ENGG1960

Introduction to Biomed
Engineering
STATICS
Real-world understanding of loads,
structures, positioning, and simplified
dynamic situations (quasi-static)
700N
http://www.rvc.ac.uk/SML/Projects/TRex/Illustrations.cfm
http://www.rvc.ac.uk/SML/Projects/TRex/Illustrations.cfm
Our model IS NOT an extremely complex three-dimensional
simulation or animation.
Why? All the information we needed could be obtained from a
simple model; In fact, more complex models make more
assumptions and can be misleading. We used a quasi-static
(stationary at an instant in time, but accelerating) 2-D computer
model (in Matlab) to estimate the internal and external moments
(torques; or rotational forces) acting about the limb joints at the
midpoint of stance phase (ground contact) during fast bipedal
running. This quasi-static approach is valid for snapshots of the
motion where the limb velocities are small. These estimates of
the joint moments were used in an equation that incorporates
anatomical data from muscles to calculate how much muscle
mass would be needed to balance those moments. This muscle
mass, expressed as a percentage of body mass, was either
insufficient or sufficient for running.
http://www.rvc.ac.uk/SML/Projects/TRex/Summary.cfm
Statics Lectures
Teaching
2 hr mechanics lectures/wk
2hr tutorial/wk
Lecturer: Dr Philip Boughton
Ph: 9351 5018
E: philip.boughton@sydney.edu.au
Rm: 242 Link Building (ground floor)
Tutors:
Wed 12-2 Philip Boughton & Christine Poon
Wed 4-6 Ben Chow & Alex Jia
Resources
Textbook:
Engineering Mechanics: Statics. SI Version
J.L Meriam, L. G Kraige, 7
th
Edition, Wiley
Available from Co-op Bookshop as:
*Electronic copy only
*Electronic copy plus hard copy book
Lecture Notes:
Available online
Statics Course Outline
Week
Lecture
Time
Text Book
Chapter
Topics Quiz?
Week 3 Mon 11-1 Ch 1 Introduction
Week 4
Mon 11-12,
Tue 12-1
Ch 2 2D & 3D Force Systems
Week 5 Mon 11-1 Ch 3A Equilibrium in 2D
Mechanics
Quiz 1
Week 6 Mon 11-1 Ch 3B Equilibrium in 3D
Week 7 Mon 11-1 Ch 4 Structures
Week 8
Mon 11-12,
Tue 12-1
Ch 5A Centre of Mass and Centroids
Mechanics
Quiz 2
Ch 6A Friction
Week 9 Mon 11-1 Ch 6 Friction
Week 10 Mon 11-1 Ch 7 Virtual Work
Mechanics
Quiz 3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO STATICS
Chapter Objectives
Basic quantities and idealizations of mechanics
Newtons Laws of Motion and Gravitation
Principles for applying the SI system of units
Standard procedures for performing numerical
calculations
General guide for solving problems
Chapter 1 Outline
1.1. Mechanics
1.2. Fundamental Concepts
1.3. Scalars and Vectors
1.4. Newtons Laws
1.5. Units
1.6. Law of Gravitation
1.7. Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
1.8. Problem Solving in Statics
1.9. Chapter Review
1.1 Mechanics
Mechanics can be divided into 3 branches:
- Rigid-body Mechanics
- Deformable-body Mechanics
- Fluid Mechanics
Rigid-body Mechanics deals with
- Statics
- Dynamics
1.1 Mechanics
Statics Equilibrium of bodies
At rest
Move with constant velocity
Dynamics Accelerated motion of bodies
1.2 Basic Concepts
Basic Quantities
1. Length
- locate the position of a point in space
2. Mass
- measure of a quantity of matter
3. Time
- succession of events
4. Force
- a push or pull exerted by one body on
another
1.2 Basic Concepts
Idealizations
1. Particles
- has a mass and size can be neglected
2. Rigid Body
- a combination of a large number of particles
3. Concentrated Force
- the effect of a loading
Scalar - A scalar is a quantity which has a magnitude, but
no direction associated with it.
eg energy, time, density, and mass are scalar quantities.
Vector - A quantity which has both magnitude and
direction associated with it.
eg velocity, force , momentum, and displacement are all
vector quantities.
Notation
We will write vectors for this course as a letter with a
squiggle above the letter. Your textbook uses bold letters
for vectors. The squiggle is easier to see and for you to write.
eg a vector velocity may be written as . The textbook
would write it as V.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Graphical Representation of Vectors
Vectors can also be symbolized by a line segment with the
length of the segment representing the magnitude and the
angle of the line representing its direction.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
The negative of a vector, , is a vector of the
same magnitude, acting in the opposite direction.
Parallelogram Law:
This vector sum is written as:
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Triangle Law
Components of a Vector
Vectors can be broken down into perpendicular
components, for example in the x, y and z directions.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Unit Vectors
are unit vectors in the x,y,
and z directions.
We can write a vector in terms of its
components in each of the x, y,
and z directions as:
where the terms before the
are the magnitudes of the
components in each direction.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
:
Now, because l
2
+m
2
+n
2
=1 , we have that:
or, in the previous notation:
Direction Cosines
The direction cosines of a vector are
defined by:
l=cos
x
m=cos
y
n=cos
z
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
Using Dot Products to find Components
We can find the component of any vector in any direction by
using a dot product. The component of in the direction of
is given by: =.
1.3 Scalars and Vectors
EXAMPLE 1:
In tossing a shot-put, a person exerts
a 140N force on it, at the instant
shown below.
Determine the components of the
force parallel and perpendicular to
the persons forearm.
SOLUTION:
Example
EXAMPLE 2:
The turnbuckle tightens the cable AB to a tension of 2.4kN.
Find a vector expression for the tension, T as a force acting on
the lever arm AD. Find also the component of T acting along
the line AC.
SOLUTION:
1.4 Newtons Laws
First Law
A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line with constant velocity, will remain in
this state provided that the particle is not
subjected to an unbalanced force
Second Law
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced
force F experiences an acceleration a that has
the same direction as the force and a
magnitude that is directly proportional to the
force
ma F =
1.4 Newtons Laws
Third Law
The mutual forces of action and reaction
between two particles are equal and,
opposite and collinear
1.4 Newtons Laws
1.5 Units
SI Units
Stands for Systme International dUnits
F = ma is maintained only if
3 of the units, called base units, are defined
4
th
unit is derived from the equation
SI system specifies length in meters (m), time in
seconds (s) and mass in kilograms (kg)
Force unit, Newton (N), is derived from F = ma
1.5 Units
At the standard location,
g = 9.806 65 m/s
2
For calculations, we use
g = 9.81 m/s
2
Thus,
W = mg (g = 9.81m/s
2
)
Hence, a body of mass 1 kg has a weight of 9.81
N, a 2 kg body weighs 19.62 N
1.5 Units
Prefixes
For a very large or small numerical quantity, units
can be modified by using a prefix
Each represent a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit
Eg: 4,000,000 N = 4000 kN (kilo-newton)
= 4 MN (mega- newton)
0.005m = 5 mm (milli-meter)
1.5 Units
1.5 Units
1.5 Units
Unit Conversions
1.6. Law of Gravitation
2
2 1
r
m m
G F =
F = force of gravitation between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation
m
1
,m
2
= mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the two particles
2
r
mM
G W
e
=
2
/ r GM g
e
=
mg W =
1.7 Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
Each term must be expressed in the same units
Regardless of how the equation is evaluated,
it maintains its dimensional homogeneity
All terms can be replaced by a consistent set
of units
Significant Figures
Accuracy of a number is specified by the number
of significant figures it contains
A significant figure is any digit including zero
e.g. 5604 and 34.52 have four significant numbers
When numbers begin or end with zero, we make
use of prefixes to clarify the number of significant
figures
e.g. 400 as one significant figure would be 0.4(10
3
)
1.7 Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
Rounding Off Numbers
Accuracy obtained would never be better than
the accuracy of the problem data
Calculators or computers involve more figures in
the answer than the number of significant figures
in the data
Calculated results should always be rounded off
to an appropriate number of significant figures
1.7 Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
Calculations
Retain a greater number of digits for accuracy
Work out computations so that numbers that are
approximately equal
Round off final answers to three significant figures
1.7 Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
Small-Angle Approximations
1.7 Accuracy, Limits and Approximations
1.8 Problem Solving in Statics
1. Formulate the problem:
(a) State the given data
(b) State the desired result
(c) State your assumptions and approximations.
2. Develop the solution:
(a) Draw free body diagrams
(b) State the governing principles
(c) Make your calculations
(d) Check accuracy
(e) Check the units are consistent
(f) Common sense
(g) Draw conclusions