CE3155 Structural Analysis

Introduction to Structural
A l i Analysis
Professor Tan Kiang Hwee g
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering
1 Purpose of Structural Analysis 1 Purpose of Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis
- to predict the performance of a given structure under
ib d l d d/ th t l ff t h prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as
support movements and temperature changes.
Performance characteristics
stresses or stress resultants e g axial forces shear - stresses or stress resultants, e.g., axial forces, shear
forces & bending moments
- deformations e g deflections axial shortening - deformations, e.g., deflections, axial shortening
- support reactions
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2 Classification of Structures 2 Classification of Structures
Structural Elements
Tie rods
subjected to tensile
force only
rather slender
made of rods, bars,
angles or channels
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Beams Beams
usually straight
horizontal members used
t ti l l d to carry vertical loads
primarily design to resist
bending moment & shear
Simply-supported
(s.s.) beam
Cantilever beam
g
steel beams usually
have flanged sections
t b h concrete beams have
rect. or T-cross sections
with reinforcing bars
s.s. beam with
cantilever end
Continuous beam
Steel flanged
Reinforced concrete
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g
section
T-section
Columns
general vertical and resist
compressive loads
steel columns usually in the form
of tubes and wide-flange cross- g
section
concrete columns are of circular
and rect cross section with and rect. cross-section with
reinforcing bars
Steel hollow sections
RC column
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Steel hollow sections
RC column
Classification of Structures Classification of Structures
Structural Systems
- Combination of
structural elements and
the materials from
Trusses
Frames
which they are
composed of
Cables & Arches
Surface Structures
- Four basic types
Surface Structures
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Trusses
consist of pin-jointed slender elements, usually arranged in
triangular fashion
elements subjected to tensile or compressive force only elements subjected to tensile or compressive force only
planar truss used for bridge & roof support
space truss used for derricks and towers
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Frames Frames
composed of beams and
columns that are either pin or fixed
t d connected
members subject to axial, shear
& moment loadings
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Cables Cables
usually flexible & carry their
loads in tension
Arches
achieve its strength in
compression
commonly used to support
bridges and building roofs
compression
must be rigid; results in
secondary loadings involving
shear &moment shear & moment
used in bridge structures,
dome roofs, etc.
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9
Surface Structures
made using a very thin material compared to other dimensions; material
t b bj t d t t i acts as a membrane subjected to pure tension; or
made of rigid material (e.g. reinforced concrete) shaped as folded plates,
cylinders, etc. (known as thin plates & shells), supporting loads primarily in
t i i tension or compression
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3 Structural Idealization 3 Structural Idealization
Support Connections pp
Pin connection
Roller support pp
Fixed joint
roller-supported fixed-supported pin-supported
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#unknowns =1
#unknowns =1
#unknowns =1 #unknowns 1
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#unknowns =1
#unknowns =2
#unknowns =2
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#unknowns =3
Idealized Structure Idealized Structure
Actual structure Actual structure
Actual beam Actual beam
Idealized structure
Idealized beam
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Tributary Loadings Tributary Loadings
4.8 kN/m
2
0.75 m
0.75 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
3 m
0.75 m
0.75 m
4.8 x 1.5 =7.2 kN/m
Idealized framing plan
15 15
3 m
5.4 kN 5.4 kN 10.8 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m
10.8 kN 7.2 x 3/2 =10.8 kN
Idealized beam CD Idealized girder AE
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The flat roof of the
steel-frame building
shown on the right
t t t l l d supports a total load
of 2 kN/m
2
.
3m
Determine the roof
load within ABCD
3 m
m
that is transmitted to
beam BC.
1
.
5

=

3

k
N
/
m
2

x

1
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1.5 m 1.5 m
16
4 Governing conditions of
structural behaviour
1. Equilibrium
relations among forces F
i
(or stresses)
F
2
2. Compatibility (or kinematics)
relations among displacements
i
(or
t i )
F
1
strains)
3. Constitutive relations
Force-Displacement relations (or
Stress-Strain relations
F
i
If only the equilibriumequations are needed to solve for F
i
, then the
structure is statically determinate.
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5 Determinacy and stability 5 Determinacy and stability
Determinacyy
structures with more unknown
forces than available equilibrium
equations are called statically equations are called statically
indeterminate
for a coplanar (2D) structure, there
are 3 equil. eqs. for part/whole of
structure being considered:
if n is the total number of parts if n is the total number of parts
considered, and r the number of
force and moment reaction
components: components:
Degree of indeterminacy =(r 3n)
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Examples - Beams
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)
statically determinate
r = 5, n = 1, 5 > 3(1)
statically indeterminate
to 2
nd
degree
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2)
statically determinate
r = 10, n = 3, 10 > 3(3)
statically determinate
t 1
t
d
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statically determinate
to 1
st
degree
Examples - Frames
r = 9, n = 1, 9 > 3(1)
statically indeterminate
to the 6
th
degree
r = 9, n = 2, 9 > 3(2)
statically indeterminate
to the 3
rd
degree
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Stability Stability
members of a structure must be properly held or constrained by
their supports
A coplanar structure is unstable if it is:
partially constrained (r <3n); or
improperly constrained (r 3n)
- Support reactions are concurrent or
parallel
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Examples Examples
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)
statically determinate
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)
r = 7 n = 3 7 < 3(3)
Reactions are not
concurrent/parallel
stable
, , ( )
statically determinate
Reactions concurrent
unstable
r 7, n 3, 7 < 3(3)
unstable
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Test Your Understanding
Introduction to Structural Analysis
1. What are the basic structural elements and what are they primarily 1. What are the basic structural elements and what are they primarily
subjected to?
Ans:
2. What are the four basic types of structural systems?
Ans:.
3 What are the three governing conditions of structural behaviour? 3. What are the three governing conditions of structural behaviour?
Ans:
4. A structurre is statically determinate if the number of unknown forces is less y
than the number of equilibrium equations. True or False?
Ans:.
f i i i i i i 5. If a structure is unstable, it does not matter whether it is statically determinate
or not. True or False?
Ans
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Further Reading Further Reading
Hibbeler, R.C., Structural Analysis, 8 Edition in SI units,
Chapters 1 & 2.
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