GENL 499.004 Understanding Feminist Theories Spring 2013 MWF 2:00 pm - 2:50 pm CC 118
Syllabus
Professor: Dr. Julie Cary Nerad E-mail: Julie.Nerad@morgan.edu Office: 213 Holmes Hall Office Phone: 443-885-1742 Mailbox: 202 Holmes Hall Dept. Phone: 443-885-3165 Office Hours: M, W, & F 10:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.; & 1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.; & by appointment
Prerequisites
This course fulfills a requirement for the Minor in Womens and Gender Studies. There are no official prerequisites for this course. However, this course assumes as a starting point your basic familiarity with Womens & Gender Studies as a discipline, as well as your knowledge of various concepts key to understanding complex feminist theories. Thus, successfully completing WGST 301: Introduction to Womens Studies before enrolling in this course is highly recommended. WGST 301/GENL 399 is offered each fall semester.
You do not need to consider yourself a feminist to complete this course successfully. However, I do expect all students to explore the ideas we will examine with an open mind. I also expect you to respect others differences (of opinion, belief, political party, sexual orientation, etc.).
About the Class
Through assigned readings, discussions, various media, and writing & research assignments, this course will focus on the diverse theories that inform feminism as a social and political ideology.
Central to contemporary feminist theories is the understanding of gender as a pervasive social construction that reflects and determines differentials of power and opportunity in the human community. The critical perspective of scholars of feminist theory establishes the social construction of gender as a focal point in a complex matrix with class, race, ethnicity, nationality, and sexual orientation as fundamental categories of social and cultural analysis. Feminist theories thus allow a specific perspective into U. S. culture and the specific manifestations of culture, such as visual media, literature, law, etc. Over the course of the semester, we will examine various feminist theories, the historical development of those theories, and the implications of those theories for peoples lived experience, here in the U.S. and around the world.
The course is organized into four basic units: Toward a Working Definition of Feminism; First- Wave Feminism; Second-Wave Feminisms; Third-Wave Feminisms. Within each of these units, we will explore key theoretical concepts, terminology, and goals, as well as points of contention and difference. We will also look at various theories in application to specific issues. Nerad, WGST 302/GENL 499.004 Syllabus 2
Course Objectives
This course aims to teach students to:
1. Understand the development of feminist thought and theories in the Western intellectual tradition (first-wave, second-wave, and third-wave) primarily by analyzing various texts addressing aspects of the oppression and liberation of women; 2. Know the diverse meanings of feminism or doing feminist theory within a broad, global context by taking into consideration many divergent voices from various cultural backgrounds; 3. Know the historical continuities and discontinuities among various feminist theories, including liberal, Black, post-structural, post-colonial, and transnational feminisms; 4. Understand opposing viewpoints and issues in contemporary feminist theory, especially around the problematic of difference; 5. Understand the implication of feminist theories for peoples lived experience, including their own.
Student Learning Outcomes
After completing this course, students should be able to:
1. Discuss and write about the development of feminist thought and theories in the Western intellectual tradition (the three waves) with a focus on aspects of the oppression and liberation of women; 2. Identify and articulate the diverse meanings of feminism or doing feminist theory within various cultural contexts; 3. Explain the historical continuities and discontinuities among various feminist theories, including liberal, Black, post-structural, post-colonial, and transnational feminisms; 4. Explain opposing viewpoints and issues in contemporary feminist theory, especially around the problematic of difference; 5. Articulate some of the ways that feminist theories affect peoples lived experience and identify their own subject positions within the framework of feminist theory based on what they have learned.
Assessment & Grade Distribution
Student learning will be assessed using the following assignments:
1. Class & Bb participation, including verbal & written tasks/quizzes 25% 2. A midterm examination 15% 3. Three 3-4 page Unit Response Essays (5%; 10%; 15%) 30% 4. A 7-8 page final research paper or project 30%
Grading Scale: A = 100-90 B = 89-80 C = 79-70 D = 69-60 F = 59-0
A Special Note About Your Grades: NO work (including revisions or additional work) will be accepted after you receive a grade, including the final course grade. Your course grade is based on your performance and the work submitted during the semester. You have ample opportunity to revise your work before it is graded and should be attending to your grades throughout the semester.
Nerad, WGST 302/GENL 499.004 Syllabus 3
About Teaching Methods
In class, you can expect some lecture, a healthy amount of class discussion, various kinds of writing activities (including quizzes and writing workshops), and the use of visual media (e.g., brief films, internet resources, etc.) as our access to technology allows. We will be using Blackboard (Bb) to supplement our readings and class discussions.
About Class Participation (25% of Course Grade)
Our daily classes will be conducted primarily through brief lecture and extended discussions (media will be incorporated into those discussions as our access to technology allows) and will proceed from your questions, concerns, insights, and analysis of the readings and homework assignments. Thus, I expect that you not only will have read the text assigned/done the homework for each class meeting, but also that you have thought about the text/assignments before class discussion. To reiterate: completing the reading assignments is a required part of this course. I expect you to come to class every day prepared with at least one question or critical reflection about the assigned reading/videos that you have expressed in writing in your course notebook in advance of class. Be prepared to share that question or reflection with the class when called upon (I may also collect these in writing on any given day.). I n short a significant part of your class participation grade depends on your ability to demonstrate that you have read the assigned materials for each class day.
As a reminder, I expect you to treat one anothers ideas respectfully and seriously, even if or especially if you disagree. The purpose of class discussions is not to come to a consensus on specific issues, but rather to explore intelligently various critical positions. These guidelines apply to any threaded discussions that might take place on Blackboard (Bb) as well. (Please read the Netiquette Guide available on the Getting Started page of our Bb course before participating in Bb discussion threads.) My evaluation of your verbal/Bb thread contributions will focus on your attentiveness and the quantity and quality of your contributions to our discussions. Also note: we may have quizzes based on the reading or any material previously covered in class and/or in-class written assignments, group or individual.
Some important caveats concerning class participation:
If your behavior is disruptive (including being off-task or texting/emailing/surfing), I may ask you to leave the room, and you will receive no credit for that days activity/discussion. Please respect your classmates.
If an activity is assigned as a group activity and I observe that you are not participating fully in your group, you will receive no credit for that groups efforts.
Use of electronic devices (including but not limited to computers, cell/smart phones, tablets, MP3s, etc.) is prohibited unless otherwise approved by me. Please turn your electronic gadgets off and put them away before class begins. Do not send/receive text messages or emails during class. Use of such devices during class time will negatively affect your class participation grade.
About the Midterm Exam (15% of Course Grade)
The midterm will be administered in class and will consist of a variety of testing methods (multiple choice, fill in the blank, short answer, essay, etc.). The midterm will cover the first two units/modules and the beginning of the third unit/module of the course. We will review for the midterm in class. Nerad, WGST 302/GENL 499.004 Syllabus 4
About the Unit Response Essays (30% of Course Grade)
For the first three units of the course, you will need to write a 2-3 page critical response essay (minimum for full credit is two full pages). In each paper, you should explore a particular theme or issue important to that unit. Your papers should be focused and make a specific point about the theme/issue you have selected. They should also engage the texts (i.e., you should use the texts to support your points; use MLA style parenthetical citations). The primary goals of these papers are to help you think about the issues in a critical way and to improve your ability to construct focused arguments in writing.
The essays will be assessed by the following criteria: a clear thesis statement; cohesive, focused, and well-developed paragraphs; adequate use of the texts to support your argument; depth and factual accuracy of argument; correct grammar, usage, spelling, and punctuation; mature style; and correct formatting (use standard class format). You will also need to attach a Works Cited page using MLA style. The weight of the papers will be graduated: the first is worth 5%; the second is worth 10%; the third is worth 15%. This graduation is based on an expectation that your writing will improve from one paper to the next as we move through the semester. If writing is not your forte, please make use of the campus resources, including the University Writing Center (in the Richardson Library). You may also come discuss your papers with me during office hours. These essays are due as indicated on the Daily Schedule.
About the Research Paper (30% of Course Grade)
We will discuss the paper in more detail later in the semester, but, in sum, you will need to write an original research paper focusing on one or more of the texts, concepts, issues, themes, or theories we have read/discussed in this class over the course of the semester. You should include at least four reputable, academic secondary sources outside of those we have read for class. The paper should be a minimum of 7 full pages and a maximum of 8 pages, in addition to the Works Cited page.
The essays will be assessed by the following criteria: a clear thesis statement; cohesive, focused, and well-developed paragraphs; adequate use of the texts to support your argument; depth and factual accuracy of argument; correct grammar, usage, spelling, and punctuation; mature style; and correct formatting (use standard class format -- I will not accept papers or drafts that are not typed). You also must attach a Works Cited page using MLA style. I will not grade any paper without a Works Cited page. All papers must be your original work. I take these papers seriously and expect original, college- level writing and research. I will check papers for plagiarism (see below for plagiarism penalties).
If you would like to submit a draft ahead of time at least ten days before the due date, at the latest I will be happy to provide comments and suggestions for revisions. You should also feel free to come to my office to discuss your paper ideas and topics. Note: If you are not confident about your ability to write a research paper, you need to prepare to spend a good amount of time learning those skills outside of class. And, again, dont forget your campus resources, including the University Writing Center (located in the Richardson Library).
*** Possible substitutions for the research paper include developing a website or an activist project focusing on one or more of the texts, concepts, themes, or theories we have read/discussed in this class over the course of the semester. The work must be equivalent in scope and depth of research to the research paper. If you would like to consider one of these options instead of a research paper, please see me no later than the week after Spring Break to discuss your ideas.
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Standard Class Format
You need to submit all out-of-class assignments using the following guidelines. Work submitted in any other format will be penalized up to 5 points. Unless otherwise indicated, all work must be typed.
1. Typed, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12-font, 1" margins (all sides) 2. Your name, the Course, Assignment, Date (in that order) in the top left corner of the first page 3. Your last name & page number in the top right corner (including first page & Works Cited page) 4. No cover page
About Attendance, Student Conduct, & Late Penalties
The attendance policy is simple: come to class. You must be present and prepared on a daily basis to do well in this course. I also expect you to be punctual; you will not be allowed to make up work or quizzes missed because of tardiness. Each unexcused absence or tardiness will negatively affect your class participation grade. I f you miss more than 15 minutes of class for any unexcused reason, you will be counted absent for the day. All assignments are due at the beginning of the class period. Assignments submitted late (after the date and time of collection) will be lowered 7 points per class meeting. No assignment will be accepted more than 3 class days after the due date. If your absence was unavoidable, see me during my office hours to discuss a waiver of late penalties.
Note: Assignments submitted late due to computer, printer, lab, or disk problems will NOT be excused. You need make two backups of your work (e.g., email yourself a copy and save your work to a jump drive). Also, printing a hardcopy at the end of each work session secures against losing work due to computer malfunction. Finally, you should allow time for computer glitches and lab traffic. You not the computer lab are responsible for having your work completed and printed out, ready to submit, on time.
As noted above under Class Participation, texting or any unauthorized use of technology during class is prohibited and will negatively affect your participation grade. If you are being disruptive to the class (including abuse of technology), I will ask you to leave the classroom and you will lose participation points for the day. All Bb participation should conform to the policies laid out in the Netiquette Guide. Inappropriate conduct on Bb will result in (at minimum) a reduction of your class participation grade. Please familiarize yourself with MSUs Code of Student Conduct and the Netiquette Guide, available in the Getting Started section in our Bb course.
Finally, please note that no revisions of research papers/projects or the Unit Essays will be accepted after they receive a grade. All revisions must be completed before an assignment is submitted for a grade.
About Academic Honesty
I will not tolerate plagiarism in this class. If you have any questions about what constitutes plagiarism, please come ask me for clarification. In short, you must cite ANY information that is not your own, including but not limited to information from books, magazines, newspapers, movie/book dust jackets, any internet source, another persons written work in any form, etc. You must accurately and responsibly identify all sources. Direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries all require you to identify clearly the information that you have used from a source (use MLA citation format). The penalties for plagiarism or academic dishonesty in this course are as follows: any test, paper, or other assignment that has been plagiarized (in part or in whole) will receive zero (0) points and will fail. If you submit a second paper/test/assignment that has been plagiarized (in part or in whole), you will fail the course. You may also be subject to additional university penalties. Please read MSUs Policy on Academic Dishonesty, available in our Bb course under Getting Started. Nerad, WGST 302/GENL 499.004 Syllabus 6
Required Texts
Dicker, Rory. A History of U. S. Feminisms. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008. Freedman, Estelle, ed. The Essential Feminist Reader. New York: Random House, 2007. Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, ed. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. New York: The New Press, 1995. hooks, bell. Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. Brooklyn, NY: South End Press, 2000. Additional texts (as listed on daily schedule) accessed at Blackboard (Bb) Handouts as distributed and websites as assigned throughout the semester.
Daily Schedule
This schedule provides a tentativelayout of in-class and out-of-class activities and assignments. Because it is based on the estimated progress of our class, modifications may be necessary as we move through the semester. Quizzes, group work, and writing activities as well as videos or informational links posted on Bb will supplement our readings and class discussions throughout the semester and may not be listed below. These additional materials will be announced in class or via Bb announcements.
I n the event class is cancelled, you should continue your out-of-class assignments according to this schedule AND check Blackboard for further or revised instructions.
Reminder: check Bb daily for course updates.
Date In-Class Out-of-Class Wednesday, Jan. 23 Personal Information Sheets Contact Sheet Student Survey Review Syllabus For Friday, Jan. 25: Read the syllabus carefully Log on to Bb course read the Welcome Announcement & Getting Started section Buy your books Friday, Jan. 25 A word on starting a dictionary of terms
Opening discussion Our cultures stereotypes of feminists, feminism, etc. For Monday, Jan. 28: Begin Unit/Module 1 Read: Dicker Prologue (vii-ix) Read: hooks Intro and Feminist Politics (vii-6) Read in EFR: Freedman Intro (xi-xviii) Monday, Jan. 28 Begin Unit/Module One Discussion: Toward a Definition of Feminism For Wednesday, Jan. 30: Read: Dicker Chapter 1 (1-20)
Wednesday, Jan. 30 Lecture/Discussion: Dickers Intro An Overview of the Waves For Friday, Feb. 1: Print & Read: Types of Feminism & Kinds of Feminism (both on Bb) bring hardcopy to class Friday, Feb. 1 Lecture/Discussion: A Brief Overview of Types of Feminism (Humanist, Liberal, Radical, Black; Difference; Post-Structural; Marxist/Social; Womanist; Eco-; I- and more . . . ) For Monday, Feb. 4: Begin Unit/Module 2 Read: Dicker Chapter 2 (21-55) Read: MacLean (3-6) (handout)
Unit 1 Response Essay due on Friday, Feb. 8 Nerad, ENGL 204, 7
Monday, Feb. 4 Begin Unit/Module Two Lecture/Discussion: Overview of First Wave Feminism The Womens Rights Movement Equality/Humanist Feminism For Wednesday, Feb. 6: Read in WoF: Intro (1-12) & Beginnings (23- 24) & Truth (35-38) Read in EFR: Grimke (47-51) & Truth (63-66) Wednesday, Feb. 6 Lecture/Discussion: The Interracial Roots of the Womens Rights Mvmt. Key Ideas and Voices For Friday, Feb. 8: Read in EFR: Stanton (57-62) & Mill (73-84) Unit 1 Essay due beginning of class on Friday. Friday, Feb. 8 Unit 1 Essay due beginning of class Lecture/Discussion: Seneca Falls & The Declaration of Sentiments For Monday, Feb. 11: Read in EFR: Anthony (85-91) & Stanton (122-27) & Ibsen (92-98) & Oppenheim (185) Monday, Feb. 11 Lecture/Discussion: Womens Roles in the Domestic & Public Spheres For Wednesday, Feb. 13: Read in WoF: Harper (40-42) & Cooper (44-49) Read in EFR: Cooper (116-21) & Du Bois (204- 10) & Ramirez (183) Wednesday, Feb. 13 Lecture/Discussion: The Work of the Black Woman For Friday, Feb. 15: Read in EFR: Sanger (211-16) & (TBA) Friday, Feb. 15 Lecture/Discussion: Womens Rights and Birth Control For Monday, Feb. 18: Read in EFR: Gilman (128-44) Monday, Feb. 18 Discussion: The Yellow Wallpaper
For Wednesday, Feb. 20: Read in WFR: Kollontai (175-81) & WILPF (199- 203) & Ali (217-19) & Akiko (184) Wednesday, Feb. 20 Lecture/Discussion: The International Effort For Friday, Feb. 22: Read: Firestone (handout) Read in EFR: Goldman (168-74) Read in WoF: McDougald (79-83) & Dunbar- Nelson (85-88) Friday, Feb. 22 Lecture/Discussion: The Myth of Emancipation & Other Limitations For Monday, Feb. 25: Review Monday, Feb. 25 Unit Two Wrap Up Discussion
For Wednesday, Feb 27: Begin Unit/Module 3 Read: Dicker Chapter 3 (57-101) Unit 2 Essay due on Monday, March 4. Wednesday, Feb. 27 Begin Unit/Module Three Lecture/Discussion: Overview of Second Wave Feminism The Womens Liberation Movement Difference, Essentialist, Gynocentric, Black Feminisms, & more For Friday, March 1: Read: Sarachild Feminist Consciousness Raising (76-8) (handout) Read: hooks (7-43; 55-60)
Friday, March 1 Lecture/Discussion: More on Consciousness-Raising; How the Personal is Political; and Who Had Voice For Monday, March 4: Read: CAW & Stern (47-54) (handout) Read in EFR: de Beauvoir (251-62) Unit 2 Essay due beginning of class on Monday. Monday, March 4 Unit 2 Essay due beginning of class Lecture/Discussion: de Beauvoirs The Second Sex (1949) For Wednesday, March 6: Read in WoF: Hansberry (125-42) Nerad, ENGL 204, 8
Wednesday, March 6 Lecture/Discussion: Hansberrys response to de Beauvoir For Friday, March 8: Midterm Exam Review Sheet Friday, March 8 Review for Midterm Exam For Monday, March 11: Study for Midterm Exam Monday, March 11 Review for Midterm Exam For Wednesday, March 13: Study for Midterm Exam Wednesday, March 13 Midterm Exam Day 1
For Friday, March 15: Prepare to complete Midterm Exam Friday, March 15 Midterm Exam - Day 2
March 18-22 Spring Break For Monday, March 25: Read in EFR: Friedan (269-82) & Mainardi (288- 94) Read: Facts About Marriage (87-88) (handout) Monday, March 25 Lecture/Discussion: Friedans The Feminine Mystique For Wednesday, March 27: Read: NOW Stmt. of Purpose (69-76) (handout) Read: Weiss Identity, Difference . . . (1-2) (Bb) Read: On Identity Politics (TBA) Wednesday, March 27 Lecture/Discussion: Humanist/Equality Feminism vs. Difference/Gynocentric Feminism & a Note on Identity Politics For Friday, March 29: Read: hooks (78-99) Read: Rich (Compulsory Heterosexuality) (TBA) Read: Daughters of Bilitis & Radicalesbians (58- 59; 100-103) (handout) Read in WoF: Clarke (241-51) Read in EFR: Wittig (360-66) Friday, March 29 Lecture/Discussion: Compulsory Heterosexuality, Lesbianism, & Feminism For Monday, April 1: Read in WoF: Beale (145-55) & LaRue (164-73) & Wallace (220-27) Read: Murray (69-71) (handout) Monday, April 1 Lecture/Discussion: Foundations of Black Feminism For Wednesday, April 3: Read in EFR: Murray (283-87) & CRC (325-30) & Lorde (331-35) Read in WoF: Smith (254-67) Wednesday, April 3 Lecture/Discussion: The CRC & Black Feminist Theory For Friday, April 5: Read in WoF: hooks (269-82) & Collins (337-57) Friday, April 5 Lecture/Discussion: More on Black Feminist Thought For Monday, April 8: Read: Crenshaw (available via JSTOR) Unit 3 Essay due beginning of class on Monday. Monday, April 8 Unit 3 Essay due beginning of class
Review Research Paper Assn. Sheet
Lecture/Discussion: Crenshaws Mapping the Margins Intersectionality & Anti-Essentialism For Wednesday, April 10: Read in EFR: Brownmiller (311-17) Read: hooks 61-66 Read: Griffin (99-100) (handout) Read: Violence Agnst. Women (128-30) (handout) Begin research paper
Wednesday, April 10 Lecture/Discussion: Rape & Other Forms of Violence Against Women For Friday, April 12: Read in WoF: Intro, Omolade, & Hine (359-87) Read: Shange With no Immediate Cause (Bb) Nerad, ENGL 204, 9
Friday, April 12 Lecture/Discussion: Rape & Other Forms of Violence Against Women cont. For Monday, April 15: Read: Introduction (24-27) (handout) Read in WoF: Chisholm (389-95) Read: Reproducing Patriarchy (Bb) Monday, April 15 Lecture/Discussion: Abortion Remix the Importance of Reproductive Rights For Wednesday, April 17: Begin Unit/Module 4 Read: Lorber (Bb) Read: The Social Construction of Gender (Bb) Watch: The Social Construction of Gender (Bb) Wednesday, April 17 Begin Unit/Module Four Lecture/Discussion: The Social Construction of Gender Post- Structuralist Feminism For Friday, April 19: Read: Butler (Bb) Watch: Interview with Butler (Bb)
Dont neglect your research paper! Friday, April 19 Lecture/Discussion: Butlers Notions of Gender as Performance For Monday, April 22: Read: The Story of X (Bb) Read: The role of media (TBA) Monday, April 22 Lecture/Discussion: One more day on the social construction of gender & the role of the media in shaping ideas of gender/sex For Wednesday, April 24: Read: Dicker Chapter 4 (103-35) Read in EFR: Walker (397-401) & Baumgardner/Richards (424-26) Wednesday, April 24 Lecture/Discussion: Overview of Third Wave Feminism For Friday, April 26: Read: Alcoff Speaking for Others (Bb) Read: Weiss Identity, Difference. . . . (Bb) Friday, April 26 Lecture/Discussion: Alcoffs Speaking for Others & the Limitations of Anti-Essentialism & Identity Politics For Monday, April 39: Read in EFR: UN Convention (1979) (336-45) & UN Speeches (1995)(402-14) Read: Beijing Declaration (167-69) (handout) Read: UN report The Right to Reproductive & Sexual Health (Bb) Monday, April 29 Lecture/Discussion: The UN & Around the World Then & Now For Wednesday, May 1: Read: Ouellette (160-65) (handout) Read: Baumgardner/Richards (169-74) (handout) Read in EFR: Hanna/Kill (394-96) & Revolutionary Assoc. (427-30) Wednesday, May 1 Lecture/Discussion: Redefining the F- word For Friday, May 3: Read: Dicker Chapter 5 (137-50) Read in WoF: Cole (549-51) Read: hooks (100-04; 110-18) Friday, May 3 Lecture/Discussion: Closing Thoughts Todays War on Women For Monday, May 6: Proofread Research Paper Research Paper due beginning of class Monday. Monday, May 6 Review for Final Exam
Research paper due beginning of class For Wednesday, May 8: Study for the Final Exam Wednesday, May 8 Review for Final Exam For the Final: Study for the Final Exam Finals May 10-17 Final Exam Date/Time TBA Have a great summer!
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Bibliography for further reading:
Addams, Jane. Democracy and Social Ethics. New York: Macmillan, 1902. Alcoff, Linda Martn. 2001. "On Judging Epistemic Credibility: Is Social Identity Relevant?" In Engendering Rationalities. Eds. Nancy Tuana and Sandra Morgen. Albany: State U of New York P, 2001. Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992. Anzaldua, Gloria. Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 2007. Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. Translated and edited by H. M. Parshley. New York: Knopf, 1953. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 2006. Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Novelist. New York: Oxford U P, 1987. Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought. New York: Routledge, 2009. Cooper, Anna Julia. A Voice from the South. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine, 1892. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality Volume I. New York: Vintage, 1990. Frye, Marilyn. The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory. Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983. Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic. 2 nd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1898. Goldman, Emma. The Traffic in Women and Other Essays in Feminism. New York: Times Change Press, 1970. hooks, bell. Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press, 1981. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman. Translated by Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985. Moers, Ellen. Literary Women. Oxford: Oxford U P, 1985. Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics. New York: Methuen, 1985. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley: U of California P, 1990. Showalter, Elaine. Inventing Herself: Claiming a Feminist Intellectual Heritage. New York: Scribner, 2001. Spelman, Elizabeth. Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon, 1988. Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Warhol, Robyn R. and Diane Price Herndl, ed. Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism. Rutgers: Rutgers UP, 1991. Wells-Barnett, Ida B. On Lynchings. Amherst, Mass.: Humanity Books, 2002. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women. London: J. Johnson, 1792.