Transcript For Midterm Examination

!
"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &

unlverslLy of San Carlos - College of Law
Cebu ClLy, hlllpplnes, 6000
CRIMINAL LAW I (1eocbet. I|sca| kodu|ph Car||||o)

SCUkCLS
8evlsed enal Code (8ook l)
!urlsprudence

1|ps |n answer|ng I|sca| Car|||o's Lxam: 8lnClLLS(s), ALlCA1lCn Cl 1PL LAW

kLUIkLMLN1S: 3 Ma[or LxamlnaLlons, Cral LxamlnaLlons/Culz

: 1lmoLhy was unhapplly marrled Lo Marla. Pe lefL her and [olned Lhe Mormons. Pe became a
dedlcaLed mlsslonary spreadlng Lhe gospel of 8rlgham ?oung. Cne day he arrlved ln a Lown Lo do
mlsslonary work and meL Clara. 1hey fell ln love wlLh each oLher. 1lmoLhy honesLly belleved LhaL hls
converslon Lo Lhe Mormon rellglon allowed hlm Lo have more Lhan one wlfe. WlLhouL hls flrsL marrlage
Lo Marla dlssolved, 1lmoLhy marrled Clara. 1lmoLhy was charged wlLh blgamy. 1lmoLhy ls:

a.) Crlmlnally llable because hls mlsLake ln Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe law does noL excuse hlm
from lLs effecLs.
b.) Crlmlnally because hls mlsapprehenslon of Lhe facLs caused an ln[ury LhaL would resulL ln
crlmlnal llablllLy
c.) Crlmlnally llable because hls lmprudence resulLed ln a culpable felony
d.) Crlmlnally llable because good falLh ls noL a defense ln Lhe case of felonles

(1) AnSWL8
!"# 8lnClLL Cl LAW$ &'() *+, -,../01 2( /(0)(0/,(23 4)3,(5 /1 3/263) 4,7 233 0+) (208723 2(9
3,:/-23 -,(1);8)(-)1 0+20 .25 7)1830 0+)7)47,.< *+)0+)7 4,7)1))(< /(0)(9)9 ,7 (,0=>
(3) ALlCA1lCn

Transcript made by: MLkVIN ADkIAN I. kLDCNA
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -
How does one incur criminal liability? Clve an example.
WhaL lf you wanL Lo klll your classmaLe because he would noL allow you Lo copy hls answers ln an exam?
?ou see Lhls classmaLe walklng wlLh hls glrlfrlend. ?ou say: 1hls ls my chance. l wlll shooL my
classmaLe". ?ou shooL your classmaLe buL you mlssed ln shooLlng hlm. lnsLead, you shoL hls glrlfrlend.
Are you llable? Wlll you be llable for an lnLenLlonal or culpable felony? lf Lhe acL ls an lnLenLlonal felony,
why? lL was noL Lhe glrlfrlend whom you wanLed Lo klll. lL was her boyfrlend. ln Lhls case, your
classmaLe. Would LhaL noL amounL Lo a culpable felony?
ln Lhe case of DL ICA vs. IAIL CI 8A1ANGAS, whaL dld ue !oya asked from Lhe Supreme CourL?
vs. GCN2ALLS?
ULS1ICN: lf l boughL a gun wlLh Lhe lnLenL of kllllng a person wlLhouL acLually kllllng hlm, wlll l be llable
for an aLLempLed murder?

WHAT IS CRIMINAL LAW?
-ueflnes -7/.)1
-1reaLs of Lhelr (2087)
-rovldes for ?)(230/)1

Primary Purpose
revenL harm Lo socleLy by:
a. ueclarlng whaL conducL ls crlmlnal
b. uescrlblng Lhe punlshmenL Lo be lmposed for such conducL

SOURCES OF CRIMINAL LAW
-8evlsed enal Code
-Speclal Laws passed by Lhe LeglslaLure
-resldenLlal uecrees lssued durlng MarLlal Law

1here are no common law crlmes.
no law = no crlme.

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .
Are court decisions and circulars sources
of criminal law?

SC Admln. Clrcular no. 12-2000 ls noL a penal law, hence, ArLlcle 22 of Lhe 8evlsed enal Code ls noL
appllcable. 1hls ls [usL a clarlflcaLlon of our declslon." (@'ABC DE F'GC H1= IJE FCKL MCADE@ 'N
OCIC@PCQ RKIG< C8 nos. 139418-19, uecember 10, 2003)

States power to define and punish crimes.

A consLlLuLlon, Lo conLaln an accuraLe deLall of all Lhe subdlvlslon of whlch lLs greaL powers wlll admlL,
and of all Lhe means by whlch Lhey may be carrled lnLo execuLlon, would parLake of a prollxlLy of a legal
code, and could scarcely be embraced by Lhe human mlnd. lL would probably never be undersLood by
Lhe publlc."

A sLaLe musL be able Lo deflne and punlsh crlmes. lf you place Lhe penalLles for crlmes ln Lhe
ConsLlLuLlon, lL wlll Larnlsh lLs characLerlsLlc. lL wlll noL be 67/)4, 67,29 and 9)4/(/0) anymore. lf you do
LhaL, LhaL wlll be maklng our ConsLlLuLlon a broad one.

Limits (1987 Constitution)
-Lx-posL facLo law (ArL. lll, Sec. 22)
-uue process (ArL. lll, Sec. 14 [1])
-Speedy dlsposlLlon of cases
-8lghL Lo ball
-resumpLlon of lnnocence
-Self-lncrlmlnaLlon
-uouble [eopardy

1he power of Lhe sLaLe Lo deflne and punlsh crlmes has a llmlLaLlon. 1hese are more or less lncluded ln
our laws. We can flnd some of Lhese ln Lhe 8evlsed 8ules of CourL.

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %
LIMITS (Statutory)
-resumpLlon of lnnocence
-lnformed of Lhe naLure and cause of accusaLlon
-1o be presenL and defend ln person
-1o LesLlfy ln hls own behalf
-Self-lncrlmlnaLlon
-1o confronL / cross-examlne

JURISDICTION IN CRIMINAL CASES

Iur|sd|ct|on - power Lo hear and declde a conLroversy.

ln crlmlnal cases:
S= T32-) U V)(8)
2. @2087) ,4 0+) -7/.) - lf penalLy ls 6 years and 1 day above (81C), lf drug relaLed case, Lhe 81C
speclally deslgnaLed as drug courL, lf Lhe case conslsLs of a mlnor
W= T)71,( -,../00/(: 0+) -7/.)

WHEN DOES A COURT ATTAIN JURISDICTION? When Lhe offender surrenders
hlmself, durlng arralgnmenL, Lhe person surrenderlng musL do lL personally, you cannoL send a
messenger

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL LAW:
(1) P)()723 (refers Lo Lhe sub[ecL of crlmlnal law, An?CnL WPC LlvLS C8 SC!Cu8n ln 1PL PlLllnL
1L88l1C8? WlLL 8L Su8!LC1 1C PlLllnL C8lMlnAL LAW
(2) I)77/0,7/23
(3) T7,1?)-0/H)

JURISDICTION
-Clvll courLs have concurrenL [urlsdlcLlon over mlllLary personnel wlLh CourLs marLlal even ln Llmes of
war as long as Lhe clvll courLs are sLlll funcLlonlng

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, /
P'@XCLEQ H1= COCGC, C8 no. 164007, AugusL 10, 2006
8A #7033
GLNLkAL kULL - Al, persons sub[ecL Lo mlllLary law, who commlL crlmes or offenses penallzed
under Lhe 8evlsed enal Code, oLher speclal penal laws, or local ordlnances - -/H/3 -,870=

LkCL1ICN - Servlce-connecLed offenses - ./3/0275 -,870

LkCL1ICN 1C 1nL LkL1ICN - resldenL, lnLeresL of [usLlce - -/H/3 -,870

EXCEPTIONS (These are for purposes of international comity)
- 1reaLles
- Laws of preferenLlal appllcaLlon,
- Soverelgns, Chlefs of SLaLe, Ambassadors, MlnlsLers plenlpoLenLlary, mlnlsLers resldenLs and
charges d'affalres.

Consuls belng commerclal represenLaLlves have no such lmmunlLy. 1hey do noL en[oy Lhe same
lmmunlLy en[oyed by Lhe above-menLloned pollLlcal agencles

2. TERRITORIAL
Crlmlnal law ls appllcable on|y wlLh respecL Lo acLs -,../00)9 */0+/( T+/3/??/() 0)77/0,75.

hlllpplne 1errlLory - Archlpelaglc docLrlne

EXCEPTIONS

Art|c|e 2 of the kC:
1. hlllpplne shlp / alrshlp
2. lorge or counLerfelL colns, currency noLes, obllgaLlons or securlLles !.21Y/ ?2: (22 Y2 :2*21 12
T/3/?/(21< 3/263) :/+2?,( Y2Z#
3. lnLroducLlon of lLems ln no. 2 lnLo Lhe hlllpplnes
4. ubllc offlcers or employees / ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr funcLlons
3. Crlmes agalnsL naLlonal securlLy / law of naLlons (LvLn ll ?Cu CCMMl1 8L8LLLlCn Cu1SluL 1PL
PlLllnLS, 1LnulnC 1C lnuuCL lC8LlCnL8S 1C CCMMl1 SuCP C8lML, ?Cu WlLL S1lLL 8L
C8lMlnALL? LlA8LL , lracy)

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, 0
3. PROSPECTIVE
-a penal law cannoL make an acL punlshable ln a manner ln...

EXCEPTION
When Lhe new law ls favorab|e Lo Lhe accused

NOT APPLICABLE (Exception to the exception):
1. Lxpress prohlblLlon,
2. PablLual crlmlnal

REPEAL
- lf Lhe repeal makes Lhe penalLy llghLer, Lhe new law shall be applled. (LxcepLlon, reLroacLlve,
favourable)
- lf Lhe new law lmposes a heavler penalLy, Lhe old law shall be applled. (Ceneral law, no
reLroacLlve effecL, noL favorable)
- lf Lhe new law LoLally repeals Lhe exlsLlng law, Lhe crlme ls obllLeraLed. (LxcepLlon, reLroacLlve,
favourable) , 1PCSL WPC A8L SL8vlnC SLn1LnCL, ?Cu 8LLLASL 1PLM , AnLl-Subverslon AcL
was LoLally repealed, !usL becomlng a member of an organlzaLlon LhaL ls subverslve, you can be
prosecuLed, however, Lhls was already repealed so Lhelr cases were ulSMlSSLu

CONSTRUCTION OF PENAL LAWS
- AgalnsL Lhe CovernmenL and ln favor of Lhe accused.
- Spanlsh LexL ls conLrolllng (CLu CCulCC LnAL)

As ln all rules of sLaLuLory consLrucLlon, Lhese rules are appllcable only when Lhere ls some
amblgulLy ln Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe crlmlnal sLaLuLe

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, 1
TT H1= P'@XCLEQ - WhaL was Lhe crlme lnvolved ln Lhls case? WhaL parLlcular prlnclple ln law would
you use lf you were Lhe [usLlce ln Lhls case? So whaL lf you can esLabllsh LhaL Lhe accused dld noL commlL
a felonlous acL punlshable by ArLlcle 4 of Lhe 8C? Would lL be correcL Lo say LhaL a felony cannoL be
punlshed merely because lL ls noL proven LhaL such felony exlsLed?
ART. 2 EXTENT OF APPLICATION
1. (kLGIS1LkLD) hlllpplne shlp or alrshlp
2. lorge or counLerfelL colns, currency noLes, obllgaLlons or securlLles,
3. lnLroducLlon of lLems ln no. 2 lnLo Lhe hlllpplnes,
4. ubllc offlcers or employees / ln Lhe exerclse of Lhelr funcLlons,
3. naLlonal securlLy / law of naLlons
IISCAL CAkILLC: Alrplane slr, walal laboL? Walal laboL noh ky wala man dha? ?es or no? !1he term
&CKAQJKT> |s found |n the CLD CCDIGC LNAL so the answer |s LS, LA8C1#

WHEN COMMITTED ON A PHILIPPINE SHIP OR AIRSHIP.
A person who commlLs an offense on board a hlllpplne shlp or alrshlp whlle Lhe same ls ouLslde
hlllpplne LerrlLory can be Lrled by our courLs.
Shlp or alrshlp musL be ln lnLernaLlonal waLers.

FORGES OR COUNTERFEITS ANY COIN OR CURRENCY NOTE, OBLIGATIONS
AND SECURITIES
Maklng false or counLerfelL colns !CAI= S[W#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, 2
A PUBLIC OFFICER/EMPLOYEE, OFFENSE IN THE EXERCISE OF HIS
FUNCTIONS.
- ulrecL brlbery (ArL. 210)
- lndlrecL brlbery (ArL. 211)
- lrauds agalnsL Lhe publlc Lreasure (ArL. 213)
- MalversaLlon (ArL. 217)
- lalslflcaLlon (ArL. 171)
- ossesslon of prohlblLed lnLeresL (ArL. 216)

CRIMES AGAINST THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS
- 1reason (ArL. 114)
- Lsplonage (ArL. 117)
- lracy (ArL. 122)

FOREIGN MERCHANT SHIPS
An exLenslon of Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe counLry Lo whlch lL belongs.
ln Lhe case of \Q H1= O\LL, a conLlnulng crlme on board a forelgn merchanL shlp salllng Lo Lhe hlllpplnes
ls Lrlable by our courLs. 1he condlLlon was sLlll exlsLlng when Lhe shlp was wlLhln LerrlLorlal waLers.

WHEN A CRIME IS COMMITTED ON BOARD A FOREIGN MERCHANT SHP
K(0)7(20/,(23 M20)71 - NC1 Lrlable ln our courLs, an exLenslon of Lhe LerrlLory of Lhe counLry Lo whlch
Lhe shlp belongs.
I)77/0,7/23 M20)71 - 1kIA8LL ln our courLs unless - merely affecL Lhlngs (1) wlLhln Lhe vessel or Lhey
refer Lo Lhe (2) lnLernal managemenL Lhereof. !E@PLKQJ A\LE#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, 3
ENGLISH RULE vs. FRENCH RULE
Crlmes commlLLed on board lMv wlLhln LerrlLorlal waLers.
IkLNCn kULL - nC1 Lrlable unless lL affecLs peace and securlLy of Lhe LerrlLory
LNGLISn kULL - 18Al8LL unless Lhey merely affecL Lhlngs wlLhln vessel or refer Lo lnLernal managemenL
Lhereof. !I2Y) (,0)$ 1PL MCMLn1 WL CL1 An lnlC8MA1lCn 1PA1 A lC8LlCn ML8CPAn1 vLSSLL /
Al8SPl CSSLSSLS A 8CPl8l1Lu A81lCLL, 1PL PlLllnL CCu81S WlLL PAvL !u8lSulC1lCn)

EXAMPLE OF ENGLISH RULE
ossesslon of oplum.
If IMV |s |n trans|t - nC1 18lA8LL
If h|||pp|nes |s dest|nat|on - 18lA8LL

SMCkING CIUM - Lrlable regardless
CIUM IS LANDLD CN nIIINL SCIL- Lrlable regardless
!Q)) TT H1= M'@P RJE@P< TT H1= L''] RJCM ^ TT H1= CJ QK@P#
1PlS PAS AL8LAu? 8LLn A8AnuCnLu 1CuA?. WPA1 lS CCn18CLLlnC A1 8LSLn1 lS A=C= _S[`

ART. 3. FELONIES
ILLCN ls Lhe Lechnlcal Lerm for vlolaLlons of Lhe 8C.
LLLMLN1S:
- AcL or omlsslon,
- unlshable by Lhe 8C,
- 1here ls 9,3, or -83?2

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &'
ACT OR OMISSION

AcL perLalns Lo "any bod||y movement tend|ng to produce some effect |n the externa| wor|d." !TT
H1= P'@XCLEQ#

ACTS

OVERT - done openly, exLernal (noL lnLernal), musL have 2 9/7)-0 -,(()-0/,( wlLh Lhe felony
commlLLed.

ls Lhe acL of buylng a gun a crlme? ?ou boughL a gun because you are golng Lo commlL a crlme. ?ou
boughL lL for Lhe purpose of self-defense. ?ou boughL lL because you wanL Lo [oln a shooLlng
compeLlLlon. Lven when you draw plsLol (loaded) or you [usL wanL Lo LhreaLen a person, I1 IS S1ILL
AN Ea\KV'RCL CRI.

OMISSION
'./11/,( refers Lo lnacLlon or Lhe fallure Lo perform a poslLlve duLy. 1here musL be a law punlshlng
such lnacLlon or fallure.

Mete posslve pteseoce ot tbe sceoe of oootbets ctlme, mete slleoce ooJ follote to qlve tbe olotm,
wltboot evlJeoce of oqteemeot ot coospltocy, Jo oot coostltote tbe coopetotloo. 1he only
evldence of Lhe sLaLe was LhaL SlLvLS18L was wlLh her husband and fallure on Lhe parL of SlLvLS18L
Lo glve an alarm. !TT H1= QKLVEQIAE#

?ou see somebody ln a remoLe area ln danger of dylng. nadasmagan slya ug Lruck and you falled Lo
glve asslsLance, you wlll be LIA8LL under Lhe above rule. !'BKQQK'@#

FELONIES

D'L' - decelL / mallce, dellberaLe lnLenL
R\LTC - faulL, no dellberaLe lnLenL buL Lhere ls:
l. Imprudence - lack of sklll, or
ll. Neg||gence - lack of foreslghL

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &&
*WPL1PL8 l1 8L lM8uuLnCL C8 nLCLlCLnCL, l1 MuS1 8L vCLun1A8?.

8ecall Lhe lllusLraLlve case glven by llscal Carlllo (nCUSL8C & nCUSLMAID ] "1|-un| ko, t|-un| ko, S|r")
- nouseboy was on|y used as an |nstrument

Why was CJ RJ'@P broughL Lo courL? Was he relleved from crlmlnal llablllLy merely because of hls
bellef LhaL he was under aLLack? ls Lhere any prlnclple lnvolved ln Lhe case of AP CPCnC LhaL Lhe
Supreme CourL used ln acqulLLlng hlm? Was lL noL an lnLenLlonal acL on Lhe parL of AP CPCnC ln kllllng
hls vlcLlm? So, can you say LhaL CCCu lAl1P" ls a defense for Lhe crlme of homlclde?
'C@KQ R21)
TT H1= VKLLCR'AIC
DKEP' H1= RCQIKLL'

REQUISITES OF DOLO
1. NAEED'B - no freedom = noL volunLary
2. K@IELLKPE@RE - dlscern morallLy of acL (your ablllLy Lo know whaL ls rlghL from wrong, a
cllnlcally lnsane person cannoL be held llable for a crlmlnal acL as Lhls ls an exempLlng
clrcumsLance, you may noL know whaL ls rlghL and wrong buL you may know who ls handsome
or noL)
3. K@IE@I - Lo commlL Lhe felony

INTENT
8elng ln a sLaLe of mlnd, lnLenL ls hard Lo prove.
Crlmlnal lnLenL ls TAEQ\BED from Lhe commlsslon of an unlawful acL. 1he declslon Lo adopL a
means Lo arrlve aL a resulL ls ln1Ln1. ?ou musL look aL all Lhe clrcumsLances.

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &-
1he acL of sLabblng ls an lnLenLlonal acL buL Lhere ls no crlmlnal lnLenL because Lhe person LhoughL he
was defendlng hlmself. !CJ RJ'@P R21)#
8ecause we do noL have psychlcs, we look aL all Lhe facLors, Lhe clrcumsLances before, durlng
and afLer Lhe acL. So ln anoLher case, you don'L look aL Lhe resulLs only. A small scraLch on Lhe
forehead does noL mean LhaL Lhere ls an aLLempLed murder on Lhe person. Look aL Lhe weapon
used, Lhe parL of Lhe body Lo whlch Lhe blow was dlrecLed and Lhe clrcumsLances aLLendanL Lo
Lhe felonlous acL. WL LCCk A1 SCML1PlnC 1PA1 lS 8LAulL? C8SL8vA8LL.

Spouses, broLhers and slsLers, Lhere ls no LhefL. 8LCAuSL 1PL8L lS CC-CWnL8SPl.

GENERAL INTENT vs. SPECIFIC INTENT
lnLenL as an elemenL of dolo ls a general lnLenL.
Speclflc lnLenL, e.g., lnLenL Lo galn ln LhefL and robbery, lnLenL Lo klll ln homlclde and murder.

MISTAKE OF FACT
- Mlsapprehenslon of facLs by Lhe person who causes ln[ury Lo anoLher.
- no crlmlnal llablllLy on Lhe parL of Lhe acLor because Lhere ls no crlmlnal lnLenL.
- Whenever Lhere ls good falLh, lL supplanLs Lhe crlmlnal acL. ?ou cannoL deny your baslc lnsLlncLs.

MISTAKE OF FACT; Requisites
- AcL ls LCMN\L had Lhe facLs been as Lhe accused belleved Lhem Lo be.
- K@IE@IK'@ of accused ls lawful.
- @' faulL or carelessness.

Cood falLh happens when mlsLake of facL ls presenL.

\Q H1= CJ RJ'@P, March 19, 1910, C8 no. 3272
ln broader Lerms, lgnorance or mlsLake of facL, lf such lgnorance or mlsLake of facL ls sufflclenL Lo
negaLlve a parLlcular lnLenL whlch under Lhe law ls a necessary lngredlenL of Lhe offense charged
(e.g., ln larceny, anlmus furendl, ln murder, mallce, ln crlmes and mlsdemeanors generally some
degree of crlmlnal lnLenL) cancel Lhe presumpLlon of lnLenL," and works an acqulLLal excepL ln
Lhose cases where Lhe clrcumsLances demand a convlcLlon under Lhe penal provlslons Louchlng
crlmlnal negllgence."

1he clrcumsLances wlll lndlcaLe Lhe lnLenLlon of Lhe person.

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &.
TT H1= 'C@KQ, !uly 27, 1943, C8 no. 47722
ln Lhe lnsLanL case, appellanLs, unllke Lhe accused ln Lhe lnsLances clLed, found no clrcumsLances
whaLsoever whlch would press Lhem Lo lmmedlaLe acLlon. 1he person ln Lhe room belng Lhen
asleep, appellanLs had ample Llme and opporLunlLy Lo ascerLaln hls ldenLlLy wlLhouL hazard Lo
Lhemselves, and could even effecL a bloodless arresL lf any reasonable efforL Lo LhaL end had been
made, as Lhe vlcLlm was unarmed, accordlng Lo lrene 8equlnea.
- And a peace offlcer cannoL clalm exempLlon from crlmlnal llablllLy lf he uses unnecessary force or
vlolence ln maklng an arresL.
- 1he accused were glven Lhe beneflL of mlLlgaLlng clrcumsLances

MISTAKE OF FACT vs. MISTAKE OF
LAW
1hls CourL, ln T),?3) H1= O/098, carefully dlsLlngulshed beLween a mlsLake of facL, whlch could be
a basls for Lhe defense of good falLh ln a blgamy case, from a mlsLake of law, whlch does noL
excuse a person, even a lay person, from llablllLy. O/098 held LhaL even lf Lhe accused, who had
obLalned a dlvorce under Lhe Mohammedan cusLom, honesLly belleved LhaL ln conLracLlng her
second marrlage, she was noL omlLLlng any vlolaLlon of Lhe law, and LhaL she had no crlmlnal
lnLenL, Lhe same does noL [usLlfy her acL. (DKEP' H1= RCQIKLL', A.M. No. k1I-02-1673, August
11, 2004)

GCCD IAI1n IS A GCCD DLILNSL.

REQUISITES OF CULPA
- lreedom,
- lnLelllgence,
- lmprudence, negllgence, Lack of foreslghL or Lack of sklll.

CULPA no intent to cause injury
1he offender ln culpable felonles musL perform an acL wlLhouL lnLenLlon Lo cause ln[ury Lo anoLher.
lf Lhe offender lnLended Lo cause ln[ury buL Lhe resulL ls dlfferenL from LhaL lnLended, he ls llable for an
lnLenLlonal felony under ArLlcle 4. (K@IE@IK'@CL NEL'@G = mang||g|s n| Car|||o tungod ky cge s|ya ug
pamus||)

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &%
Shoot|ng a person |n a runn|ng mode |s UNLAWIUL. It |s wrong for a |aw enforcer to shoot a runn|ng
suspect 1C ASCLk1AIN WnL1nLk nL MUS1 8L AkkLS1LD Ck NC1.
If the person |s an LSCAL kISCNLk, k||||ng h|m MA be [ust|f|ed.

CRIMES OR OFFENSES PUNISHED BY SPECIAL LAWS
lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe crlme ls noL requlred, lL ls sufflclenL lf Lhe accused had |ntent to perpetrate the
act.
lL ls sufflclenL LhaL Lhe prohlblLed acL ls done freely or volunLarlly.
ll l1 lS W8CnC 8? l1S vL8? nA1u8L, l1 lS MALA IN SL !P,,9 N2/0+#. ll l1 lS W8CnC 8LCAuSL 1PL AC1
CCMMl11Lu lS 8CPl8l1Lu 8? LAW, l1 lS MALA kCnI8I1A !Q?)-/23 T)(23 L2*1b P,,9 42/0+ /1 @'I 2
9)4)(1)#= As long as you possess Lhe prohlblLed arLlcles, you are llable.

MALA kCnI8I1A - Lhere musL be knowledge LhaL Lhe arLlcle ln possesslon ls prohlblLed by law

MOTIVE and INTENT
- MoLlve ls Lhe movlng power LhaL lmpels one Lo acLlon for a deflnlLe resulL
- lnLenL ls Lhe purpose Lo use a parLlcular means Lo effecL such resulL.

MOTIVE IS NOT A REQUISITE
MoLlve ls noL an essenLlal elemenL of a crlme and ls, Lherefore, noL necessary for Lhe convlcLlon of
Lhe accused.
EcRETI$
1. 1here ls doubL as Lo Lhe ldenLlLy of Lhe accused
2. 1here are 2 anLagonlsLlc verslons

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &/
DOCTRINE OF PROXIMATE CAUSE

A punches 8 and 8 falls Lo Lhe ground wlLh an lmprovlsed sLove susLalnlng an ln[ury. S" days laLer, 8
dled. ls A llable?

l have a swlss-knlfe and Lhen somebody grabs lL and Lhen l ln[ure your hand because l was Lrylng Lo
geL back my swlss-knlfe. Am l llable? uoes Lhls noL fall wlLhln Lhe prlnclple LhaL l should be llable for
Lhe consequences of my own acLlons?

?ou are a member of Lhe 13 !udas gang. ?our morLal enemles are Lhe 14 8anal gang. 1he laLLer
ganged up on you. ?ou are an experL of MMA. So you defend yourself agalnsL Lhelr blades. ?ou hurL
your own flnger. 8ack Lo your house, you were hldlng. When you looked aL lL, LhaL flnger was
already hanglng. 4 days afLer, Lhe flnger sLarLs Lo blacken. So you go Lo courL and flle a case agalnsL
Lhe 14-8anal. 1he conLenLlon of Lhe counsel for Lhe 14-8anal was LhaL Lhe vlcLlm ulu nC1
lMMLulA1LL? SLLk lC8 MLulCAL A11LnuAnCL. Pence, because of hls declslon noL Lo seek for
medlcal asslsLance, Lhe accused-defendanLs should noL be llable. ls Lhe counsel for Lhe 14-8anal
correcL?

When does an acLlon resulL Lo crlmlnal llablllLy and when does an acLlon noL resulL Lo crlmlnal
llablllLy?

ART. 4 CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Crlmlnal llablllLy ls lncurred:
1. CommlLLlng a felony alLhough Lhe wrongful acL done ls dlfferenL from whaL he lnLended,
2. lmposslble crlme !]KLLK@P C@ CLAECDG DECD TEAQ'@#

RULE ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY
A person who commlLs an /(0)(0/,(23 felony ls responslble for a|| the consequences LhaL may
natura||y and |og|ca||y resulL Lherefrom, whether foreseen or |ntended or not.

INTENTIONAL FELONY
lor Lhls arLlcle Lo apply, Lhe offender musL be commlLLlng an lnLenLlonal felony !9,3,#
. dlfferenL from LhaL whlch he lnLended."
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &0
lf Lhe offender was commlLLlng a culpable felony Lhls arLlcle does NC1 apply

COMMITTING A FELONY (Acts with criminal intent)
lf Lhe person ls noL commlLLlng a felony, Lhe arLlcle ls noL appllcable.

OK@D'G Case- Lrylng Lo reLaln a bolo LhaL was Laken from Lhe owner.
VKLLC@\EVC Case - snaLchlng a bolo because of curloslLy.

AlLhough Lhe wrongful acL done be dlfferenL from LhaL whlch he lnLended."
MlS1AkL ln 1PL luLn1l1? - )77,7 /( ?)71,(2)
MlS1AkL ln 1PL 8LCW - 26)7720/, /-081
ln!u8lCuS 8LSuL1 lS C8LA1L8 1PAn 1PA1 ln1LnuLu - ?72)0)7 /(0)(0/,().

ln all Lhree cases, Lhe perpeLraLor ls llable for all Lhe natura| and |og|ca| consequence LhaL may
resulL from Lhe unlawful acL, wheLher foreseen or noL.

MISTAKE IN INDENTITY error in personae
A lnLended Lo klll 8,
A mlsLakes C for 8 (darkness),
A shooLs C, kllllng hlm.

A ls llable for Lhe deaLh of C, slnce C's deaLh ls Lhe dlrecL, natura| and |og|ca| consequence of hls
felonlous acL (shooLlng).

MISTAKE IN THE BLOW aberratio ictus
x lnLends Lo klll ?,
x shooLs aL ?,
x hlLs Z (poor alm) kllllng hlm.

x ls llable for Lhe deaLh of Z, slnce Z's deaLh ls Lhe d|rect, natura| and |og|ca| consequence of hls
felonlous acL (shooLlng Z) \ ls olso lloble fot tbe ottempt oo .

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &1
INJURIOUS RESULT IS GREATER THAN THAT
INTENDED Praeter intentionem

A punches 8 once (no lnLenL Lo klll),
8 falls Lo Lhe ground hlLLlng hls head on Lhe pavemenL,
8 dles as a resulL of Lhe ln[urles Lo hls head.

A ls llable for Lhe deaLh of 8, slnce 8's falllng Lo Lhe ground and hlLLlng hls head on Lhe
pavemenL ls Lhe 9/7)-0< (208723 2(9 3,:/-23 consequence of hls felonlous acL (punchlng).

TT H1= RCP'P', C8 no. 38311, CcLober 6, 1933
1here ls noLhlng Lo lndlcaLe LhaL lL was due Lo some exLraneous case. lL was clearly Lhe dlrecL
consequence of defendanLs' felonlous acL, and Lhe facL LhaL Lhe defendanL dld noL lnLend Lo cause so
greaL an ln[ury does noL relleve hlm from Lhe consequence of hls unlawful acL, buL ls merely a mlLlgaLlng
clrcumsLance.

Direct, natural and logical
- A person who LhreaLens or pursues anoLher wlLh a knlfe and causes Lhe laLLer Lo [ump Lo Lhe rlver
ln order Lo avold hlm and drowns as he dld noL know how Lo swlm, ls llable for Lhe lnLenLlonal deaLh
of LhaL person." (\Q H1= VCLDEX , 41 hll. 497)
- lf Lhe vlcLlm had a dellcaLe consLlLuLlon as he was sufferlng from Luberculosls and dled as a resulL
from Lhe flsL-blows, Lhe person who dellvered Lhe sald blows ls llable for Lhe deaLh." (TT H1=
KLL\QIAE, 34 hll 394)
- lf Lhe deaLh was acceleraLed by flsL blows dellvered because Lhe vlcLlm was sufferlng from some
lnLernal condlLlon, Lhe person who dellvered Lhe blows ls llable for Lhe deaLh. !TT H1= A'DAKP\EX#

QEP\AKIC@ H1= TT

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &2
REFUSAL OF OR UNSKLLFUL MEDICAL TREATMENT
Where Lhe vlcLlm refuses Lo submlL Lo surglcal operaLlon, Lhe person who caused Lhe ln[urles ls sLlll
llable as a person ls noL obllged Lo submlL Lo a surglcal operaLlon Lo relleve Lhe accused from Lhe
natura| or ordlnary resulLs of hls crlme. (\Q H1= BCACQKPC@#

REFUSAL
.LhaL he who lnfllcLs Lhe ln[ury ls noL relleved of responslblllLy lf Lhe wound lnfllcLed ls dangerous,
LhaL ls, calculaLed Lo desLroy or endanger llfe, even Lhough Lhe lmmedlaLe cause of Lhe deaLh was
erroneous or unsklllful medlcal or surglcal LreaLmenL." (TT H1= B'LDEQ< C8 no. 42122, uecember
1, 1934#
PROXIMATE CAUSE
that cause, which, in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any
efficient intervening cause, produces the injury, and without which the
result would not have occurred. 1he remoLe cause ls noL necessarlly Lhe proxlmaLe
cause. lL was Lhe negllgence of Lhe bus company LhaL was Lhe proxlmaLe cause." (VDC= DE
OCICRLC@ H1= BEDK@C, C8 no. L-10126, CcLober 22, 1937)

A person ls NC1 llable for all Lhe posslble consequences of hls acL.
- And Lhere ls auLhorlLy LhaL lf Lhe consequences resulLed from a dlsLlncL acL or facL absoluLely
forelgn from Lhe crlmlnal acL, Lhe offender ls noL responslble for such consequences." (TT H1=
BCAR', C8 nos. L-28324-3)

EFFICIENT INTERVENING CAUSE
- AcLlve force LhaL lnLervenes beLween Lhe felony and Lhe resulLlng ln[ury,
- 1he acLlve force musL be a dlsLlncL acL, or
- A facL absoluLely forelgn from Lhe felonlous acL,
- 1he resulLlng ln[ury ls due Lo Lhe lnLenLlonal acL of Lhe vlcLlm
FAULT OR CARELESSNESS OF THE VICTIM
Mallclous acL or omlsslon of Lhe vlcLlm" (1haL parLlcular acL now becomes Lhe efflclenL lnLervenlng
cause)
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, &3
TT H1= VKLLCR'AIC (C8 no. 186412, SepLember 7, 2011)
1he rule ls LhaL Lhe deaLh of Lhe vlcLlm musL be Lhe dlrecL, naLural, and loglcal consequence of Lhe
wounds lnfllcLed upon hlm by Lhe accused. x x x 1he medlcal flndlngs, however, lead us Lo a dlsLlncL
posslblllLy LhaL Lhe lnfecLlon of Lhe wound by LeLanus was an efflclenL lnLervenlng cause laLer or
beLween Lhe Llme !avler was wounded Lo Lhe Llme of hls deaLh. 1he lnfecLlon was, Lherefore, dlsLlncL
and forelgn Lo Lhe crlme.

IMPOSSIBLE CRIMES
1he fe|ony |ntended by the offender |s not ach|eved due to:
- lnherenL lmposslblllLy
- LmploymenL of lnadequaLe or lneffecLual means

IS 1nIS UNISnA8LL? ?es. 8ecause you are lnLendlng Lo commlL a crlme. 1here ls a crlmlnal
propenslLy on Lhe parL of offender.

REQUISITES OF AN IMPOSSIBLE CRIME:
1. ersons / roperLy
2. Lvll lnLenL
3. lnherenLly lmposslble / means employed ls lnadequaLe or lneffecLual.
4. Should noL consLlLuLe anoLher vlolaLlon of Lhe 8C (1he acL of pseudomlzlng a person ls a crlme
of acLs of lasclvlousness, Any person can be a vlcLlm of rape as long as you lnserL penls or an
ob[ecL lnLo Lhe mouLh)

WhaL ls Lhe dlfference beLween a flnger and a canlsLer? 1he moral depravlLy and Lhe crlmlnal
lnLenL ls Lhe SAML.

AGAINST PERSONS OR PROPERTY
Cr|mes aga|nst persons:
Murder, homlclde, physlcal ln[urles, rape, eLc.

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -'
Cr|mes aga|nst property:
8obbery, 1hefL, LsLafa, eLc.

kldnapplng / serlous lllegal deLenLlon ls a crlme agalnsL llberLy

: kldnapplng a dead body?
A: no crlmlnal llablllLy.

EVIL INTENT
1here musL be lnLenL Lo ln[ure anoLher.

INHERENTLY IMPOSSIBLE
Cur laws do noL dlsLlngulsh beLween legal and physlcal lmposslblllLy.

lAC1uAL lMCSSl8lLl1? = openlng a safe wlLhouL money lnslde

K@I'D H1= TT
lurLhermore, Lhe phrase lnherenL lmposslblllLy" LhaL ls found ln ArLlcle 4(2) of Lhe 8C makes
no d|st|nct|on beLween facLual or physlcal lmposslblllLy and legal lmposslblllLy. 1he case of
K@I'D H1= TT was an lmposslble crlme. ShooLlng a space where Lhe lnLended vlcLlm ls noL
presenL ls an lmposslble crlme.

1here ls no need Lo dlsLlngulsh facLual from physlcal lmposslblllLy because hlllpplne law ls
clear, lnPL8Ln1L? lMCSSl8LL".

TT H1= E@'FC
ln anoLher case where Lhe accused who clalmed LhaL slnce Lhey shoL Lhe vlcLlm afLer Lhe flrsL
shooLer had already shoL Lhe vlcLlm, Lhey were ln effecL shooLlng a person already dead, Lhe
Supreme CourL called Lhelr argumenL merely speculaLlve.

ART. 5 DUTY OF JUDGE WHEN
SITUATION NOT COVERED BY LAW.
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -&
AcL ls noL punlshed by law - musL render a declslon accordlng Lo Lhe law.
EcREQQKVE TE@CLIKEQ - musL noL suspend Lhe execuLlon of senLence
*reporL Lo Lhe resldenL Lhrough Lhe ueparLmenL of !usLlce (uC!)

ALTERNATIVE PENALTIES NOT ALLOWED
[s]enLences should noL be ln Lhe alLernaLlve. 1here ls noLhlng ln Lhe law whlch permlLs courLs Lo lmpose
senLences ln Lhe alLernaLlve." Whlle a [udge has Lhe dlscreLlon of lmposlng one or anoLher penalLy, he
cannoL lmpose boLh ln Lhe alLernaLlve. Pe musL flx poslLlvely and wlLh cerLalnLy Lhe parLlcular penalLy."
(COELLC@C H1= TT, C8 no. 174634, AugusL 17, 2011)

ART. 6 STAGES OF EXECUTION
- R,(18..20)9
- N7810720)9
- C00).?0)9

CONSUMMATED
A|| e|ements necessary for lLs execut|on and accomp||shment are presenL.
Mu8uL8. lL ls necessary LhaL you klll Lhe vlcLlm for Lhere Lo become a consummaLed felony.
1PLl1. lL ls necessary LhaL you Lake possesslon of Lhe ob[ecLs you lnLend Lo galn.

IAC1CkS:
- 1he naLure of Lhe offense.
- 1he elemenLs consLlLuLlng Lhe felony.
- 1he manner of commlLLlng Lhe same.

ARSON
- lf any parL of Lhe sLrucLure ls burned !R'@Q\BBCIED#
- lf Lhe flre ls sLarLed buL no parL of Lhe sLrucLure ls burned !NA\QIACIED#
- lf no flre has been even sLarLed !CIIEBTIED#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, --
ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE
IJENI - galnlng possesslon of Lhe lLem consummaLes Lhe felony.
1here ls no frusLraLed LhefL. (VCLE@X\ELC H1= TT, C8 no. 1160188, !une 21, 2007, 8ule of
VCLE@X\ELC case ls slmllar Lo Lhe rullng of CDKC' case)

MANNER OF COMMITTING THE CRIME
N'ABCL RAKBEQ - slander and false LesLlmony
BEAE CIIEBTI 'A TA'T'QCL - fllghL Lo enemy's counLry (A11LM1) and corrupLlon of mlnor
(8CCSAL)
BCIEAKCL RAKBEQ - rape, homlclde or murder

ln T232:2(21 H= T),?3), we ruled LhaL when Lhe accused lnLended Lo klll hls vlcLlm, as shown by hls
use of a deadly weapon and Lhe wounds he lnfllcLed, buL Lhe vlcLlm dld noL dle because of Llmely
medlcal asslsLance, Lhe crlme ls frusLraLed murder or frusLraLed homlclde. lf Lhe vlcLlm's wounds are
noL faLal, Lhe crlme ls only aLLempLed murder or aLLempLed homlclde." (R'LK@CAEQ H1= TT, C8 no.
182748, uecember 13, 2011)

FRUSTRATED
Cffender performs a|| the acts of execut|on that wou|d produce the fe|ony buL does not produce lL
by reason of causes |ndependent of the w||| of the perpetrator.

ATTEMPTED

DEVELOPMENT OF A CRIME
1
sL
lnLernal AcLs - not pun|shab|e
2
nd
LxLernal AcLs:
a.) reparatory Acts - generally noL punlshable,
b.) Acts of Lxecut|on - punlshable

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -.
ATTEMPTED STAGE, Elements
- Commences Lhe commlsslon of Lhe felony dlrecLly by overL acLs.
- uoes noL perform all Lhe acLs of execuLlon whlch should produce Lhe felony.
- AcLs are noL sLopped by hls own sponLaneous deslsLance
- uue Lo a cause of accldenL oLher Lhan hls own sponLaneous deslsLance.

OVERT CTS
- LxLernal AcLs,
- ulrecL connecLlon wlLh Lhe crlme lnLended Lo be commlLLed.
1he overL acLs musL have an lmmedlaLe and necessary relaLlon Lo Lhe offense." dVKCDC

EQUIVOCAL vs. UNEQUIVOCAL
-drawlng a plsLol or ralslng a bolo are equlvocal acLs.
-drawlng a plsLol, almlng Lhe same aL Lhe vlcLlm and, wlLh lnLenL Lo klll, dlscharge Lhe flrearm aL Lhe
vlcLlm can we say LhaL Lhe acLs are noL overL acLs of homlclde/murder.

TT H1= LCBCJC@P

ultectly by overL acLs"

1hls elemenL requlres LhaL Lhe offender personally execuLe Lhe commlsslon of Lhe crlme.
lnduclng anoLher Lo commlL a crlme, when Lhe person lnduced does noL accede wlll noL resulL ln
crlmlnal llablllLy for Lhe lnducer as Lhe general rule ls mere proposal Lo commlL a crlme ls noL
punlshable.

TT H1= LKXCDC
An overL or exLernal acL ls deflned as some physlcal acLlvlLy or deed, lndlcaLlng Lhe lnLenLlon Lo
commlL a parLlcular crlme, more Lhan a mere plannlng or preparaLlon, whlch lf carrled ouL Lo lLs
compleLe LermlnaLlon followlng lLs naLural course, wlLhouL belng frusLraLed by exLernal obsLacles
nor by Lhe sponLaneous deslsLance of Lhe perpeLraLor wlll loglcally and necessarlly rlpen lnLo a
concreLe offense."

DOES NOT PERFORM ALL ACTS OF EXECUTION
- lf Lhe offender has performed all acLs of execuLlon - -,(18..20)9 102:) ,7 47810720)9 102:)
- lf Lhere ls sLlll someLhlng else Lo be done - 200).?0)9 102:)

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -%
By reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous
desistance.
- uoes noL perform all acLs of execuLlon due Lo hls own sponLaneous deslsLance - NC CkIMINAL
LIA8ILI1

- lL ls a reward for Lhose &+2H/(: ,() 4,,0 ,( 0+) H)7:) ,4 -7/.)< +))9 0+) -233 ,4 0+)/7 -,(1-/)(-)
2(9 7)087( 0, 0+) ?20+ ,4 7/:+0),81()11=>

SPONTANEOUS DESISTANCE
- Absolves one from Lhe crlme he lnLended Lo commlL NC1 from Lhe crlme acLually commlLLed before
Lhe deslsLance.

PERFORMS ALL ACTS OF EXECUTION
noLhlng ls lefL Lo be done by Lhe offense because he has performed Lhe 3210 2-0 necessary Lo
produce Lhe crlme.

ln aLLempLed crlme, offender never passes Lhe sub[ecLlve phase.

BELIEF OF THE OFFENDER
.Lhls CourL has held LhaL ls noL necessary LhaL Lhe accused acLually commlL all Lhe acLs of
execuLlon necessary Lo produce Lhe deaLh of hls vlcLlm, buL LhaL lL ls sufflclenL LhaL he belleves LhaL
he has commlLLed all sald acLs. TT H1= QG TK'

\Q H1= ED\CVE C8 no. 12133, lebruary 02, 1917
A crlme cannoL be held Lo be aLLempLed unless Lhe offender, afLer beglnnlng Lhe commlsslon of
Lhe crlme by overL acLs, ls prevenLed, agalnsL hls wlll, by some ouLslde cause from performlng all of
Lhe acLs whlch should produce Lhe crlme."
DESISTANCE AFTER PERFORMING ALL ACTS
lf he has performed all of Lhe acLs whlch should resulL ln Lhe consummaLlon of Lhe crlme and
volunLarlly deslsLs from proceedlng furLher, lL cannoL be an aLLempL." !C/= ]238,e,5 (/52 ,/=
B,32Y2* (232(: Y,=#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -/
TT H1= DCPBC@, C8 no. 23133
1he murder should be regarded as frusLraLed because Lhe offenders performed all of Lhe acLs of
execuLlon whlch should precede Lhe felony as a consequence buL whlch, neverLheless, dld noL
produce lL by reason of causes lndependenL of Lhe wlll of Lhe perpeLraLors, ln Lhls lnsLance, Lhe
playlng possum by Magbual.

BY REASON OF CAUSES INDEPENDENT OF THE WILL OF THE PERPETRATOR
lelony NC1 produced - causes lndependenL of Lhe wlll of Lhe perpeLraLor.

TT H1= LKXCDC
An overL or exLernal acL ls deflned as some physlcal acLlvlLy or deed, lndlcaLlng Lhe lnLenLlon Lo
commlL a parLlcular crlme, more Lhan a mere plannlng or preparaLlon, whlch lf carrled ouL Lo lLs
compleLe LermlnaLlon followlng lLs naLural course, wlLhouL belng frusLraLed by exLernal obsLacles
nor by Lhe sponLaneous deslsLance of Lhe perpeLraLor, wlll loglcally and necessarlly rlpen lnLo a
crlme."
A woman flled a case agalnsL a man charglng Lhe man wlLh rape. Whlle Lhe complalnL was under
lnvesLlgaLlon, Lhey meeL each oLher ln a dark alley [usL Lhe 2 of Lhem and Lhe man lmmedlaLely draws hls
bolo and says Lo Lhe glrl: l wlll klll you, SALAMAML1S". 1hen sLarLs hacklng aL Lhe woman. Woman Lrles
Lo go away buL was sLlll slashed aL her back. Woman falls down and Lhe man says: l have kllled Lhe
worsL enemy". 1he man Lhrows Lhe woman Lo Lhe garbage. 1hereafLer, Lhe man goes home and
announced lL publlcly LhaL he kllled someone. noL knowlng, Lhe woman was able Lo crawl from Lhe place
of lncldenL Lo Lhe hosplLal. Woman flles a case agalnsL Lhe man. 1he man conLends as a defense LhaL he
was llable only for aLLempLed murder. WhaL ls Lhe llablllLy of Lhe man? Wlll he be llable for aLLempLed
murder or frusLraLed murder?
LeL's say you and Lwo of your frlends are havlng a drlnklng sesslon. Cne of Lhem suddenly says LhaL l am
noL saLlsfled wlLh Lhe governmenL and Lhen you say leL us overLhrow -noy and replace hlm. 1he Lwo
agree. ls Lhere any crlmlnal llablllLy ln Lhls parLlcular slLuaLlon? ?es or no? lf Lhelr plan was Lo rob? ls
Lhere consplracy? unlshable? Mere consplracy Lo commlL robbery? ls Lhls punlshable? So you have now
declded LhaL you are golng Lo commlL rebelllon and Lhe 3 of you go Lo Malacanang. ?ou parked your car
and allghLed and sald: A11ACk". When you reached Lhe gaLe, dldLo raka naklbaw nga lmong mga
kauban bag-o ra nahuwasan. Wa cla nlkuyog nlmo. nagpabllln ra cla sa auLo. WhaL ls Lhe crlmlnal
llablllLy of Lhe Lhree? lkaw unsa lmong llablllLy? Pow abouL Lhe Lwo who remalned ln Lhe car?
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -0
WhaL lf Lhe 2
nd
person who wenL wlLh you dld noL shooL hls gun buL [usL kepL on glvlng you bulleLs. So
Lhe one who remalned ln Lhe car? MusL consplracy be coupled wlLh an exLernal acL? WhaL lf LhaL person
who ls lefL aL Lhe car geLs ouL of Lhe car and sLarLs saylng: Co. Co. Co. Co. ALLack."?

TT H1= EVC@PELK', C8 no. 181902, AugusL 31, 2011
1o be a consplraLor, one need noL parLlclpaLe ln every deLall of Lhe execuLlon, he need noL even
Lake parL ln every acL or need noL even know Lhe exacL parL Lo be performed by Lhe oLhers ln Lhe
execuLlon of Lhe consplracy.

LeL's say you are a member of band of robbers. llve of you declde Lo rob a bank. 1he flrsL says: l am
Lhe only one who has a drlver llcense. 1he oLher one says l have a gun and walkle-Lalkle. 1haL leaves
3, lncludlng you Lo geL lnslde Lhe bank and Lo geL Lhe money from Lhe bank. As Lhe plan was made
ouL, Lhe 2 of you played your roles. ?ou are Lold by your 2 companlons Lo waLch Lhe employees and
Lhe 2 of Lhem wlll go lnslde Lhe vaulL. ?ou noLlced LhaL Lhe Leller ls beauLlful and you say: Lugoson
nalang nl nako". ?ou Look wlLh you Lhe Leller and boughL her lnslde an offlce of Lhe bank. ?ou raped
her. AfLer, you lefL. 1hen, 3 of you goL arresLed. nahlbong ang 4 nlmo nga kauban nga ang LlLle sa
case ky 8C88L8? Wl1P 8AL". 1uLok cla nlmo.

WhaL ls Lhe llablllLy of Lhe oLher four? LeL's say, Lhey all saw you drag Lhe glrl lnLo Lhe offlce. lngon
mo nga: Mao blLaw na ang Lrlpplng gyud nlya. Wala paman sad na cya kasuway. asagdaaan na
naLo, padayon La drl ug kawaL". 1he oLher four dld noL parLlclpaLe ln Lhe rape. Wlll Lhey sLlll be
llable?

ART. 7 LIGHT FELONIES
unlshable only when consummated.
EcRETI$ crlmes agalnsL persons (SLlCP1 P?SlCAL ln!u8?, MAL18LA1MLn1) or properLy

ART. 8 CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL
- Consplracy exlsLs when Lwo or more persons come Lo an agreemenL concernlng Lhe commlsslon of
a felony and declde Lo commlL lL.
- 1here ls proposal when Lhe person who has declded Lo commlL a felony proposes lLs execuLlon Lo
some oLher person or persons

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -1
NO CRIMINAL LIABILITY
.are punlshable only ln Lhe cases ln whlch Lhe law speclally provldes a penalLy Lherefor." (Ak1. 8,
ar. 1, kC)

C70= SS`= Consplracy Lo commlL Lreason
C70= SW[= Consplracy Lo commlL coup d'eLaL, rebelllon or lnsurrecLlon.
C70= SfS= Consplracy Lo commlL sedlLlon. (Lhls ls noL so much of overLhrowlng Lhe governmenL. 1hls
ls more of a LumulLuous uprlslng, mere clvll dlsobedlence)

CRIME vs. MANNER OF INCURRING LIABILITY
1reason, coup d'eLaL, sedlLlon ls acLually commlLLed - consplracy ls NC1 a crlme buL a manner of
|ncurr|ng cr|m|na| ||ab|||ty.

D No. 1866 vs. D No. 8294

CONSPIRACY
Consplracy exlsLs when Lwo or more persons come Lo an agreemenL concernlng Lhe commlsslon of
a felony and declde Lo commlL lL. 1he essence of consplracy ls Lhe unlLy of acLlon and purpose. lLs
elemenLs, llke Lhe physlcal acLs consLlLuLlng Lhe crlme lLself, musL be proved beyond reasonable
doubL. When Lhere ls consplracy, Lhe acL of one ls Lhe acL of all." (a\KDEI H1= TT, C8 no. 179289,
Aprll 8, 2010)

AEa\KQKIEQg

INDICATION(s) OF CONSPIRACY
When Lwo or more persons alm Lhelr acLs Lowards Lhe accompllshmenL of Lhe same unlawful ob[ecL,
each dolng a parL so LhaL Lhelr acLs, Lhough apparenLly lndependenL, were ln facL connecLed and
cooperaLlve lndlcaLlng closeness of personal assoclaLlon and a concurrence of senLlmenL, consplracy
may be lnferred. And where Lhere ls consplracy, Lhe acL of one ls deemed Lhe acL of all. (TT H1= CLEIC,
C8 no. 179708, Aprll 16, 2009)

*ONE AND THE SAME PURPOSE

DIRECT PROOF NOT REQUIRED
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -2
ulrecL proof of consplracy ls rarely found, clrcumsLanLlal evldence ls ofLen resorLed Lo ln order Lo
prove lLs exlsLence. (TT H1= CB'DKC, C8 no. 173791, Aprll 7, 2009)
TT H1= LCPCI
ulrecL proof LhaL Lhe Lwo accused consplred ls noL essenLlal as lL may be lnferred from Lhelr conducL
before, durlng, and afLer Lhe commlsslon of Lhe crlme LhaL Lhey acLed wlLh a common purpose and
deslgn.

AMODIA Case
An accused parLlclpaLes as a consplraLor lf he or she has performed some overL acL as a dlrecL or
lndlrecL conLrlbuLlon ln Lhe execuLlon of Lhe crlme planned Lo be commlLLed.
- AcLlve parLlclpaLlon
- Moral asslsLance by belng presenL
- Lxerclslng moral ascendancy

!TT H1= B\LKI, C8 no. 181043, CcLober 8, 2008#
Consplracy ls a unlLy of purpose and lnLenLlon ln Lhe commlsslon of a crlme. Where a consplracy ls
esLabllshed, Lhe preclse modallLy or exLenL of parLlclpaLlon of each lndlvldual consplraLor becomes
secondary slnce Lhe acL of one ls Lhe acL of all. 1he degree of acLual parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe commlsslon
of Lhe crlme ls lmmaLerlal.

even if not all the parties committed the same act,
A consplracy exlsLs even lf noL all Lhe parLles commlLLed Lhe same acL, buL Lhe parLlclpanLs performed
speclflc acLs LhaL lndlcaLed unlLy of purpose ln accompllshlng a crlmlnal deslgn. Moreover, dlrecL proof
of prevlous agreemenL Lo commlL an offense ls noL necessary Lo prove consplracy - consplracy may be
proven by clrcumsLanLlal evldence. (TT H1= BCLKOKAC@, C8 no. 178301, Aprll 24, 2009)

TT H1= AEGEQ
TT H1= EVC@PELK'
1o be a consplraLor, one need noL parLlclpaLe ln every deLall of Lhe execuLlon, he need noL even Lake
parL ln every acL or need noL even know Lhe exacL parL Lo be performed by Lhe oLhers ln Lhe execuLlon
of Lhe consplracy.

NO CONSPIRACY separate and individual responsibility
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, -3
ln Lhe absence of consplracy, Lhe llablllLy of Lhe defendanLs are separaLe and lndlvldual, each ls llable for
hls own acLs, Lhe damage caused Lhereby, and Lhe consequences Lhereof. Whlle Lhe evldence shows
LhaL Lhe appellanL boxed Lhe deceased, lL ls, however, sllenL as Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhe ln[urles, ln whlch
case, Lhe appellanL should be held llable only for sllghL physlcal ln[urles.
TWO DIFFERENT CRIMES
1helr acLs dld noL reveal a unlLy of purpose LhaL ls Lo klll aslon. 8oklngco had already kllled aslon
even before he soughL Col. 1helr moves were noL coordlnaLed because whlle 8oklngco was kllllng
aslon because of hls penL-up anger, Col was aLLempLlng Lo rob Lhe pawnshop." (TT H1= O']K@PR')

THE CRIME MUST NOT BE COMMITTED
- lf Lhe crlme ls acLually commlLLed, proposal becomes a manner of lncurrlng llablllLy, l.e., ?7/(-/?23 65
/(98-).)(0=
- AccepLance of Lhe proposal ls noL necessary.

ART. 9 GRAVITY OF FELONIES
- Crave
- Less Crave
- LlghL

GRAVE FELONIES
- CaplLal unlshmenL (deaLh)
- enalLles whlch ln any of lLs perlod ls affllcLlve.
AIILIC1IVL (Art. 2S)
- 8ecluslon erpeLua
- 8ecluslon 1emporal
- ermanenL / 1emporary AbsoluLe ulsquallflcaLlon
- ermanenL / 1emporary Speclal ulsquallflcaLlon
- rlslon Mayor

LESS GRAVE FELONIES
- unlshmenL whlch /( 0+)/7 .2h/.8. ls correcLlonal.
CCkkLC1ICNAL LNAL1ILS (Art. 2S)
- rlslon Correclonal
- ArresLo Mayor
- Suspenslon
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .'
- uesLlerro (maxlmum radlus of "` Y/3,.)0)71)

LIGHT FELONIES
- ArresLo Menor
- llne noL exceedlng 200.00 ,7 boLh

NEL'@G - llne of 200.00, ls a llghL felony.

*C70= "[< ATR - classlfles flnes as a penalLy. (llne ls a llghL penalLy lf lL ls less Lhan 200.00)

ART. 10.
S
10
R3281)= 1he 8C ls noL lnLended Lo supersede speclal penal laws
"
(9
R3281)= 1he 8C ls supplemenLary Lo speclal laws, unless Lhe speclal law provldes oLherwlse.

!P' IC@ H1= QTQ= IC@< C8 no. 168832, SepLember 30, 2008#
- Pence, legal prlnclples developed from Lhe enal Code may be applled ln a supplemenLary capaclLy
Lo crlmes punlshed under speclal laws, such as 8.A. no. 9262, ln whlch Lhe speclal law ls sllenL on a
parLlcular maLLer.
- Provisions of the Revised Penal Code not applicable

Art. 71 of the Revised Penal Code SCALE
OF PENALTIES
Q?)-/23 32*1=
- unlshes only consummaLed acLs.
- no deflnlLlon of accessorles or accompllces.
- no formula for graduaLlon of penalLles.
- 1erms, l.e., penalLles are noL Lhe same.
- MlLlgaLlng / AggravaLlng clrcumsLances cannoL be consldered, no graduaLlon of penalLles.
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .&

CIRCUMSTANCES THAT AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABILITY
- !usLlfylng (ArL. 11)
- LxempLlng (ArL. 12)
- MlLlgaLlng (ArL. 13)
- AggravaLlng (ArL. 14)
- AlLernaLlve (ArL. 13)
- AbsoluLory causes (MlnorlLy, ArL. 280 lasL par., vlolenL lnsanlLy, ArL. 332, ArL. 344)

IMPUTABILITY vs. RESONSIBILITY
KBT\ICOKLKIG - quallLy by whlch an acL may be ascrlbed Lo a person as Lhe auLhor.
AEQT'@QKOKLKIG - obllgaLlon of sufferlng Lhe consequences of crlme.
Whlle an acL may be lmpuLable Lo a person, lL may noL necessarlly mean LhaL he would be
responslble for Lhe same.

ART. 11 JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
- ln accordance wlLh Lhe law.
- 1he acLor ls noL consldered Lo have vlolaLed Lhe law.
- no crlmlnal 'A clvll llablllLy
- no crlme commlLLed (!usL llke ln Lhe case of CJ RJ'@P. 1here was no crlme commlLLed.)

R'LK@CAEQ H1= TT, C8 no. 182748, uecember 13, 2011
When Lhe accused lnvokes self-defense, he bears Lhe burden of showlng LhaL he was legally [usLlfled ln
kllllng Lhe vlcLlm of lnfllcLlng ln[ury Lo hlm. 1he accused musL esLabllsh Lhe elemenLs of self-defense by
clear and convlnclng evldence. When successful, Lhe oLherwlse felonlous deed would be excused, malnly
predlcaLed on Lhe lack of crlmlnal lnLenL of Lhe accused."

JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Self-defense
2. uefense of relaLlves
3. uefense of sLrangers
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .-
4. Avoldance of a greaLer evll or ln[ury
3. lulflllmenL of duLy / lawful exerclse of rlghL or offlce
6. Cbedlence Lo an order lssued for some lawful purpose

SELF-DEFENSE
ln defense of hls person or r|ghts.

uLlLnSL Cl L8SCn C8 8lCP1S
erson |nc|udes danger to one's:
- Llfe
- Llmb

kIGn1S INCLUDLS:
- 8lghL Lo properLy

SELF-DEFENSE, Requisites
1. unlawful aggresslon (lnulSLnSA8LL),
2. 8easonable necesslLy of Lhe means employed Lo prevenL or repel lL,
3. Lack of sufflclenL provocaLlon on Lhe parL of Lhe person defendlng hlmself
UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION
1hls ls a condlLlon 1/() ;82 (,(. An essenLlal and lndlspensable requlslLe.

no unlawful aggresslon, no self-defense wheLher compleLe or lncompleLe.

1he aggresslon musL be un|awfu| and actua|.

TT H1= R'@RKLLCD'

R'LK@CAEQ H1= TT

TT H1= PCGACBC, C8 no. 39270, 39271, CcLober 30, 1934
lL cannoL be sald LhaL Lhere was a prevlous unlawful aggresslon."
..Laklng lnLo conslderaLlon Lhe facL LhaL Lhe purpose of Lhe deceased ln so dolng was Lo
succeed ln capLurlng and arresLlng Lhe appellanL."

TT H1= BEARED, C8 no. 14170, november 23, 1918
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, ..
.LhaL assaulL was naLural and lawful, for Lhe reason LhaL lL was made by a decelved and
offended husband ln order Lo defend hls honor and rlghLs by punlshlng Lhe offender of hls
honor, and lf he had kllled hls wlfe and Lhe oLher defendanL, he would have exerclsed a lawful
rlghL,."

LeL's say, 2 persons. LeL's call Lhem Mr. x and Mr. ?. 1hey are playlng cards. x ls angry because ? ls
cheaLlng. 1haL ls why ? ls wlnnlng. So, afLer Lhe game, x goes home, geLs hls knlfe and Lhen he goes on
looklng for ?. Pe sees ? spendlng hls wlnnlngs buylng an adobo. Aso2 pa ang adobo ron! nagkurog2 pa
ang Lambok! x aLLacks. Pe swoops down wlLh a knlfe buL nasanglL man aL Lhe back of Lhe chalr so sl ?,
hlnanaw man ug slne, also geLs ouL a knlfe. 1urns ouL LhaL ? ls beLLer ln uslng Lhe knlfe so he sLarLs
slashlng ?. 8uL sl x lngon cya murag, alkansl ko anl da, so he runs away. So sl ? nllngon, kanl. Plnay
modagan". x falls down. ? kllls x. ? ls charged. ? says self-defense. lf you were Lhe [udge, can self-
defense be lnvoked? Who ls Lhe aggressor?

AGGRESSION MUST BE ACTUAL
- An 2-0823 assaulL, or
- I+7)20 of an assaulL of an:
-lmmedlaLe and lmmlnenL,
-offenslve and poslLlvely sLrong showlng Lhe wrongful lnLenL Lo cause an ln[ury.

ACTUAL AGGRESSION
unlawful aggresslon conLemplaLes an 2-0823< 1899)( and 8()h?)-0)9 aLLack on Lhe llfe and llmb of a
person or an lmmlnenL danger Lhereof, and noL merely a LhreaLenlng or lnLlmldaLlng aLLlLude. 1he aLLack
musL be real, or aL leasL lmmlnenL. Mere bellef by a person of an lmpendlng aLLack would noL be
sufflclenL." (OCcK@ELC H1= TT, C8 no. 149632, March 24, 2006)

ACTUAL OR IMMINENT
AC1UAL - assaulL wlLh a cane. !\Q H1= LC\AEL#
IMMINLN1 - rocklng a boaL coupled wlLh LhreaLs of capslzlng Lhe same. !TT H1= RCO\@PRCL#

TT H1= BCRCQ'

\Q H1= NEAAEA, C8 no. 60, november 8, 1901
1he unlawful aggresslon and Lhe defense musL be slmulLaneous / wlLhouL appreclable lnLerval of Llme.
lf any Llme lnLervened beLween Lhe supposed aLLack of Lhe deceased and Lhe flrlng of Lhe revolver by
Lhe defendanL, Lhe laLLer's acLlons would cease Lo have Lhe Lrue characLer of a real defense, whlch, ln
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .%
order Lo be legally sufflclenL, requlres prlmarlly and as an essenLlal condlLlon LhaL Lhe aLLack be
lmmedlaLely presenL."

THE NATURE, CHARACTER, LOCATION AND EXTENT OF WOUND / INJURIES.
- Wounds / ln[urles ,( 0+) H/-0/. would usually lndlcaLe wheLher self-defense ls credlble or noL.
- Wound / ln[urles on Lhe accused are noL as deLermlnaLlve as Lhe ln[urles on Lhe vlcLlm.
RC@' H1= TT, C8 no. 133238, CcLober 7, 2003
.Lhe superflclallLy of Lhe naLure of Lhe wounds lnfllcLed on Lhe accused does noL, per se, negaLe self-
defense. lndeed, Lo prove self0defense, Lhe acLual woundlng of Lhe person defendlng hlmself ls noL
necessary."

AGE AN CONDITION OF ALLEGED AGGRESSOR
- Accused was 24 whlle vlcLlm was a sexagenarlan (ulaz)
- 1he vlcLlm was 33 years old, serlously ln[ured, losL hls rlghL hand (Ardlza)

BEHAVIOR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE INCIDENT
lallure Lo lnLerpose self-defense afLer:
Surrenderlng - Manansala
Confesslon - ue la Cruz

P?SlCAL llnulnCS
Accused clalms LhaL when he sLabbed Lhe vlcLlm Lhey were faclng each oLher. 1he facLual flndlngs
esLabllsh LhaL Lhe wounds were ln Lhe back of Lhe vlcLlm.

1he vlcLlm sLlll had hls gun Lucked lnslde Lhe walsLband of Lhe panLs and recelved 13 gunshoL
wounds. (erez)

UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION MUST EXIST AT THE TIME OF THE ACT
CONSTITUTING SELF-DEFENSE.
- o fleeloq moo ls oot Jooqetoos to tbe ooe ftom wbom be flees.

- .lL ls because Lhls CourL consldered LhaL Lhe requlslLes of self-defense had ceased Lo exlsL,
prlnclpal and lndlspensable among Lhese belng Lhe unlawful aggresslon of Lhe opponenL." (TT H1=
CLR'@PC, Aprll 30, 1947, C8 no. L-162)

TT H1= CR'QIC
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, ./

TT H1= CLEIC

lf a person ls aLLacked wlLh bare hands, how should LhaL person defend hlmself? WhaL ls Lhe rule as far
as reasonable means ls concerned? lf he uses a knlfe or a samural? lf LhaL person has a knlfe, can you
use a gun? WhaL lf LhaL person ls super black-belL nln[a who can klll wlLh hls bare hands? SLlll, you
defense yourself wlLh bare hands?
lf you defend yourself by way of shooLlng Lhe aggressor ln hls chesL? Would LhaL be reasonable? Why?
ShooL hlm Lhree Llmes? 8unC?AC 8unC?AC 8unC?AC! Cr shooL hlm [usL once, 8unC?AC? WhaL lf Lhe
bolo used by Lhe aggressor ls dull and rusLy, would you be sLlll [usLlfled ln kllllng Lhe person? WhaL ls Lhe
rule on reasonable necesslLy? WhaL does Lhe law requlre? WhaL ls Lhe rule? lf lL ls noL maLhemaLlcal
equallLy or perfecL equallLy, whaL ls sufflclenL?

1he momenL Lhe aggressor ceases, Lhe person defendlng hlmself ls noL anymore [usLlfled ln kllllng Lhe
sald aggressor. 1here ls no more unlawful aggresslon." *8efer Lo TT H1= CLR'@PC (78 hll. 366)

TT H1= F\CAKP\E
- lf ang paa sa lalakl hlkapon sa babae? 1hls cannoL be. Crlmes agalnsL chasLlLy ls llmlLed only Lo
women.
- She could noL have expecLed LhaL Lhe aggressor would have acLually raped her. kuLob ra gyud cguro
Lo ang lalakl ug hlkap-hlkap. 1here was here a lack of sufflclenL provocaLlon on Lhe parL of accused
!uarlgue.
- rovocaLlon musL come from an un[usL conducL. Cnly reasonable necesslLy was lacklng ln Lhls case.
1he Supreme CourL gave !uA8lCuL a ?7/H/3):)9 ./0/:20/(: -/7-8.102(-).

TT H1= DE LC RA\X (C8 no. 411487, May 2, 1933)
ln order LhaL leglLlmaLe self-defense may be Laken lnLo accounL and susLalned as a defense, lL ls
necessary, above all, LhaL he aggresslon be real, or aL leasL, lmmlnenL, and noL merely lmaglnary."

\Q H1= P\GeQCGR'

REASONABLE NECESSITY
ELEBE@IQ$
1here musL be reasonable necesslLy ln boLh:
- Course of acLlon Laken by Lhe person defendlng,
- Means used,.
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .0

D)0)7./()9 65$
- LxlsLence of unlawful aggresslon and
- 1he naLure and exLenL of Lhe aggresslon

lf you are aLLacked wlLh a weapon, clrcumsLances dlcLaLe LhaL you flnd a weapon, whaL sald weapon
may be.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF AGGRESSION
SLrlklng a person on Lhe head wlLh a lead plpe causlng deaLh - mauled wlLh flsL blows by several
men. !'-2(2#

ShooLlng a person who was playlng a pracLlcal [oke - place was dark and unlnhablLed, Lle down
and glve me your money".

TT H1= LCAC (C8 no. 24014, CcLober 16, 1923)
lL should be borne ln mlnd LhaL ln emergencles of Lhls klnd human naLure does noL acL upon processes
of formal reason buL ln obedlence Lo Lhe lnsLlncL of self-preservaLlon and when lL ls apparenL as ln Lhls
case, LhaL a person has reasonably acLed upon Lhls lnsLlncL, lL ls Lhe duLy of Lhe courLs Lo sancLlon Lhe acL
and Lo hold Lhe acLor lrresponslble ln law for Lhe consequences."

TT H1= BCRCQCEI
Pavlng concluded, however, LhaL under all Lhe clrcumsLances Lhe accused was [usLlfled ln maklng use of
hls knlfe Lo repel Lhe unprovoked assaulL as besL he could, lL would be lmposslble Lo say LhaL a second or
Lhlrd blow was unnecessary under all Lhe clrcumsLances of Lhe case, lL appearlng LhaL Lhe accused
lnsLanLly and wlLhouL heslLaLlon lnfllcLed all Lhe wounds aL or abouL Lhe same Llme." (8LCWS MuS1 8L
uLLlvL8Lu 8AluL?.)

REASONABLE NECESSITY IN THE MEANS USED.
- A20/,(23 ()-)11/05 Lo employ Lhe means used.
- T)74)-0 );823/05 ls noL requlred.
- kA1ICNAL LUIVALLNCL ls whaL ls requlred.

\Q H1= CTEP'
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .1
.slnce Lhere was no real need of woundlng wlLh Lhe sald weapon hlm who had merely caughL her
arm."
.Lhere was no [usL nor reasonable cause for sLrlklng a blow LherewlLh ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe body,
wheLher Lhe prlnclpal vlLal organs are seaLed, of Lhe man who had noL performed any acL whlch mlghL
be consldered as an acLual aLLempL agalnsL her honor."

TT H1= B'@ICLO', C8 no. 34730, uecember 31, 1931

RATIONAL EQUIVALENCE
- naLure and quallLy of Lhe weapon used
- hyslcal condlLlon, characLer and slze
- CLher clrcumsLances of boLh aggressor and person defendlng hlmself
- lace and occaslon of assaulL

RATIONAL EQUIVALENCE, RATIONALE.
8ecause Lhls [usLlfylng clrcumsLance ls born by necesslLy and ls resorLed only ln exLreme slLuaLlons or
emergencles, Lhe person defendlng hlmself ls (,0 )h?)-0)9 0, 0+/(Y -,,335 2(9 -3)2735= 1he person
defendlng ls, Lherefore, noL expecLed Lo conLrol hls blow or draw a dlsLlncLlon as Lo Lhe ln[ury LhaL would
resulL afLer he dellvers hls blow.

TT H1= '@CQ

\Q H1= BE@D'XC

\Q H1= BCR] (C8 no. L-3313, CcLober 3, 1907)
.courL noL reasonably be expecLed Lo Lake Lhe chance LhaL mere ordlnary force would be used ln
sLrlklng, or LhaL Lhe blow would be glven upon some proLecLed parL of hls body, or LhaL Lhe cuLLlng edge
of Lhe blade was noL keen enough Lo glve hlm hls deaLh blow."

1he reasonable and naLural Lhlng for hlm Lo do under Lhe clrcumsLances was Lo flre aL Lhe body of hls
opponenL, and Lhus make sure of hls own llfe."

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .2
PHYSICAL CONDITION, CHARACTER AND SIZE OF THE OPPOSING PARTIES.
Cne ls noL requlred, when hard pressed, Lo draw flne dlsLlncLlon as Lo Lhe exLenL of Lhe ln[ury whlch a
reckless and lnfurlaLed assallanL mlghL probably lnfllcL upon hlm." (TT H1= KP@CRK', C8 nC. 40140,
november 27, 1933#

WHEN ATTACKED BY AN UNARMED ASSAILANT/S
.Lhere may be oLher clrcumsLances, such as Lhe very vlolence of Lhe aLLack or a greaL dlsparlLy ln Lhe
age or physlcal ablllLy of Lhe parLles, whlch glve deceased (accused) reasonable ground Lo apprehend
danger of deaLh or greaL bodlly harm and [usLlfy hlm ln employlng a deadly weapon ln self-defense."
!K:(2-/,#
RC@' H1= TE'TLE C8 no. 133238, CcLober 7, 2003

PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL vs. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
TAKVCIE K@DKVKD\CL - prevenL or repel aggresslon.
LCM E@N'AREBE@I 'NKREA - overcome hls opponenL.

LACK OF SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION
1he person defendlng musL noL have by hls 8(i810 -,(98-0 provoked Lhe aggresslon soughL Lo be
repelled or prevenLed.

THERE ARE 4 SITUATIONS WHERE THE 3
rd
REQUISITE IS CONSIDERED
PRESENT:
1. no provocaLlon
2. rovocaLlon was noL sufflclenL
3. Was noL glven by Lhe person defendlng hlmself
4. Was noL lmmedlaLe or proxlmaLe

NEED NOT BE AN ACT OF VIOLENCE
- Challenglng one Lo come ouL of Lhe house Lo flghL.
(\Q H1= B-RACG, 2 hll 3434, TT H1= VCLE@RKC, L-38426, CcLober 31, 1984)
- Purllng lnsulLs or lmpuLlng Lhe uLLerance of vulgar language. (TT H1= Q'IEL', 33 hll 403) 8uL a
peLLy quesLlon of prlde does noL [usLlfy woundlng or kllllng an opponenL. (Why are you calllng
me?" TT H1= D'LN')
- lorclbly Lrylng Lo klss Lhe slsLer of Lhe deceased. !PEIKDC< RC#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, .3

ADMITS TO THE OFFENSE CHARGED
*8ead Lhe case of !TT H1= @\PCQ#

TT H1= PE@'QC (C8 no. 133981, !anuary 13, 2004)
"I|rst, each of Lhe phases of Lhe cycle of vlolence musL be proven Lo have characLerlzed aL leasL Lwo
baLLerlng eplsodes beLween Lhe appellanL and her lnLlmaLe parLner.

Second, Lhe flnal acuLe baLLerlng eplsode precedlng Lhe kllllng of Lhe baLLerer musL have produced ln Lhe
baLLered person's mlnd an acLual dear of an lmmlnenL harm from her baLLerer and an honesL bellef LhaL
she needed Lo use force ln order Lo save her llfe.

1h|rd, aL Lhe Llme of Lhe kllllng, Lhe baLLerer musL have posed probable - noL necessarlly lmmedlaLe and
acLual - grave harm Lo Lhe accused, based on Lhe hlsLory of vlolence perpeLraLed by Lhe former agalnsL
Lhe laLLer."

BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME
ln 27 March 2004 of 8.A. 9262 Look effecL.

Sec. 26. O200)7)9 M,.2( Q5(97,.) 21 2 9)4)(1)=

DEFENSE OF RELATIVES
- Spouse
- AscendanL
- uescendanL
- LeglLlmaLe, naLural, or adopLed broLher or slsLer
- 8elaLlves by afflnlLy ln Lhe same degrees
-parenLs-ln-law
-son / daughLer-ln-law
-broLher / slsLer-ln-law
- 8elaLlves by consangulnlLy wlLhln 4
Lh
degree (2
nd
degree nga cousln)
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %'

I+) 12.) /( 1)34e9)4)(1)$
1. unlawful aggresslon
2. 8easonable necesslLy
3. ln case Lhere ls sufflclenL provocaLlon, Lhe person defendlng hlmself had no parL Lhereln"

!\Q H1= EQBEDKC C8 no. L-3749, CcLober 21, 1910#
.lnasmuch as lL has been shown LhaL Lhey lnfllcLed Lhese wounds upon hlm ln defense of Lhelr faLher
who was faLally wounded aL Lhe Llme. 1hey honesLly belleved, and had good ground upon whlch Lo
found Lhelr bellef, LhaL SanLlago would conLlnue hls aLLack upon Lhelr faLher."

TT H1= I'AK@P
lL cannoL be sald, Lherefore, LhaL ln aLLacklng Samuel, 1orlng was lmpelled by pure compasslon or
beneflcence of Lhe lawful deslre Lo avenge Lhe lmmedlaLe wrong lnfllcLed on hls cousln.

TT H1= RCCOCG (C8 nos. 129961-62, AugusL 23, 2003)
- Conslderlng Lhe naLure, locaLlon and number of Lhe wounds susLalned by Lhe vlcLlms, Lhe
appellanLs' plea of self-defense and defense of a relaLlve wlll noL hold.

OCL\@\ER' H1= RC
1. 1he ln[urles on Lhe deceased as well as Lhe relaLlves of Lhe accused belle hls LesLlmony
2. 1he accused falled Lo presenL hlmself Lo Lhe auLhorlLles
3. Accused recollecLlon of evenLs

DEFENSE OF STRANGERS
1. unlawful aggresslon
2. 8easonable necesslLy
3. "1he person defend|ng be not |nduced by revenge, resentment or other ev|| mot|ve."

RCO\QLCG H1= TT

PRESUMPTION IN FAVOR OF SANITY.
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %&
.LhaL when a defendanL ln a crlmlnal case lnLerposes Lhe defense of menLal lncapaclLy, Lhe burden of
esLabllshlng LhaL facL resLs upon hlm, has been adopLed ln a serles of declslon by Lhls courL." !TE'TLE H1=
OCQR'Q#

8CnCAn
a. Accused conflned aL of San Lazaro PosplLal Lwlce (1922, 1926)
b. uemenLla praecox ls an exempLlng clrcumsLance (auLhorlLles)
c. lnsomnla for 4 days before Lhe crlme, sympLom of or leads Lo demenLla praecox
d. A day afLer hls arresL he was senL Lo Lhe sychopaLhlc hosplLal
e. AllenlsL reporLed LhaL Lhe accused had a form of shychosls

COMMISSION vs. TRIAL
lnsanlLy aL Lhe Llme of Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense ls dlfferenL from lnsanlLy aL Lhe Llme of Lhe Lrlal. ln
Lhe flrsL lnsLance, lL ls an exempLlng clrcumsLance, ln Lhe second Lhe accused ls noL exempL buL Lhe
proceedlngs are suspended unLll Lhe accused ls flL Lo sLand Lrlal.

TT H1= LEPCQTK - mere prlor conflnemenL does noL prove LhaL accused-appellanL was deprlved of
reason aL Lhe Llme of Lhe lncldenL."

CAUGHT WITH HIS PANTS DOWN
MenLal depravlLy whlch resulLs noL from any dlsease of Lhe mlnd, buL from a perverLed condlLlon of Lhe
moral sysLem, where Lhe person ls menLally sane, does noL exempL one from responslblllLy for crlmes
commlLLed under lLs lnfluence." (TT H1= LEPCQTK#

jjTT H1= BCDCAC@P

jjTT H1= 'T\AC@

MINORITY
AC _Wff, !uvenlle and !usLlce Welfare AcL (May 20, 2006)

NLW CCNCL1S:
1. Age of crlmlnal responslblllLy
2. LffecLs
3. resumpLlons

AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %-
A chlld 4/40))( !S`# 5)271 ,4 2:) 2(9 8(9)7 aL Lhe Llme of Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense ls exempL from
crlmlnal llablllLy. !Q)-= [#

Chlld ls sub[ecL Lo /(0)7H)(0/,(. lnLervenLlon refers Lo a serles of acLlvlLles whlch are deslgned Lo address
lssues LhaL cause Lhe chlld Lo commlL an offense.

CHILD 15 OR BELOW, INITIAL CONTACT WITH CHILD MUST:
- 8elease Lo parenLs, guardlan or nearesL relaLlve
- noLlfy LSWuC, deLermlne Lhe approprlaLe programs
- C/W: (1) nCC, (2) 8arangay, (3) Local SWu off or uSWu

ABOVE 15 BUT BELOW 18

WI1nCU1 DISCLkNMLN1 - chlld ls exempL buL sub[ecL Lo lnLervenLlon
WI1n DISCLkNMLN1 - sub[ecL Lo approprlaLe proceedlngs, l.e., dlverslon.

no exempLlon from clvll llablllLy.

DISCERNMENT
D|scernment |s the menta| capac|ty to understand the d|fference between r|ght and wrong.

lL may be shown by:
- Manner of commlLLlng a crlme
- ConducL of offender
- Appearance of Lhe mlnor
- ALLlLude
- ComporLmenL
- 8ehavlour, before, durlng and afLer Lhe Lrlal.

DETERMINATION OF AGE
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %.
- 8lrLh cerLlflcaLe
- 8apLlsmal acL
- CLher perLlnenL documenL

In the absence of the documents ment|oned:
- 1esLlmony of Lhe chlld or oLher persons
- hyslcal appearance
- CLher relevanL evldence
*clcl eojoys tbe ptesomptloo of mlootlty. (5ec. 7)

IMPOSABLE PENALTY
@,0 .,7) 0+2( [ 5)271
- MedlaLlon, famlly conferenclng and conclllaLlon lf approprlaLe (where Lhere ls a prlvaLe offended
parLy).
- ln vlcLlmless crlmes, dlverslon or rehablllLaLlon

B,7) 0+2( [ 5)271
ulverslon by Lhe courL

KINDS OF DIVERSION, Sec. 31, Barangay Level.
- kest|tut|on
- keparat|on
- Indemn|f|cat|on
- Wr|tten ] ora| apo|ogy
- Care, gu|dance and superv|s|on orders
- Counse|||ng
- 1ra|n|ngs, sem|nars and |ectures
*Aoqet moooqemeot
*ltoblem solvloq
*values formaLlon
*CLher skllls Lo ald Lhe chlld
- lottlclpotloo lo commoolty boseJ ptoqtoms
- lottlclpotloo lo eJocotloo, vocotloo ooJ llfe skllls ptoqtoms

KINDS OF DIVERSON, Law Enforcement Level.
- All Lhe programs aL Lhe barangay level
- ConflscaLlon and forfelLure of Lhe proceeds
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %%

KINDS OF DIVERSION, Court
- CourL
- All programs aL barangay and law enforcemenL
- WrlLLen / oral reprlmand
- llne
- aymenL of Lhe cosL of proceedlngs
- lnsLlLuLlonal care and cusLody

Sec. 58. Offenses not applicable to children.

Vagrancy and rost|tut|on (Att. 202, klc),
Mend|cancy (lu 156J),
Sn|ff|ng of kugby (lu 1619)

Shall undergo approprlaLe counsellng and LreaLmenL.

TT H1= CAT'@

ARPON
- ueclslon appealed from - 8 counLs of rape
- Supreme CourL - 3 counLs
-1
sL
counL - exempL, accused 13 years,
-2
nd
& 3
rd
- accused 17 years, dlscernmenL, 8ecluslon erpeLua, one degree lower Lhan deaLh
- Suspenslon of senLence no longer an opLlon, accused 29 years
- Case remanded Lo Lrlal courL for compllance wlLh Sec. 31, AgrlculLural camp or oLher faclllLy.
4. ACCIDENT.
E3).)(01g

uLllnl1lCn
An accldenL ls someLhlng LhaL happens ouLslde Lhe sway of our wlll, and alLhough lL comes abouL
Lhrough some acL of our wlll, lles beyond Lhe bounds of humanly foreseeable consequences. !TT H1=
CPLKDCG#

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %/
TT H1= PE@KIC
he musL show wlLh clear and convlnclng proofs LhaL: 1.) he was performlng a lawful acL wlLh due care,
2) Lhe ln[ury caused was by mere accldenL, and 3) he had no faulL or lnLenLlon of causlng Lhe ln[ury."

8ASlS AS An LxLM1lnC Cl8CuMS1AnCLS? !TT H1= CPLKDCG#

INTENT IS A MENTAL STATE
lL connoLes Lhe absence of crlmlnal lnLenL. lnLenL ls a menLal sLaLe, Lhe exlsLence of whlch shown by a
person's overL acLs. !CPLKDCG R21)#

Accused goL hls shoLgun and shoL hls son. A shoLgun has Lo be cocked flrsL before lL could dlscharged.

DUAL STANDARD
1hus, ln deLermlnlng wheLher an accldenL" aLLended Lhe lncldenL, courLs musL Lake lnLo accounL Lhe
dual sLandards of |ack of |ntent Lo klll and absence of fau|t or neg||gence. (T'B'G H1= TT, C8 no.
130647, SepLember 29, 2004)

ACCIDENT INCONSISTENT WITH SELF-DEFENSE.
Self-defense ls lnconslsLenL wlLh Lhe exempLlng clrcumsLance of accldenL, ln whlch Lhere ls no lnLenL Lo
klll. Cn Lhe oLher hand, self-defense necessarlly conLemplaLes a premedlLaLed lnLenL Lo klll ln order Lo
defend onseself from lmmlnenL danger. !T'B'G#

4.COMPULSION OF AN IRRESISTIBLE FORCE
ELEBE@IQ$
- Compulslon ls by phys|ca| force,
- 1he physlcal force ls |rres|st|b|e,
- 1he physlcal force musL come from a th|rd person.

1he compulslon musL be of such a characLer as Lo leave no opporLunlLy Lo Lhe accused for escape
or self-defense ln equal combaL." (TT H1= L'AE@', C8 no. L-34414, !uly 9, 1984)

TT H1= L'AE@'
A person who acLs under Lhe compulslon of an lrreslsLlble force, llke one who acLs under Lhe
lmpulse of unconLrollable fear of equal or greaLer ln[ury ls exempL from crlmlnal llablllLy because he
does noL acL wlLh freedom. 1he force musL be lrreslsLlble Lo reduce hlm Lo a mere lnsLrumenL who
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %0
acLs noL only wlLhouL wlll buL agalnsL hls wlll. A LhreaL of fuLure ln[ury ls noL enough. 1he
compulslon musL be such a characLer as Lo leave no opporLunlLy Lo Lhe accused for escape or self-
defense ln equal combaL."

TT H1= QCLDC@C

IRRESSISTIBLE FORCE vs. UNCONTROLLABLE FEAR

7. Any person who fails to perform an act required by law, when
prevented by some lawful or insuperable cause

INSUPERABLE CAUSE
- ulsLance and avallable means of LransporLaLlon !VKRE@IKLL'#
- Severe dlzzlness and exLreme deblllLy !OC@DKC@#

ABSOLUTORY CAUSES
lnsLances where Lhe acL commlLLed ls a cr|me buL for reasons of pub||c po||cy and sent|ment Lhere
ls no pena|ty |mposed.

ABSOLUTORY CAUSE IN THE RPC:
C70= [ (SponLaneous deslsLance), C70= "k (accessorles who are exempL), C70= S"f (vlolenL lnsanlLy),
C70= "fl (deaLh under excepLlonal clrcumsLances), C70= "mk< ?27= W (excepLlons Lo Lrespass Lo
dwelllng), C70= WW" (exempL from LhefL, swlndllng and mallclous mlschlef), C70= WWf< ?27= f (marrlage
of Lhe offender and Lhe offended parLy ln QeducLlon, CbducLlon, Aape, CcLs of Lasclvlousness, SA8A)

INSTIGATION IS AN ABSOLUTORY CAUSE.
- Puman naLure ls frall enough aL besL, and requlres no encouragemenL ln wrongdolng. lf we cannoL
asslsL anoLher, and prevenL hlm from commlLLlng crlme, we should aL leasL absLaln from any acLlve
efforLs ln Lhe way of leadlng hlm lnLo LempLaLlon." (QC\@DEAQ H1= TT, Mlch. 218, 222)
(TT H1= VCLE@RKC< C8 no. 143032, CcLober 14, 2002)

!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %1
- .lnsLlgaLlon or lnducemenL, whereln Lhe pollce or lLs agenL 387)1 Lhe accused lnLo commlLLlng Lhe
offense ln order Lo prosecuLe hlm."

- lnsLlgaLlon ls deemed conLrary Lo publlc pollcy and consldered an absoluLory cause."

DEGREE OF INDUCEMENT IN INSTIGATION
- ln lnsLlgaLlon, Lhe crlme would noL have been commlLLed lf lL were noL for Lhe lnducemenLs of Lhe
lnsLlgaLor.
- Such lnducemenL musL be of such a naLure LhaL Lhe lnsLlgaLor hlmself becomes a co-prlnclpal.

APPLICABLE ONLY TO PUBLIC OFICERS AND THEIR AGEANTS
ln lnsLlgaLlon, lL ls necessary LhaL Lhe lnsLlgaLor ls a publlc offlcer or one who ls performlng publlc
funcLlons.
lf Lhe lnsLlgaLor ls a prlvaLe lndlvldual, boLh Lhe accused and lnsLlgaLor are crlmlnally llable.

ENTRAPMENT vs. INSTIGATION
LnLrapmenL ls sancLloned by Lhe law as a leglLlmaLe meLhod of apprehendlng crlmlnals. lLs purpose
ls Lo Lrap and capLure lawbreakers ln Lhe execuLlon of Lhelr crlmlnal plan. lnsLlgaLlon, on Lhe oLher
hand, lnvolves Lhe lnducemenL of Lhe would-be accused lnLo Lhe commlsslon of Lhe offense. !TT H1=
LEPCQTK, C8 no. 173483, november 23, 2011)

ENTRAPMENT IS NOT AN ABSOLUTORY CAUSE
ln LnLrapmenL, ways and means are resorLed Lo for Lhe purpose of Lrapplng or capLurlng Lhe
lawbreaker ln Lhe execuLlon of hls crlmlnal plan. 1he means of commlLLlng Lhe crlme orlglnaLes from
Lhe mlnd of Lhe crlmlnal.

BUY-BUST OPERATION
A buy-busL operaLlon ls a form of enLrapmenL whlch ln recenL years has been accepLed as a valld
means of arresLlng vlolaLors of Lhe uangerous urugs Law. lL ls commonly employed by pollce
offlcers as an effecLlve way of apprehendlng law offenders ln Lhe acL of commlLLlng a crlme. ln a
!"#$#%&' '&) # "#$ %&'( )*+, %2
buy-busL operaLlon, Lhe ldea Lo commlL a crlme orlglnaLes from Lhe offender, wlLhouL anybody
lnduclng or proddlng hlm Lo commlL Lhe offense. !VCLE@RKC#

1he prosecuLlon has Lo prove all Lhe maLerlal elemenLs of Lhe alleged sale of shabu and Lhe
resulLlng buy-busL operaLlon. Where Lhe LesLlmony of Lhe lnformer ls lndlspensable, lL should be
dlsclosed." (TT H1= '@P, C8 no. 137348, !une 21, 2004)

INSTIGATION vs. ENTRAPMENT
K@QIKPCIK'@
- lnsLlgaLor lnduces accused lnLo commlsslon of crlme
- 1he accused musL be acqulLLed
- lL ls Lhe law enforcer who concelves Lhe commlsslon of Lhe crlme and suggesLs Lo Lhe accused.

E@IACTBE@I
- Ways and means are resorLed Lo Lrap and capLure lawbreaker ln Lhe execuLlon of Lhe offense.
- ls noL a bar Lo prosecuLlon
- 1he means orlglnaLe from Lhe mlnd of Lhe crlmlnal.

XXX NOTHING FOLLOWS XXX

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