Welded elements made of S355 M and ML steel grade with
thickness > 50 mm
- Main elements assembled by welding on construction site,
- Elements with hot forming manufacturing or receiving thermic
treatment,
- Elements of CHS lattice girder requiring end profile cuts,
- Elements of crane way and corresponding skeleton,
- Elements of structure with more than five floors,
- Elements with full contact bearing surfaces.
2 3 3
E3
Elements neither C1 nor C2.
2 3 4
Table 18 Definition of execution classes
8.3.1 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers
Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN 729
"Quality requirements for welding Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO 14554 "Quality
requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable.
When using EN ISO 15613 or EN ISO 15614-1 qualification procedures, the following conditions
are required:
a) where impact tests are required, they shall be carried out at the lowest temperature for which
the standard of the steel grade requires impact properties;
b) for steels according to EN 10025-6 (Quenched and tempered steels), one specimen for micro-
examination is required. Photographs of weld metal, fusion line zone and HAZ shall be
recorded;
c) for fillet welds on steel grades higher than S355 subject to tensile load, tests shall be
completed by an additional cruciform tensile test performed in accordance with prEN ISO
9018;
d) when welding on shop primers, tests shall be carried out on the maximum (nominal +
tolerance) accepted layer thickness.
e) if any welding process qualified in accordance with EN ISO 15614-1 has not been used by the
constructor for a certain period, following requirements apply:
- for steel grades up to S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more
than three years, a macro specimen taken from a production trial shall be inspected for
acceptability;


- for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period between
one and three years, a production welding test, where shape and dimensions are
according to the requirements of EN ISO 15614-1, shall be carried out (examination and
testing shall include visual inspection, radiographic or ultrasonic inspection, surface crack
detection, macro-examination and hardness test);
- for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more
than three years, new welding procedure tests shall be carried out.
Depending on the execution classes, different requirements apply, according to table 19.
Execution Class
Requirements
1 2 3 4
Quality requirements for fusion
welding
EN ISO 3834 - 2 EN ISO 3834 - 3 EN ISO 3834 -4
Welding procedures specification EN ISO15609 -1
Qualification of welding procedures by: Required Not required
- welding procedures test* (EN ISO
15614-1)
Recommended Recommended --
- pre production test* (EN ISO
15613)
Recommended Recommended --
- use of tested welding consumables
(EN ISO 15610)
NOT recommended Recommended --
- previous welding experience (EN
ISO 15611)
- standard welding procedure (EN
ISO 15612)
Welders and welding operators
qualification
Required according to prEN ISO 9606-1 (EN 287-1) - welders
and with EN 1418** - welding operators.
Base materials inspection documents
(ref. EN 10204)
type 3.1 type 2.2 type 2.1
Welding Coordinator
Required, with comprehensive
technical knowledge
Required: all
levels are
accepted
Not required
* Time validity of the certificates and qualification tests are subject to special rules, specified in the following.
** For welding hollow section lattice structures, welders shall be qualified by a single-side welding test carried
out on a branch connection
Table 19 Requirements for welding according to the execution classes
For execution classes 1 and 2, if welding with deep penetration processes or two pass welding
from both sides without back grinding is used, an appropriate macro or fracture specimen in
accordance with EN 1321 or EN 1320 respectively, shall be tested at intervals not exceeding six
months, in addition to the welding procedure test.
Welding procedure specifications for joints in hollow section lattice structures shall define the start
and stop zones, and method to be used in order to cope with situation where the welds change
from fillet to butt aroundjoint.


8.3.2 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria
Inspection and testing follow the general rules reported in EN ISO 3834; moreover different criteria
are considered for extension and timing, depending on the following parameters:
- place of execution (Worksop pre-fabrication on site production);
- type of weld (transverse welds, longitudinal welds, strength welds, attachment welds);
- joint utilisation factor - k (defined as k = /
e
, relationship ULS stress / yield stress in the
weld);
- execution class (E.C., already previously defined).
Visual inspection has to be performed for the overall length of the welds, independently from the
above cited factors; moreover for execution classes 1 to 3 additional testing is required, according
to the following table.
It has to be noted that there is not any specific guidance on the testing method, as general criteria
reported in EN 12062 for the field of application of NDT testing apply.

Execution Class -
Workshop
Execution Class On site
Requirements, depending on the
joint type
1 and 2 3 1 and 2 3
Independently from the joint type,
general extension for NDT activities
The first 5 joints of each
same type* shall be
tested according to the
following values.
All joints shall
be tested
according to the
following values
The first 5 joints of each
same type* shall be tested
according to following
values. The extent of
additional NDT is reduced to
50 % (minimum of 10%)
0.8 k 100 % 50 % 100 % 100 %
0.3 < k< 0.8 50% 20% 100% 50%
Transverse butt
welds subjected to
tensile stress
k 0.3 10% 5% 20% 10%
Transverse butt welds subjected to
compression stress
10 % 5 % 20 % 10 %
Transverse fillet welds at end of lap
joints and at connection gussets.
20 % 10 % 20 % 10 %
Longitudinal welds and welds to
stiffeners.
10 %, 5 % 20 % 10 %
Attachment welds (e.g. for fixing
purlins, side rails, etc.)
5%
* Same basic dimensions, material grades, weld geometry and welded to the same procedures.
Table 20 Additional Requirements for NDT extension for Execution Classes 1 to 3.
Unless otherwise specified, the acceptance criteria for welds shall be as follows, with reference to
EN ISO 5817: Any special requirements on weld geometry and profile shall be taken into account.
Execution class Acceptance criteria
4 EN ISO 5817 Quality level D
3 EN ISO 5817 Quality level C
2 EN ISO 5817 Quality level B


EN ISO 5817 Quality level B, with the following additional requirements
Type of defect Acceptance
undercut (5011) not permitted
excess weld metal (502) 2 mm
incorrect toe (505) 165
internal pores (201) 1 mm
solid inclusions (300) not permitted

linear misalignment (507) < 0,05t

1

Table 21 Acceptance criteria depending on execution classes.
8.4 EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium
structures
12

This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of aluminium structures
produced from rolled, welded, casted, forged, drawn and extruded products, and covers
components made with material thickness not less than 0.6 mm, and for welded components, not
less than 1.5 mm. Moreover it is applicable to fixed and temporary aluminium structures.

Figure 25 - Part of a lattice aluminium structure
As for the steel structures, different execution classes are defined, taking into consideration
consequence classes (already defined in table 1, according to EN 1990) and structural classes
(dependent on the orientation and intensity of the static and cyclic stressing at a cross section of a
member or in a joint, according to EN 1999 Eurocode 9). Next table reports criteria for the
definition of execution classes.
Structural class
Consequence
classes
Significant fatigue Standard Reduced static
CC1 IV III III
CC2 III III II
CC3 III II I (II)*
* Execution class I may be selected for structures or part of a structure

12
Up to the date of publishing, this part of EN 1090-3 seems to be at a very early stage; consequently, many
concepts reported in this paragraph may be subject to significant changes, even if the general concept for
this standard should be definitively stated.


where the risk of loss of human life is nil and the consequences of
personal injury, economic loss or pollution is negligible.
Table 22 Execution classes for aluminium structures.
Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN ISO
3834 (EN 729) "Quality requirements for welding Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO
14554 "Quality requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable;
in particular different requirements apply depending on the execution classes, following same rules
as for steel (see table 22).
As for the extent of non destructive testing and for the acceptance criteria, very detailed tables are
reported in the standard, where requirements are given on the basis of execution class, testing
method, joint type and geometry, joint orientation in respect of the main member of the structure.





9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway
vehicles and components
9.1 Introduction
As already stated in other Chapters of this book, over the last few years, standardisation at
international level has become more and more product-oriented, considering not only the
technical requirements of the product itself, but also specific requirements to be fulfilled by the
Manufacturer, in its fabrication process.

Figure 26 Manufacturing of a boogie for railway application


Therefore CEN TC 256 WG 31 has started working on the development of a new European
standard for design, fabrication and maintenance of railway vehicles and components, which has
been developed as prEN 15085 in 2005
13
.
This document has been produced considering the commonly agreed best practice fabrication
criteria, as the main Customers (the national railway Companies) and Manufacturers were strongly
represented in this standardisation phase.
The standard will be composed by several parts, as follows:
- prEN15085 1: general guidelines and definitions;
- prEN15085 2: requirements for the Manufacturer;
- prEN15085 3: design requirements;
- prEN15085 4: production requirements;
- prEN15085 5: the guidelines of inspection, testing and documentation.
In the next paragraph only the requirements for the welding Manufacturer (as relates to part 2) will
be described.
9.2 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer
Differently from other standards, this standard requires that the Manufacturer complies with
specific technical requirements, in order to demonstrate its capability to fabricate railway vehicles
and components. Such a capability must be evaluated and assessed by an authorised body
(recognition of a welding Manufacturer).
The standards defines different Manufacturer certification levels, taking into consideration the type
of product manufactured and the safety relevance, intended as complexity of the design and the
consequence of failure. Precise criteria for the definition of the safety relevance are still under
discussion.
Next table shortly summarizes the criteria for the identification of those levels.
Level Definition
1
New build, conversion and repair of rail vehicles and relevant components with high safety
relevance
2 New production of parts of railway vehicles with medium safety relevance
3 New production of parts of railway vehicles with low safety relevance
4
Design and/or assembly of railway vehicles and relevant components with High, medium or
low safety relevance, when welding activities are sub-contracted and not performed.
Table 23 Identification of the level of the Manufacturer of railway vehicles and components

13
Because of the early stage of development of this standard, some of the information contained can be
subject to changes in the future. However the general approach to the standard should not be changed in
the future.


Depending on such levels, different requirements are considered for the Manufacturer to comply
with.
As relates to the welding coordinator, depending on the level of the Manufacturer and on the
number and dimension of the workshops, one or more welding coordinators are required, having
different level of qualification, according to three grades, defined as follows.
- Welding Coordinator - Grade 1: a Welding coordinator with comprehensive technical
knowledge as specified in EN 719 (EWE, EWT with proof of comprehensive technical
knowledge or suitable qualification with comprehensive technical knowledge as specified in EN
719 and evidence of experience over many years).
- Welding Coordinator - Grade 2: a Welding Coordinator with specific technical knowledge as
specified in EN 719 (EWT, EWS with proof of specific technical knowledge or suitable
qualification with specific technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of
experience over many years).
- Welding Coordinator - Grade 3: Welding Coordinator with basic technical knowledge as
specified in EN 719 (EWS, EWP with proof of basic technical knowledge or suitable
qualification with basic technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of experience
over many years).
As relates to the welding inspection, the assessment of the weld seam tests is done basically
under the responsibility of the welding coordinator of the Manufacturer. Alternatively the
assessments can be done by an International Welding Inspector at the Comprehensive level,
properly qualified according to IIW guidelines.
However, It is possible that the welders or welding operators are responsible for checking the weld
seams themselves; in this case the welders or welding operators shall be instructed by the
responsible welding coordinator for the Manufacturer and a corresponding test instruction shall be
available.
Table 24 shortly summarises the requirements for the Manufacturer, as decided up to time.


Certification Levels
Requirements for the
welding Manufacturer
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Recognition of the
Manufacturer
Necessary Necessary Not necessary Necessary
Quality requirements EN ISO 3834-3 EN ISO 3834-3 EN ISO 3834-4 EN ISO 3834-3
Welding Coordinator Grade 1 Grade 2 or 3 no requirement
Grade 1, 2 or 3
depending on the
relevant welding
work
Deputy of the Welding
Coordinator
Deputy: Grade 1*
Further Deputies:
Grade 2 or 3**
Deputy: Grade 3 no requirement no requirement
Welders Qualified according to EN 287 not necessary
Welding operators Qualified according to EN 1418 not necessary
Welding quality tests
Responsible welding coordinator or IWI-C
not necessary
NDT personnel
Qualification according to EN 473 not necessary
WPS
According to EN ISO 15609; not necessary
Qualification of
welding procedures
ISO 15614-1 to -13
ISO 15611
ISO 15613
ISO 15614
ISO 15613
not necessary
* Equally empowered deputy (Grade 1). Not necessary for small welding Manufacturers (Welding
Manufacturers with small welding production and one welding shop).
* For welding Manufacturers with several welding shops a further deputy, Grade 3, is necessary for each
welding shop.
Table 24 Requirements for the Manufacturer


10 Normative references
In the following table the list of the European (EN) standards, sorted by number is reported.
Standard Title
EN 288-4 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
EN 288-4/A1 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
EN 288-7 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: APPROVAL
BY A STANDARD WELDING PROCEDURE FOR ARC WELDING
EN 288-8 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 8: APPROVAL
BY A PRE-PRODUCTION WELDING TEST
EN 288-9 SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 9: WELDING
PROCEDURE TESTS FOR PIPELINE WELDING ON LAND AND OFFSHORE SITE BUTT WELDING ON
TRANSMISSION PIPELINES
EN 439 WELDING CONSUMABLES - SHIELDING GASES FOR ARC WELDING AND CUTTING
EN 440 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF
NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 499 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND
FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN ISO 544 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS FOR WELDING FILLER MATERIALS - TYPE OF
PRODUCT, DIMENSIONS, TOLERANCES AND MARKINGS
EN 559 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - RUBBER HOSES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 560 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - HOSE CONNECTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING,AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 561 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - QUICK-ACTION COUPLING WITH SHUT-OFFVALVES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND
ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 562 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE GAUGES USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 719 WELDING COORDINATION - TASKS AND RESPONSABILITIES
EN 729-1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GUIDELINES
FOR SELECTION AND USE
EN 729-2 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2:
COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
EN 729-3 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: STANDARD
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
EN 729-4 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ELEMENTARY
EN 730-1 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 1: INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) ARRESTOR
EN 730-2 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 2: NOT INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK)
ARRESTOR
EN 731 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - AIR ASPIRATED HAND BLOWPIPES - SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS
EN 756 WELDING CONSUMABLES - SOLID WIRES, SOLID WIRE-FLUX AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODE-FLUX
COMBINATIONS FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 757 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGHT
STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 758 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH AND WITHOUT
GAS SHIELD OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 760 WELDING CONSUMABLES - FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING - CLASSIFICATION
EN 874 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-OXYGEN/FUEL GAS BLOWIPES (CUTTING MACHINE TYPE) OF CYLINDRICAL
BARREL-TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, GENERAL SPECIFICATION, TEST METHODS
EN 875 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-IMPACT TEST-TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION,NOTCH
ORIENTATION AND EXAMINATION
EN 876 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-LONGITUDINAL TENSILE TEST ON WELD METAL IN


FUSION WELDED JOINTS
EN 895 DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TRANSVERSE TENSILE TEST
EN 910 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - BEND TESTS
EN 970 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF FUSION WELDS - VISUAL EXAMINATION
EN 1011-1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR
ARC WELDING
EN 1011-1/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR
ARC WELDING
EN 1011-1/A2 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR
ARC WELDING
EN 1011-2 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF FERRITIC
STEELS.
EN 1011-2/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF
FERRITIC STEELS
EN 1011-3 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: ARC WELDING OF
STAINLESS STEELS
EN 1011-3/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 3: ARC WELDING OF
STAINLESS STEELS
EN 1011-4 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ARC WELDING OF
ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
EN 1011-4/A1 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 4: ARC WELDING OF
ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
EN 1011-5 WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 5: WELDING OF CLAD STEEL
EN 1011-7 WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: ELECTRON BEAM
WELDING
EN 1043-1 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TESTING - PART 1: HARDNESS TEST
ON ARC WELDED JOINTS
EN 1043-2 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TEST -PART 2: MICRO HARDNESS
TESTING ON WELDED JOINTS
EN 1044 BRAZING - FILLER METALS
EN 1045 BRAZING - FLUXES FOR BRAZING - CLASSIFICATIONS AND TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS
EN ISO 1071 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR
FUSION WELDING OF CAST IRON -CLASSIFICATION
EN 1256 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SPECIFICATION FOR HOSE ASSEMBLIES FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING,
CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 1289 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1289/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1289/A2 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1290 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS
EN 1290/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS
EN 1290/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS
EN 1291 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE
LEVELS
EN 1291/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1291/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1320 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - FRACTURE TESTS
EN 1321 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
OF WELDS
EN 1326 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- SMALL KITS FOR GAS BRAZING AND WELDING
EN 1327 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- THERMOPLASTICS HOSES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 1418 WELDING PERSONNEL- APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDING OPERATORS FOR FUSION WELDING AND
RESISTANCE WELD SETTER FOR FULLY MECHANIZED AND AUTOMATIC WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS
EN 1435 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1435/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1435/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1597-1 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 1- TEST PIECE FOR ALL- WELD METAL TEST SPECIMENS IN
STEEL, NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
EN 1597-2 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 2- PREPARATION OF TEST PIECE FOR SINGLE AND TWO
RUN TECHNIQUE TEST SPECIMEN IN STEEL
EN 1597-3 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 3: TESTING OF POSITIONAL CAPABILITY OF WELDING
CONSUMABLES IN A FILLET WELD
EN 1598 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS
AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES
EN 1598/A1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS


AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES
EN 1599 WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING
STEELS- CLASSIFICATION
EN 1600 WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND
HEAT RESISTING STEELS- CLASSIFICATION
EN 1668 WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS, WIRES AND DEPOSITS FOR TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF NON
ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS- CLASSIFICATION
EN 1708-1 WELDING- BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL- PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS
EN 1708-1/A1 WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS
EN 1708-2 WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 2: NON INTERNAL PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS
EN 1711 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION BY COMPLEX PLANE ANALYSIS
EN 1711/A1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION OF WELDS BY COMPLEX PLANE
ANALYSIS.
EN 1712 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS -
ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1712/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1712/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 1713 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION- CHARACTERIZATION OF
INDICATIONS IN WELDS
EN 1713/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN
WELDS
EN 1713/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN
WELDS
EN 1714 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1714/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1714/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS
EN 1792 WELDING- MULTILINGUAL LIST OF TERMS FOR WELDING AND RELATED PROCESSES
EN ISO 2503 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR GAS CYLINDERS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING
AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR (SOSITUISCE EN 585?)
EN ISO 3677 FILLER METAL FOR SOFT SOLDERING, BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING -DESIGNATION
EN ISO 3690 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN CONTENT IN FERRITIC ARC WELD
METAL
EN ISO 4063 WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND BRAZE WELDING OF METALS -NOMENCLATURE OF PROCESSES AND
REFERENCE NUMBERS FOR SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS
EN ISO 5172 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - MANUAL BLOWPIPES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND HEATING - SPECIFICATIONS
AND TESTS
EN ISO 5183-1 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT- ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPER 1:10 - CONICAL FIXING, TAPER 1:10
EN ISO 5183-2 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPPER 1:10 - PART 2: PARALLEL SHANK
FIXING FOR END-THRUST ELECTRODES
EN ISO 5817 WELDING - FUSION-WELDED JOINTS IN STEEL, NICKEL, TITANIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (BEAM WELDING
EXCLUDED) - QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS
EN ISO 5826 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL
TRANSFORMERS (ISO 5826:1999)
EN ISO 5828 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - SECONDARY CONNECTING CABLES WITH TERMINALS CONNECTED TO
WATERCOOLED LUGS - DIMENSIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
EN ISO 6520-1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC
MATERIALS - PART 1: FUSION WELDING
EN ISO 6520-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC
MATERIALS - PART 2: WELDING WITH PRESSURE
EN ISO 6847 WELDING CONSUMABLES - DEPOSITION OF A WELD METAL PAD FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
EN ISO 6947 WELDS - WORKING POSITIONS - DEFINITIONS OF ANGLES OF SLOPE AND ROTATION
EN ISO 7284 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT-PARTICULAR SPECIFICATION APPLICABLE TO TRANSFORMERS WITH
TWO SEPARATE SECONDARY WINDINGS FOR MULTI SPOT WELDING AS USED IN THE AUTOMOBILE
INDUSTRY
EN ISO 7287 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR THERMAL CUTTING EQUIPMENT
EN ISO 7291 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR MANIFOLD SYSTEMS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING
AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR
EN ISO 8166 RESISTANCE WELDING - PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE LIFE OF SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES
USING CONSTANT MACHINE SETTINGS
EN ISO 8205-1 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 1: DIMENSIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR DOUBLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES
EN ISO 8205-2 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 2: DIMENSIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES
EN ISO 8205-3 WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 3: TEST


REQUIREMENTS
EN ISO 8249 WELDING- DETERMINATION OF FERRITE NUMBER (FN) IN AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC CR-
NI STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL
EN ISO 9013 THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND
QUALITY TOLERANCES
EN ISO 9013/A1 THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND
QUALITY TOLERANCES
EN ISO 9018 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS TENSILE TEST ON CRUCIFORM AND LAPPED
JOINTS
EN ISO 9312 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - INSULATED PINS FOR USE IN ELECTRODE BACK-UPS
EN ISO 9454-2 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
EN ISO 9455-2 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 2: DETERMINATION OF NON VOLATILE MATTER,
EBULLIOMETRIC METHOD
EN ISO 9455-3 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 3: DETERMINATION OF ACID VALUE, POTENTIOMETRIC AND
VISUAL TITRATION METHODS
EN ISO 9455-6 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS - PART 6 : DETERMINATION AND DETECTION OF HALIDE
(EXCLUDING FLUORIDE) CONTENT
EN ISO 9455-9 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 9: DETERMINATION OF AMONIA CONTENT
EN ISO 9455-10 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 10: FLUX EFFICACY TEST, SOLDER SPREAD METHOD
EN ISO 9455-12 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 12: STEEL TUBE CORROSION TEST
EN ISO 9455-13 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 13: DETERMINATION OF FLUX SPATTERING
EN ISO 9455-15 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 15: COPPER CORROSION TEST
EN ISO 9455-16 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES-TEST METHODS-PART 16: FLUX EFFICACY TESTS,WETTING BALANCE METHOD
EN ISO 9606-3 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS- FUSION WELDING - PART 3 - COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
EN ISO 9606-4 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - PART 4 - NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
EN ISO 9606-5 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS, ZIRCONIUM AND
ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS
ENISO 9692-1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION PART 1: MANUAL
METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS WELDING, TIG WELDING AND BEAM
WELDING OF STEELS
EN ISO 9692-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - JOINT PREPARATION - PART 2: SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF STEELS
EN ISO 9692-3 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATION FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT
GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
EN ISO 9692-3/A1 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT
GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
EN ISO 9692-4 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 4: CLAD STEELS
EN ISO 9956-10* SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 10: WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR ELECTRON BEAM WELDING
EN ISO 9956-11* SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 11: WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR LASER BEAM WELDING
EN ISO 10564 SOLDERING AND BRAZING MATERIALS - METHODS FOR THE SAMPLING OF SOFT SOLDERS FOR ANALYSIS
EN ISO 10882-1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND
GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 1: SAMPLING OF AIRBONE PARTICLES
EN ISO 10882-2 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND
GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 2: SAMPLING OF GASES
EN 12062 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
EN 12062/A1 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
EN 12062/A2 NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS
EN 12070 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING
STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 12071 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF
CREEP RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 12072 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND
HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 12073 WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH OR WITHOUT A
GAS SHIELD OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN 12074 WELDING CONSUMABLES-QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
CONSUMABLES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN ISO 12224-1 SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHOD - PART 1: CLASSIFICATION AND
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
EN ISO 12224-2 FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS - PART 2: DETERMINATION OF FLUX
CONTENT
EN ISO 12224-3 SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST METHODS PART 3: WETTING
BALANCE TEST METHOD FOR FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE EFFICACY


EN 12345 WELDING - MULTILINGUAL TERMS FOR WELDED JOINTS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
CR 12361 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS -ETCHANTS FOR MACROSCOPIC AND
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
EN 12517 NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS -
ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
EN 12517/A1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE
LEVELS
EN 12517/A2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE
LEVELS
EN 12534 WELDING CONSUMABLES- WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC
WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION
EN 12535 WELDING CONSUMABLES- TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF
HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION
EN 12536 WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS FOR GAS WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND CREEP-RESISTING STEELS-
CLASSIFICATION
EN 12584 IMPERFECTIONS IN OXYFUEL FLAME CUTS, LASER BEAM CUTS AND PLASMA CUTS: TERMINOLOGY
EN 12797 BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS
EN 12797/A1 BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS
EN 12799 BRAZING- NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS
EN 12799/A1 BRAZING - NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS
EN 13133 BRAZING - BRAZER APPROVAL
EN 13134 BRAZING - PROCEDURE APPROVAL
CR 13576 IMPLEMENTATION OF EN 729 ON QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS
EN 13622 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - TERMINOLOGY - TERMS USED FOR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT
EN ISO 13916 WELDING - GUIDANCE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF PRE-HEATING TEMPERATURE, INTERPASS TEMPERATURE
AND PRE-HEAT MAINTENANCE TEMPERATURE
EN ISO 13918 WELDING - STUDS AND CERAMIC FERRULES FOR ARC STUD WELDING
EN 13918 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - INTEGRATED FLOWMETER REGULATORS USED ON CYLINDERS FOR WELDING,
CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES -CLASSIFICATION, SPECIFICATION AND TESTS
EN ISO 13919-1 WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS- GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR
IMPERFECTIONS-PART 1: STEEL
EN ISO 13919-2 WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY
LEVEL FOR IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS
EN ISO 13919-2/A1 WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR
IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS
EN ISO 13920 WELDING - GENERAL TOLLERANCES FOR WELDED CONSTRUCTIONS -DIMENSIONS FOR LENGTHS AND
ANGLES - SHAPE AND POSITION
EN ISO 14113 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- RUBBER AND PLASTIC HOSES ASSEMBLED FOR COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED
GASES UP TO A MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE OF 450 BAR
EN ISO 14114 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED
PROCESSES- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
EN ISO 14172 WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND
NICKEL ALLOYS -CLASSIFICATION
EN ISO 14270 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR MECHANIZED PEEL TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND
EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS
EN ISO 14271 VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING OF RESISTANCE, SPOT PROJECTION AND SEAM WELDS (LOW LOAD AND
MICROHARDNESS)
EN ISO 14272 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR CROSS TENSION TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT AND
EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS
EN ISO 14273 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR SHEAR TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND EMBOSSED
PROJECTION WELDS
EN 14295 WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES AND ELECTRODE-FLUX COMBINATIONS
FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS - CLASSIFICATION
EN ISO 14324 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - METHOD FOR THE FATIGUE TESTING OF
SPOT WELDED JOINTS
EN ISO 14329 RESISTANCE WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - FAILURE TYPES AND GEOMETRIC
MEASUREMENTS FOR RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND PROJECTION WELDS
EN ISO 14372 WELDING CONSUMABLES - DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE RESISTANCE OF MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING
ELECTRODES BY MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN
EN ISO 14554-1 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS -
COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
EN ISO 14554-2 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - ELEMENTARY
EN ISO 14555 WELDING - ARC STUD WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS


CR 14599 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR WELDING PURPOSES IN RELATION WITH EN 1792
EN ISO 14744-1 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 1: PRINCIPLES AND
ACCEPTANCE CONDITION
EN ISO 14744-2 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF
ACCELERATING VOLTAGE
EN ISO 14744-3 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF BEAM
CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC
EN ISO 14744-4 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF WELDING
SPEED
EN ISO 14744-5 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF RUN-OUT
ACCURACY
EN ISO 14744-6 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 6: MEASUREMENT OF
STABILITY OF SPOT POSITION
EN ISO 15011-1 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES-LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUMES
AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING- PART 1: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATE AND SAMPLING FOR
ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE FUME
EN ISO 15011-2 HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUME
AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING -PART 2: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATES OF GASES,
EXCEPT OZONE (ISO 15011-2:2003)
EN ISO 15607 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - GENERAL
RULES
CR ISO 15608 WELDING - GUIDELINES FOR A METALLIC MATERIAL GROUPING SYSTEM
EN ISO 15609-2 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING
EN ISO 15609-2/A1 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING
PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING
EN ISO 15610 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION
BASED ON TESTED WELDING CONSUMABLES
EN ISO 15611 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION
BASED ON PREVIOUS WELDING EXPERIENCE
EN ISO 15614-1 SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING
PROCEDURE TEST - PART 1: ARC AND GAS WELDING OF STEELS AND ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND NICKEL
ALLOYS
PROCEDURE TEST - PART 5: ARC WELDING OF TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (ISO 15614-5:2004)
PROCEDURE TEST- PART 8: WELDING OF TUBES TO TUBE-PLATE JOINTS
PROCEDURE TEST- PART 11: ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDING
EN ISO 15615 GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED
PROCESSES-SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN HIGH-PRESSURE DEVICES
EN ISO 15616-1 ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR CO2-LASER BEAM MACHINES FOR HIGH QUALITY WELDING AND CUTTING - PART 1:
GENERAL PRINCIPLES, ACCEPTANCE CONDITIONS (ISO 15616-1:2003)
MEASUREMENT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC ACCURACY (ISO 15616-2:2003)
CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW AND PRESSURE (ISO 15616- 3:2003)
EN ISO 15618-1 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 1: DIVER-WELDERS FOR
HYPERBARIC WET WELDING
EN ISO 15618-2 APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 2: DIVER-WELDERS AND WELDING
OPERATORS FOR HYPERBARIC DRY WELDING
EN ISO 15620 WELDING - FRICTION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS
EN ISO 17652-1 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 1: GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS (ISO 17652-1:2003)
EN ISO 17652-2 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 2: WELDING
PROPERTIES OF SHOP PRIMERS (ISO 17652-2:2003)
EN ISO 17652-3 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 3: THERMAL
CUTTING (ISO 17652-3:2003)
EN ISO 17652-4 WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 4: EMISSION
OF FUMES AND GASES (ISO 17652- 4:2003)
EN ISO 17653 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TORSION TEST OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDS (ISO
17653:2003)
EN ISO 17654 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - RESISTANCE WELDING - PRESSURE TEST ON
RESISTANCE SEAM WELDS (ISO 17654:2003)


EN ISO 17655 DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - METHOD FOR TAKING SAMPLES FOR DELTA
FERRITE MEASUREMANT (ISO 17655:2003)
CR ISO 17663 GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATMENT IN CONNECTION WITH WELDING AND
ALLIED PROCESSES
EN ISO 18279 BRAZING - IMPERFECTIONS IN BRAZED JOINTS
EN 20544 FILLER MATERIALS FOR MANUAL WELDING - SIZE REQUIREMENTS
EN 20693 DIMENSIONS OF SEAM WELDING WHEEL BLANKS
EN 20865 SLOTS IN PLATENS FOR PROJECTION WELDING MACHINES
EN 21089 ELECTRODES TAPER FIT FOR SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - DIMENSIONS
EN 22401 COVERED ELECTRODES - DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY, METAL RECOVERY AND DEPOSITION
COEFFICIENT
EN 22553 WELDED, BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS - SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS
EN 25184 STRAIGHT RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES
EN 25821 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODE CAPS
EN 25822 SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - TAPER PLUG GAUGES AND TAPER RING GAUGES
EN 25827 SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE BACK-UP AND CLAMPS
EN 26848 TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES FOR INERT GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING AND FOR PLASMA CUTTING AND
WELDING - CODIFICATION
EN 27286 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT
EN 27931 INSULATION CAPS AND BUSHES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT
EN 27963 WELDS IN STEEL - CALIBRATION BLOCK N 2 FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS
EN 28167 PROJECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING
EN 28206 ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR OXYGEN CUTTING MACHINES - REPRODUCIBLE ACCURACY OPERATIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
EN 28430-1 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 1: TAPER FIXING 1:10
EN 28430-2 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS- PART 2: MORSE TAPER FIXING
EN 28430-3 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 3: PARALLEL SHANK FIXING FOR END THRUST
EN 29090 GAS TIGHTNESS OF EQUIPMENT FOR GAS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 29313 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - COOLING TUBES
EN 29453 SOFT SOLDER ALLOYS - CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND FORMS
EN 29454-1 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS -PART 1: CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND
PACKAGING
EN 29455-1 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS PART 1: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER,
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
EN 29455-5 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 5: COPPER MIRROR TEST
EN 29455-8 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 8: DETERMINATION OF ZINC CONTENT
EN 29455-11 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 11: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER,
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
EN 29455-14 SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 14: ASSESSMENT OF TACKINESS OF FLUX RESIDUES
EN 29539 MATERIALS FOR EQUIPMENT USED IN GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES
EN 29692 METAL-ARC WELDING WITH COVERED ELECTRODES, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING - JOINT
PREPARATION FOR STEEL
EN 30042 ARC-WELDED JOINTS IN ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR
IMPERFECTIONS

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Welding Fabrication Standards Page 1

the following educational tools for the classroom instruction:

With review of GSI - SLV Duisburg and EWF.

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