Communications 5 GSM Print

GSM Cellular Network
ECE125D/B12

MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Prepared or Submitted by:
ANTONIO, Freitz Allen P.
BERNARDINO, Christoffer B.
GALEON, Jeremiah Gem C.
GONZALES. Jonn Kenneth A.
MANANGAN, Krizell Ann C.
SILVERIO, Steven Matthew G.

Submitted to:
Engr. Jose B. Cardenas

December 6, 2011

I. Acknowledgement

II. Approval Letter

III. Letter Of Transmittal

IV. Theoretical Background Of GSM
-Brief History of Wireless Telephone
-Global System for Mobile Communication
-GSM Network Structure
-The structure of a GSM network

V. Given/ Design Requirements

VI. Coverage Map/Study Plan

VII. Cellular Plan

VIII. Design Computations

IX. Frequency Plan

X. Table Of Compliance

The group of future Electronics Engineers of the Philippines would like to
acknowledge the following because without them, this design would not be
possible.

To the Almighty God, we thank you for your guidance and grace that you
constantly giving us.

Our sincerest thanks go to our professor, Engr. Jose Cardenas, for giving us
this design task for us to understand well the Cellular and Frequency Planning
and prepare us to handle the competitiveness of our course outside the school.
We will be grateful for all of the lessons you had taught us, academic-wise or
not.

To the persons behind this project, thanks for the camaraderie, unity and
cooperation. Our projects will never be done without a bunch of sleepless and
restless teenagers battling fatigue during midnight. Nevertheless, the experience
shaped us to be better individuals.

To our families, thanks for their unconditional love and support. For the
concern and understanding you have shown us, thank you so much.

To some people who helped us, our utmost appreciation for whatever
contributions you gave for the completion of this project.

To the panel that review this design and help us to make this design
complete and specific, we extend our deepest gratitude to you.

God bless us all!


This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation and read the
design report prepared by Freitz Allen P. Antonio, Christoffer B. Bernardino,
Jeremiah Gem C. Galeon, Jonn Kenneth A. Gonzales, Krizell Ann C. Manangan
and Steven Matthew G. Silverio entitled GSM CELLULAR NETWORK and that
the said design report has been submitted for final examination by Oral
examination Committee.

Engr. Jose B. Cardenas
Course Adviser

As a member of the Oral examination committee, I certify that I have
examined the design report, presented before the committee on 6th of
December 2011 and hereby recommend that it will be accepted as fulfillment
of the research report requirement to the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Engr. Jose B. Cardenas Engr. Flordeliza Valiente Engr. Emma Ruth Tiong
Panel Member Panel Member Panel Member

The design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of EE
ECE Cpe as partial fulfillment of the requirement in Bachelor of Science in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Engr. Alejandro H. Ballado Jr.
Subject Chairperson, ECE

Engr. Jose Cardenas
School of EE-ECE-CpE
Mapa Institute of Technology
Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila

Dear Sir:
In accordance to your requirements in Communications 5 Design, we
have prepared a documentation of our Plate entitled GSM: Cellular Network
and Frequency Planning. This paper contains the necessary and essential
technical information to support our design. It includes cell site locations,
subscriber count, traffic load, number of transceivers to use per sector,
frequency plan, etc. Supporting calculations of this design are also included in
this document. We have also included some discussion about the basics of
cellular planning and GSM.
Through the course of the term, 2nd term SY 2010-2011, were given the
opportunity to learn much about GSM and how to design it. We feel that the
knowledge we have gained in this design will be helpful in future work terms,
and in our chosen fields.
If you have any questions and/or comments regarding the interpretation
of this paper, our group is willing to discuss matters in your most convenient time
and place.

Respectfully,


Brief History of Wireless Communications
Mobile telephony was provided by conventional two-way radio, which
allowed only a few dozen two-way radio channels in a given service area. A
singe, centrally located, high-power radio transmitter served a whole area
about 50 miles in diameter. The very small number of users who could be served
in a given area meant that the service was quite costly, and the limited
capacity of the service meant that many potential customers went unserved.
Cellular mobile telephone service solved the problem of congestion, and its
mass market acceptance made mobile service affordable to many customers.
In the early 1970s, AT&T had applied earlier to the Federal
Communications Commission(FCC) for permission to offer an advanced mobile
phone service(AMPS) based on the cellular principle, but the FCC wanted to
determine how to introduce competition into the provision of cellular service. So
in 1975, FCC opened 40 MHz of the 800MHz radio band to any qualified
common carrier, brining competition to the service.
Global System for Mobile communications
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony
system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a
variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of
the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM
digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz
or 1800 MHz frequency band.
GSM is the far most popular and widely used implemented digital cellular
system with more than a billion people using the system (by 2005). Features such
as, prepaid calling, international roaming, voice mail, SMS, call waiting. etc.,
enhanced the popularity of the system. The key advantage of GSM systems has
been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such
as text messaging. The advantage for network operators has been the ability to
deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows
easy interoperability.
The GSM system operates at a various radio frequencies, with most them
operating at 900 MHz and /or 1800 MHz. The cell radius in the GSM network
varies depending upon the antenna height, antenna gains, propagation
conditions, etc. Due to this cell sizes are classified into four kinds in GSM
networks: macro, micro, pico and umbrella, with macro cells being the biggest
and umbrella cells being the smallest.
Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and
complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is
divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate
articles.
The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most
similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core
network.
The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based
Internet connections).
All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services
such as voice calls and SMS.

GSM network Architecture

Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber
Identity (IMSI)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
1. Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Radio resources for BTS
Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its
area
Handles call set up
Handover for each MS
It communicates with MSC and BTS

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network
Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
Call setup function and basic switching
Call routing

Home Location Register (HLR)
permanent database about mobile subscribers in a
large service area(generally one per GSM network
operator)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Temporary database which updates whenever new
MS enters its area, by HLR database

Authentication Center (AUC)
Protects against intruders in air interface
Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Database that is used to track handsets using the
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

Subscriber Identity Module
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing
the user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows the user to retain
his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also
change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.
Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or
only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in
some countries.
GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was
designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-
response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be
encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a
longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually
authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated the
user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers
confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no
non-repudiation.
GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2
stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was
developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United
States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. A large security advantage
of GSM over earlier systems is that the cryptographic key stored on the SIM card
is never sent over the wireless interface. Serious weaknesses have been found in
both algorithms, however, and it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time in a
ciphertext-only attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may
replace that cipher with a stronger one.

References:
http://www.wireless.ece.ufl.edu/jshea/eel6509/misc/history.html
http://wireless.itworld.com/4244/040322histowireless/page_1.html
http://www.cellular.co.za/gsmhistory.htm
http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/
Noll, Michael, Introduction to Telephones and Telephone Systems 3
rd

ed., ArTech House Boston-London, pp. 215-240

Requirement for GSM:

For the given area, submit a cellular design using small or micro cells;
optional pico cells. Determine minimum number of transceivers needed and the
BTS EIRP.

Assume (given) NSO data = projected
Center of target circle = UST, Manila
Radius = 2.3 km
Penetration Rate = 3.8%
Propagation Coefficient = 3.8
BW constraints in chn-pr = 5
Air Gos = 3.8%
Traffic Model = Erlang B
Traffic per subscriber = 0.0038 E

This figure shows the coverage area that we are assigned to. The center is at
UST, Manila and has a 2.3 kilometer radius.

Figure 1

Coverage Map

It shows that the coverage area was subdivided into cells.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Design Computations
The design requires having the minimum or optimum number of transceivers within the area. Market
penetration is 3.8% of which non-stationary and flexible traffic is regarded. The traffic per residential
subscriber is 0.0038E.
Given Parameters:
Given
Radius 2.3 km
Market Penetration 3.8 %
Propagation Coefficient 3.8
Allowable BW in Channel Pairs 5 FDD Channel Pairs
GOS % 3.8 %
S/I Ration in dB 9.8 dB
Traffic per Subscriber 0.0038 Erlang
Number of Cells per Cluster

9.8
X = 9.5499

K = 2.8453 3 >> therefore there will be 3 cells per cluster
Number of Voice Channels
5 FDD Channel Pairs = 10 Voice Channels x 8 = 80 Voice Channels
Number of Voice Channels per Cell
Number of Voice Channels per Cell =

=

= 26.667

Design Computations
Therefore, there is a maximum of 26 voice channels in a cell, 2 of which are used for signaling, hence
24 usable voice channels per cell.
Transceiver Computation
Cell 1
Traffic Computation
Traffic per Cell = No. of Subscribers per Cell * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic per Cell = 404 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic per Cell = 1.53520 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
Using the Erlang B Calculator (CALCUCEL), we can compute for the available number of channels with a
GOS of 3.8%.

No. of Voice Channels = 7 Channels


No. of Transceiver =


= 1.125 2 Transceivers

Therefore, the number of transceivers for Cell 1 is 2

Cell 2
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 3
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.





= 1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Cell 3 is 1

Cell 4
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 5
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 6
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.





= 1 Transceiver


Cell 7
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 8
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 9
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 10
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 11
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 12
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 13
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 14
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Cell 15
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 16
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 17
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 18
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.







Cell 19
Traffic Computation
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Flexible Traffic Computation

Central Terminal Station

Traffic = No. of Passengers Daily * Traffic per Subscriber
Traffic = 47 * 0.0038 Erlang
Traffic = 0.1786 traffic/cell
Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.





= 0.625 1 Transceiver

Therefore, the number of transceiver for Central Station is 1
\

Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station

Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Therefore, the number of transceiver for Carriedo and Doroteo Jose Station is 1

Bambang and Tayuman Station

Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.






Therefore, the number of transceiver for Bambang and Tayuman Station is 1


Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station

Channel Computation
GOS of 3.8%.

No. of Voice Channels = Channels





Therefore, the number of transceiver for Blumentritt and Abad Santos Station is 1

Summary

*color coding represents clusterization

Frequency Planning
GSM 900

Uplink: 890- 895 MHz
Downlink: 935- 940 MHz
Duplex Distance: 45 MHz
Carrier Separation: 200 Khz

Frequency Plan

Table Of Compliance

Communications 5 GSM Print

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