Single Point Tool Nomenclature

1. Shank: - It forms the main body of the solid tool and it is the part of the tool which is
gripped in the tool holder.
2. Face:-It is the top surface of the tool between the shank and the point of the tool in the
cutting action the chips flows along the surface only.
3. Point:-It is the wedge shaped portion where the face and the flank of the tool meet. It
is the cutting part of the tool. It also called nose, particularly in case of round nose tools.
4. Flank:-Portion of tool which faces the work is termed as flank. It is the surface
adjacent to and below the cutting edge when the tool in a horizontal position.
5. Base:-It is actually the bearing of the tool on which it is held in the tool holder or
clamped directly in the tool post.
6. Heel:-It is the curved portion at the bottom of the tool where the base and flank of tool
meet.
7.Nose radius:- If the cutting tip of a single point tool carries a sharp cutting point the
cutting tip is weak it is therefore highly stressed during the operation may fail or loss its
cutting ability soon and produces marks on the machined surface in order to prevent these
harmful effects the nose is provided with a radius card nose radius it enable greater
strength of the cutting tip a prolonged tool life and a superior surface finish on the work
piece also value of this radius increases a higher cutting speed can be used, but if it is too
larged it may led to chatter so a balance has to be maintained its value normally varies
from 0.4mm to 1.6mm depending several factors like depth of cut ,amount feed, type of
cutting, type of tool etc.

PRINCIPAL ANGLES PROVIDED ON SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOLS
The different angles provided on single point tools play a significant role in successful
and efficient machining of different metals .A throughout study of these tool angles is
therefore, a must .the main angles provided on these tools are shown in fig. 5.4 and the
average value of these angles for cutting different metals are given in chapter .

Rake angle: It is the angle formed between the face of the tool and a plane parallel to its
base. If this inclination is towards the shank, it is known as back rake or top rake. When it
is measured towards the side of the tool it is called as side rake. These rake angles guide
the chip away from the cutting edge, thereby keenness of the tool so that less power is
required for cutting. It is important to note that an increased rake angle reduce the
strength of cutting edge. With the result, the tools used for cutting hard metals are given
smaller rake angles whereas those used for softer metals contain larger rakes.
Negative rake: The rake angles described above are called positive rake angles. When no
rake is provided on the tool, it is said to have a zero rake. When the face of the tool is so
ground that it slopes upwards from the point it is said to contain a negative rake. It,
obviously, reduces the keenness of the tool and increase strength of the cutting edge.
Such a rake is usually employed on carbide tipped tools when they are used for
machining extra hard surface, hardened steel parts and for taking intermittent cuts.

Lip angle: The angle between the face and the flank of the tool is known as lip angle. It
is also known as angle of keenness of the tool. Strength of cutting edge is directly
affected by this angle. Larger the lip angle stronger will be the cutting edge and vice
versa. The lip angle is therefore kept low as possible without making the cutting edge so
weak that it becomes unsuitable for cutting.

Clearance angle: It is the angle formed by the front or side surfaces of the tool which are
adjacent and below the cutting edge when the tool is held in the horizontal position. It is
the angle between one of these surfaces and a plane normal to the base of the tool, i.e just
below the point, the angle formed is called front clearance and when the surface below
the side cutting edge is considered the angle formed is called the side clearance angle
.The purpose of providing the front clearance angle is to allow the tool to cut freely
without rubbing against the surface of the job, and that of the side clearance to direct the
cutting thrust to the metal area adjacent to the cutting edge.

Relief angle: It is the angle formed between the flank of the tool and perpendicular line
drawn from the cutting point to the base of the tool.

Cutting angle: The total cutting angle if the tool is the angle formed between the tool
and line through the point , which is a tangent to the machined surface of the work at
that point .Obviously, its correct value will depend upon the position of the tool in which
it is held in relation to the axis of the job.