1130 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, N;o.
3 May/June 1979
H. N. Nunnally, Member IEEE
E. B. Joy, Member IEEE
Abstract - A computer simulation is described
which enables the determination of voltages on the sur-
face and within the earth caused by: (1) a phase-to-
neutral fault, (2) a fault with simultaneous open neu-
trals on either side, and (3) an open neutral. The
buried cable and associated ground rods are modeled as
a set of interconnected cylindrical segments situated
in a three-dimensional, two-layered earth model. Si-
multaneous solution of the interconnected segment cir-
cuit and electromagnetostatic equations yields the
desired solution. Output from the computer simulation
is shown to match closely the data from field tests of
faulted cables and other results from the literature.
Work supported by EPRI contract RP797-1.
INTRODUCTION
The maintenance of acceptable step and touch po-
tentials in the presence of unusual operating condi-
tions with underground distribution systems is a vital
concern in the utility industry today. These cables,
usually containing a concentr-ic neutral, are subject to
faults from accidental dig-ins or to opens from corro-
sion of the neutral conductors. Such conditions pro-
duce touch and step potentials on the earth's surface
as defined in Figure 1. In this figure, VRG is the
voltage (referenced to remote ground) at the point of
fault; VT is the "touch potential" difference between
the fault point and the earth surface above the cable;
and VSl, VS2, and VS3 are step potentials.
A number of field testing programs designed to
measure these potentials under fault conditions have
been conducted [1-4], the most recent being that per-
formed at Franksville, Wisconsin under EPRI contract
RP-671 [5]. However, results from each of these
6' L--3' - 3'
Vs3 Vs2 V5
V6
3/
V12\ VG/ > Faulted
Remote ground VRG
Figure 1. Definition of Fault, touch and step potentials.
F 78 694-2. A paper recamurnded and approved by
the IEEE Insulated Conductors Cammittee of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society for presentation at the
IEEE PES Suilmr Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, July 16-
21, 1978. Manuscript submitted January 27, 1978;
made available for printing April 25, 1978.
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COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR DETERMINING
STEP AND TOUCH POTENTIALS RESULTING FROM
FAULTS OR OPEN NEUTRALS IN URD CABLE
R. P. Webb, Member IEEE
A. P. Meliopoulos, Member IEEE
Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Electrical Engineering
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
programs are valid only for the particular cables and
circuits used and the soil in which the tested cables
were buried. Particular numerical results could be
differentif the cable construction or soil conductivity
and geometry were changed. It is impossible to field
test all possible combinations of cable and soil conduc-
tivity, and even if thiswere r,ossible, it is not clear how
one might extrapolate the test data to predict results
in actual distribution systems under fault.
This paper describes a computer program, entitled
BCAB, which calculates touch and step voltages produced
when aburied cable undergoes a fault or open neutral or
a combination fault and open neutral. The program ex-
ists in two versions, one for execution on a large com-
puter, and another which can be run with a suitable
minicomputer.
The cable and any associated ground rods are repre-
sented as a set of interconnected segments, each of
which is described by certain electrical and geometric
parameters. By suitably selecting the parameters, a
given segment may simulate a length of ground rod or a
length of cable with either a bare neutral, an insulated
neutral, or a neutral covered with semiconducting ma-
terial. Other parameter selections cause an open or
shorted length of cable to be simulated. The surround-
ing soil is represented as two homogeneous layers, the
top layer having variable thickness. Thus, the program
can predict results which would be expected in any geo-
graphical region for which a soil model is known, for a
large class of cable/soil combinations. The program,
written primarily in support of the RP-671 test program,
includes the capability of including, in detail, the
complete circuit utilized in those experiments, but with
suitable values inserted for circuit parameters it can
simulate faults and opens in a general distribution
system.
THE COMPUTER PROGRAM
General Description
)VT The analysis procedure used in the program is based
on modeling a short length (typically less than 50
Cable
meters) of the buried cable neutral and jacket and any
ground rods as a set of 22 interconnected segments lo-
cated in the earth, with the earth itself represented
by two homogeneous layers of known conductivity. Be-
cause of the short lengths simulated, an electrostatic
analysis is sufficient in solving for the segment volt-
ages and currents [6]. The segments are connected to
an external driving circuit described later. Each seg-
ment is of known length and outside diameter and has a
known position in the problem coordinate system.
Figure 2 depicts a typical segment cross-section as
modeled. This shows the neutral conductor is treated as
a uniform shell of conductor. The segment parameters
needed for the program are the segment outer diameter,
DIA, the jacket thickness TJ, the jacket conductivity,
aj, and the length L. Phase conductor parameters are
not needed, since they are incorporated into the imped-
ance of the source driving the point of fault. Based on
0018-9510/79/0500-1130$00.75 1979 IEEE
 1131
ZHI

Phase
Conductor

Jacket,
Shell representation Conductivity aj
of neutral

Figure 2. Cable segment cross-section Figure 3. Circuit segment model for conditions 1 and 2.

these parameters, the electrical behavior of the segment
is represented by a longitudinal impedance (assumed
negligible for the short cable segments normally modeled),
anda radial impedance, ZR' which defines the resistance
to radial current flowing from the neutral into the
earth. The expression for ZR is
1
l
DIA
R 2irLaJ DIA-2 TJ
Note that by properly selecting aj and Tj, the segment
may in fact represent a portion of bare or jacketed
cable. Also, a section with open neutral is modeled by
setting very large values for ZR and for longitudinal
impedance.
Ground rods and arcs are represented by segments
If no rods are desired in
with zero radial impedance.
the simulation, the radial impedance of rod segments is
simply set large enough to "insulate" the rods from the
problem.
for three
The program provides simulations
ting conditions. These are:
Condition 1 - A single phase-to-neutral fault
Condition 2 - A single phase-to-neutral fault
accompanied by simultaneous open
neutrals to either side of the
fault
A single open neutral
Condition 3 -
For each of these, an appropriate arrangement of
segments has been defined to simulate the condition.
These include load impedances ZLOADl and ZLOAD2 attached
at the cable ends to allow the program to incorporate an
external circuit.
For the first two conditions, the circuit' segment
model solved is shown in Figure 3. Here, a length, LC,
of cable is buriedata depth dc. The surface soil layer
is of depth D and conductivity a2, while the lower
(semi-infinite) layer has conductivity al. Bus voltage,
VS, is connected to the point of fault, with potential
VRG, through a high-side impedance ZHI Fault current
IFT flows to the fault and returns to the supply bus in
two components: I2, the neutral return current (through
low-side impedance ZLO) and IG, the current entering the
earth directly from cable and ground segments (indicated
by the arrows in the figure) and returning through
station ground impedance ZSG. Neutral voltage is VN.
As indicated, two ground rods may also be included in
simulation.
For simulationsof the RP-671 field tests, the cir-
cuit shown in Figure 3 simulates all significant elements
of the circuit. That is, the buried test cables were of
finite length and attached to a specified supply bus with
a high-side impedance composed of the bus impedance, a
high-side current limiting impedance and the supply cable
impedance. Also, the low-side consisted of the return
cable impedance and a low-side current-limiting impe-
dance. Some tests included two ground rods, while others
included none. Also, a few tests incorporated an addi-
tional "system ground" consisting of a group of ground
rods installed at a location removed from the testing
area. This is not shown in Figure 3, but the program
treats it as an additional impedance connected between
the point at which VN is defined and remote ground. In
addition, BCAB treats generalized distribution circuits
with physical dimensions much greater than those asso-
ciated with a field test. For such simulations, the ap-
proach is to simulate in detail only a finite length,
opera-
Lc, of the cable near the fault. The region around this
The portion of
section is called the "Problem Space."
the system outside the problem space is represented as
the lumped elements ZHI, ZLO and ZSG' This procedure
results in some errors near theproblem space boundaries,
but if the space is large, the voltages predicted near
the fault itself will be accurate.
It is noteworthy that accurate representation of the
system external to the problem space is necessary only
for the computation of the absolute fault voltage VRG.
Step and touch potentials normalized to at-fault voltage
are-almost independent of external system parameters.
Thus, absolute voltages calculated from a given ZHI and
ZLO can be adjusted to acount for expected tolerances
in those values.
In a general utility circuit, the system impedances
will normally be known in terms of positive- and zero-
sequence impedances. Therefore, BCAB sets
Z =Z
HI POS
ZERO POS
LO 3
where Z
PoS
and Z
ZERO
are the total positive and zero-

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 1132
sequence impedances from the reference bus to the point operating current, or the available fault current if
of fault. These may be expressed as the sum of the im- the effect of a fault occuring outside theproblem space
pedances of the various distribution links between re- is to be calculated. The current Iret is returned in
ference bus and fault point. the neutral to the problem space at point A. Part of
it flows into the earth and through the open section,
The general procedure for solving Condition 1 and generating step and touch potentials. From Carson's
Condition 2 problems is now outlined. Since the problem formulas, Iret may be computed from Io by [9]:
is assumed linear, it ispossible to consider the Figure
3 buried cable portion as a two-port network with input z
at the fault point and output at N, the point of junc- I = SC I (4)
tion of the neutral ends, as indicated, in the simplified ret Z 0
s
circuit of Figure 4. The Za, Zb and Zc impedances of
this figure are obtained in a conventional manner by where
solving just the buried cable portion of Figure 3 twice:
once with point N open-circuited, and once with point N D
shorted to remote ground. These solutions represent a Z = r + jO.0229 en( ) (5)
simultaneous solution of the segment network equations
(composed of terms formed from the radial and longitu-
dinal impedances of each segment) and the system electro- D
static equations describing the segment interactions Z = R + r + jO.0229 Qn( ) (6)
through a conducting earth. The latter, in turn, require s s g D
ds
the calculation of the mutual impedances through the
earth between the segments, and the self-impedances of and
each segment. These impedances, functions of the soil
electrical parameters and segment geometric parameters,- D
e
= 2160i//a 1 f the depth of the equivalent
are computed from a series of formulas embodying the earth return (ft.)
analytic solution of the voltages at any point in a two-
layered earth due to a uniform current leaving a single d5 = sheath geometric meanradius
vertical or horizontal segment located also in the two- (ft.)
layered model [6]. With Za, Zb and Zc determined, VRG,
VN and I2 are easily found. Finally, the buried cable D
cs
= distance from middle of
portion of Figure 3 is again solved, this time with VRG sheath to conductor center
specified and point N connected to remote ground through (ft.)
an impedance equal to the ratio of VN and I2 as pre-
viously determined. r = 0. 301f x 10 = the earth return resistance
g ~~~~(Q/1000 ft.)
This last solution also yields theradial currents
ik, k = 1,2,...,22 for each segment. From these, the Rs = sheath ac resistance (Q/1000
voltage Vp(x,y,z) produced at any point (x,y,z) in the ft.)
two-layer earth is computed from
f = frequency (Hz)
22
V (x,y,Z) =
k=l
I ik k(xIyIz) (3) a1 = conductivityof lower soil
layer (U/m)
where S1k(x,y,z), the mutual impedance between the kth The system of Figure 5 is solved by assuming a
segment and the point of evaluation, is found from the particular voltage at point A and then solving the si-
same formulas mentioned above. multaneous sets of equations for this system to find
the segment radial currents and I2' The sum of these
For simulations of the third condition (the single must be the returned current for the assumed input vol-
open neutral), the applicable circuit segment impedances tage. Actual segment currents for the desired Iret of
are the same as in the Figure 3 circuit. In this case, equation (4) are obtained by scaling by the ratio of
however, the cable excitation is described in terms of the actual and computed Iret values. Equation (3) is
the currents Io and Iret. The phase conductor current
Io leaves the problem space and enters the external sys- ZHI
tem. This current can be specified as either the normal
ZHIFault T-equivalent for cable
ZHI Point r c

f~ ~~F RG l a b | N

v )
j ~~~~~12
-Remote
.
. .
Ground
;.
7%.
. . -Li-iw -- ., &
I
.
. p
,
--u
... .
a
.?
*
Iet;,
.., ;-.. -;.
,

Ui
Figure 4. Simplified circuit model for conditions 1 and 2, with
Figure 5. Circuit segment model for
cable replaced by its T-equivalent. condition 3 simulations.

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then employed to find the resulting voltage
points in the two-layered earth.
Program Outputs
Results from the simulation program are available
in both tabular and graphical form. The listed outputs
are the following potentials defined in Figure 1: VRG,
VT, VG, V3, V6, V12, VS1, VS2 and VS3. Graphical out-
put is in the form of two plots of equipotential con-
tours--one showing contours on the earth surface centered
over the fault point, and another showing contours on a
plane normal to the cable and passing through the prob-
lem space midpoint.
Computer Requirements
The large computer version of BCAB requires about
20K, 36-bit words memory, and execution time (exclusive
of plots) is about twelve seconds using a CDC Cyber 74.
The minicomputer version requires about 60K, 16-bit
words of memory and executes on a NOVA 830 with disk in
about five minutes.
RESULTS
Program Verification
Two procedures have been employed to establish the
validity of the equations used in the program: comparison
of results using the programmed equations for mutual re-
sistance between cable segments, with results in the
literature; and comparison of simulation outputs to re-
sults of field experiments. The first procedure invol-
ved simulation of various configurations of conductors
in earth and the calculation of the resistance to remote
ground of those configurations based on program results.
Data for comparison came from references [71 and [8],
both of which give empirical results and analytical re-
sults obtained from equations differing from those pro-
grammed in BCAB. The following comparison results were
obtained:
1. Single Vertical Ground Rod. For a single
rod inuniform soil, comparisons were per-
formed for ten different rod lengths and
three diameters. Computed resistances to
remote earth were within 3 per cent of
those given in [8].
2. Three Vertical Ground Rods. For three
rods in a trefoil configuration, six dif-
ferent triangle sizeswere employed. Com-
puted remoteearth resistances were closer
to measured data than the calculated
values given in [7].
3. Horizontal Wire. For a single wire in a
uniform earth, agreement with [7] was
within 1 per centfor ten wire lengths and
two depths.
4. Vertical Rod in Upper Layer. Fora single
rod positioned in the upper layer of a two-
layer earth, comparisons were performed
for ten ratios of soil conductivities.
Agreement of program results with [71 was
within five percent.
5. Vertical Rod Penetrating Two Layers. For
a rod extending from ground surface into
the lower soil layer, comparisons were
made for ten rod lengths. Agreement with
[7] was within five per cent.
Program validation with field test data is presented
in the next section.
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1133
at desired Comparison of Simulated and Experimental Results
The cable tests conducted for EPRI Project RP-671
provide the field data to which the program results
were compared. In that test, several types of cable
were used under various conditions of supply voltage,
high and low side current limiting impedance, and
grounding configurations. In all, 114 tests were con-
ducted. The tests were performed in two main groups:
a 15KV series conducted in Fall 1975 and a 35KV series
done in Spring 1976. From all the field tests, 18 were
selected for simulation with the BCAB. These span al-
most all the types of test configurations and cable
types.
The parameters used for the simulations were gene-
rally obtained from readily available field test data
and ~manufacturer's cable data. However, the soil para-
meters required a more elaborate procedure, involving
the measurement of the conductance from fault point to
remote ground. This was necessary because we found
that surface layers were so shallow that reliable mea-
surements of surface conductivity, 02, were not possi-
ble using standard four-electrode techniques [7].
Furthermore, 02 varied throughout the total test period
due to changes in surface layer moisture content. On
the other hand, the deep layer conductivity, 01, was
known from measurements. Therefore, the following pro-
cedure was adopted. The first step was to establish a
set of base values. To do this, the 15KV bare neutral
tests were simulated with 01 set equal to the value
actually measured at the test site at the time of the
tests. The upper layer conductivity, 02, and depth, D,
were systematically varied until computed step and
touch potentials matched as closely as possible to the
experimental data. The conductivity and depth values
obtained by this process, noted as 01, 02 and D, con-
stituted a base set of values for other tests. To
simulate other particular tests, was always taken as
the measured value for the test, and 02 was obtained
from
-
a2 =-
2
a2 (7)
91
where g1 is the measured conductance from the point of
fault to remote ground through the parallel paths of
buried cable and earth for the test under simulation;
and gl is the measured parallel conductance for the base
set. This process yielded 02 values which were from 1
to 6 times the al values. In all cases, D was initial-
ly set at X, but small (less than 20 per cent) adjust-
ments were often necessary to yield agreement between
the program and simulation results. This would simply
reflect the fact that the effective depth of the surface
soil layer depends on the actual location of the cable
sample in the test plot. In all cases, D was between
1.0 and 1.2 meters.
Results from the 18 simulations are shown in Table
1 and Figures 6, 7 and 8. Table 1 shows the fault vol-
tage VRG (normalized by supply voltage) from both mea-
sured results and from BCAB simulation results. Cables
are identified by neutralmaterial (AL = aluminum, CU =
copper), neutral construction (FS = flat strap, CT =
continuous tape, or "LC" type, CW = concentric wire),
and insulation (I = insulated, B = bare, SC = semi-
conducting). Also shown is the neutral size and ground-
ing arrangement. Figure 6 shows measured and simulated
earth surface voltages normalized by fault voltage for
the 15KV cases of Table 1. Data for the 35KV cases
without "system ground" appear in Figure 7; while Figure
8 shows results from the 35KV cases with "system
ground." Each of these figures was drawn by connecting
the measured or simulated values for VG, V3, V6 and V12
(see Figure 1) with smooth lines. From the figures and
 1134
table, it is apparent that the BCAB simulation results
compare favorably with experimental results. SURFACE VOLTA6EVng £*
to -t
Additional Examples

One of the advantages of a simultaneous program

such as BCAB is that results from a specific field
test may be easily extended to other circuit or soil
configurations. For example, suppose the 35KV, CU-
CW-B, full neutral cable of Table 1 was faulted and
also had 0.25-meter opens in the neutral, located 1
meter to either side of the fault. This would be a
Condition 2 operating condition. Table 2 shows the
results of such a simulation and compares the results
with results from the fault without opens (Condition 1).
Surface equipotential plots from both conditions are
shown in Figures 9 and 10. Note the tabulated results
show step and touch potentials several times larger
for the fault with open neutral as compared to the
TABLE 1
SIMULATED AND MEASURED FAULT VOLTAGES--18 CASES I 3 g a2
DISTANCE FROM FAULTED BURIED CABLE SFACEED
SUPPLY NEU- VRG FISIRE 1. MEASUREO AND SIMULATED RESULl OF X KV CASES
VOLTAGE CABLE TRAL GROUND SYSTEM (MEASURED/ WTNOUT SYSTEM BROUND FROM TAKE I
(KV) TYPE SIZE RODS? GROUND? SIMULATION)
SURFACE VOLTASEIYRS M
15 CU-CW-B FULL NO NO 0.44/0.44 Is 1
15 CU-CW-I FULL NO NO 0.45/0.45
15 CU-CT-SC FULL NO NO 0.42/0.43
15 AL-FS-SC FULL NO NO 0.44/0.436 ml
15 AL-FS-I FULL NO NO 0.48/0.47
15 AL-CT-I FULL NO NO 0.48/0.47 TET REULTS
-- - SIMULATED SULTn
15 CU-CT-I FULL NO NO 0.45/0.42
35 CU-CW-B FULL NO NO 0.285/0.274
35 CU-CW-I FULL NO NO 0.395/0.393
35 CU-CT-SC FULL NO NO 0.28/0.26
35 CU-CT-I FULL NO NO 0.05/0.046
35 AL-FS-I FULL NO NO 0.29/0.28
35 AL-FS-I FULL NO NO 0.39/0.374
35 CU-CW-SC FULL NO NO 0.29/0.283
35 AL-CT-SC1FULL YES YES 0.23/0.22
35 AL-CT-SC FULL YES YES O.04/o.0212
35 CU-CW-B ALF NO YES 0.23/0.194
35 CU-CW-I ALF NO YES 0.29/0.29 I -= ._
3 5 12
ICurrent limiting imgedances - High Side: 1.48 186
DISTANCE FROM FAULTEO BURIEO CAULE (UACE FEED
Low Side: 0.71 4
FIGURE L MEASURED ANO SIULATED RESUTS ff 25KV CASE
2Current limiting impedances - High Side: 1.98 71°, WITH SYEM GROUN FROM TAK.E L
Low Side: 0.057 1730
simple fault case. Figure 10 clearly shows the dis-
torting effect on the surface equipotential contours of
the disconnected cable sections.
SURFACE VOLTAGEIVRgS
As a final example, Figure 11 shows the result
TEST RESULT of using BCAB for parametric studies. The figure plots
--- _ESLTS
SIMATED fault, touch, and three-foot step potentials which
would have occured if the 35KV, CU-CW-B test of Figure
7 had been conducted in soils with a wide range of
ratios of surface layer conductivity to lower layer
conductivity. The strong dependence of these poten-
4. tials on relative conductivities is clear from the
figure. Through such studies as this, BCAB can be
used to extrapolate field results obtained under one
set of soil conditions to predict data which would
come from the same tests conducted elsewhere.
0, AL-CT-I AL-FS-I
CU-CT-I CU-CT4I
CU-E-4 CU-CW- CONCLUSIONS
I --I -

3 I It With the development of the simulation program

BCAB, the distribution engineer now has available a
DISTANCE FROM FAULTJES BURED CALI ISURFACE FEET tool for the estimation of touch and step potentials
FIGURE l. MEASURES A SIMULATE RESULTS OF 1S KV CAS FM TABKE 1. resulting from several types of URD cable faults. The
accuracy of the computed results does depend on the

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 1135

TABLE 2 40.0 METERS

FAULT,TOUCH,SURFACE AND STEP POTENTIALS FOR CABLE WITH

FAULT ONLY AND FAULT COMBINED WITH OPENS IN NEUTRAL

VOLTAGE NORMALIZED TO SUPPLY VOLTAGE I

FAULT ONLY FAULT WITH OPENS
I

VRG 0.273 0.967

VT 0.083 0.585
VG 0.190 0.382
V3 0.161 0.235
0.135 0.140
V6
V12 0.104 0.0701 I.
VS1 0.029 0.1472
VS2 0.026 0.095
VS3 0.031 0.070

I
z 40.0 METERS
I
.01

Figure 10. Surface equipotentials normalized to fault

voltage for 35 KV CU-CW-B cable of
Table 1 with single fault and simultaneous
open neutrals on either side. Buried
cable length 27.43 meters (90 feet).
.5
.4
VRG
co*
> .2
VT
.1
en

0.
t .03
Vsl
0 -.03
Figure 9. Surface equipotentials normalized to Fault z

voltage for 35 KV, CU-CW-B cable of . .02

Table 1 with single Fault at midpoint. C

Buried cable length 27.43 meters (90 feet). 0

0.

accuracy of the data used in the computer model. An.

From a practical standpoint, this means that realistic

values must be supplied for all required input para-
meters. This is straightforward for most of them, but
the values needed for a2 and D are, in general, more
.1 .2 .3.4.5 1 2 3 4 5
difficult to find. However, with these specified, Figure 11. Fault voltage, VRG, touch voltage, VT, and
the program will accurately solve the problem since
it in effect solves simultaneously the system circuit
3-ft. Step potential, V.1 , versus soil layer
and electromagnetostatic equations. The only simpli- conductivity ratio.
fying assumption used is the representation of the Industry participants were M. A. Martin, Georgia Power
cable and ground rods as a set of segments for which Company; and N. E. Piccione, Long Island Lighting Com-
each has a uniformly distributed radial current. pany. We also acknowledge the contributions of G.
Bahder and D. A. Silver, General Cable Corporation;
Complete documentation and Fortran IV listings and J. B. Prime, Florida Power and Light Company.
of the program may be obtained from the Electric Power
Institute. REFERENCES

1. Cronin, L. D. and Sessler, L. H., "Random Separa-

tion--Development and Experience," IEEE Trans Power
This work was supported by EPRI contract RP797-1. App. Syst., 89:673-680, 1970.
Programming assistance was provided by D. Rudolf.

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 1136
2. "Buried Power and Telephone Distribution Systems--
Analysis of Primary Cable Fault Tests and Evalua-
tion of Experience with Radome Separation," EEI
Publication, 68-62, June 1968.
3. Martin, M. A., Silver, D. A., Lukac, R. G. and
Suarez, R., "Normal and Short-Circuit Operating
Characteristics of Metallic Shielded Solid Dielec-
tric Power Cable," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
93:601-613, 1974.
4. Piccione, N. E., Fault Testing of Various Concen-
tric Neutral Cables With and Without Conductive
Jackets, Preliminary Report to ICC Task Force 6-21.
Long Island Lighting Company, March 1975.
5. Bahder, G., Martin, M. A., Piccione, N., Prime, J.
B., Jr., and Silver, D. A., Outdoor High Voltage
and High Current Short Circuit Tests on Single
Phase Extruded Dielectric Primary Distribution
Cables, Phase II. Final Report, EPRI Project RP-
671, May 1977.
6. Webb, R. P., Nunnally, H. N., and Joy, E. B.,
Computer Program for Determination of Earth Poten-
tials Due to Faults or Loss of Concentric Neutral
on URD Cable, Final Report EPRI Project RP-797-1,
May 1977.
7. Tagg, G. F., Earth Resistance, Pittman Publishing
Corp., New York, 1964.
8. Sunde, E. D., Earth ConductionEffects in Transmis-
sion Systems, Dover Publications, Inc., 1968.
9. Anderson, P. M., Analysis of Faulted Power Systems,
Iowa State University Press, 1973.
H. N. NUNNALLY (S'65-M'72) was born in Atlanta, GA, on
December 28, 1944. He received the BEE, MSEE and Ph.D.
degrees from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1966,
1968 and 1971, respectively.
In 1971, he joined the faculty of the School of
Electrical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technolo-
gy, where he is an Assistant Professor. In addition to
his work in the power systems area, he has been active
in bioengineering projects.
Dr. Nunnally is a member of the IEEE Power Engine-
ering Society, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, and Phi Kappa
Phi. He is a registered professional engineer in the
state of Georgia.
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E. B. JOY (S'67-M'70) was born in Troy, New York on
November 15, 1941. He received the BEE, MSEE and Ph.D.
degrees from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1963,
1967, and 1970, respectively.
In 1970, he joined the faculty of the School of
Electrical Engineering at Georgia Instituteof Technolo-
gy, where he is now an Associate Professor. Dr. Joy has
interests in electromagnetics, power transmission and
grounding, and computer graphics.
Dr. Joy is a member of IEEE, URSI, Sigma Xi, and
Eta Kappa Nu.
R. P. WEBB (S'57-M'60) was born in Cedar City, Utah on
December 28, 1936. He received the BSEE degree from
the University of Utah in 1957, the MSEE degree from
the University of Southern California in 1959, and the
Ph.D. degree from Georgia Institute of Technology in
1964.
Dr. Webb worked for the Douglas Aircraft Company
and the Sperry Company before joining the Electrical
Engineering Department at Georgia Institute of Techno-
logy in 1961, where he is a Professor. His fields of
interest are electric power systems, instrumentation
and control systems.
Dr. Webb is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering
Society, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi and is a registered
professional engineer in the state of Georgia.
A. P. MELIOPOULOS (S'69-M'76) was born in Katerini,
Greece on March 19, 1949. He received the ME and EE
Diplomas from the National Technical University of
Athens, Greece in 1972, and the MSEE and Ph.D. degrees
from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1974 and 1976,
respectively.
In 1976, he joined the faculty of the Georgia In-
stitute of Technologywherehe is an Assistant Professor
in Electrical Engineering. His interests lie in the ap-
plication of systems theory and operations research to
large scale systems with emphasis on power systems.
Dr. Meliopoulos is a member of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society and the Hellenic Society of Profes-
sional Engineers.