VALVE

A device for controlling the passage of fluid through

a pipe or duct, especially an automatic device
allowing movement in one direction only.


Contents:
Definition 1
Basic Parts of Valve 1
Functions of Valve 1
Four Basic Materials of Valve 1
Typical Sealing Assembly 2
9 Commonly Used Valves: 24
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
Ball Valve
Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Dual Plate Check Valve
Angle Valve
Safety Valve
Butterfly Valve
Valve
1
VALVE
Valve - is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized
solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. In an open
valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
- A mechanical device that should be properly installed and used. It will wear under
usage or misusage. It may have to be repaired or replaced. If it is not used frequently,
it may become frozen or hard to operate.
- Some valves are self-operated while others manually or with an actuator or pneumatic
or hydraulic is operated.
- There are many valve designs, types and models, with a wide range of industrial
applications. It is important that a correct valve is specified for the function, and must
be constructed of the correct material for the process liquid.

Basic Parts of Valve:
Valve Body - sometimes called the shell, it is the
outer casing of most or the entire valve that
contains the internal parts or trim.

Valve Bonnet - acts as a cover on the valve body.
It is commonly semi-permanently screwed into
the valve body or bolted onto it.

Valve Trim - a collective name for the replaceable
parts, in a valve. A typically Trim design includes
a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the
stem.
o Disk - or valve member is a
movable obstruction inside the
stationary body that adjustably
restricts flow through the valve.

o Seat - or seal rings is the
interior surface of the body
which contacts the disc to form a
leak-tight seal.


Valve Stem - transmits motion from the handle or
controlling device to the disc.





Functions of Valve:
Stopping and starting flow
Reduce or increase a flow
Controlling the direction of flow
Regulating a flow or process pressure
Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure



Four Basic Materials of Valve:
Bronze an alloy consisting primarily of
copper.
Cast Iron an iron or a ferrous alloy which
has been heated until it liquefies. It is
usually made from pig iron.
Steel an alloy of iron, with carbon, which
may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight.
PVC the third-most widely produced
polymer, after polyethylene and
polypropylene.

Valve
2
TYPICAL SEALING ASSEMBLY


1. Gland follower - a sleeve which compresses the packing, by a gland into the so called
stuffing box.

2. Gland - a kind of bushing, which compressed the packing into the stuffing box.

3. Stuffing box - a chamber in which the packing is compressed.
Packing - available in several materials, like Teflon, elastomeric material, fibrous
material etc.

4. Backseat - a seating arrangement inside the bonnet. It provides a seal between the stem
and bonnet and prevents system pressure from building against the valve packing, when
the valve is fully open. Back seats are often applied in gate and globe valves.

Here are the 9 commonly used Valves:
KIND of VALVE APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES REMARKS
Gate Valve

* Normally used fully
open or fully closed for
on / off regulation on
water, oil, gas, and
steam and other fluid
services.
* Available in large sizes
* Can be used with slurries
and viscous liquids
* Used as a shut off valve
* Easy to maintain and
disassemble
* Inherently fire-safe (when
used with a metal sheet)
* Bidirectional
* Low pressure limitations
* Slow open and close time
* Erosion of the seat and disk
can occur
* Poor throttling
characteristics
* Difficult to repair
* Should not be used in
sanitary applications
* Construction is quite
simple.

* They generally have
two threaded connectors
that hook into the pipe
system. It is possible for
a gate connector to have
more than two
connections, but this is
very rare.
Globe Valve

* Shut-off / regulation
of liquid / gas flow.
* Steam and
condensate
applications.
* Can be fast acting
* Precise control
* Can be used in high
pressure systems
* High head loss
* Large opening for disk
assembly
* Heavier than other valves
* Cantilevered mounting of
the disk to the stem
* Low coefficient of flow
* Not good for clean or sterile
applications
* Sometimes referred to
as throttle valves
because they can reduce
the flow through the
pipe.
Valve
3
KIND of VALVE APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES REMARKS
Ball Valve

* Wide range of
applications in all
sizes, including HPI.

* Steam and
condensate
applications.
* Superior ease of operation
* Maintains and regulates
high volume, high pressure
and high temp flow
* Rugged construction and
long service life
* Low purchase and
maintenance cost
* Able to function without
side loads
* Permit inspection and
repair of seats and seals
without removing the
valves body from the line
* Does not require
lubrication
* Limited maximum pressure
rating
* Poor throttling
characteristics
* Difficult to clean, leads to
contamination
* A valve with a
spherical disc, the part
of the valve which
controls the flow
through it.
Swing Check Valve

* A self-activating
safety valve that
permits gases and
liquids to flow in only
one direction.
* Prevents backflow
* Maintains pressure
* Serves as backup system
* Can't be used with
pulsating systems
* Closing element may slam
close causing damage and
excessive wear
* Most can be used
horizontally as well as
vertically
Lift Check Valve

* Provides the best
tightness and is the
most practical for
small sizes.
* Suitable for high-pressure
service where velocity of
flow is high
* Can't be used in a dirty
media because the media
could cause the disc to stick
inside the body bore.
* Used where the valve
body is to be
permanently installed
and maintenance needs
to be minimised.
Dual Plate Check Valve

* Similar to in-line
check valves in that
they are bonnetless
and mounted between
pipe flanges.
* Light weight, versatile
design

* Reduces pipe supports

* Simplifies piping

* Low cracking pressure
* Must be removed from the
line to perform maintenance
due to the bonnetless design.
* Double door, spring
loaded, designed to
protect your gas or
liquid piping systems.
Valve
4
KIND of VALVE APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES REMARKS
Angle Valve

* A valve with the inlet
at right angles to the
outlet for controlling
flow in a pipe.
* Allows very large flow
rates.
* It operates at high
viscosities and with dirty
media
* Controlling the flow of a
liquid or air
* Can introduce in
contamination because it is
difficult to clean.
* Can operate from zero
differential pressure
with high media
temperatures.
Safety Valve

* Automatically
actuates when the
pressure of inlet side of
the valve increases to a
predetermined
pressure. It open the
valve and discharge
the fluid (steam or gas)
and when the pressure
decreases to the
prescribed value it
close the valve disc
again.
* Used to prevent a tank
from collapsing while it is
being emptied.
* More complex, resulting in
various fail-open failure
modes.

* More expensive at smaller
sizes.

* Small parts in pilot valve
are sensitive to contaminant
particles.
* It evolved to protect
equipment such as
pressure vessels (fired
or not) and heat
exchangers. The term
safety valve should be
limited to compressible
fluid applications (gas,
vapour, or steam).
Butterfly Valve

* Shut-off and
regulation in larger
pipelines in
waterworks, process
industries, HPI, power
generation.
* Relatively simple
construction
* Can be produced in very
large sizes
* Eccentric design essential
for steam systems
* Typically used on liquid
systems
* Some portion of the disc is
always presented to the flow,
even when fully opened.

* Limited to low pressure
drop applications.

* Potential cavitation when
used.

* Possibility of choked flow is
a concern.
* It is recognized for
their quality design and
dependable service.

* Engineered for long-
term, maintenance-free
performance.