ENGLISH GRAMMAR COLLECTION

THE ALPHABET
A(ei)
eN

Bi
Ou

Ci
Pi

Di
E(i)
Q(kiu) aR

eF
eS

G(lli)
Ti

H(eich) I(ai)
iU
Vi

J(llei)
W
dabliu

Key
X
exz

eL
Y
guay

eM
Zi

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7
seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen (From 13 to 19 are considered teen family)
20 twenty
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80
eighty
90 ninety (from 20 to 90 are considered ty family)
100 one hundred 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred 500 five hundred 600 six hundred
700 seven hundred
800 eight hundred 900 nine hundred (from 100 to 900 are considered
hundred family)
1000 one thousand
1000000 one million
1000000000 one billion
General quantity: hundreds, thousands, millions, billions. Example: thousands of people, millions of cars.

PRONOUNS
Subject
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I am a student

Adjective
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Your are my friend

Possessive
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
The red car is mine

Object
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Mary loves me

Reflexive
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
I study by myself

SENTENCES (S + V + C)
Each sentence is composed of subject pronoun (S), verb (V) and complement or predicate (C). There are
three kind of sentences:
Affirmative (+): I am a student.
English.

Rose studies English.

My brothers can speak

Negative (-):
English.

Rose doesnt study English.

My brothers cant speak

I am not a student.

Interrogative (?)
1. YES/NO
Are you a student at ESPE?
2. WH QUESTION WORDS
Word
What
Where

Short Answers:
Yes, I am.
No, I am not
Meaning
Things, profession, jobs
Places

Long Answers:
Yes, I am a student at ESPE.
No, I am not a student at ESPE.
No, I am a teacher at ESPE
Examples
What is your name?
Where are you from?

When, what time

Why
Which
Who
Whose

Time
Reason
Selection
People
Possession

When is your birthday?

Why are you a student?
Which is your book?
Who is your friend?
Whose book is this?

PAST (WAS, WERE)

FUTURE (WILL BE)

I WAS a student at ESPE.

You WERE a student at ESPE.
Paul WAS a student at ESPE.

I WILL BE a student at ESPE.

You WILL BE a student at ESPE.
Paul WILL BE a student at ESPE.

I WAS NOT a student at ESPE.

You WERE NOT a student at ESPE.
Paul WAS NOT a student at ESPE.

I WILL NOT BE a student at ESPE.

You WON'T BE a student at ESPE.
Paul WONT BE a student at ESPE.

WAS I a student at ESPE?

WERE you a student at ESPE?
WAS Paul a student at ESPE?

WILL I BE a student at ESPE?

WILL You BE a student at ESPE?
WILL Paul BE a student at ESPE?

PAST (DID)

FUTURE (WILL)

I studied at ESPE.
You went to ESPE.
Paul studied at ESPE.

I WILL study at ESPE.

You WILL go to ESPE.
Paul WILL study at ESPE.

I did not study at ESPE.

You did not go to ESPE.
Paul did not study at ESPE.

I WILL not study at ESPE.

You won't go to ESPE.
Paul WILL not study at ESPE.

Did I study at ESPE.

Did you go to ESPE.
Did Paul study at ESPE.

WILL I study at ESPE?

WILL You go to ESPE?
WILL Paul study at ESPE?

PAST (WAS, WERE)+MV-ING

FUTURE (WILL BE)+MV-ING

I WAS STUDYING at ESPE.

You WERE GOING to ESPE.
Paul WAS STUDYING at ESPE.

I WILL BE STUDYING at ESPE.

You WILL BE GOING to ESPE.
Paul WILL BE STUDYING at ESPE.

VERB FORMS
SIMPLE FORM
1. TO BE
PRESENT (AM, ARE, IS)
Affirmative:
I AM a student at ESPE.
You ARE a student at ESPE.
Paul IS a student at ESPE.
Negative:
I AM NOT a student at ESPE.
You ARE NOT a student at ESPE.
Paul IS NOT a student at ESPE.
Interrogative:
AM I a student at ESPE?
ARE you a student at ESPE?
IS Paul a student at ESPE?
2. ACTION(Regular Irregular
verbs)
PRESENT (DO, DOES)
Affirmative:
I study at ESPE.
You go to ESPE.
Paul studies at ESPE.
Negative:
I do not study at ESPE.
You do not go to ESPE.
Paul does not study at ESPE.
Interrogative:
Do I study at ESPE?
Do you go to ESPE?
Does Paul study at ESPE?

PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUES
PRESENT (AM, ARE, IS)+MV-ING
Affirmative:
I AM STUDYING at ESPE.
You ARE GOING to ESPE.
Paul IS STUDYING at ESPE.
Negative:
I AM NOT STUDYING at ESPE.
You ARE NOT STUDYING at ESPE.
Paul IS NOT STUDYING at ESPE.
Interrogative:
AM I STUDYING at ESPE?
ARE You STUDYING at ESPE?
IS Paul STUDYING at ESPE?

I WAS NOT STUDYING at ESPE.

I WILL NOT BE STUDYING at ESPE.
You WERE NOT STUDYING at ESPE. You WON'T BE STUDYING at ESPE.
Paul WAS NOT STUDYING at ESPE. Paul WONT BE STUDYING at ESPE.
WAS I STUDYING at ESPE?
WERE You STUDYING at ESPE?
WAS Paul STUDYING at ESPE?

WILL I BE STUDYING at ESPE?

WILL You STUDYING at ESPE?
WILL Paul STUDYING at ESPE?

PERFECT:
PRESENT (have/has + past participle)
Affirmative:
I have studied at ESPE.
You have gone to ESPE.
Paul has studied at ESPE.
Negative:
I have not studied at ESPE.
You have not gone to ESPE.
Paul has not studied at ESPE.
Interrogative:
Have I studied at ESPE.
Have you gone to ESPE.
Has Paul studied at ESPE.

PAST (had + past participle)

FUTURE (will have + past participle)

I had studied at ESPE.

You had gone to ESPE.
Paul had studied at ESPE.

I WILL have studied at ESPE.

You WILL have gone to ESPE.
Paul WILL have studied at ESPE.

I had NOT studied at ESPE.

You had NOT gone to ESPE.
Paul had NOT studied at ESPE.

I WILL not have studied at ESPE.

You won't have gone to ESPE.
Paul WILL not have studied at ESPE.

Had I studied at ESPE.

Had you gone to ESPE.
Had Paul studied at ESPE.

WILL I have studied at ESPE?

WILL You have gone to ESPE?
WILL Paul have studied at ESPE?

PAST (had + been + past participle)

FUTURE (will have + been +past

participle)

I had been studying at ESPE.

You had been studying at ESPE.
Paul had been studying at ESPE.

I WILL have been studying at ESPE.

You WILL have been studying at ESPE.
Paul WILL have been studying at ESPE.

I had NOT been studying at ESPE.

You had NOT been studying at ESPE.
Paul had NOT been studying at ESPE.

I WILL not have been studying at ESPE.

You won't have been studying at ESPE.
Paul wont have been studying at ESPE.

Had I been studying at ESPE.

Had you been studying ESPE.
Had Paul been studying at ESPE.

WILL I have been studying at ESPE?

WILL You have been studying at ESPE?
WILL Paul have been studying at ESPE?

SIMPLE FORM
PRESENT
Ali reads the book(s)

PAST
Ali read the book(s)

FUTURE
Ali will read the book(s)

The book is read by Susan.

The books are read by Susan.

the book was read by Susan.

the books were read by Susan.

the book will be read by Susan.

the books will be read by Susan.

PROGRESSIVE
Ali is reading the book(s)

Ali was reading the book(s)

Ali will be reading the book(s)

The book is being read by Ali.

The books are being read by Ali.

The book was being read by Ali.

The books were being read by Ali.

The book will be being read by Ali.

The books will be being read by Ali.

PERFECT
Ali has read the book(s)
The book has been read by Ali.
The books have been read by Ali.

Ali had read the book(s)

The book had been read by Ali.
The books had been read by Ali.

Ali will have read the book(s)

The book will have been read by Ali.
The books will have been read by Ali.

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
PRESENT (have/has + been + past
participle)
Affirmative:
I have been studying at ESPE.
You have been studying at ESPE.
Paul has been studying at ESPE.
Negative:
I have not been studying at ESPE.
You have not been studying at ESPE.
Paul has not been studying at ESPE.
Interrogative:
Have I been studying at ESPE.
Have you been studying at ESPE.
Has Paul been studying at ESPE.
PASSIVE VOICE

MODALS
Present / Future
CAN
MAY
SHALL
MUST

Past
COULD
MIGHT
SHOULD
HAD

Meaning
mental, physical ability
permission
suggestion
obligation

Examples
I can speak English.
May I help you?
You should study English.
You must be on time at work.

Can, be able
Should, ought to, had better, be supposed to.
FUTURE
Will
Be going to
Present
Present Progressive

I will be a student tomorrow.

I am going to be a student tomorrow.
I am a student tomorrow.
I am being a student tomorrow.

COMPARISONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Add one er and est to:

One-Syllable Adjectives

Positive Adjective and

adverb
Nice
Young
Early
Fast
Hard
Late
Clever

Comparative

Nicer
Younger
Earlier
Adjectives and Adverbs that
Faster
have the same form
Harder
later
Add er and est or use more,
Cleverer
less, the most, the least with:
More clever
Most Two-Syllable Adjectives
Funny
Funnier
More funny
Shallow
Shallower
More shallow
Simple
Simpler
More simple
Use more, less, the most, the
Worried
More worried
least with:
Harmful
More Harmful
Two-Syllable Adjectives that
Caring
More Caring
end in ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous, Selfish
More Selfish
-st, and x
Joyous
More Joyous
Robust
More Robust
Longer Adjectives and most ly Complex
More Complex
adverbs
Difficult
More Difficult
Quickly
More Quickly
Slowly
More Slowly
Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjective
Adverb
Comparative
Bad
Badly
Worse
Good
Better
Well
well
Better
Far
far
Farther
Further
Little
little
Less
Many
More
much
much
More
Example:

Susan is younger than Mary.

Susan is more worried than Mary.

Superlative
The Nicest
The Youngest
The Earliest
The Fastest
The Hardest
The latest
The Cleverest
The most clever
The Funniest
The most funny
The Shallowest
The most shallow
The simplest
The most simple
The most Worried
The most Harmful
The most Caring
The most Selfish
The most Joyous
The most Robust
The most Complex
The most Difficult
The most Quickly
The most slowly
Superlative
(the) Worst
(the) Best
(the) Best
(the) Farthest (distance)
(the) Furthest
(the) Least
(the) Most
(the) Most

Susan is the youngest of her family.

Susan is the most worried of her family.

NOUNS
Count count/mass
mass
Many
much
Few
little
A few
a little
A lot, Lot of, great deal
Some + ?
Any
-?
No
+
Something
Anything
Nothing

someone
anyone
no one

Example
I have many books.
I have few books.
I have a few books.
I have lot of money

I have much money.

I have little money.
I have a little money.

somewhere
anywhere
no where

CONDITIONAL IF
If clause
1.
Present to present or future
If I have money,
If Mary has money,

I buy a car. (I will buy a car)

She buys a car. (She will buy a car)

2.
Past to present unreal
If I had money,
If Mary had money,

I would / could / might buy a car.

She would / could / might buy a car.

3.
Past perfect to past unreal
If I had gotten money,
If Mary had gotten money,

I would / could / might have bought a car.

She would/could/might have bought a car.

main clause

GERUNDS verb (start, enjoy, mind, finish, like) + ing

1. As a subject
Reading is very important
2. As a verb object
I enjoy reading.
3. As a preposition object
I am very well for reading.
4. Expressions
Be used to
Be accustomed to
Be looking for
Interested in
Insist on

reading

IMPERSONAL IT
It is cold, hot, windy,
IMPERSONAL THIS / THAT
Near
Singular
Plural

Far
This
These

that
those

Example
this is a book.
these are books.

IMPERSONAL WHO, THAT, WHICH

Who
people
The man who / that is on red cap is my friend.
Which things
The red car which / that is in the parking lot is mime.
That
people and things

ADVERBS OF TIME
Seldom, now and then, occasionally
Sometimes
Often
Usually
Always

(-)

(+)

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
In
closed.
My book is in the classroom.
At
specific.
I study at ESPE.
On
contact.
My book is on the table.
TAQ QUESTIONS (short questions with affirmative or negatives sentences)
I am a student, arent I?
Mary is not sad, is she?
Mary studies English, doesnt she?
People like reading, dont they?
People dont like violence, do they?
Mary has studied English, hasnt she?
People have driven a lot, havent they?
People have not driven a new car, have they?
Mary can speak English, cant she?
People can not be violent, can they?
INDIRECT SPEECH.
It is to tell what other person told/said to somebody
Connectors:
1. Sentences (that optional)
I have money (direct speech)
He said to me (that) he had money.
2.

Imperative (to infinitive)

Bring the money please
He told me to bring the money

3.

Interrogative.
a.

Yes/no (if sentence)

Do you have money?
He asked me if I had money.

b.

Wh(whsentence)
Where do you have money?
He asked me where I had money.

Tenses:
From:
Present
Past
Present progressive
Past progressive
Present perfect
Past perfect

to:
past
past perfect
past continues
past perfect progressive
past perfect
past perfect

Will
Shall
Can
May
Must

would
should
could
might
had to