INDEX

DELHI JAL BOARD

WHAT IS WATER?
DRINKING WATER PARAMETERS
IMPORTANT LABORATORY REAGENTS USED IN
QUALITY CONTROL
WATER TREATMENT PLANT :
(1) MODEL
(2) INTAKE PRE-CHLORINATION
(3) PAC MIXING
(4) CLARIFIERS
(5) FILTERATION
(6) POST CHLORINATION
(7) CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR

RECYCLING PLANT
ROLE OF QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION
INSTRUMENTATION USED IN WATER TESTING
TESTS







DELHI JAL BOARD



Delhi Jal Board (DJB), constituted under Delhi Jal Board Act l998, is
responsible for the production and distribution of potable Water As also for
collection, treatment and disposal of Waste/ sewage in the Capital. It provides:

Supply of potable drinking Water.

Supply of potable drinking Water through tankers wherever needed.

Supply of packaged water 'JAL' in jars through Jal Suvidha Kendra

Treatment of Sewage.

Supplies of Biogas/ Sludge manure/treated Waste Water.

Testing of Water samples.
DJB has 9 Water laboratories at Water treatment plants, which examine and
evaluate suitability of Water to be supplied to public and also control the Water
treatment process round the clock. The Work of quality control (labs) starts
right from examining raw Water characterstics.This helps to determine the
extent of treatment needed and finally the examination of final Water to
ascertain that it conforms to the prescribed standards.
For Surveillance 6(six) modern zonal laboratories have been set up in NCT of
Delhi. They also check the quality of Water from Ranney wells, tube in regard to
Bacteriological and chemical aspects in all parts of Delhi
Each Zonal laboratory is preparing daily reports (Routines), which are compiled
and sent to various public Health Departments.
In addition, microbiological examination are also carried out in raw, clarified
filtered and final treated Waters on daily basis to ascertain that drinking Water
is free from microbes.
As such, the Water being supplied by the Delhi Jal Board from all available
sources is tested regularly right from the raw Water stage up to the consumer
end for ensuring portability as per
BIS drinking water specifications 10500-
1993
.0n an average ,every day, about 300 Water samples are lifted from the
distribution systems including individual taps and public stand posts


ACHIEVEMENTS


Ensuring average availability of about 50 Gallons of filtered
water per capita per day for 1.675 crore residents of Delhi


Extensive network of more than 10000 kilometres of pipelines




WATER TREATMENT CAPACITY


S. No


Plant name


Installed capacity


source


Supply area

1

Wazirabad
water works

120 MGD
River Yamuna
Old, Central &
New Delhi

2

Chandrawal
no. 1 & 2

35+60 MGD
River Yamuna
Old, Central &
New Delhi

3

Haiderpur
water works

100+100 MGD

Western
Yamuna
Canal

West Delhi,
Outer Delhi,
Rural

4

Bhagirathi
water works

100 MGD

Upper Ganga
Canal

East and
South Delhi

5

Nangloi

40 MGD
Western
Yamuna
Canal

West Delhi

6

Okhla water
works

12 MGD

Ranney well

South Delhi

7

Sonia vihar

140 MGD

Upper Ganga
Canal

South and
East Delhi

8

Bawana

20 MGD

Western
Yamuna
Canal

Nearly
situated area

100% natural, 0% replaceable

3D Structure of Water showing Bond Angle
Water is natures most wonderful, abundant and useful compound. Of the
many essential elements for the essential elements for the existence of
human beings, animal and plants (viz. air, water, food, shelter, etc.), swatter
is rated to be of the greatest importance. Without food, human can survive
for a number of days, but water is such as an essential that without it one
cannot survive.

Water is not only essential for the lives of animal and plants, but it also
occupies a unique position in industries. Probably, its most important use
an engineering material is in the steam generation. Water is also used as a
coolant in power and chemical plants. In addition to it, water is widely used
in other fields such as production of steel, rayon, paper, atomic energy,
textiles, chemicals, ice and for air-conditioning, drinking, bathing, sanitary,
washing, irrigation, fire-fighting, etc.

Further, it is necessary that the water required for their needs must be
good, and t is should not contain unwanted impurities or harmful chemical
compounds or bacteria in it. Therefore, in order to ensure the availability of
sufficient quantity of good quality water, it becomes almost imperative in a
modern society, to plan and build suitable water supply schemes, which
may provide potable water to the various sections of community in
accordance with their demands and requirements.
PROPERTIES OF WATER



S. no
Systematic
name

Measure


1


Alternative names
Aqua, Dihydrogen
monoxide, Hydrogen
hydroxide

2

Molecular Formula


H2O

3

Molar mass



18.0153 g/mol


4


Density

1.0 g/cm
3
liquid
0.917 g/cm
3
solid


5

Melting point



273.15K

6

Boiling point

373.15K



7

Specific heat
capacity


4184 J/(kgK)

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
Water is one of the most abundant resources on the earth, and more
significantly it is renewable resources which may potentially be available for
a long time or even perpetually is used properly. However 97.54 of the 1.4
billion cubic km of water on earth is sect water in the oceans of the
approximately 3% of fresh water more than three quarts is locked frozen in
polar ice, and nearly 20% is need in underground water, leaving only about
1%of the total fresh water, as early accessible surfers water of consumption
by plants and animal.


DISTRIBUTIONN OF WATER ON EARTH



DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER ON EARTH
Series1,
OCEAN, 97%,
97%
Series1, FRESH
WATER, 3%, 3%
OCEAN
FRESH WATER

DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WATER


TYPES OF IMPURITIES IN NATURAL WATER
The main type of impurities in the natural water may be classified into
following group :-
1) Floating impurities i.e., leaves and twigs of tree, living algae and
various form of aquatic organism.
2) Suspended impurities i.e., fine particles of clay or silt, decaying
vegetable and organic matters also includes protozoa, fungi, algae etc.
3) Dissolve impurities i.e., gases like oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia,
or chemical like different effluents and mineral substance like salts of
potassium, calcium .

NEED FOR WATER TREATMENT
Series1,
GROUND
WATER,
20%,
20%
Series1, ICE
CAPS AND
GLACIERS,
79%, 79%
Series1,
SURFACE
WATER, 1%,
1%
GROUND WATER
ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS
SURFACE WATER
Series1,
LAKES, 52%,
52%
Series1,
WATER
WITH LIVING
ORGANISMS,
1%, 1%
Series1,
RIVER, 1%,
1%
Series1,
ATMOSPHERIC
WATER, 8%, 8%
Series1, SOIL
MOISTURE,
38%, 38%
LAKES
WATER WITH LIVING
ORGANISMS
RIVER
ATMOSPHERIC WATER
SOIL MOISTURE
All the types impurities mentioned before or not present in all the surface or
ground waters in appreciable concentration necessitating rigorous
treatment. Sometimes only disinfection by adequate chlorination is
sufficient. Impurities when present in concentration beyond certain limit
may impair the health of the consumers or interfere with the domestic or
other uses of water. The purpose for water treatment is to render the
otherwise unsuitable water, suitable for use for the purpose for which water
the may be used. Different qualities of water may be suitable for different
purpose. The quality criteria for drinking water irrigation water, food
processing water, cooling water or boiler feed are not the same. We are
however, concerned here with the drinking water.
EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON PROPERTIES OF WATER






Suspended impurities

Organism

Some cause disease

Algae

Cause taste, colour odour, turbidity

Suspended solid

Causes turbidity

















Dissolved impurities











Salts


Calcium &
magnesium

Bicarbonate
Carbonate
Sulphate
Chloride

Causes alkalinity..
Causes hardness..
Causes hardness..
Corrosive to boiler




Sodium




Bicarbonate
Carbonate
Sulphate
Fluoride
Chloride


Causes alkalinity..
Causes alkalinity..
Foaming in boiler.
Mottling of enamel...
Causes salty taste.

Iron

...............

Causes taste, red water

Manganese

...............

Causes black or brown water

Vegetable dye



Causes colour acidity



Gases

Oxygen.....
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen..
Sulphide

Causes corrosion of metals
Causes acidity
Causes odour.
No effect..



YAMUNA RIVER


From ages, river Yamuna has held an important place in our culture and
history. While Ganga symbolizes flowing knowledge, Yamuna represents
flowing love. This flavour is highlighted in lard Krishnas colourful childhood
adventures, to which Yamuna plays a silence witness providing an
enchanting setting.

Yamuna is not merely a source water .It is a sacred river that find dissolved
in its water the very essence of Indias rich cultural heritage. From
Yamunotri glacier in the high Himalaya, to its confluence with the mighty
Ganga at Allahabad, the 1375 km long river carries along its course a rich,
vibrant and ancient heritage, an engaging mix of mythology, reverence and
substance for the millions of people residing on its numerous banks.


(1) Seasonal Flow in Yamuna

From above pie chart, it can be deduced that majority of flow of volume of
water through the Yamuna river is in monsoon season only.


NON MONSOON
MONSOON


(2) sharing of Yamuna water by different states


Delhi, nestled on the bank of this river, derives from its water a constant
fuel that has made it one of the great cites of the world. Almost 55% of
Delhis drinking water comes from Yamuna. The most polluted part of the
river is the 22 km length of Yamuna from Wazirabad to Okhla in Delhi
region which contributes about 77% of the total pollution recorded from
the1375 km Long River.


(3) Contribution of pollution load in Delhi

DELHI
HP
RAJASTHAN
UP
HARYANA
CIVIL MILL DR
POWER HOUSE
DR
SEN NURSING
HOME DR
SHAHADARA
NAJAFGARH
DR
(4) City wise contribution of pollution load in Yamuna











IMPORTANT LABORATORY RAGENTS

H
2
So
4
(SULPHURIC ACID)

Structure of sulphuric acid showing bond length
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a highly corrosive strong
mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. It is a pungent, colorless to
slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all
concentrations.
[4]
Sometimes, it is dyed dark brown during production to
alert people to its hazards. The historical name of this acid is oil of vitriol.
[6]

Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid and shows different properties depending
upon its concentration. Its corrosiveness on other materials, like metals,
living tissues (e.g. skin and flesh) or even stones, can be mainly ascribed to
its strong acidic nature and, if concentrated, strong dehydrating and
oxidizing property. Sulfuric acid at a high concentration can cause very
serious damage upon contact, as it not only causes chemical burns via
hydrolysis, but also secondary thermal burns via dehydration. It burns
cornea and can lead to permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes.
Accordingly, safety precautions should be strictly observed when handling
it. Moreover, it is hygroscopic, readily absorbing water vapour from the air.

HNO
3
(NITRIC ACID)

Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of niter, is a highly
corrosive strong mineral acid. The pure compound is colorless, but older
samples tend to acquire a yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of
nitrogen and water. Most commercially available nitric acid has a
concentration of 68%. When the solution contains more than 86% HNO3, it
is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount of nitrogen
dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as white fuming
nitric acid or red fuming nitric acid, at concentrations above 95%.
Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration - the addition of a nitro
group, typically to an organic molecule. While some resulting nitro
compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are stable
enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more
stable and used as pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly
used as a strong oxidizing agent.

HCl (HYDROCHLORIC ACID)


Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colourless solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in
water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial
uses. Hydrochloric acid is found naturally in gastric acid.
Historically called muriatic acid, and spirits of salt, hydrochloric acid was
produced from vitriol (sulfuric acid) and common salt. It first appeared
during the Renaissance and then it was used by chemists such as Glauber,
Priestley and Davy in their scientific research.
With major production starting in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric
acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-
scale production of vinyl chloride for PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for
polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including
household cleaning, production of gelatin and other food additives,
descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric
acid are produced worldwide annually.

NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

Crystal Structure of sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt or halite, is an
ionic compound with the formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of
sodium and chloride. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the
salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular
organisms. As the major ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a
condiment and food preservative.
In solid sodium chloride, each ion is surrounded by six ions of the opposite
charge as expected on electrostatic grounds. The surrounding ions are
located at the vertices of a regular octahedron. In the language of close-
packing, the larger chloride ions are arranged in a cubic array whereas the
smaller sodium ions fill all the cubic gaps (octahedral voids) between them.
This same basic structure is found in many other compounds and is
commonly known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure. It can be
represented as a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice with a two-atom basis or
as two interpenetrating face centered cubic lattices. The first atom is located
at each lattice point, and the second atom is located half way between lattice
points along the FCC unit cell edge.
Thermal conductivity of NaCl as a function of temperature has a maximum
of 2.03 W/ (cm K) at 8 K and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 C). It also
decreases with doping.


AgNO
3
(Silver Nitrate)

Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO
3. This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds,
such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the
halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by
the ancient alchemists, who believed that silver was associated with the
moon.
[1]

In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal
planar arrangement
Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, documented the ability of nitric acid
to separate gold and silver by dissolving the silver.
[3]
Magnus noted that the
resulting solution of silver nitrate could blacken skin. Its common name at
the time was nitric acid silver.



WATER TREATMENT PLANT
In water treatment plant water goes through various stages
Firstly,
Water is taken from river through intake structure than that water is sent to
jack well through intake pipe (raw water intake) motors pumps the water
from jack well and this water is further goes to channel for pre chlorination.
After chlorination water goes in clarifiers where flocculation and
sedimentation occurs. After that water goes in rapid sand gravity filters
where filtration process occurs through media made up of sand gravel and
pebbles
After chlorination water goes to post chlorination and stores to reservoir at
last stored water is pumped out from reservoir through (final water intake)
motor and sent for supply

INTAKE STRUCTURE constructed at the entrance of conduit. Basic
function of intake is to safely withdrawing water from source over
predetermined range of pool levels and the discharge this water in
withdrawal conduit
Here bar screens fitted at the ports of intake well so that to prevent the entry
of debris after the bar screen there is a fine screen which stops the particles
to go further with the flow. Here intake well is connected to jack well
through the withdrawal conduit water from jack well or sump well is
pumped by HT (High Tension) and LT (Low Tension) motors

Bar screens are fitted and made up of vertical iron bars of 20mm diameter,
placed vertically @ 30 to 50 mm horizontal clear spacing and fitted to an
angle iron frame depending upon the discharge to be entered into the inlet
well, the total area of such openings can be Worked out by restricting the
flow velocity through the screens to a value of about 15 to 20 cm/s, as to
prevent entry of debris, etc.
The total area of openings can be provided by prov1d1ng one or more
screened openings at one level. Such openings or ports are in fact usually
provided at 2 to 3 levels in the well, thus providing one or more ports at
each level, depending on the pumping rate. The lower layer of ports permits
the direct entry of water at the low flow stage of the river while the upper
layer of ports meet the requirement of the high flood stage.

A typical river intake structure consists of:
1) An inlet well
2) An inlet pipe
3) A jack Well

Inlet well:
Inlet Well or collector well is a circular or more preferably an oblong well,
located in river bed, somewhat away from the river bank, amidst water, so
that it always remains surrounded with Water even during low flow stage
the well is built in masonry or concrete, and is raised above the river HFL
and covered at the top by Wooden sleepers.

Inlet pipe:
It connects inlet well with the jack well is usually of non-pressure type, and
laid with a gentle slope of 1 in 200 or so, towards jack well. Pipe size should
be such that the flow velocity does not exceed about 1.2 m/s. The diameter
of this pipe should, be not less than 45cm.

Jack Well:
Water entering the jack well from the intake pipe is lifted by pumps and is
fed into the rising main through the delivery pipe of the pipe. The jack well
should be founded on hard strata with a bearing capacity of not less than
450KN/m
2
.
The intake well is connected to jack well which is constructed on river bank
by a R.C.C intake pipe and towards jack well. Pipe size should be such that
the flow velocity does not exceed about 1.2 m/s. The diameter of this pipe
should, be not less than 45cm.
Water entering the jack well should be founded on hard strata with a
considerable bearing capacity
PLANT DESCRIPTION-RAW WATER INTAKE
(YAMUNA)
Motor No. Horsepower Attached Pump
capacity

1.

90HP

7MGD

2.

90HP

7 MGD

3.

90HP

7 MGD

4.

200HP

12 MGD

5.

280HP

15.85 MGD

6.

-------

-------

7.

228HP

15.85 MGD

8.

200HP

12 MGD

9.

200HP

12 MGD

10.

200HP

12 MGD

11.

250HP

18 MGD

12.

250HP

18 MGD

13.

250HP

18 MGD

14.

110HP

7 MGD

15.

90HP

7 MGD

16.

250HP

18 MGD

17.

250HP

18 MGD

Pre Chlorination or primary Oxidation
Significant Turbo circular suspended Solid Recirculation Scrapper Bridge
Coagulation. The purpose of providing the pre-chlorination or primary of
the raw water is to:
- Protect the clarifiers and filter from many biological /algae formation.
- Destroy ammonia
- Improve the coagulation of the organics.

PAC Mixing:
Here PAC is mixed according to demand by doing alum dose test. For
example: we put different doses of alum and PAC in beaker. We consider
that dose where flocks are forms dominant as well as and PAC.if the dose is
25+8; that means 25 mg of alum and 8ml of PAC is mixed in 1L of raw water
at least conc. of Alum
Presettlers/Clarifiers:
The function of the clarifier is to settle out particles. This can be done by
properly recognizing that small turbulence levels can bring particles together
to help them settle more easily and that the effect of shear and strong
turbulence levels will break particles an increase in turbidity. Modeling of
the shear velocities in related to the flow.
The results is to create too swirl much radial and axial momentum which
increases turbidity. This is compounded by the fact that most bustle pipes
do not pose problem and pull flow equally in all holes
Filter House
Sand filter or rapid gravity filter is type of filter used in water purification
and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a
multiple-stage treatment system first modern rapid sand filtration plant was
designed and built by George W. Fuller in Little Falls, New Jersey. Fuller's
filtration plant went into operation in 1902 and its success was responsible
for the change to this technology in the U.S. Rapid sand filters were widely
used in large municipal water systems by the l920s, because they required
smaller land areas compared to slow sand filters.
Design and operation:
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to
remove particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the
use of flocculation chemicals--typically salts of aluminium or iron. Water
and flocs flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped
pressure and the flocculated material are trapped in the sand matrix.
Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment
stages that precede filtration Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are
often used in conjunction with the filtration system.

Types;
Gravity type, e.g. Paterson's filter, and Pressure type, e.g. Candy's filter. A
disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used
following filtration. Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and
smell and dissolved impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is
included in the filter medium.

POST-CHLORINATION:-
If needed, additional chorine is added to the finished Water that leaves the
Water plants. Low levels of chlorine (approximately 0.2 to 1.0 part per
million) must be maintained in the distribution systems pipes and home
plumbing to prevent growth of microorganisms.

Corrosion Control
Lime is added to the treated Water at the Water plants before the added to
the distribution system. Lime (or calcium oxide) is added to raise the pH of
the Water to a level of about 8 standards units. The process reduces the
ability of the Water to corrode mains and home plumbing materials such as
copper, lead, and brass. Corrosive water can dissolve lead and copper
excessive levels of dissolved lead and copper are public health concern
particularly for young children
CLEAR WATER RESERVOIR
Treated water is stored in 8 clear water chambers of total capacity. Each
chamber can be isolated by manual penstock gate. All the chambers are
connected to the clear Water supply/pump house through manual penstock
gate equipped with pumps to supply water to different distribution systems.

RECYCLING PLANT:-
In recycling Water plant, Water enters in the raw Water pump house where
Water pumped to the clarifier (flocculation tank) where sedimentation and
flocculation process is done. Further Water is proceed to thickener where
clear water is comes from the sides of the thickener. After thickener water
goes to pulsar tube where mixture of alum and chlorine is added in water
after pulsar tube .Water goes to filter house Where it get purified through
media and finally We get potable Water. There is another pipeline after
thickener which sends the sand water in sludge pump house _ sludge pump
house pump the Water to devoting (centrifuge) building. Centrifuge building
separates sand and water and that Water again pumped to raw Water pump
house for treatment.

















Role of Treatment and Quality Control
Division
SUITABILITY OF RAW WATER AND SUPPLIED TO THE CONSUMER END
THE UNDERTAKE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE. TO IDENTIFY THE
CONTAMINATION IN WATER AT THE CONSUMER END, SIX ZONAL LABS
ARE FUNCTIONING FOR SURVEILLANCE WORK.
Quality control staff:
Quality control division of DJB is headed by Director (Treatment & Quality
Control) and who is assisted by a number of skilled and qualified scientific
staff mentioned as below:
Designation Sanctioned post
C.W.A 3 NO.
A.C.W.A 12 NO.
CHEMIST 20 NO.
BACTERIOLOGIST 9 NO.
ASSISTANT CHEMIST 67NO.
ASSISTANT BACTERILOGI 12 NO.
LAB. TECHNICIANS 39 NO.
LAB ASSISTANT 16 NO.


ROLE OF QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION OF DJB IN THE FIELD OF WATER
TREATMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL:
Delhi Jal Board is responsible for providing high quality water to 1.7 crore
(approx.) citizens of Delhi and ensuring average availability of about 50
gallons of drinking Water per capita per day .The drinking Water refers to
aesthetically appearing water i.e. free from pathogens and chemical
contaminants that causes undesirable health hazards.
At present Delhi Jal Board is providing about 850 MGD from its 7 treatment
Plants, Ranney and Tubewells.The Water treatment capacity is mentioned in
following statement:

DJB has set-up Quality Control Laboratory in each WTP. These labs are
working round the clock to check the water quality at various stages of
treatment in the plant
LIST OF RAW WATER PARAMETERS TESTED AT CENTRAL LAB
WAZIRABAD


INSTRUMENTS USED IN PLANT
LABORATORY

TURBIDITY METER

Turbidity is an optical characteristic or property of a liquid, which in general
terms describes the clarity, or haziness of the liquid. Turbidity has always
been based on human observation and while this phenomenon is
quantifiable by many different means, much discussion still exits around
the various techniques used to measure turbidities of fluids. Turbidity is not
colour related, but relates rather to the loss of transparency due to the effect
of suspended particulate, colloidal particles
HACH PORTABLE TURBIDITMETER
The portable turbid meter offers unsurpassed ease of use and accuracy in
turbidity measurement. Only Hach offers this unique combination of
advanced features and measurement innovation, giving you accurate results
every time. Compliant with USEPA Method 180.1 design criteria.

Easy on-screen assisted calibration and verification
Save time and get accurate results with an easy-to-follow interface that
eliminates the need for complicated manuals to perform routine
calibrations. Single-standard RapidCal calibration offers a simplified
solution for low level measurements, while ensuring you meet reporting
requirements.
Simple data transfer
Data transfer with the optional USB+Power Module is simple, flexible, and
doesn't require additional software. All data can be transferred to the
module in XML format and easily downloaded to your computer with a USB
connection, providing superior data integrity and availability.
Accurate for rapidly settling samples
The innovative Rapidly Settling Turbidity mode provides accurate
measurements for difficult to measure, rapidly settling samples. An
exclusive algorithm that calculates turbidity based on a series of automatic
readings eliminates redundant measurements and estimating.

Convenient data logging
Up to 500 measurements are automatically stored in the instrument for
easy access and backup. Stored information includes: date and time,
operator ID, reading mode, sample ID, sample number, units, calibration
time, calibration status, error messages, and the result.
Optical system for precision in the field
The two-detector optical system compensates for colour in the sample, light
fluctuation, and stray light, enabling analysts to achieve laboratory-grade
performance on a wide range of samples, even under difficult site conditions.

PORATBLE CONDUCTIVITY METER

Designed for your water applications, the Hach portable meter is an
advanced meter that takes the guesswork out of measurements. HQ meters
connect with smart probes that automatically recognize the testing
parameter, calibration history, and method settings to minimize errors and
setup time. -



UV SPECTROPHOTOMETER


Maximum analysis flexibility with high speed wavelength scanning
across the UV and visible spectrum
The Hach DR 5000 UV-Vis Laboratory Spectrophotometer can test for all of
the parameters listed on page 3. All of the chemistries and supplies needed
for these tests are available from Hach.
Easily Add New Analytical Methods
As Hach releases new test methods and chemistries, the DR 5000
spectrophotometer can easily be updated via a USB memory stick.
Stability and Accuracy
The design of the DR 5000 spectrophotometer ensures measurements are
accurate, precise, and stable over time, resulting in repeatable results.
Multiple Cell Sizes and Delivery Methods
A single multi-cell adapter for the DR 5000 spectrophotometer holds the five
most common sample cell types, including 5 cm path length cells. Moreover,
the optional Pour-Thru Cell Module is ideal for Rapid Liquid methods.
Large Touch Screen Display and Interface
The touch screen display of the DR 5000 spectrophotometer is intuitive to
use and ergonomic in design.




TESTS
TURBIDITY
Suspension of particles in water interfering with passage of light is called
turbidity. Turbid waters are undesirable from aesthetic point of view in
drinking water supplies and may also affect products in industries. Turbid
water also possesses a number of problems in water treatment plants.
Turbidity is measured to evaluate the performance of water treatment
plants.
PRINCIPLE
The method is based on a comparison of the intensity of light scattered by a
sample and a standard reference under the same conditions. Higher the
intensity of scattered lights higher the turbidity.

INTERFERENCE
Color is the main source of interference the measurement of turbidity.
REAGENTS
1. Solution I: Dissolve 1.0 g hydrazine sulphate and dilute to 100 ml.
2. Solution II: Dissolve 10.g hexamethylenetetramine and dilute to 100 ml.
3. Mix 5 ml of I with 5 ml of II. Allow to stand for 24 hrs. and dilute to 1000
ml. This will have turbidity of 400 units.
4. Standard turbidity suspension: Dilute 100 ml of solution III as prepared
above to 100 ml too have turbidity of 40 units.



PROCEDURE
1. Prepare calibration curves in the rage 0-400 unit by carrying out
appropriate dilutions of solutions III and IV above and taking readings on
turbidity meter.
2. Take sample or a suitably diluted aliquot and determine its turbidity
either by visual comparison with the diluted standards or by reading on
turbidity meter.
3. Read turbidity from the standard curves and apply correction due to
dilution, if necessary.
4. Report the readings in turbidity

TOTAL ALKALINITY
Principle
Alkalinity is measured as carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide ions which
resulted during dissociation or hydrolysis of solutes, which, in turn, react
with standard acid, added to the sample.
Reagents
1. Sodium Carbonate Solution; Na2CO3, 0.05N.
Dry 3 to 5 g primary standard Na2CO3 at 250
0
C for 4 hr and cool in a
desiccators. Weigh 2.50.2 g (to the nearest mg), transfer to a 1-L volumetric
flask, fill flask up to the mark with distilled water, and dissolve and mix
reagent. Do not keep longer than 1 wk.
2. Standard Sulphuric Acid; H2SO4, 0.1N.
Take 2.75 ml conc. H2SO4 having specific gravity of 1.84 gm/cm
2
, and dilute
to 1 L with distilled water.
3. Standard Sulphuric Acid; H2SO4, 0.02N
Take the 200ml of stock solution of Standard sulphuric acid; H2SO4, 0.1N in
1L volumetric flask, and make up with DDW.
4. Methyl Orange Indicator
Weigh 0.05 g powered methyl orange and transfer to a 100 ml volumetric
flask. Dissolve in 1: 1 ethanol and make up with DDW.
5. Phenolphthalein Indicator
Weigh 0.5 g phenolphthalein disodium salt in 100 ml volumetric flask.
Dissolve in 1:1 ethanol and DDW solution. Dilute to the mark with DDW.
Standardization of 0.02N H2SO4 solution,1. Take 10 ml of 0.05N
Na2CO3 into a 250-ml conical flask and add 90-ml DDW.
2. Add 0.1 ml methyl orange indicator.
3. Titrate with 0.02N H2SO4 and record the volume of titrant used.
4. Prepare a blank using 100-ml DDW instead of standard solution and
repeat the same procedure of titration as done for the standard.
Record the volume of the titrant.
5. Calculate the normality of titrant as follows:

Normality of 0.02N H2SO4 = A 10 = 0.02
53 (C B)
Where A = weight of Na2CO3 in gm used to prepare 1 L of 0.05
N solution
B = volume of acid used for the blank, ml
C = volume of acid used for the standard, ml
Procedure
1. Take50 ml of unfiltered sample into a 250- ml; conical flask.
2. Record initial pH and temperature.
3. If initial pH is more than 8.3, titrate with 0.02N H2SO4 using
phenolphthalein indicator, till the pink color disappears. This is
phenolphthalein end point. However, if the pH of sample is less than
8.3 and no change in color is observed after the addition of
phenolphthalein indicator, proceed for next steps.
4. Add the 2-3 drops methyl orange and titrate with 0.02N H2SO4 till
pink color is obtained, record the reading, this is total alkalinity (T).
Calculations
Total alkalinity as mg/CaCO3 = T N 50000
Sample (ml)
Where T = Total alkalinity
N = Normality of standard acid solution.


CHLORIDES
Principle
In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate can be used to
indicate the end point of the silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver
chloride is quantitatively precipitated before red silver chromate is formed.
NaCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + NaNO3
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 = Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3
Reagents
1. Potassium Chromate Indicator Solution: Dissolve 50 mg K2CrO4 in a
little DDW. Add AgNO3 solution until a definite red precipitate is
formed. Let stand 12 hr, filters, and dilute to 1 L with DDW.
2. Standard Silver Nitrate Titrant, 0.028N: Dissolve 4.8 g AgNO3 in
distilled water and dilute to 1 L. standardize against 0.028N NaCl.
Store in brown bottle.
3. Standard Sodium chloride, 0.028N: Dissolve 1628 mg NaCl (dried at
140
0
C) in DDW and dilute to 1 L.
Procedure
1. Sample Preparation: Use a 100-ml sample or a suitable portion
diluted to 100 ml. If the sample is highly color, add 3 ml Al (OH)3
suspension, mix, let settle, and filter.
If sulphide, sulphite, or thiosulfate is present, add 1 ml H2O2 and stir
for 1 min.
2. Titration: Directly titrate samples in the pH range 7 to 10. Adjust
sample pH to 7 to 10 with H2SO4 or NaOH if it is not in this range.
Add 1.0 ml K2CrO4 indicator solution. Titrate with standard AgNO3
titrant to a pinkish yellow end point. Be consistent in end-point
recognition.


3. Standardize AgNO3 titrant and establish reagent blank value by the
titration method outlined above. A blank of 0.2 to 0.3 ml is usual.
Calculation
Chloride(mg/l) = (A-B) N 35450
Sample(ml)

Where:
A = ml titration for sample,
B = ml titration for blank,
N = normality of AgNO3.

NaCl (mg/l) = Chloride(mg/l) 1.65

HARDNESS
Principle
In alkaline condition EDTA reacts with Ca and Mg to form a soluble
chelated complex. Ca and Mg ions develop wine red Color with
Erichrome black T under alkaline condition. When EDTA is added as
a titrant the Ca and Mg divalent ions get complexed resulting in sharp
change from wine read to blue which indicates end point of the
filtration. The pH for this titration has to be maintained at 10.0 0.1.
At a higher pH, i.e., about 12.0 Mg ion precipitates and only Ca ion
remains in solution. At this pH Murex indicator form a pink Color
with Ca
++
When EDTA is added Ca
++
gets complexed resulting in a
change from pink to purple which indicates end point of the reaction.
Reagents
1. Buffer solution: Dissolve 16.9 g NH
4
Cl in 143 NH
4
OH. Add 1.25 g
EDTA Mg salt to obtain sharp change in indicator and dilute to 250
ml.
2. Inhibitor: Dissolve 4.5 g hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in 100 ml
95% ethyl alcohol.
3. Erichrome black T Indicator: Mix 0.5 dye with 100g NaCl to prepare
dry powder.
4. Murex indicator: Dry powder.
5. Sodium hydroxide 2N: dissolve 80 g NaOH and dilute to 1000 ml.
6. Standard EDTA solution 0.01 M: Dissolve 3.723 g EDTA sodium
salt and dilute to 1000 ml. Standardize against standard Ca
solution, 1 ml = 1 mg CaCO
3.

7. Standard calcium solution: Weigh accurately 1.0 g AR grade CaCO
3
and transfer to 250 ml conical flask. Place a funnel in the neck of
a flask and add 1+1 HCL till CaCO
3
dissolves completely. Add 200
ml distilled water and boil for 20-3- min. to expel CO
2
Cool and
methyl red indicator. Ad NH
4
OH 3N drop wise till intermediate
orange Color develops. Dilute to 1000 ml to obtain 1 ml 1 mg
CaCO
3.
Procedure

A. Total Hardness
1. Take 25 or 50 ml well mixed sample in porcelain dish or
conical flask.
2. Add 1-2 ml buffer solution followed by 1 ml inhibitor.
3. Add a pinch of Erichrome black T and titrate with standard
EDTA (0.01 M) till wine red Color changes to blue. Note down to
vol. Of EDTA required. (A)
4. Run a reagent blank if buffer is not checked properly. Note
the vol. of EDTA or Ca required by blank (b).
5. Calculate vol. of EDTA required by sample, C= (A-B) from vol.
of EDTA required in steps 3 & 4.
6. Calculate as follows:
Total hardness mg/l as CaCO
3
= C x D
3
x 1000 ml of sample
where
C = Vol. of EDTA required by sample.
D = mg CaCO
3
per 1.0 ml EDTA 0.01 M used as titrant
B. Calcium Hardness
1. Take 25 or 30 ml sample in a porcelain dish.
2. Add 1 ml NaOH to raise pH to 12.0 and a pinch of indicator.
3. Titrate with EDTA till pink Color changes to purple. Note the
vol. of EDTA used (A).

Calculation
Calcium hardness mg/l as CaCO
3
= A
1
x D
3
x 1000 ml of
Sample
where
C = Vol. of EDTA required by sample.
D = mg CaCO
3
per 1.0 ml EDTA 0.01 M used as titrant.
Magnesium hardness = Total hardness Ca hardness
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
Principle
The basic Winkler procedure entails the oxidation of manganese hydroxide
in highly alkaline solution. Upon acidification in the presence of an Iodide,
the manganese hydroxide dissolve and free Iodine is librated in amount
equivalent to the oxygen originally dissolve in the sample the free Iodine is
titrated with a Sodium thiosluphate standard solution, using starch as
internal indicator, after most of the iodine has been reduced. The normality
of sodium thiosulphate is adjusted so that 1 ml is equivalent to 1 mg/l
dissolved oxygen when 200 ml of the original sample is titrated.
Reagents
1. Manganese Sulphate solution, MnSO4H2O: Weigh 364 g , MnSO4H2O
and dissolved in DDW and make up to the 1 L. Filter the reagents if
any sediment settles at the bottom of the flask.
2. Alkaline Iodide-azide reagent:
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH 500 g
Potassium Iodide, KI 135 g
Sodium Azide, NaN3 10 g
Weigh the above mentioned quantities of solution and transfer to a 1 L
volumetric flask. Dissolved NaN3, in 100 ml separately and add to
alkaline KI solution. Make up the final volume to 1 L.
3. Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4: concentrated.
4. Sodium Thiosulfate Stock Solution, Na2S2O3.5H2O, and [N/10]: Weigh
24.82 g Na2S2O3.5H2O, and transfer to 1 L volumetric flask. Dissolve
in DDW, and make up to the mark.
5. Sodium Thiosulfate Titrant, Na2S2O3.5H2O, [N/40]: Take 250 ml
sodium thiosulfate stock solution to 1 L volumetric flask. Dilute up
to the mark with DDW.
6. Standard Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7, [N/40]: Keep K2Cr2O7 in an
oven at 103 C for 2 hr. Cool to room temperature in desiccators .
Weigh 1.226 g dry, cool dichromate and transfer to a 1 L volumetric
flask. Dissolve in DDW and dilute up to mark.
7. Potassium Iodide, KI: Take 2 g in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and
dissolve in 100 ml DDW.
8. Starch Solution:
I. Take 100 ml DDW in 250-ml beaker and keep on a heater
equipped with magnetic stirrer.
II. Bring to boil.
III. Weigh 2-g laboratory grade starch and suspend in a small
volume of DDW.
IV. Add starch suspension in small increments to boiling DDW with
constant stirring. Cool the solution. Add 0.2-g salicylic acid as
preservative.
Standardization
a. Sodium Thiosulfate Solution
I. Take 20 ml standard 0.025N K2Cr2O7. Solution and add 1 ml of
6N H2SO4. Place flask in dark.
II. Dilute to 400 ml with DDW and titrate liberated iodine with
thiosulfate.
III. When pale straw color is reached, add few drops of starch
indicator. A blue color will develop. Titrate till the blue color
disappears. Record the reading.
Normality of Na2S2O3 = 0.025 20
Volume of Na2S2O3 used, ml
Procedure
1. Take 300-ml BOD bottle and rinse it with sample. Pour the sample
into the BOD bottle in such a way that it is allowed to overflow to
avoid any entrapment of air bubbles. Close the bottle with stopper
carefully.
2. Remove the stopper and add 2-ml MnSO4 reagent followed by 2-ml
alkaline Iodide-azide reagent. Replace the stopper so that no air is
trapped in the bottle. Pour any excess water off the bottle rim and
invert it several times to mix. A brownish-orange flocculent precipitate
will form, if sample contains DO. In absence of DO, a white precipitate
will appear.
3. Allow the sample to stand until the flock has settled and left the top
half of the solution clear. Again invert it several times and let stand
until the upper half of the bottle is clear. This is to ensure the
complete reaction of chemicals with available DO.
4. Remove the stopper and immediately add 2-ml conc. , H2SO4. Replace
the stopper carefully to avoid the trapping any air bubbles. Invert
several times to mix. The flock will dissolve and leave a yellowish-
orange Iodide color if DO is present.
5. Measure 204 ml of sample, which corresponds to 200-ml of the
original sample(correction for the sample loss by displacement with
reagent) into a 250-ml conical flask.
6. Titrate this solution with standard Na2S2O3.5H2O, [N/40] solution to
faint yellow color. Add 1-2 drop of starch indicator and swirl to mix. A
dark blue color is developed.
7. Continue the titration until the solution change from blue to colorless.
Calculation
1.0 ml of Na2S2O3.5H2O, [N/40] = 1 mg DO
So, the ml solution of Na2S2O3.5H2O, [N/40] used is equal to the mg/l of
DO available in the sample.

OXYGEN ABSORPTION-3 hr. at 37
0
C
Principle
When potassium permanganate reacts with sulphuric acid it gives the
dipotassium sulphate and MnSO4, water and oxygen radicals.
2 KMnO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3 H2O + 5 O
The free oxygen oxidized the organic matter present in the sample.
Organic matter + 5 O CO2 + H2O
The remaining oxygen present in the sample can be measured by adding the
KI solution, which liberate the equal amount of the Iodine, which is titrated
with the sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of starch.
KI + O I2 (form blue color with starch)
2 Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
Reagents
1. Potassium Permanganate Stock Solution, KMnO4[0.1 N]: Weigh 3.2 g
KMnO4and transfer in 1 L volumetric flask and swirl the flask to
dissolve and make up the mark with DDW.
2. Standard Potassium Permanganate Solution, KMnO4[0.025N]: Take
250 ml stock KMnO4 in 1 L volumetric flask and make up to the mark
with DDW.
3. Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 [1:3]: Take 500 ml DDW in volumetric flask
and slowly add 250 ml conc. H2SO4 and cool to room temperature.
4. Sodium Thiosulfate Stock Solution, Na2S2O3.5H2O, and [N/10]: Weigh
24.82 g Na2S2O3.5H2O, and transfer to 1 L volumetric flask. Dissolve
in DDW, and make up to the mark.
5. Sodium Thiosulfate titrant, Na2S2O3.5H2O, [N/40]: Take 250 ml
sodium thiosulfate stock solution to 1 L volumetric flask. Dilute up
to the mark with DDW.
6. Standard Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7, [N/40]: Keep K2Cr2O7 in an
oven at 103 C for 2 hr. Cool Ao room temperature in a desiccators .
Weigh 1.226 g dry, cool dichromate and transfer to a 1 L volumetric
flask. Dissolve in DDW and dilute up to mark.
7. Potassium Iodide, KI: Take 2 g in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and
dissolve in 100 ml DDW.
8. Starch Solution:
I. Take 100 ml DDW in 250-ml beaker and keep on a heater
equipped with magnetic stirrer.
II. Bring to boil.
III. Weigh 2-g laboratory grade starch and suspend in a small
volume of DDW.
IV. Add starch suspension in small increments to boiling DDW with
constant stirring. Cool the solution. Add 0.2-g salicylic acid as
preservative.
Standardization
a. Sodium Thiosulfate Solution
I. Take 20 ml standard 0.025N K2Cr2O7. Solution and add 1
ml of 6N H2SO4. Place flask in dark.
II. Dilute to 400 ml with DDW and titrate liberated iodine with
thiosulfate.
III. When pale straw color is reached, add few drops of starch
indicator. A blue color will develop. Titrate till the blue color
disappears. Record the reading.
Normality of Na2S2O3 = 0.025N 20
Volume of Na2S2O3 used, ml
b. Standard Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 [0.025N]
I. Take 20 ml KMnO4[0.025N] in 100 ml flask and titrate
with 0.025N Na2S2O3 with starch as indicator.
Normality of KMnO4 = 0.025N Volume of Na2S2O3 used,
ml 20
Procedure
1. Take 50 ml sample in bottle, shake sample well before measuring.
2. Add 5 ml of 1:3 Sulphuric acid in each sample and shake it.
3. Add 10 ml Standard Potassium permanganate, KMnO4[0.025N] in
blank bottle with DDW. and 20 to 50 ml as per the turbidity of
the sample, and note the quantity of KMnO4[0.025N] added in each
labeled bottle.
4. Put the stopper on the bottle and keep the sample bottle in incubator
for 3 hr. set at 37 C.
5. Take the sample bottle after 3 hr. and remove the stopper and
immediately add 2 ml KI solution in each bottle and titrate with
0.025N Na2S2O3, using starch as indicator.
Calculation
N1V1 = N2V2
(sample) (Solution)
N1 50 ml = 0.025 N (ml of Na2S2O3, used)
N1 = 0.025 N (ml of Na2S2O3, used)
50 ml
Strength = Normality Eq. Wt.
= 0.025 N (ml of Na2S2O3, used) 8 1000
50 ml
= 0.025 N (ml of Na2S2O3, used) 4 mg/l
50 ml
Thus volume of sodium thiosulfate multiplied by 4 gives the oxygen
absorption of the sample for 3 hr. at 37 C.