Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 1

1996 by CRC Press, Inc.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
CHEMICAL NAME
SULFURIC ACID
CRC PRESS/LEWIS PUBLISHERS DISCLAIMER: THE INFORMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PRESENTED HEREIN ARE BASED ON SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. CRC MAKES NO REPRESENTATION ON
ITS COMPLETENESS OR ACCURACY. IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE USER TO DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL'S
SUITABILITY FOR ITS INTENDED USE, THE CHEMICAL'S SAFE USE, AND THE CHEMICAL'S PROPER DISPOSAL. NO
REPRESENTATIONS AND/OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, OF THE MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE, ARE MADE WITH RESPECT TO THE IN-
FORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS MSDS OR TO THE CHEMICAL TO WHICH INFORMATION MAY REFER. CRC
NEITHER ASSUMES NOR AUTHORIZES ANY OTHER PERSON TO ASSUME FOR IT, ANY OTHER ADDITIONAL RE-
SPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF, OR RELIANCE UPON, THIS INFORMATION.
HAZARD WARNING INFORMATION
HEALTH FIRE REACTIVE OTHER DEGREE OF HAZARD COLOR CODING OTHER CODES
3 0 2 W
0 = Minimum Hazard
1 = Slight Hazard
2 = Moderate Hazard
3 = Serious Hazard
4 = Severe Hazard
HEALTH = BLUE
FIRE = RED
REACTIVITY = YELLOW
OTHER = WHITE
OX = Oxidizer
ACID = Acid
ALK = Alkali
COR = Corrosive
W = Use No Water
SECTION I - GENERAL INFORMATION
Characterization
Acid, Mineral
RCRA Number
D002
EPA Class
Characteristic (C) Waste
DOT Proper Shipping Name
Sulfuric acid
Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Number
7664-93-9
DOT Hazard Class and Label Requirements
Corrosive Material; Corrosive
DOT Emergency Guide Code
39
DOT Identification Number
UN1830 (51-95%); 1831 (fuming); 1832 (spent)
Chemical Formula
H
2
SO
4
Synonyms
Battery acid; hydrogen sulfate; oil of vitriol; sulfuric acid (aqueous); vitriol brown oil.
SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS AND IDENTITY INFORMATION
Hazardous Components (specific identity) OSHA Exposure Criteria NIOSH Exposure Criteria Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health (IDLH)
ACGIH Exposure Criteria
Sulfuric acid (derivation: From sulfur,
pyrite, hydrogen sulfide, or sulfur-
containing smelter gases by the contact
process with vanadium pentoxide as the
catalyst. The first step is combustion of
elemental sulfur or roasting of iron pyrites
to yield sulfur dioxide, then catalytic oxida-
tion to sulfur trioxide, then cooling in a
stream of sulfuric acid to yield additional
sulfuric acid).
1 ppm = 4.08 mg/m
3
PEL (8-hour):
0.24 ppm
1 mg/m
3
STEL:
Not
Established
REL (10-hour):
0.24 ppm
1 mg/m
3
STEL:
Not
Established
15 mg/m
3
TLV:
0.24 ppm
1 mg/m
3
STEL:
.75 ppm
3 mg/m
3
SECTION III - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Boiling Point
554F (290C)
Specific Gravity (H
2
O = 1)
1.84
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)
<0.001 at 68F (20C)
Molecular Weight
98.1
Vapor Density (Air = 1)
1.0
Melting Point
51F (10.5C)
Solubility
Miscible in water with violent reaction. Soluble in ethyl alcohol.
Appearance and Odor
Dense, oily liquid; colorless to dark brown depending upon purity. Odor Threshold = 150 ppm.
SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
Flash Point (method used)
Non-Combustible
Explosive Limits in Air % by Volume
LEL: Not Determined UEL: Not Determined
NFPA Classification
Non-Combustible Liquid
Autoignition Temperature
Not Applicable
Extinguishing Media
Reacts with water producing heat and toxic fumes. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Poisonous gases are released in fire. Wear full protective clothing and (SCBA). Use water spray to flush
and dilute a spill, to disperse vapors, and to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Do NOT direct solid
stream of water at sulfuric acid.
Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards
A non-combustible liquid that increases the burning of combustible materials. Containers may explode
in fire. Releases toxic and corrosive sulfur oxides when involved in fire.
Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 2
1996 by CRC Press, Inc.
SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA
Stability
Conditions to Avoid
Sulfuric acid is normally stable in closed containers under routine conditions of handling and storage.
Extremely reactive; keep away from incompatible materials.
Stable
X
Unstable Incompatibility (materials to avoid)
Alkalines, reducing agents, carbides, chlorates, fulminates, nitrates, picrates, metals, acetic acid, acetic
anhydride, acetonitrile, acrolein, acrylic acid, alcohols, ethers, ketones, oxidizing agents, and many oth-
ers.
Hazardous
Polymerization
Conditions to Avoid
Under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, hazardous polymerization of sulfuric acid is not
expected to occur.
May Occur Will Not Occur
X
Hazardous Decomposition or By-products
When heated to decomposition, sulfuric acid can emit highly toxic/poisonous gases and fumes, including
toxic oxides of sulfur.
SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA
Primary Route(s) of Entry:
Inhalation?
X
Absorption (skin)? Ingestion?
X
Health Hazards
INHALATION: Causes coughing, sneezing, nose irritation, nose bleeds, reflex bronchospasm, short-
ness of breath, pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs), emphysema, permanent changes in
pulmonary function, and severe bronchial constriction.
SKIN & EYES: Eye contact causes blindness and tissue damage. Skin contact causes burns, blistering,
local necroses, and membrane ulceration. Burns may be 2nd or 3rd degree.
INGESTION: Corrosion of the mucosa of the mouth, throat, and esophagus with stomach discomfort
and pain, nausea, intense thirst, vomiting, circulatory collapse, clammy skin, weak and
rapid pulse, shallow respiration, scanty urine, circulatory shock and subsequent death.
Carcinogenicity
Unknown Human
Unknown Animal
NTP Listed?
No
IARC Cancer Review Group?
No
OSHA Regulated?
29 CFR 1910.1000
Table Z-1
Target Organs?
Respiratory system; eyes;
skin; teeth.
Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Exposure
Respiratory impairments (bronchitis, asthma) may be aggravated by exposure.
Emergency and First-aid Procedures
Eye contact: Flush immediately with water for 15 minutes (minimum); seek medical attention. Skin con-
tact: Remove all contaminated clothing. Immediately wash area with large amounts of water. Seek
medical assistance. For inhalation: Remove the person from exposure. Provide respiratory assistance
and CPR. Transfer to medical facility. Observe for 48 hours for lung effects. If swallowed: Seek medical
attention; contact poison control center. Give 1-2 glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting
(aspiration hazard). Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE
Steps to be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled
Absorb liquids in vermiculite or other material, neutralize with soda ash and collect and place in sealed
containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Restrict those not involved in cleanup from entering area.
Preferred Waste Disposal Method
No citation.
Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage
Sulfuric acid is a powerful oxidizer that can greatly accelerate the burning of oxidizable materials. Store
in tightly closed containers in cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat.
Other Precautions and Warnings
Sources of ignition are prohibited where sulfuric acid is used, handled, or stored.
SECTION VIII - CONTROL MEASURES AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Respiratory Protection (specify type)
Use half-mask respirator with acid cartridge for low or transient exposures (cartridge should be de-
signed to protect against acid vapor or mist). For higher exposures, use a supplied-air respirator or a
self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.
Ventilation
Local exhaust or general mechanical systems recommended.
Protective Gloves
Acid resistant synthetic rubber
Eye Protection
Chemical Goggles or Face Mask
Other Protective Clothing
Protective Apron
Work/Hygiene Practices
Always wash hands thoroughly after using chemical; never bring food, drink, or smoking materials into
vicinity of chemicals.
Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 3
1996 by CRC Press, Inc.
SULFURIC ACID
H
2
SO
4
CAS: 7664-93-9

3
0
2
W
IDENTIFICATION AND TYPICAL USES
Sulfuric acid is a colorless (when pure) to dark-brown
(when impure), odorless, dense, oily liquid. The pure
compound is a solid below 51F (11C). It is the
most used chemical in the world in terms of produc-
tion and consumption. It is used in the production of
phosphate fertilizers, dyes, explosives, glues, and a
number of sulfates. It is also used in the purification
of petroleum, in cleaning of steel surfaces (metal pick-
ling), and as a dehydrating agent.
RISK ASSESSMENT: HEALTH
General Assessment
Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive to the skin, eyes, di-
gestive tract, and respiratory system (or any tissue it
contacts). It is a human poison by ingestion and is
dangerously toxic by inhalation. There are no data in
the references regarding any carcinogenic, mutagenic,
or teratogenic effects on long-term exposure to sulfuric
acid. Its corrosive and irritating properties limit the
possibility of long-term exposure since people cannot
tolerate unprotected contact for even short periods of
time.
Inhalation produces severe irritation of the eyes,
nose, and respiratory tract with coughing, stomach
pains, intense thirst, dypsnea (labored breathing),
bronchitis, headache, clammy skin, weak and rapid
pulse, scanty urine, and total body weakness. The va-
pors can cause laryngitis, pharyngitis, chemical bron-
chitis, pneumonitis, and delayed pulmonary edema
which can be fatal. There may be tearing, nasal dis-
charge, throat irritation, ulceration of the nasal septa
and nose irritation, nosebleeds, and nausea. Symp-
toms of pulmonary edema, such as chest pain, conges-
tion, coughing, and weakness, may be delayed up to
48 hours thereby creating a false sense of security with
regard to health exposure risk. There may be total cir-
culatory system collapse, shock, and death.
Skin contact causes severe burning with possible
vesiculation. Its extremely corrosive properties cause
immediate burns, membrane ulceration, skin blister-
ing, 2
nd
and 3
rd
degree burns, and local necrosis (tissue
destruction) upon contact. Eye contact causes damage
and the possibility of permanent blindness.
Ingestion is extremely dangerous, even life-
threatening. It causes severe poisoning, esophageal
burns, throat swelling, convulsions, risk of stomach
perforation, bloody vomiting, burning sensation on the
mouth, acute tissue damage, diarrhea with pain, and
possible coma.
Acute Health Effects
The following acute (short-term) health effects may
occur immediately or shortly after exposure to sulfuric
acid:
Skin: Irritation/rash or burning feeling on contact
with redness, blistering and vesiculation, lo-
calized tissue destruction, and deep 2
nd
or 3
rd
degree burns. Initially, the contact site ap-
pears bleached and turns brown prior to the
formation of an ulcerous wound. These
wounds are slow healing and may leave exten-
sive scars.
Eye: Severe irritation; may cause burns and damage
with permanent blindness.
Lung: Severe irritation of the mucous membranes in
the nose, throat, and lungs with delayed pul-
monary edema (fluid in the lungs), which can
be fatal. Nasal irritation may progress to ul-
cers and subsequent nose bleeds.
Other: Ingestion cause serious burns to the mouth,
throat, and stomach and can lead to shock, cir-
culatory system collapse, and death.
Chronic Health Effects
Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 4
1996 by CRC Press, Inc.
The following chronic (long-term) health effects may
occur at some time after exposure to sulfuric acid and
can last for months or even years:
Cancer Hazards: According to information presented
in the references, sulfuric acid has not been adequately
tested for its ability to cause cancer in test animals.
Reproductive Hazard: According to information pre-
sented in the references, sulfuric acid has not been
adequately tested for its ability to adversely affect re-
production in test animals.
Other Chronic Effects: Repeated skin contact with
dilute solutions causes dermatitis. Chronic exposure
may also cause changes in pulmonary function leading
to chronic bronchitis, gastritis, stomatitis, erosion of
dental enamel, conjunctivitis, increased propensity for
respiratory tract infections, and possible respiratory
tract cancer.
Recommended Risk-Reduction Measures
Personnel should avoid direct contact with sulfuric
acid. It is extremely corrosive and highly toxic to hu-
mans. If a less toxic chemical cannot be substituted
for a hazardous substance, then engineering controls
are the most effective method of reducing exposures.
The best protection is to enclose operations and/or
provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemi-
cal release. While not always operationally feasible,
isolating operations can also reduce exposure. Using
respiratory protection is less effective than the controls
mentioned above, but is still advisable whenever
working with or around sulfuric acid. Exposure levels
are extremely low (1 mg/m
3
) and difficult to accu-
rately monitor, especially under emergency response
conditions. For low concentrations, an acid gas car-
tridge respirator (equipped with a mist/vapor filter)
may provide acceptable protection. However, a self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or a supplied-
air respirator with full facepiece operated in pressure
demand mode are the recommended respiratory pro-
tection methods of choice. If a full facepiece is not
available, then chemical goggles should be worn to
protect the eyes. Whenever a chemical splash hazard
exists, a face shield and a rubber apron should be
worn. To prevent hand and skin exposures, acid-
resistant gloves should be used. Glove manufacturers
should be contacted and permeation studies obtained
before final glove selections are made.
Administrative controls should also be in place to
minimize the potential for human exposures. These
may include written procedures or policies which
specify the methods and techniques that will be prac-
ticed whenever personnel are to work with sulfuric
acid.
All personnel should receive training on the use,
hazards, protective measures, emergency actions, and
other precautions per 29 CFR 1910.1200 (Hazard
Communication), prior to the first assignment in an
area where sulfuric acid is used or stored.
Before beginning employment and at regular in-
tervals thereafter (e.g., annually), the following tests
are recommended:
Lung function tests (look for chronic respiratory
diseases).
Examination of the teeth with specific focus on
any degree of erosion to the enamel.
If symptoms occur or overexposure is suspected, the
following additional tests are suggested:
Consider chest X-ray following acute overexpo-
sure (may be negative if taken immediately after
exposure due to delayed onset of pulmonary
edema).
Other methods to reduce exposure include:
Where possible, enclose operations and use local
exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release.
If local exhaust ventilation or enclosure is not
used, respiratory protection should be mandatory.
Always ensure that proper protective clothing is
worn when using chemical substances and that
personnel are trained on its use and care.
Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to
sulfuric acid and at the end of the work shift or
before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Hazard warning information should be posted in
the work area. In addition, as part of an on-going
education and training program, all information
on the health and safety hazards of sulfuric acid
should be communicated to all exposed workers.
RISK ASSESSMENT: ENVIRONMENT
General Assessment
The environment is at risk of exposure during trans-
portation, storage, disposal, or destruction of sulfuric
acid. In almost every scenario, the threat of environ-
mental exposure is contingent upon the proper han-
dling of the chemical substance. Accidental spills,
large or small, can result in fire, explosion, and possi-
ble contamination of the surrounding environmental
mediums (water, soil, and, to a lesser degree, air).
Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 5
1996 by CRC Press, Inc.
Sulfuric acid is considered a non-combustible liq-
uid. However, as an oxidizer, it can greatly accelerate
the burning of ordinary combustible materials such as
wood or paper. It is also extremely corrosive to many
substances. It is incompatible with many materials,
including organic materials, chlorates, carbides, fulmi-
nates, water, and powdered metals. It reacts violently
with water to release extreme heat and may cause fire
or explosion. These characteristics require special
consideration during any emergency situation involv-
ing a leak or spill of sulfuric acid. Should sulfuric acid
ever come into contact with incompatible substances
either during use, transportation, or storage, the for-
mation of highly toxic and/or explosive commodities
is extremely possible.
Sulfuric acid can enter the environment mainly
through industrial discharges or spills.
Acute Ecological Effects
Acute (short-term) toxic effects may include the death
of animals, birds, or fish and death or low growth rate
in plants. Acute effects are seen 2 to 4 days after ani-
mals or plants are exposed to sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid has moderate acute toxicity to
aquatic life. It is very corrosive and would badly burn
any plants, birds, or land animals exposed to sulfuric
acid.
Chronic Ecological Effects
Chronic (long-term) toxic effects may include short-
ened life span, reproductive problems, lower fertility,
and changes in appearance or behavior in exposed
animals. These effects can be seen long after first ex-
posure(s) to toxic chemicals.
Sulfuric acid has moderate chronic toxicity to
aquatic life. Insufficient data are available on the
long-term effects of sulfuric acid to aquatic life, plants,
birds, or land animals.
$ Water Solubility
Sulfuric acid is highly soluble in water and will react
violently. Concentrations of over 1000 milligrams
will mix with a liter of water.
Persistence in the Environment
Sulfuric acid is slightly persistent in the aquatic envi-
ronment, with a half-life of between 2 to 20 days. The
half-life of a pollutant is the amount of time it takes for
one half of the chemical to be degraded.
Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Organisms
Some substances increase in concentration, or bioac-
cumulate, in living organisms as they breathe con-
taminated air, drink contaminated water, or eat con-
taminated food. These chemicals can become con-
centrated in the tissues and internal organs of animals
as well as humans.
Small quantities of acids will be neutralized by the
alkalinity in aquatic ecosystems. However, larger
quantities can actually lower the pH for extended peri-
ods of time. Sulfuric acid solutions can contain sul-
fate, whose concentration found in fish tissues is ex-
pected to be about the same as the average concentra-
tion in the water from which the fish was taken.
Recommended Risk-Reduction Measures
Proper training of all transporters will reduce the like-
lihood of a mishap or accident resulting in a leak or
spill to the environment. The correct use of DOT la-
beling (per the MSDS) on all containers, trucks, and
rail cars will enable emergency responders to react
properly and quickly to any disaster thereby reducing
the potential risk to the environment and to personnel.
Storage of sulfuric acid should be segregated from
incompatible chemicals to minimize the risk of cross-
contamination or contact. Buildings designated for
storage should be equipped with appropriate fire pro-
tection systems (alarms, sprinklers, emergency light-
ing, portable extinguishers). It must be kept cool and
in a well-ventilated location away from direct sunlight.
If a spill or leak to the environment has occurred,
fire department, emergency response and/or hazardous
materials spill personnel should be notified immedi-
ately. Cleanup should be attempted only by those
trained in proper spill containment procedures. Con-
taminated soils should be removed for incineration and
replaced with clean soil. If sulfuric acid should con-
tact the water table, aquifer, or navigable waterway,
time is of the essence. It is highly miscible in water
and, therefore, total containment and remediation may
not be entirely possible. When such spills occur, the
local and/or state emergency response authorities must
be notified. A comprehensive emergency response or
disaster preparedness/recovery plan should be in place
prior to any operations involving the use, transporta-
tion, storage, or disposal of sulfuric acid. If sulfuric
acid is spilled, the following steps are recommended:
Restrict persons not wearing protective clothing
from area of spill or leak until cleanup is com-
plete and area can be opened for normal work.
Ventilate area of spill or leak.
Risk Management for Hazardous Chemicals Page: 6
1996 by CRC Press, Inc.
Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or
similar material and deposit in sealed containers.
Neutralize remaining residue with soda ash or so-
dium bicarbonate. Do NOT flush to drains, sew-
ers, or waterways. Use water spray to cool and
knock down vapors. Collect water for disposal.
Protect against excessive water contact with sul-
furic acid since it can react to evolve heat.
It may be necessary to dispose of sulfuric acid as
a hazardous waste. The responsible state agency
or the regional office of the federal Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) should be con-
tacted for specific recommendations.
RISK ASSESSMENT: BUSINESS
General Assessment
Accidents or mishaps involving sulfuric acid can pres-
ent a significant threat to business operations. The
loss or damage of equipment or facilities can signifi-
cantly affect fiscal viability. Lawsuits that may result
from personnel injury/death, public exposures, and/or
environmental contamination will also require a seri-
ous expenditure of resources. Media attention sur-
rounding an injury, death, or environmental damage
can also result in a loss of profits and loss of current as
well as future business.
Recommended Risk-Reduction Measures
Company attorneys, safety and health professionals,
and environmental specialists should be involved in
the development of any procedures dealing with safety
or emergency response. A company official should be
pre-designated as a public relations officer with spe-
cific training in dealing with the press. Corporate
plans and policies should be developed, approved, and
implemented long before any need for such arises.
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