Basics of Psychrometrics

Basics of Psychrometrics
Practical Heat Load Calculation
Practical Heat Load Calculation
Duct Design fundamentals
Duct Design fundamentals
ISHRAE TRAININ PR!RA"
ISHRAE TRAININ PR!RA"
Created #y Ra$ee% &a''ar ( A)ril *++, Created #y Ra$ee% &a''ar ( A)ril *++,
Presented By Prashant Desai Presented By Prashant Desai
2 2
Sensi#le Heat
Sensi#le Heat

Sensible heat is
Sensible heat is
dry heat
dry heat

causing change in
causing change in
temperature but not in the
temperature but not in the
moisture content.
moisture content.

Btu/Hr = 1.08 x cfm x delta

Btu/Hr = 1.08 x cfm x delta
t
t
3 3
Latent Heat
Latent Heat

Latent heat is the heat that

Latent heat is the heat that
hen supplied to! or remo"ed
hen supplied to! or remo"ed
from air! there is a change in
from air! there is a change in
the moisture content of the air!
the moisture content of the air!
but the temperature of the air
but the temperature of the air
is not changed.
is not changed.

Btu/Hr = cfm x 0.#8 x delta $

Btu/Hr = cfm x 0.#8 x delta $
4 4
Enthal)y
Enthal)y

%nthalpy is the thermodynamic

%nthalpy is the thermodynamic
term for the heat content of air.
term for the heat content of air.

Since air can gain heat ith either

Since air can gain heat ith either
an increase in temperature or
an increase in temperature or
moisture content! the terms
moisture content! the terms
sensible heat and latent heat are
sensible heat and latent heat are
used to distinguish ho air has
used to distinguish ho air has
gained heat.
gained heat.
5 5
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
6 6
Conduction
Conduction

&onduction of heat is the process of heat &onduction of heat is the process of heat
transfer in solids. transfer in solids.

'n buildings! heat is transferred by conduction! 'n buildings! heat is transferred by conduction!
mainly by the alls or roof either inards or mainly by the alls or roof either inards or
outards. &onduction (o rate through a all of outards. &onduction (o rate through a all of
a gi"en area can be described by the e)uation * a gi"en area can be described by the e)uation *

+ +
S S
= , - . - / = , - . - /

here here
+ = conduction heat (o rate! in Btu/Hr + = conduction heat (o rate! in Btu/Hr
, = surface area! in s)uare feet , = surface area! in s)uare feet
. = &onducti"ity "alue in $atts/s).ft deg 0 . = &onducti"ity "alue in $atts/s).ft deg 0
/1 = temperature di2erence in deg 0 /1 = temperature di2erence in deg 0
7 7
Con%ection
Con%ection

&on"ection is the process of transfer of heat in &on"ection is the process of transfer of heat in
hich molecules of cool air absorb heat from a hich molecules of cool air absorb heat from a
arm surface air! rise! and carry it aay. arm surface air! rise! and carry it aay.

&on"ection heat (o in a building occurs &on"ection heat (o in a building occurs

mainly in the interior spaces 3 ithin a room! mainly in the interior spaces 3 ithin a room!
beteen a gap an air gap in the alls! or roof beteen a gap an air gap in the alls! or roof
or ithin to layers of glass in a indo. or ithin to layers of glass in a indo.

&on"ection and in4ltration are both forms of &on"ection and in4ltration are both forms of
mass (o but con"ection heat (o ta5es place mass (o but con"ection heat (o ta5es place
mainly in the interiors hile in4ltration ta5es mainly in the interiors hile in4ltration ta5es
place beteen the building and the outside air. place beteen the building and the outside air.
8 8
Con%ection heat
Con%ection heat

Btu/Hr = cfm x 1.08

Btu/Hr = cfm x 1.08
x delta t
x delta t

Btu/Hr = cfm x 0.#8

Btu/Hr = cfm x 0.#8
x delta $.
x delta $.
9 9
Radiation
Radiation

6adiation is the process of heat

6adiation is the process of heat
(o in electromagnetic a"es from
(o in electromagnetic a"es from
a hotter surface to empty space.
a hotter surface to empty space.

/he radiation balance 7fa"ors7 the

/he radiation balance 7fa"ors7 the
cold surface.
cold surface.

/his is the only method of heat

/his is the only method of heat
transfer hich does not re)uire a
transfer hich does not re)uire a
medium for heat transfer
medium for heat transfer
10 10
Radiation
Radiation

6adiation heat gain in the buildings

6adiation heat gain in the buildings
is considered mainly through the
is considered mainly through the
indo.
indo.

+
+
r r
= , - Sc - Sg
= , - Sc - Sg

Sg = solar gain factor of indo

Sg = solar gain factor of indo
glass.
glass.

Sc = Solar heat gain of fenestration/

Sc = Solar heat gain of fenestration/
Solar heat gain of double strength
Solar heat gain of double strength
glass
glass
11 11
Calculating - %alue
Calculating - %alue

8utside air 4lm

8utside air 4lm

/ransmission thru
/ransmission thru
the material layers
the material layers

,ir space.
,ir space.

'nside air 4lm

'nside air 4lm
12 12
Transmission
Transmission

Heat (os from a higher temperature Heat (os from a higher temperature
to a loer temperature. to a loer temperature.

heat transmission per hour* heat transmission per hour*

H = , - . - / H = , - . - /

. is the o"erall heat transmission . is the o"erall heat transmission

coe9cient expressed in coe9cient expressed in
B/./Hr/S).ft/:eg 0 temperature B/./Hr/S).ft/:eg 0 temperature
di2erence. di2erence.

/he product , x . is also called /he product , x . is also called

7conductance7. 7conductance7.
13 13
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
material( '
material( '

is the heat transmitted through the is the heat transmitted through the
material expressed as B/./Hr/S).ft/'nch material expressed as B/./Hr/S).ft/'nch
thic5ness/:eg 0 temperature di2erence. thic5ness/:eg 0 temperature di2erence.

'f 5 is the conducti"ity of the material 'f 5 is the conducti"ity of the material
then 1/5 is the resistance 76; of the then 1/5 is the resistance 76; of the
material of 1 s).ft cross section and 17 material of 1 s).ft cross section and 17
thic5ness. thic5ness.

'f the thic5ness is 7t7 inches! the 'f the thic5ness is 7t7 inches! the
resistance becomes <t=/<5= per s).ft. resistance becomes <t=/<5= per s).ft.
14 14
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
material( &
material( &

'n electrical analogy! resistances

'n electrical analogy! resistances
connected in series are added to
connected in series are added to
4nd the total resistance.
4nd the total resistance.

Similarly! if a barrier is made up of

Similarly! if a barrier is made up of
se"eral materials! the indi"idual
se"eral materials! the indi"idual
resistances of the components
resistances of the components
ha"e to be added to arri"e at the
ha"e to be added to arri"e at the
total barrier resistance.
total barrier resistance.
15 15
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
Thermal Conducti%ity of a
material( &
material( &

'f a barrier is made up of! say! three 'f a barrier is made up of! say! three
materials ha"ing thermal materials ha"ing thermal
conducti"ities 51! 5> and 5?! the total conducti"ities 51! 5> and 5?! the total
thermal resistance of the barrier is* thermal resistance of the barrier is*
t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5?
$here t1! t>! t? are the thic5ness of $here t1! t>! t? are the thic5ness of
the barriers. the barriers.
16 16
- .alue
- .alue
17 17
/ilm Coe0cient
/ilm Coe0cient

'n addition to the resistance of the

'n addition to the resistance of the
"arious components of a barrier e
"arious components of a barrier e
ha"e to consider one more
ha"e to consider one more
resistance o2ered by a 4lm of air
resistance o2ered by a 4lm of air
hich clings on to the barrier
hich clings on to the barrier
surfaces.
surfaces.

/his resistance is more hen the

/his resistance is more hen the
air is still and is relati"ely less hen
air is still and is relati"ely less hen
there is ind "elocity.
there is ind "elocity.
18 18
/ilm Coe0cient
/ilm Coe0cient

Li5e thermal conducti"ity! the heat

Li5e thermal conducti"ity! the heat
transmission capacity of a 4lm is
transmission capacity of a 4lm is
expressed as the rate of heat
expressed as the rate of heat
transfer in Btu/Hr/S).ft/deg 0
transfer in Btu/Hr/S).ft/deg 0
temperature di2erence.
temperature di2erence.

<Aote that this di2ers from thermal

<Aote that this di2ers from thermal
conducti"ity in the sense it is not
conducti"ity in the sense it is not
related to any 4lm thic5ness as in
related to any 4lm thic5ness as in
the case of materials=.
the case of materials=.
19 19
/ilm Coe0cient
/ilm Coe0cient

this is called the 4lm coe9cient and is this is called the 4lm coe9cient and is
expressed by this symbol 7f7. the expressed by this symbol 7f7. the
reciprocal of 7f7 is the thermal reciprocal of 7f7 is the thermal
resistance of the 4lm. resistance of the 4lm.
747 denotes the 4lm coe9cient on the 747 denotes the 4lm coe9cient on the
interior surfaces of the barrier and interior surfaces of the barrier and
7fo7 denotes the 4lm coe9cient on the 7fo7 denotes the 4lm coe9cient on the
exterior surface of the barrier. exterior surface of the barrier.
20 20
/ilm Coe0cient
/ilm Coe0cient
21 21
Thermal conductance of air
Thermal conductance of air
s)ace
s)ace

,ir spaces transmit heat by*

,ir spaces transmit heat by*

6adiation! conduction and

6adiation! conduction and
con"ection.
con"ection.

Btu/Hr/s).ft/deg 0
Btu/Hr/s).ft/deg 0

.sed for air spaces greater than

.sed for air spaces greater than
BC thic5ness! and ha"ing no
BC thic5ness! and ha"ing no
re(ecti"e insulation such as
re(ecti"e insulation such as
aluminum foil.
aluminum foil.
22 22
- .alue
- .alue

6efer the 4gure shoing the 6efer the 4gure shoing the
cross3section of a barrier ha"ing three cross3section of a barrier ha"ing three
materials of thic5nesses t1! t>! t?! materials of thic5nesses t1! t>! t?!
thermal conducti"ities 51!5>! and 5? and thermal conducti"ities 51!5>! and 5? and
surface conductance <air 4lm coe9cients= surface conductance <air 4lm coe9cients=
f1 and f0. f1 and f0.
/he resistance of the complete barrier is* /he resistance of the complete barrier is*
1/4 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo 1/4 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
23 23
- .alue
- .alue
24 24
- .alue
- .alue
'f 7.7 is the o"erall heat transmission of 'f 7.7 is the o"erall heat transmission of
the barrier in B/./Hr/S).ft/deg 0 then! the barrier in B/./Hr/S).ft/deg 0 then!
1/. is the o"erall thermal resistance of 1/. is the o"erall thermal resistance of
the barrier. the barrier.
1/. = 1/f1 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo 1/. = 1/f1 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
/herefore! /herefore!
. = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo . = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @ t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
25 25
Thermal conductance of air
Thermal conductance of air
s)ace1
s)ace1

:ead space of air as a layer

:ead space of air as a layer

%xceeds BC thic5ness
%xceeds BC thic5ness

Ao re(ecti"e insulation surfaces

Ao re(ecti"e insulation surfaces
li5e aluminum foil
li5e aluminum foil

/ransmits heat by radiation!

/ransmits heat by radiation!
con"ection and conduction.
con"ection and conduction.

Dalue = 1.1
Dalue = 1.1
26 26
- .alue 2*3
- .alue 2*3

$ithout dead air space

$ithout dead air space

. = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @
. = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @
t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo

$ith dead air space

$ith dead air space

. = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @
. = 1 / 1/f1 @ t1/51 @
t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
t>/5> @ t?/5? @ 1/fo
@1/a
@1/a
27 27
Calculate - %alue
Calculate - %alue

8C bric5 all ith EC cement plaster 8C bric5 all ith EC cement plaster
both sides. both sides.

,s abo"e! but ith a 1C air gap also. ,s abo"e! but ith a 1C air gap also.

,s abo"e! but ith 1C expanded ,s abo"e! but ith 1C expanded

polystyrene also. polystyrene also.

#C 6&&! ith EC plaster both sides #C 6&&! ith EC plaster both sides

F mm glass F mm glass

GC 6&&! EC plaster both sides! and >C GC 6&&! EC plaster both sides! and >C
thermocole insulation. thermocole insulation.
28 28
Con%ersion
Con%ersion

/o con"ert . "alues*
/o con"ert . "alues*

< Hultiply 1 btu/hr.sft.0

< Hultiply 1 btu/hr.sft.0
<'I units= by
<'I units= by
F.#J8>#??K8 to get
F.#J8>#??K8 to get
$/s)m.L <in S' units=
$/s)m.L <in S' units=
29 29
Heat Load Calculation
Heat Load Calculation
30 30
E *+ "ethod
E *+ "ethod

'n 'ndia! the % >0 method has become the 'n 'ndia! the % >0 method has become the
defacto standard! and is a time pro"en method. defacto standard! and is a time pro"en method.
hat e mean is that! if you calculate hat e mean is that! if you calculate
instantaneous loads using this method! then! in instantaneous loads using this method! then! in
most cases! it ill be reasonably accurate to most cases! it ill be reasonably accurate to
select correctly siMed e)uipment. select correctly siMed e)uipment.
/he % >0 method is a method de"eloped by /he % >0 method is a method de"eloped by
&arrier. &arrier.
Hany more methods ha"e been de"eloped! Hany more methods ha"e been de"eloped!
including a 7heat balance method7! here you including a 7heat balance method7! here you
can calculate hourly loads! not Nust the can calculate hourly loads! not Nust the
instantaneous load at G IH. instantaneous load at G IH.
31 31
Building Sur%ey
Building Sur%ey

&ollect architect1s draings for the &ollect architect1s draings for the
building gi"ing all details and dimensions building gi"ing all details and dimensions
of alls! (oors! indos! etc. 'f such of alls! (oors! indos! etc. 'f such
draings are not a"ailable! then sur"ey draings are not a"ailable! then sur"ey
the place and get the details. the place and get the details.

Building orientation. Building orientation.

$indos* Location! siMe and orientation! $indos* Location! siMe and orientation!
hether externally or internally shaded. hether externally or internally shaded.

. .
32 32
Building Sur%ey
Building Sur%ey

Iartitions* /o non3airconditioned spaces! to Iartitions* /o non3airconditioned spaces! to

5itchens! to toilets. 5itchens! to toilets.

6oof construction! light roof! sheet roof! 6oof construction! light roof! sheet roof!
insulation! Hedium roof <G7 concrete=! Hung insulation! Hedium roof <G7 concrete=! Hung
ceiling <false ceiling=! &eiling "entilation! ceiling <false ceiling=! &eiling "entilation!
&eiling! (oor! ,& abo"e or not. &eiling! (oor! ,& abo"e or not.

&onstruction details li5e thic5ness of all! &onstruction details li5e thic5ness of all!
material and layers of construction! type of material and layers of construction! type of
indos! nature of ceiling! roof! (oor belo ,& indos! nature of ceiling! roof! (oor belo ,&
or not! orientation! occupancy! lighting load! or not! orientation! occupancy! lighting load!
appliances! etc. appliances! etc.
33 33
Thermal 4oning
Thermal 4oning

$hat you get as a draing! remember! has the $hat you get as a draing! remember! has the
space di"ided as a geometrical space. Oou ould space di"ided as a geometrical space. Oou ould
need to map out the space as a thermal spaceP need to map out the space as a thermal spaceP
$hat e mean by a thermal space! is that! all $hat e mean by a thermal space! is that! all
li5e areas! being fed by a single split or li5e areas! being fed by a single split or
pac5aged or air handling system! and therefore pac5aged or air handling system! and therefore
are at the same temperatures! can be clubbed are at the same temperatures! can be clubbed
together! for the purposes of heat load. together! for the purposes of heat load.
Simply! if there is a ro of 10 cabins! being fed Simply! if there is a ro of 10 cabins! being fed
by the same e)uipment! hile geometrically by the same e)uipment! hile geometrically
there are 10 spaces! you could treat the entire there are 10 spaces! you could treat the entire
10 cabin space as a single thermal space. 10 cabin space as a single thermal space.
34 34
Thermal 4oning
Thermal 4oning

if there is a ro of 10 cabins! being fed by if there is a ro of 10 cabins! being fed by

the same e)uipment! hile geometrically the same e)uipment! hile geometrically
there are 10 spaces! you could treat the there are 10 spaces! you could treat the
entire 10 cabin space as a single thermal entire 10 cabin space as a single thermal
space. space.
8f course! some Mones! li5e the :ata &entre 8f course! some Mones! li5e the :ata &entre
or the dining area! ould be treated as or the dining area! ould be treated as
separate thermal Mones! because their inside separate thermal Mones! because their inside
design conditions are di2erent for the rest design conditions are di2erent for the rest
of the space. of the space.
Qoning is an art! de"eloped by practice. Qoning is an art! de"eloped by practice.
35 35
eometric 4ones
eometric 4ones
36 36
Thermal 4ones
Thermal 4ones
37 37
"ulti5story #uildings
"ulti5story #uildings

Oou could treat a multi3storied building as one single thermal Oou could treat a multi3storied building as one single thermal
Mone. 'n hich case e call that a bloc5 load. you do Nust one Mone. 'n hich case e call that a bloc5 load. you do Nust one
heat load calculation! to get the bloc5 load. 8f course! for heat load calculation! to get the bloc5 load. 8f course! for
purposes of air distribution! and e)uipment selection! you purposes of air distribution! and e)uipment selection! you
may need to do a load for each Mone <say! (oors=. But the may need to do a load for each Mone <say! (oors=. But the
total of all the Monal heat loads ill add up to the bloc5 load. total of all the Monal heat loads ill add up to the bloc5 load.
/ypically! in a multi3storied building! there is a ground (oor a /ypically! in a multi3storied building! there is a ground (oor a
top (oor and many (oor in beteen. top (oor and many (oor in beteen.
Since the load for the ground (oor ill be di2erence from the Since the load for the ground (oor ill be di2erence from the
intermediate (oors and the top (oor <because of say! a intermediate (oors and the top (oor <because of say! a
basement belo=! it ould be treated as a separate thermal basement belo=! it ould be treated as a separate thermal
Mone. /he top (oor! similarly! ould be exposed to sun! so Mone. /he top (oor! similarly! ould be exposed to sun! so
that ould be treated di2erently. But all intermediate (oors! that ould be treated di2erently. But all intermediate (oors!
could be identical! and you could do a single heat load for could be identical! and you could do a single heat load for
that! and multiply that load by the number of (oors. that! and multiply that load by the number of (oors.
'f you add all the loads done abo"e! ground! top! and <, x 'f you add all the loads done abo"e! ground! top! and <, x
typical (oor=! the total ould be e)ui"alent to the bloc5 load. typical (oor=! the total ould be e)ui"alent to the bloc5 load.
38 38
H%acindia o0ce
H%acindia o0ce
39 39
The Heat Load /orm
The Heat Load /orm
40 40
Pro6le
Pro6le
41 41
Room Si7e
Room Si7e
42 42
!utside Design Conditions
!utside Design Conditions

8utside :esign :ata* 8utside :esign :ata*

$hich Station $hich Station

$hat is the Latitude $hat is the Latitude

$hat is the :aily range $hat is the :aily range

Summer! Honsoon! $inter Summer! Honsoon! $inter

Ri"en! :B temp. and $B temp. Ri"en! :B temp. and $B temp.

0ind Rrains from the psychrometric chart. 0ind Rrains from the psychrometric chart.

Iage 1 and > Iage 1 and >

43 43
!utside Design Conditions
!utside Design Conditions

/he data e are using is data hich

/he data e are using is data hich
has been published a long time ago!
has been published a long time ago!
in the D8L/,S Handboo5. 'ts origin
in the D8L/,S Handboo5. 'ts origin
and basis is not 5non.
and basis is not 5non.
&urrently! one should use the 'SH6,%
&urrently! one should use the 'SH6,%
'nside :esign &onditions :ata.
'nside :esign &onditions :ata.
44 44
8comfort8 %aria#les
8comfort8 %aria#les

en"ironmental "ariables
en"ironmental "ariables

air temperature
air temperature

relati"e humidity
relati"e humidity

air motion
air motion

mean radiant temperature

mean radiant temperature
<a".=
<a".=
7clo7 "alue! ;metC rate!
7clo7 "alue! ;metC rate!
45 45
Inside Design Conditions
Inside Design Conditions

JF deg 0 :B temperature
JF deg 0 :B temperature

FFS 6.H.
FFS 6.H.

J# deg 0 :B temperature
J# deg 0 :B temperature

FFS 6.H.
FFS 6.H.

#8 deg 0 to J# deg 0
#8 deg 0 to J# deg 0

F0S to #0S
F0S to #0S
46 46
ASHRAE Comfort Chart
ASHRAE Comfort Chart
47 47
Comfort 4one
Comfort 4one

Host people <K0S= are

Host people <K0S= are
comfortable hen the air
comfortable hen the air
temperature is beteen
temperature is beteen
183>FT& and the S 6H is
183>FT& and the S 6H is
beteen G03#FS. /his Mone can
beteen G03#FS. /his Mone can
be shon on the
be shon on the
psychrometric
psychrometric

chart.! and is 5non as the
chart.! and is 5non as the
comfort Mone
comfort Mone
.
.
48 48
Inside Design Conditions
Inside Design Conditions

,s per ,SH6,%! one ould choose JF deg 0 ,s per ,SH6,%! one ould choose JF deg 0
and F0S 6H. and F0S 6H.
Aote that ith each degree 0 decrease in Aote that ith each degree 0 decrease in
inside room temperature the load ould inside room temperature the load ould
increase by 10 to 1FS. increase by 10 to 1FS.
.sually! e .sually! e do not do not go belo F0 deg 0 supply go belo F0 deg 0 supply
air temperature for comfort applications. air temperature for comfort applications.
/he usual /he usual guaranteed guaranteed inside conditions ha"e inside conditions ha"e
a tolerance of @ / 3 > deg 0! and the 6elati"e a tolerance of @ / 3 > deg 0! and the 6elati"e
humidity has a tolerance of @/3 FS 6.H. humidity has a tolerance of @/3 FS 6.H.
49 49
!utside and Inside
!utside and Inside
Conditions
Conditions
50 50
!utside Air )er )erson
!utside Air )er )erson

Iage 18. Iage 1K <,SH6,% standard #> 31K8K= Iage 18. Iage 1K <,SH6,% standard #> 31K8K=
8utside air is pro"ided for oxygen and for maintaining the 8utside air is pro"ided for oxygen and for maintaining the
area under slight positi"e pressure. 'n some applications! area under slight positi"e pressure. 'n some applications!
100S outside air is re)uired. 100S outside air is re)uired.
cfm / person or air changes per hour! hich e"er is higher. cfm / person or air changes per hour! hich e"er is higher.
.sually! 1 air change per hour is used. .sually! 1 air change per hour is used.
:educt the amount of in4ltration directly entering into :educt the amount of in4ltration directly entering into
the room. ,dd the amount of exhaust! if any! to get the the room. ,dd the amount of exhaust! if any! to get the
net outside air to use in the heat load. net outside air to use in the heat load.
&alculation of air changes! is based on the "olume of &alculation of air changes! is based on the "olume of
conditioned space. that means! that the height to be used conditioned space. that means! that the height to be used
should be the false ceiling! if there is one. should be the false ceiling! if there is one.
51 51
!utside Air
!utside Air
52 52
9 Sources of Sensi#le Loads
9 Sources of Sensi#le Loads

Heat (o from solar radiation <sometimes called Heat (o from solar radiation <sometimes called
radiation load=. radiation load=.

Heat (o from armer surroundings <sometimes called Heat (o from armer surroundings <sometimes called
the transmission load and sensible in4ltration load=. the transmission load and sensible in4ltration load=.

Heat (o into the space from energy consuming Heat (o into the space from energy consuming
obNects ithin the space <sometimes called internal obNects ithin the space <sometimes called internal
loads=U these obNects usually include* loads=U these obNects usually include*

Peo)le Peo)le

lighting lighting

!0ce a))liances !0ce a))liances

"otors "otors

any other energy consuming de%ices any other energy consuming de%ices
53 53
Sensi#le ains
Sensi#le ains

Solar gains
Solar gains

/ransmission gains
/ransmission gains

Lights gains
Lights gains

%)uipment/ appliances gains

%)uipment/ appliances gains

Ieople gains
Ieople gains

8utside air gains

8utside air gains

'n4ltration gains
'n4ltration gains
54 54
Solar and Transmission ains
Solar and Transmission ains

/he sun1s heat can get into a building in /he sun1s heat can get into a building in
one of to ays 33 through glass and one of to ays 33 through glass and
through alls and roof. through alls and roof.
1. 1. Solar gains Solar gains through glass is absorbed through glass is absorbed
instantaneously in the room. /his is in instantaneously in the room. /his is in
addition to the conducted heat passed by addition to the conducted heat passed by
the glass. the glass.

>. >. /ransmission gains /ransmission gains through glass! alls! through glass! alls!
(oors! ceilings and roofs. (oors! ceilings and roofs.
55 55
lass
lass

6emember! glass is
6emember! glass is
responsible for B8/H*
responsible for B8/H*

Solar gains.
Solar gains.

/ransmission gains.
/ransmission gains.
56 56
Solar gain e:uation
Solar gain e:uation

Solar Rain* Solar Rain*

,rea x Solar Heat Rain x 8"erall Rlass ,rea x Solar Heat Rain x 8"erall Rlass
0actor = Btu/Hr 0actor = Btu/Hr

, x Sg x Sf = ) , x Sg x Sf = )

Iage ?! G! F for Solar Heat Rain Iage ?! G! F for Solar Heat Rain

Iage K for 8"erall Rlass 0actor Iage K for 8"erall Rlass 0actor
57 57
E;ect of orientation and time
E;ect of orientation and time

%2ect of 8rientation and time on solar gain. %2ect of 8rientation and time on solar gain.
Rlass facing %ast pea5s in Vuly 3 august at 10 am . Rlass facing %ast pea5s in Vuly 3 august at 10 am .
Rlass facing the South shos the greatest load at Rlass facing the South shos the greatest load at
noon! and is loer before and after noon. ,lso! it noon! and is loer before and after noon. ,lso! it
is maximum in :ecember. is maximum in :ecember.
Rlass on the $est is the re"erse of %ast. 't pea5s Rlass on the $est is the re"erse of %ast. 't pea5s
at G pm! and is max!. in Vuly. at G pm! and is max!. in Vuly.
Rlass on the Aorth and any shaded glass all day Rlass on the Aorth and any shaded glass all day
gets some solar heat that is re(ected by dust. 8f gets some solar heat that is re(ected by dust. 8f
course! this is "ery small as compared to direct course! this is "ery small as compared to direct
sunlight. sunlight.
58 58
Solar gain
Solar gain
59 59
Solar ain /actor
Solar ain /actor

Solar gain factor is 1.0 for clear single3paned Solar gain factor is 1.0 for clear single3paned
glass. glass.

&an be reduced by* &an be reduced by* <Iage K= <Iage K=

Solar gain may be reduced by using* Solar gain may be reduced by using*

:ouble paned glass <insulating glass= :ouble paned glass <insulating glass=

Dacuum or gas W 4lled! ,rgon! Lrypton. Dacuum or gas W 4lled! ,rgon! Lrypton.

Heat absorbing glass Heat absorbing glass

<Lo e glass=! <Lo emissi"ity glass= <Lo e glass=! <Lo emissi"ity glass=

/inted glass /inted glass

8utside shading de"ices 8utside shading de"ices

'nside shading de"ices 'nside shading de"ices

60 60
Insulating gla7ing
Insulating gla7ing

&alled ;insulatingC because of an insulating gas or &alled ;insulatingC because of an insulating gas or
"acuum layer. "acuum layer.

'nsulated glaMing unit <commonly referred to as 'R.= is 'nsulated glaMing unit <commonly referred to as 'R.= is
a piece of glaMing consisting of to or more layers of a piece of glaMing consisting of to or more layers of
glaMing separated by a spacer along the edge and glaMing separated by a spacer along the edge and
sealed to create a hermetically sealed air space sealed to create a hermetically sealed air space
beteen the layers. /his pro"ides better heat and beteen the layers. /his pro"ides better heat and
sound insulation than standard single3glaMed indos. sound insulation than standard single3glaMed indos.
'nsulating indos are usually double paned and are 'nsulating indos are usually double paned and are
also referred to as 7double glaMing7 but indos ith also referred to as 7double glaMing7 but indos ith
triple panes or more! 7triple glaMing7 are sometimes triple panes or more! 7triple glaMing7 are sometimes
seen in "ery cold areas. 'nsulated glaMing is framed in seen in "ery cold areas. 'nsulated glaMing is framed in
a sash or frame as if it ere a "ery thic5 piece of glass. a sash or frame as if it ere a "ery thic5 piece of glass.
61 61


Solar ain
Solar ain
Insulating glass
Insulating glass
63 63
Solar ains
Solar ains
64 64
Transmission gain e:uations
Transmission gain e:uations

,rea x <%)ui"alent= /emp. :i2. x . "alue = ,rea x <%)ui"alent= /emp. :i2. x . "alue =
Btu/Hr Btu/Hr

, x %/: x . = ) <0or alls and roofs= , x %/: x . = ) <0or alls and roofs=

, x /emp.:i2. x . = ) <0or other , x /emp.:i2. x . = ) <0or other

transmission gains= transmission gains=

Iages # for alls! page J for roofs and Iages # for alls! page J for roofs and
correction to %/: correction to %/:
65 65
<hy ETD %alue and not
<hy ETD %alue and not
Tem)1Di;=
Tem)1Di;=

$alls and roofs ha"e capacity to

$alls and roofs ha"e capacity to
;storeC thermal energy.
;storeC thermal energy.

&alled ;thermal storage.C

&alled ;thermal storage.C

:epending on the type of

:epending on the type of
construction! there is usually a
construction! there is usually a
time lag of from to to ten hours
time lag of from to to ten hours
before this heat reaches the room.
before this heat reaches the room.
66 66
ETD %alue and thermal storage
ETD %alue and thermal storage
67 67
ETD %alues de)end on>
ETD %alues de)end on>

latitude latitude <based on G0 deg A= <based on G0 deg A=

<,pproximately correct for >0 deg A and ?0 deg A latitude too=. <,pproximately correct for >0 deg A and ?0 deg A latitude too=.
%xposure %xposure! A!S!%!$!A%!A$ etc. ! A!S!%!$!A%!A$ etc.

$eight of all or roof $eight of all or roof! lbs/sft! <10lbs/sft to 80 lbs/sft= ! lbs/sft! <10lbs/sft to 80 lbs/sft=

$all colour $all colour <&orrection normally not used! but formula exists <&orrection normally not used! but formula exists
in the in the

&arrier System :esign Hanual! if re)uired to be &arrier System :esign Hanual! if re)uired to be
used=. used=.
G7 bric5 = light construction. G7 bric5 = light construction.
#7 bric5 = medium construction #7 bric5 = medium construction
87 bric5 = hea"y construction. 87 bric5 = hea"y construction.
G7 6&& = medium construction. G7 6&& = medium construction.
#7 6&& = hea"y construction. #7 6&& = hea"y construction.
68 68
Basis of ETD %alues
Basis of ETD %alues

8utside :B at KF deg 0 ! and room at 80 deg 0. 8utside :B at KF deg 0 ! and room at 80 deg 0.

:aily range* >0 deg 0 daily range! and for G0 deg A :aily range* >0 deg 0 daily range! and for G0 deg A
latitude latitude

Based on >G hour operation. Based on >G hour operation.

:ar53coloured alls. :ar53coloured alls.

Aeeds to be corrected Aeeds to be corrected. .

page J for roofs and correction to %/: page J for roofs and correction to %/:

69 69
Transmission ain Thru ceilings(
Transmission ain Thru ceilings(
?oors( glass( )artitions1
?oors( glass( )artitions1

Aote carefully! hether the area has a (oor Aote carefully! hether the area has a (oor
belo ,& or non ,&. Similarly! for the ceiling belo ,& or non ,&. Similarly! for the ceiling
abo"e. Rround (oors could ha"e basements! so abo"e. Rround (oors could ha"e basements! so
(oor belo ould be treated as non3,&. (oor belo ould be treated as non3,&.
.se a temperature di2erence of F deg f less .se a temperature di2erence of F deg f less
than the outside :B temperature. than the outside :B temperature.
Sometimes! the (oor belo or ceiling abo"e may Sometimes! the (oor belo or ceiling abo"e may
be at di2erent temperature! let1s say a loer be at di2erent temperature! let1s say a loer
temperature! such as for :ata &entres. /hen! temperature! such as for :ata &entres. /hen!
that needs to be accounted for. <and don1t that needs to be accounted for. <and don1t
forget to insulate the slab to pre"ent seating=P forget to insulate the slab to pre"ent seating=P
70 70
- .alues
- .alues

Iages 1>! 1? 5 "alues.

Iages 1>! 1? 5 "alues.

Iage 1G! 5 "alues for insulating

Iage 1G! 5 "alues for insulating
materials.
materials.

5 = B/./Hr/S).ft/'nch
5 = B/./Hr/S).ft/'nch
thic5ness/:eg 0
thic5ness/:eg 0
71 71
a#le Roof
a#le Roof
72 72
Transmission ains @ <alls and
Transmission ains @ <alls and
Roof
Roof
73 73
Transmission ain Thru lass
Transmission ain Thru lass
And Partition
And Partition

,dd all the areas for solar glass! and ,dd all the areas for solar glass! and
then add any glass hich is exposed to then add any glass hich is exposed to
a non3airconditioned area. a non3airconditioned area.
0or transmission gain thru glass! use 0or transmission gain thru glass! use
the di2erence beteen the outside and the di2erence beteen the outside and
the inside design conditions. the inside design conditions.
0or transmission gains from partitions! 0or transmission gains from partitions!
use F degree less. Aote! sometimes the use F degree less. Aote! sometimes the
partition! may be exposed to a hotter partition! may be exposed to a hotter
area li5e a 5itchen or furnace! in hich area li5e a 5itchen or furnace! in hich
case! please ta5e care. case! please ta5e care.
74 74
Transmission ains 5 !ther
Transmission ains 5 !ther
75 75
Lights
Lights

/he heat gi"en o2 by lights both incandescent /he heat gi"en o2 by lights both incandescent
and (uorescent <and &0L=! is not a2ected by the and (uorescent <and &0L=! is not a2ected by the
room temperature. 't depends only on the room temperature. 't depends only on the
electricity consumed. electricity consumed.
1 L lighting load generates ?G10 B/./Hr. 1 L lighting load generates ?G10 B/./Hr.
Ballast loads! copper ballast! electronic ballast. Ballast loads! copper ballast! electronic ballast.
Halogen transformer issues. Halogen transformer issues.
$atts per s)ft. $atts per s)ft.
89ce. 89ce.
Shorooms. Shorooms.
Veellery shops. Veellery shops.
Rain into return air plenum. Rain into return air plenum.
76 76
Lights gain e:uation
Lights gain e:uation

Lights*
Lights*

,rea x atts/s)ft x Ballast

,rea x atts/s)ft x Ballast
Hultiplier x constant =Btu/hr
Hultiplier x constant =Btu/hr

, x <5$! $= x B.H. x
, x <5$! $= x B.H. x
?.G1/?G10 = )
?.G1/?G10 = )
77 77
Return air )lenum gain
Return air )lenum gain
78 78
A))liances( '< or <atts
A))liances( '< or <atts

Heat generated by computers. Heat generated by computers.

<6efer the boo5let for other appliances=. <6efer the boo5let for other appliances=.
.sually! as per earlier 'BH recommendations! this used .sually! as per earlier 'BH recommendations! this used
to be 1F0 atts per I&! but ould ha"e no increased to be 1F0 atts per I&! but ould ha"e no increased
to >00 atts per I&. to >00 atts per I&.
6emember! that for .IS1s and :ata &enters you need to 6emember! that for .IS1s and :ata &enters you need to
be "ery careful in determining the heat generated. be "ery careful in determining the heat generated.
0or .IS rooms! ta5e 10S of the .IS rating! if itXs a 0or .IS rooms! ta5e 10S of the .IS rating! if itXs a
digital .IS. digital .IS.
0or ser"er rooms! there is no set norm! but usually! a G> 0or ser"er rooms! there is no set norm! but usually! a G>
. rac5 ould ha"e e)uipment generating about G L$ . rac5 ould ha"e e)uipment generating about G L$
per ser"er rac5! right upto 10L per blade ser"er rac5. per ser"er rac5! right upto 10L per blade ser"er rac5.
79 79
Electric "otors( H1P1
Electric "otors( H1P1

/he heat gi"en o2 by electric motors! machines and /he heat gi"en o2 by electric motors! machines and
appliances is also fairly independent of the room appliances is also fairly independent of the room
temperature. 't depends on the actual electricity temperature. 't depends on the actual electricity
used. Aameplate ratings may not re(ect actual used. Aameplate ratings may not re(ect actual
loads. loads.
Hotors many times! are o"er loaded or under Hotors many times! are o"er loaded or under
loaded. So a usage factor may be used to account loaded. So a usage factor may be used to account
for this. for this.
'n addition! the heat from the motor going into the 'n addition! the heat from the motor going into the
room! depends on the location of the motor! room! depends on the location of the motor!
hether ithin the room or outside the room. hether ithin the room or outside the room.
1 H.I. = >FGF B/./Hr. 1 H.I. = >FGF B/./Hr.
80 80
E:ui)ment A A))liances gain
E:ui)ment A A))liances gain
e:uation
e:uation

<5$!$!HI= x :i"ersity 0actor x constant <5$!$!HI= x :i"ersity 0actor x constant

= Btu/hr = Btu/hr

5$ x :.0. x ?G10 = Btu/Hr 5$ x :.0. x ?G10 = Btu/Hr

$ x :.0. x ?.G1 = Btu/Hr $ x :.0. x ?.G1 = Btu/Hr

HI x :.0 x >FGF = Btu/Hr HI x :.0 x >FGF = Btu/Hr

Iage >G Iage >G

Iage >>! >? for heat gain from motors. Iage >>! >? for heat gain from motors.
81 81
Peo)le
Peo)le

Heat generated by oxidation!

Heat generated by oxidation!
called metabolic rate.
called metabolic rate.

&arried by*
&arried by*

6adiation! con"ection <s5in Y

6adiation! con"ection <s5in Y
breathing=
breathing=

%"aporation of moisture from s5in

%"aporation of moisture from s5in
82 82
Peo)le gain e:uation
Peo)le gain e:uation

Ieople x Sensible
Ieople x Sensible
gain/person =
gain/person =
Btu/Hr
Btu/Hr

Iage >1
Iage >1
83 83
Internal Heat
Internal Heat
84 84
By)ass /actor
By)ass /actor

1.1# <Heat gain from people! bypass 1.1# <Heat gain from people! bypass
factors= factors=
Bypass factor calculation* Bypass factor calculation*
0or G ro coil = 0.1> 0or G ro coil = 0.1>
# ro = <0.1>= Z #/G # ro = <0.1>= Z #/G
8 ro =<0.1>= Z 8/G 8 ro =<0.1>= Z 8/G
<13B0= is called &ontact 0actor. <13B0= is called &ontact 0actor.
85 85
By)assed outside air gain
By)assed outside air gain
e:uation
e:uation

8utside air cfm x

8utside air cfm x
/emp.:i2. x Bypass
/emp.:i2. x Bypass
factor x 1.08=Btu/Hr
factor x 1.08=Btu/Hr

8, cfm x /emp.:i2 x
8, cfm x /emp.:i2 x
B.0. x 1.08 = Btu/Hr
B.0. x 1.08 = Btu/Hr
86 86
In6ltration
In6ltration

'n4ltration page in boo5let. 'n4ltration page in boo5let.

'n4ltration is the lea5age of untreated 'n4ltration is the lea5age of untreated
outdoor air through porous alls! outdoor air through porous alls!
(oors! roofs! poorly sealed indos! (oors! roofs! poorly sealed indos!
etc. etc.
'n4ltration can add a lot of moisture 'n4ltration can add a lot of moisture
load into the conditioned space. load into the conditioned space.
Renerally! in4ltration is caused by ind Renerally! in4ltration is caused by ind
"elocity! or stac5 e2ect! or both. "elocity! or stac5 e2ect! or both.
87 87
In6ltration
In6ltration

$ind Delocity* $ind Delocity*

/he $ind Delocity builds up a pressure /he $ind Delocity builds up a pressure
on the indard side of the building! on the indard side of the building!
and a slight "acuum on the leeard and a slight "acuum on the leeard
side of the building. /his pressure side of the building. /his pressure
di2erence causes the air to in4ltrate. di2erence causes the air to in4ltrate.
thru cre"ices! poorly gas5eted indos thru cre"ices! poorly gas5eted indos
and doors! crac5s! etc. and doors! crac5s! etc.
88 88
In6ltration
In6ltration

Stac5 e2ect* Stac5 e2ect*

Stac5 e2ect is nothing but a :i2erence in :ensity Stac5 e2ect is nothing but a :i2erence in :ensity
beteen outside the building and inside the building. 'n beteen outside the building and inside the building. 'n
tall buildings! this density di2erence causes summer tall buildings! this density di2erence causes summer
in4ltration. in4ltration.
Hodern building construction today is reasonably air Hodern building construction today is reasonably air
tight <or should beP=! and mainly pro"ided ith tight <or should beP=! and mainly pro"ided ith
mo"eable glass! so in4ltration is ignored. mo"eable glass! so in4ltration is ignored.
<do ta5e care to chec5 out at site! those (oors hich are <do ta5e care to chec5 out at site! those (oors hich are
facing the sea! especially the upper (oorsP you could be facing the sea! especially the upper (oorsP you could be
)uite surprised that the in4ltration could e"en 5eep the )uite surprised that the in4ltration could e"en 5eep the
main o9ce door as much as #7 open permanentlyP main o9ce door as much as #7 open permanentlyP

'n4ltration can also occur through fre)uently opening 'n4ltration can also occur through fre)uently opening
doors! especially large doors hich ha"e a high rate of doors! especially large doors hich ha"e a high rate of
people mo"ement. people mo"ement.
89 89
In6ltration
In6ltration

,ir &hange Hethod*

,ir &hange Hethod*

<0.> to 0.F air changes per

<0.> to 0.F air changes per
hour.=
hour.=

%2ecti"e Lea5age ,rea Hethod.

%2ecti"e Lea5age ,rea Hethod.

Iages >8! >K

Iages >8! >K
90 90
In6ltration gain e:uation
In6ltration gain e:uation

'n4ltration air cfm x

'n4ltration air cfm x
/emp.:i2. x
/emp.:i2. x
1.08=Btu/Hr
1.08=Btu/Hr

8, cfm x /emp.:i2 x
8, cfm x /emp.:i2 x
1.08 = Btu/Hr
1.08 = Btu/Hr
91 91
By)assed outside air and
By)assed outside air and
in6ltration
in6ltration
92 92
Safeties and Room Sensi#le
Safeties and Room Sensi#le
Heat
Heat
93 93
* Sources of Latent Loads
* Sources of Latent Loads

Hoisture entering the space from bypassed Hoisture entering the space from bypassed
outside air and in4ltration. outside air and in4ltration.

Hoisture through permeation from spaces at a Hoisture through permeation from spaces at a
higher "apour pressure. higher "apour pressure.

Hoisture generated ithin the space from Hoisture generated ithin the space from
moisture generating obNects. /hese obNects moisture generating obNects. /hese obNects
usually include* usually include*

occu)ants Bithin the s)ace occu)ants Bithin the s)ace

moisture generated #y coo'ing or Barming a))liances moisture generated #y coo'ing or Barming a))liances

industrial or )roduction machinery Bhich e%a)orates Bater industrial or )roduction machinery Bhich e%a)orates Bater
94 94
Latent ains
Latent ains

Ieople
Ieople

8utside air
8utside air

'n4ltration
'n4ltration

%)uipment <steam=
%)uipment <steam=
95 95
Latent gains e:uation
Latent gains e:uation

Ieople x Latent gain/person = Btu/Hr Ieople x Latent gain/person = Btu/Hr

Iage >1 Iage >1

8utside air cfm x Rrains x Bypass factor 8utside air cfm x Rrains x Bypass factor
x 0.#8=Btu/Hr x 0.#8=Btu/Hr

'n4ltration air cfm x Rrains x 'n4ltration air cfm x Rrains x

0.#8=Btu/Hr 0.#8=Btu/Hr

Steam lb/Hr x 1080 btu/lb = Btu/Hr Steam lb/Hr x 1080 btu/lb = Btu/Hr
96 96
Room Latent Heat and Room Total
Room Latent Heat and Room Total
Heat
Heat
97 97
!utside Air Heat and rand
!utside Air Heat and rand
Safeties
Safeties
98 98
Sensi#le Heat /actor
Sensi#le Heat /actor

%2ecti"e SH0
%2ecti"e SH0
%2ecti"e Sensible heat factor =
%2ecti"e Sensible heat factor =

%2ecti"e 6oom sensible heat /

%2ecti"e 6oom sensible heat /
%2ecti"e 6oom /otal heat
%2ecti"e 6oom /otal heat

%SH0 = %6SH / %/SH

%SH0 = %6SH / %/SH
99 99
A))aratus DeB Point
A))aratus DeB Point

:epends on 'nside :esign &onditions

:epends on 'nside :esign &onditions

%2ecti"e Sensible Heat 0actor

%2ecti"e Sensible Heat 0actor

<%2ecti"e Sensible Heat 0actor ta5es

<%2ecti"e Sensible Heat 0actor ta5es
into account the e2ect of bypassed
into account the e2ect of bypassed
air=.
air=.

Iages >F! >#! >J

Iages >F! >#! >J
100 100
Dehumidi6ed Air
Dehumidi6ed Air

/emp. 6ise = <13B0= x <6oom:B W ,:I= /emp. 6ise = <13B0= x <6oom:B W ,:I=

:ehumidi4ed air = :ehumidi4ed air =

%SH0 / <1.08 x /emp. 6ise= %SH0 / <1.08 x /emp. 6ise=

Aote that the air )uantity is in"ersely Aote that the air )uantity is in"ersely
proportional to the temperature rise. proportional to the temperature rise.
101 101
SH/( ADP and Dehumidi6ed
SH/( ADP and Dehumidi6ed
cfm
cfm
102 102
Return Air Heat ain
Return Air Heat ain
103 103
Chec' /igures
Chec' /igures
104 104
Load issues
Load issues

:id you consider indo shading[

:id you consider indo shading[

:id you consider Moning[

:id you consider Moning[

:id you consider ballast load for

:id you consider ballast load for
lights[
lights[

:id you consider in4ltration[

:id you consider in4ltration[

:id you consider insulating the roof[

:id you consider insulating the roof[

:id you consider any toilet exhaust[

:id you consider any toilet exhaust[
105 105
C++D/reshAir
C++D/reshAir

0or operation theatres and certain industrial 0or operation theatres and certain industrial
applications! 100S outside air is used. /o calculate applications! 100S outside air is used. /o calculate
a heat load for 100S outside air! follo this a heat load for 100S outside air! follo this
procedure* procedure*
1. &alculate the heat load ith the bypass factor = 0 1. &alculate the heat load ith the bypass factor = 0
.se the dehumidi4ed cfm that you calculate as the .se the dehumidi4ed cfm that you calculate as the
fresh air cfm! ith Bypass 0actor for an 8 ro coil. fresh air cfm! ith Bypass 0actor for an 8 ro coil.
/he fresh air )uantity and the dehumidi4ed air /he fresh air )uantity and the dehumidi4ed air
)uantity ill con"erge. )uantity ill con"erge.
/reated 0resh air. /reated 0resh air.
106 106
References
References

&arrier system :esign Hanual

&arrier system :esign Hanual

Doltas handboo5
Doltas handboo5

'SH6,% HD,& handboo5

'SH6,% HD,& handboo5

,SH6,% 0undamentals! 1K81

,SH6,% 0undamentals! 1K81

,rticles on the internet

,rticles on the internet

'SH6,% boo5let! 0undamentals

'SH6,% boo5let! 0undamentals
of air3conditioning
of air3conditioning

.h"acindia.co
.h"acindia.co
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