Indian Constitution in Nutshell

# Constitution of India:-
The Constitution of India or the Constitution of the Republic of India came in effect on January 26, 1950 and is
the lonest !ritten constitution of any independent nation in the !orld" It contains 22 Parts 395 articles and
12 schedules. It has a total of 11#,$69 !ords in its %nlish lanuae &ersion"
# History of the Constitution of India:-
't the end of (orld (ar II in %urope on )ay 9, 19*5, a ne! o&ernment came to po!er in the +nited
,indom" This o&ernment announced to con&ene a constituent draftin body in India" ' team of ministers,
called the Cabinet ission, !ere sent to India to find solution to the -uestion of India.s independence"
The Cabinet )ission discussed the frame!or/ and the procedure to be follo!ed the draftin body" (ith India.s
independence, the Constituent 'ssembly became a fully so!erei"n body and they bean the !or/in from 9
#ece$ber 19%&"
The 'ssembly had members belonin to different communities, reions and e&en from different political
persuasions of India" 0r" Ra1endra 2rasad !as the elected president and 3"R" 'mbed/ar, the chairman of the
0raftin Committee"
4&er a period of 2 years' 11 $onths and 1( days, before submittin the final copy of the Constitution, the
Constituent 'ssembly met for 166 days and the sessions !ere al!ays open to the press and the public"
# )eatures of the Constitution of India:-
It has been e5tensi&ely dra!n from (estern leal traditions in enunciation of the principles of liberal
democracy" The principles of the Constitution reflect aspirants to end the ine-uities of traditional social
relations and to enhance the social !elfare of the population" 6ince the enactment, the constitution has al!ays
fostered for a steady concentrate of po!er to the central o&ernment, especially to 2rime )inister 4ffice
72)48"
# *orro+ed )eatures of Indian Constitution fro$ other Constitutions:-
3ritish Constitution
9 2arliamentary form of o&ernment
9 The idea of sinle citi:enship
9 The idea of the Rule of la!
9 Institution of 6pea/er and his role
9 ;a!ma/in procedure
+nited 6tates Constitution
9 Charter of <undamental Rihts, !hich is similar to the +nited 6tates 3ill of Rihts
9 <ederal structure of o&ernment
9 2o!er of Judicial Re&ie! and independence of the 1udiciary
Irish Constitution
9 Constitutional enunciation of the directi&e principles of state policy
<rench Constitution
9 Ideals of ;iberty, %-uality and <raternity
Canadian Constitution
9 ' -uasi=federal form of o&ernment 7a federal system !ith a stron central o&ernment8
9 the idea of Residual 2o!ers
'ustralian Constitution
9 the idea of the Concurrent list
9 <reedom of trade and commerce !ithin the country and bet!een the states
6o&iet Constitution
9 The 2lannin Commission and <i&e=>ear 2lans
9 <undamental 0uties
# Prea$ble?=
The 2reamble hihlihts fe! fundamental &alues and uidin principles on !hich the Constitution of India is
based" It ser&es as the uidin liht for both, the Constitution as !ell as the 1udes !ho interpret the
Constitution in its liht" The openin fe! !ords of the 2reamble = @(e, the people@ = sinifies that the po!er is
&ested in the hands of the people of India" The 2reamble is as follo!s?
,-' .H- P-/P0- /) IN#I1' ha!in" sole$nly resol!ed to constitute India into a 2/3-4-I5N
2/CI10I2. 2-C6014 #-/C41.IC 4-P6*0IC and to secure to all its citi7ens:
8 962.IC-' social' econo$ic and :olitical;
8 0I*-4.< of thou"ht' e=:ression' belief' faith and +orshi:;
8 ->610I.< of status and of o::ortunity; and to :ro$ote a$on" the$ all
8 )41.-4NI.< assurin" the di"nity of the indi!idual and the unity and inte"rity of the Nation;
IA 4+R C4A6TIT+%AT '66%)3;> this t!enty=si5th day of Ao&ember, 19*9, do B%R%3> '042T,
%A'CT 'A0 CID% T4 4+R6%;D%6 TBI6 C4A6TIT+TI4A"
Initially the preamble !as not the part of the Constitution of India but the 6upreme Court, in the case of
?@esa!ananda *harati !. 2tate of @erala? found it to be part of the Constitution and can be used in interpret
ambiuous areas of the Constitution" The !ords A2/CI10I2.A and A2-C6014A !ere introduced in %2nd
a$end$ent act 19&B.
# .er$s of Prea$ble' -=:lained :-
2o!erei"n = It means supreme or independent" The country is both, internally as !ell as e5ternally so&erein"
%5ternally it is free from any forein po!er and internally it e5ercises a free o&ernment directly elected by the
people and ma/es la!s that o&ern the people"
2ocialist = The !ord !as added by the *2nd amendment act of 19#6" It implies to social and economic e-uality"
6ocial e-uality means there is no discrimination on the rounds of caste, color, creed, se5, reliion, lanuae,
etc" %ach one en1oys e-ual status and opportunities" 3y economic e-uality it means that the o&ernment !ill
endea&our for e-ual distribution of !ealth and to pro&ide a decent standard of li&in for all, hence a
committment in formin a !elfare state" 'bolition of +ntouchability and Eamindari, the %-ual (aes 'ct and
the Child ;abour 2rohibition 'ct !ere fe! steps ta/en by the o&ernment in this conte5t"
2ecular = The !ord !as inserted by the *2nd amendment act of 19#6" 6ecular implies e-uality of all reliions
and reliious tolerance" Ao state in India ha&e an official state reliion" 'nybody can preach, practice and
propaate any reliion of his or her choice" In the eyes of la! all citi:ens are e-ual irrespecti&e of their reliious
beliefs" Ao reliious instruction is imparted in o&ernment schools or o&ernment=aided schools"
#e$ocratic = This mean that the o&ernment of all le&els are elected by the people throuh a system of
uni&ersal adult franchise" %&ery citi:en irrespecti&e of caste, creed, color, se5, reliion or education !ho is 1F
years of ae and abo&e is entitled to &ote, if not debarred by la!"
4e:ublic = The term means that the head of the state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fi5ed tenure" The
2resident of India is elected by %lectoral Collee for a fi5ed period of fi&e years"
# 1rticles?=
Part I = consists of 'rticles 1 = * on the 6nion and its .erritory
Part II = consists of 'rticles 5 = 11 on Citi7enshi:.
Part III = consists of 'rticles 12 = $5 on )unda$ental 4i"hts"
9 'rticles 1* = 1F on Riht to %-uality,
9 'rticles 19 = 22 on Riht to <reedom,
9 'rticles 2$ = 2* on Riht aainst %5ploitation,
9 'rticles 25 = 2F on Riht to <reedom of Reliion,
9 'rticles 29 = $1 on Cultural and %ducational Rihts,
9 'rticles $2 = $5 on Riht to Constitutional Remedies"
Part I3 = consists of 'rticles $6 = 51 on 0irecti&e Princi:les of 2tate Policy.
Part I3 C1D - consists of 'rticle 51' = )unda$ental #uties of each citi:en of India"
Part 3 = consists of 'rticles on the 6nion.
Cha:ter I = 'rticles 52 to #F on .he -=ecuti!e"
9 'rticles 52 = #$ on the 2resident and Dice=2resident,
9 'rticles #* = #5 on Council of )inisters,
9 'rticles #6 = 'ttorney Ceneral of India,
9 'rticles ## = #F on the Conduct of Co&ernment 3usiness
Cha:ter II = 'rticles #9 = 122 on Parlia$ent.
9 'rticles #9 = FF on Constitution of 2arliament,
9 'rticles F9 = 9F on 4fficers of 2arliament,
9 'rticles 99 = 100 on Conduct of 3usiness,
9 'rticles 101 = 10* on 0is-ualification of members,
9 'rticles 105 = 106 on 2o!ers, pri&ilees and Immunities of 2arliament and its )embers,
9 'rticles 10# = 111 on ;eislati&e 2rocedure,
9 'rticles 112 = 11# on 2rocedure in <inancial )atters,
9 'rticles 11F = 122 on 2rocedure Cenerally"
Cha:ter III = 'rticle 12$ on the 0e"islati!e Po+ers of the President.
9 'rticle 12$ on 2o!er of president to promulate 4rdinances durin recess of 2arliament
Cha:ter I3 = 'rticles 12* = 1*# on The 6nion 9udiciary.
9 'rticles 12* = 1*# %stablishment and Constitution of 6upreme Court
Cha:ter 3 = 'rticles 1*F = 151 on the Controller and 1uditor-5eneral of India"
9 'rticles 1*F = 151 on 0uties and po!ers of Comptroller and 'uditor=Ceneral"
Part 3I = 'rticles on the 2tates.
Cha:ter I = 'rticle 152 on the Ceneral definition of a 2tate of the 6nion of India
9 'rticle 152 = %5clusion of the state of Jammu and ,ashmir from the eneral definition of a state of the
+nion of India"
Cha:ter II = 'rticles 15$ = 16# on the -=ecuti!e
9 'rticles 15$ = 162 on the Co&ernor,
9 'rticles 16$ = 16* on the Council of )inisters,
9 'rticle 165 on the 'd&ocate=Ceneral for the 6tate"
9 'rticles 166 = 16# on the Conduct of Co&ernment 3usiness"
Cha:ter III = 'rticles 16F = 212 on .he 2tate 0e"islature.
9 'rticles 16F = 1## Ceneral
9 'rticles 1#F = 1F# on the 4fficers of the 6tate ;eislature,
9 'rticles 1FF = 1F9 on Conduct of 3usiness,
9 'rticles 190 = 19$ on 0is-ualification of members,
9 'rticles 19* = 195 on 2o!ers, 2ri&ilees and Immunities 2arliament and its )embers,
9 'rticles 196 = 201 on ;eislati&e 2rocedure,
9 'rticles 202 = 20# on 2rocedure in <inancial )atters,
9 'rticles 20F = 212 on 2rocedure Cenerally"
Cha:ter I3 = 'rticle 21$ on the 0e"islati!e Po+ers of the 5o!ernor
9 'rticle 21$ = 2o!er of president to promulate 4rdinances durin recess of 2arliament
Cha:ter 3 = 'rticles 21* = 2$1 on The Hi"h Courts in the 2tates.
9 'rticles 21* = 2$1 on Bih Courts in the 6tates,
Cha:ter 3I = 'rticles 2$$ = 2$# on the 2ubordinate Courts
9 'rticles 2$2 = 2$# on 6ubordinate Courts
Part 3II = consists of 'rticles on 6tates in the * :art of the )irst schedule.
9 'rticle 2$F Repealed, Replaced by the Constitution 76e&enth 'mendment8 'ct, 1956, s" 29 and 6ch"
Part 3III = consists of 'rticles on The 6nion .erritories
9 'rticles 2$9 = 2*2 'dministration, creation of Council of )inisters and Bih Courts
Part IE = consists of 'rticles on the Panchayat syste$.
9 'rticles 2*$ = 2*$4 on the Cram 6abha and 2anchayat system
Part IE1 = consists of 'rticles on unici:alities.
9 'rticles 2*$2 = 2*$EC on )unicipalities
Part E = consists of 'rticles on the scheduled and .ribal 1reas
9 'rticles 2** = 2**' on 'dministration, creation of Council of )inisters, and leislatures"
Part EI = consists of 'rticles on Relations bet!een the 6nion and the 2tates.
Cha:ter I = 'rticles 2*5 = 255 on the #istribution of 0e"islati!e Po+ers
9 'rticles 2*5 = 255 on 0istribution of ;eislati&e Relations
Cha:ter II = 'rticles 256 = 26$ on 1d$inistrati!e 4elations
9 'rticles 256 = 261 = Ceneral
9 'rticle 262 = on 0isputes relatin to !aters"
9 'rticle 26$ = on Co=ordination bet!een 6tates
Part EII - consists of 1rticles on )inance' Pro:erty' Contracts and 2uits
Cha:ter I = 'rticles 26* = 291 on )inance
9 'rticles 26* = 26# Ceneral
9 'rticles 26F = 2F1 on 0istribution Re&enues bet!een the +nion and the 6tates
9 'rticles 2F2 = 291 on )iscellaneous <inancial 2ro&isions
Cha:ter II = 'rticles 292 = 29$ on *orro+in"
9 'rticles 292 = 29$ on 3orro!in by 6tates
Cha:ter III = 'rticles 29* = $00 on 2roperty' Contracts' 4i"ht' 0iabilities' /bli"ations and 2uits
9 'rticles 29* = $00 on 6uccession to property assets, liabilities, and obliations"
Cha:ter I3 = 'rticle $00' on the 4i"ht to Pro:erty
9 'rticle $00' = on 2ersons not to be depri&ed of property sa&e by authority of la!
Part EIII - consists of 1rticles on .rade and Co$$erce +ithin the territory of India
9 'rticles $01 = $05 on <reedom of Trade and Commerce, and the po!er of 2arliament and 6tates to impose
Restrictions on the same"
9 'rticle $06 = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 76e&enth 'mendment8 'ct, 1956
9 'rticle $0# = 'ppointment of authority for carryin out the purposes of articles $01 to $0*"
Part EI3 - consists of 1rticles on 2er!ices 6nder the 6nion and the 2tates
Cha:ter I = 'rticles $0F = $1* on 2er!ices
9 'rticles $0F = $1$ on 6er&ices
9 'rticle $1* = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 7T!enty=eihth 'mendment8 'ct, 19#2,
Cha:ter II = 'rticles $15 = $2$ on the 2ublic 6er&ice Commissions
9 'rticles $15 = $2$ on 2ublic 6er&ice Commissions
Part EI31 - consists of 1rticles on .ribunals
9 'rticles $2$ ' = $2$ 3
Part E3 - consists of 1rticles on -lections
9 'rticles $2* = $29 on %lections
9 'rticle $29' = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 7<orty=fourth 'mendment8 'ct, 19#F,
Part E3I - consists of 1rticles on 2:ecial Pro!isions relatin" to certain Classes.
9 'rticles $$0 = $*2 on Reser&ations
Part E3II - consists of 1rticles on /fficial 0an"ua"e
Cha:ter I = 'rticles $*$ = $** on 0an"ua"e of the 6nion
9 'rticles $*$ = $** 4fficial ;anuae of the +nion
Cha:ter II = 'rticles $*5 = $*# on 4e"ional 0an"ua"es
9 'rticles $*5 = $*# on ;anuae of the 6tate
Cha:ter III = 'rticles $*F = $*9 on 0an"ua"e of the 2u:re$e Court' Hi"h courts' -tc
9 'rticles $*F = $*9 on ;anuae used in 6upreme Court, Bih courts %tc
Cha:ter I3 = 'rticles $50 = $51 on 2:ecial #irecti!es
9 'rticle $50 = on ;anuae to be used in representations for redress of rie&ances"
9 'rticle $50' = on <acilities for instruction in mother=tonue at primary stae"
9 'rticle $503 = on pro&ision for 6pecial 4fficer for linuistic minorities"
9 'rticle $51 = on 0irecti&e for de&elopment of the Bindi lanuae"
Part E3III - consists of 1rticles on -$er"ency Pro!isions
9 'rticles $52 = $59 on %merency 2ro&isions
9 'rticle $59' = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 76i5ty=third 'mendment8 'ct, 19F9
9 'rticle $60 = on 2ro&isions as to financial emerency"
Part EIE - iscellaneous
9 'rticles $61 = $61' = )iscellaneous
9 'rticle $62 = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 7T!enty=si5th 'mendment8 'ct, 19#1,
9 'rticles $6$ = $6# = )iscellaneous"
Part EE - consists of 1rticles on 1$end$ent of the Constitution
9 G 'rticles $6F on the 2o!er of parliament to amend the constitution and procedure therefore
Part EEI - consists of 1rticles on .e$:orary' .ransitional and 2:ecial Pro!isions
9 'rticles $69 = $#F' on Temporary, Transitional and 6pecial 2ro&isions
9 'rticle $#9 = $91 = Repealed = Replaced by the Constitution 76e&enth 'mendment8 'ct, 1956
9 'rticle $92 = on the 2o!er of the 2resident to remo&e difficulties"
Part EEII consists of 1rticles on short title' date of co$$ence$ent' 1uthoritati!e te=t in Hindi and
4e:eals.
9 'rticles $9$ = $95 Commencement, authoritati&e te5t in Bindi and repeals
# 2CH-#60-:-
)irst 2chedule: ;ist of the 6tates and +nion Territories in list I H ;ist II

2econd 2chedule: Consists of 5 2arts ' to %" 2ro&ision H 6alary of 2resident, Co&ernors, Chief Judes, Judes
4f Bih Court and 6upreme Court, Comptroller and 'uditor Ceneral"
.hird 2chedule: <orms of 4aths and 'ffirmations"
)ourth 2chedule: 'llocation of seats for each 6tate and +nion Territory, in the Council of 6tates"
)ifth 2chedule: 'dministration and control of 6cheduled 'reas"
2i=th 2chedule: 2ro&isions for administration of Tribal 'rea in 'ssam, )ehalaya, Tripura, )i:oram
2e!enth 2chedule: Ci&es allocation of po!ers and functions bet!een +nion H 6tates" It contains $ lists
+nion ;ist? 9# 6ub1ects"
6tates ;ist? 66 sub1ects
Concurrent ;ist? *# sub1ects"
-i"hth 2chedule: 22 lanuaes reconi:ed by the Constitution ? 1" 'ssamese, 2" 3enali, $" Cu1arati, *" Bindi,
5" ,annada, 6" ,ashmiri, #" )alayalam, F" )arathi, 9" 4riya, 10" 2un1abi, 11" 6ans/rit, 12" 6indhi, 1$" Tamil,
1*" Teluu, 15, +rdu, 16" ,on/ani, 1#" )anipuri, 1F" Aepali" 19" 3odo, 20" 0onri 21" )aithili 22" 6anthali
Ninth 2chedule: Contains acts H orders related to land tenure, land ta5, rail!ays, and industries"
.enth 2chedule: It contains the 'nti=defection 'ct"
-le!enth 2chedule: #$rd amendment in 1992"Contains pro&isions of 2anchayati Ra1"
.+elfth 2chedule: #*thamendment in 1992"Contains pro&isions of )unicipal Corporation"
# I$:ortant 1$end$ents of the Constitution:
.he first 1$end$ent 1ct 1951: 'rticles 15, 19, F5, F#, 1#*, 1#6, $*1, $*2, and $#6 !ere amended and
'rticles $1' and $I3 inserted and Ainth 6chedule !as added"
2%th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&1: It affirmed the po!er of the 2arliament to amend any part of the Constitution"
'fter this amendment, the 2resident is bound to assent to Constitution 'mendment 3ill" %ducation !as
transferred to the Concurrent ;ist by this amendment"
31st 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&3: Increased the electi&e strenth of the ;o/ 6abha from 525 to 5*5" +nder the 'ct,
the upper limit of representati&es of the 6tates oes up from 500 to 525 and that of the +nion Territories
decreases from 25 to 20"
3Bth 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&5: 6i//im became the 22nd 6tate of the Indian +nion"
3&th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&5: 2arliament on 'pril 26, 19#5, to pro&ide for a ;eislati&e 'ssembly and a
Council of )inisters to 'runachal 2radesh"
39th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&5: The 3ill !as passed by the ;o/ 6abha and recei&ed 2residential assent"The 'ct
places beyond challene in courts the election to 2arliament of a person holdin the office of 2rime )inister or
6pea/er and the election of 2resident and Dice=2resident"
%Fth 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&B: This 'mendment has a three-fold obGecti!e: 718 It places beyond challene in
courts some ma1or Central la+s 728 It i&es similar protection to se&eral 6tate enactments, mostly relatin to
land le"islation, by includin them in the Ainth 6chedule of the ConstitutionI and 7$8 It pro&ides that the limits
of the territorial +aters' the Continental 2helf' the -=clusi!e -cono$ic Hone and the $ariti$e 7ones of
India shall be specified from time to time by la! made by 2arliament"
%2nd 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&B: It !as enacted durin the period of internal emerency" It !as passed by
2arliament on Ao&ember 11, 19#6 and recei&ed 2residential assent on 0ecember 1F, 19#6"
The 'mendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of 2arliament o&er the other !ins of Co&ernmentI
a&e the 0irecti&e 2rinciples precedence o&er the <undamental RihtsI enumerated for the first time a set of ten
<undamental 0uties" It further imposed limits on the po!er and 1urisdiction of the 1udiciaryI raised the term of
the ;o/ 6abha and the Didhan 6abha from fi&e to si5 yearsI authorised the use of Central armed forces in any
6tate to deal !ith la! and order problems, made the 2resident bound by the ad&ice of the Council of )inisters
and en&isaed the establishment of administrati&e tribunals for ser&ice matters of Co&ernment employees and
also other tribunals for economic offences" The 'ct also clearly laid do!n that no Constitutional 'mendment
could be -uestioned in any court of la!"
%3rd 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&(: It recei&ed the 2residential assent on 'pril 1$, 19#F" This 'ct repeals the
obno5ious pro&isions of the Constitution 7*2nd 'mendment8 'ct passed durin the %merency" It restores ci&il
liberties by deletin 'rticle $I0 !hich a&e po!ers to 2arliament to curtail e&en leitimate trade union acti&ity
under the uise of leislation for the pre&ention of anti=national acti&ities" The ne! la!, !hich !as ratified by
more than half of the 6tates in accordance !ith the Constitution, also restores leislati&e po!ers to the 6tates to
ma/e appropriate pro&ision for anti=national acti&ities consistent !ith the <undamental Rihts" +nder the 'ct,
the 1udiciary has also been restored to its rihtful place" The 6upreme Court !ill no! ha&e po!er to in&alidate
6tate la!s, a po!er ta/en a!ay by the *2nd 'mendment 'ct" The Bih Courts !ill also be able to o into the
-uestion of constitutional &alidity of Central la!s thereby enablin persons li&in in distant places to obtain
speedy 1ustice !ithout ha&in to come to the 6upreme Court"
%%th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19&(: The 'ct remo&es ma1or distortions in the Constitution introduced durin the
%merency" The duration of the ;o/ 6abha and 6tate ;eislati&e 'ssemblies has been reduced from si5 to fi&e
yearsJthe normal term !hich !as e5tended durin the %merency under the *2nd 'mendment to achie&e
some political purposes" The Riht to 2roperty ceases to be a <undamental Riht and becomes only a leal
riht" 'ny proclamation of %merency need hencefor!ard be issued by the 2resident only after recei&in the
ad&ice of the Cabinet as a !hole in !ritin" The 2resident !ill not be called upon to act on the basis of ad&ice
by the 2rime )inister on his o!n !ithout consultin his Cabinet" 4ther safeuards pro&ide that the
proclamation !ill ha&e to be adopted by a t!o=thirds ma1ority of the members of both Bouses of 2arliament
!ithin a month" 6afeuards aainst future sub&ersion of the Constitution for establishin an authoritarian
reime" It contains pro&isions !hich are desined to ma/e it impossible to impose the /ind of emerency the
country had e5perienced for 19 months"
%5th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(F: Reser&ation of seats for the 6cheduled Castes and the 6cheduled Tribes in
2arliament and the 6tate 'ssemblies and the representation of 'nlo=Indians by nomination for a further period
of 10 years"
%Bth 1$end$ent *ill' 19(2: It see/s to authorise the o&ernment to prepare an authoritati&e te5t of the
Constitution, in Bindi"
52nd 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(5: The 'ct has made defection to another party, after elections illeal" 'ny member
defectin to another party after elections !ill be dis-ualified from bein )ember of 2arliament or 6tate
;eislature"
53rd 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(B: It confers 6tatehood on )i:oram and ensures aainst unnecessary interference
by the Central Co&ernment !ith the la!s relatin to spheres of social relationship and community conduct
applicable to )i:oram"
5%th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(B: It enhances the salaries of Judes of Bih Courts and 6upreme Court of India"
The salary of Chief Justice of India !ill be Rs 10,000I Chief Justice of Bih Courts Rs 9000I Judes of
6upreme Court Rs 9000I and Judes of Bih Courts Rs F000"
55th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(&: It rants 6tatehood to 'runachal 2radesh !hich conse-uently became the 2*th
6tate of the Indian +nion"
5Bth 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(&: It confers 6tatehood on Coa and forms a ne! +nion Territory of 0aman and 0iu"
Coa thus became the 25th 6tate of the Indian Republic"
5&th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(&: It made a special pro&ision for the settin up of the ne! 6tate of Coa"
Conse-uently 0aman and 0iu !ere separated from the former to form a +nion Territory"
5(th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19((: It pro&ides for special arranements !ith reard to reser&ation of seats for
6cheduled Tribes in the 6tates of 'runachal 2radesh, Aaaland, )i:oram and )ehalaya" 3y amendin 'rticle
$22 the ad1ustment of seats has been fro:en until 2000 '"0"
59th 1$end$ent 1ct' 19((: It empo!ered the Central Co&ernment to impose %merency in 2un1ab !hen
deemed necessary" +nder the amendment, 2residentKs rule can be e5tended upto three years" %arlier ma5imum
period !as t!o years"
B1st 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(9: It lo!ered the &otin ae from 21 to 1F"
B2nd 1$end$ent 1ct' 19(9: It pro&ided for the e5tension by another 10 years of reser&ation of seats in the
2arliament and 6tate 'ssemblies for the 6cheduled Castes and Tribes and reser&ation for 'nlo Indian
community by nomination"
BBth 1$end$ent 1ct' 199F: To brin land reforms !ithin the pur&ie! of 9th 6chedule of the Constitution"

B9th 1$end$ent 1ct' 1991: 0elhi made Aational Capital Reion" The 'ct also made pro&ision for
;eislati&e assembly and a council of ministers for 0elhi"

&Fth 1$end$ent 1ct' 1992: 3efore this act !as made 'rticle 5* relatin to the election of the 2resident
pro&ided for an electoral collee consistin only of the elected members of 2arliament as !ell as the leislati&e
assemblies of the 6tates 7not of +nion Territories8" The amendment pro&ide for inclusion of members of
leislature of 2ondicherry and 0elhi"

&1st 1$end$ent 1ct' 1992: The act amends the Fth 6chedule to the Constitution to include ,on/ani,
)anipuri and Aepali ;anuaes in the Fth 6chedule of the Constitution"
&2nd 1$end$ent 1ct' 1992: To ma/e temporary pro&ision for the determination of the number of seats
reser&ed for the 6cheduled Tribes in the 6tate assembly of Tripura, until the re=ad1ustment of seats is made on
the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under article 1#0 of the Constitution"

&3rd 1$end$ent 1ct' 1992: To ensure direct election to all seats in 2anchayatsI to reser&e seats for 6Cs and
6Ts in proportion to their populationI and for reser&ation of not less than one third of the seats in 2anchayats for
!omen"

&%th 1$end$ent 1ct' 1992: !as made to ensure direct election to all seats in Aaarpali/as and
)unicipalities"

&5th 1$end$ent 1ct 199%: It pro&ides for settin up of 6tate=le&el Rent Tribunals to e5clude the 1urisdiction
of all courts, e5cept that of the 6upreme Court, under 'rticle 1$6 of the Constitution"

&Bth 1$end$ent 1ct' 199%: It relates to the Reser&ation of 6eats in %ducational Institutes and of
appointments or posts in the 6er&ices under a 6tate, for 3ac/!ard Classes, 6cheduled Castes and 6cheduled
Tribes" The 6upreme Court had ruled on Ao&ember 16, 1992, that the total reser&ations under 'rticle 167*08 of
the Constitution should not e5ceed 50 per cent"
&&th 1$end$ent 1ct' 1995: 'ccordin to this 'ct, the Co&ernment ha&e decided to continue the e5istin
policy of reser&ation in promotion for the 6cheduled Castes and 6cheduled Tribes"

&(th 1$end$ent 1ct' 1995: It includes land reform la!s in the Ainth 6chedule so that they cannot be
challened before the courts"

&9th 1$end$ent 1ct' 1999: It e5tends the reser&ation of seats for 6C, 6T and 'nlo=Indians in the ;o/ 6abha
and ;eislati&e 'ssemblies for ne5t 10 years"

(Fth 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FFF: It deals !ith an alternati&e scheme for sharin ta5es bet!een the +nion and the
6tates"
(1st 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FFF: It pro&ides that the unfilled &acancies of a year reser&ed for 6CL6T /ept for bein
filled up in a year as per 'rticle 16, shall be considered separately for fillin &acancies in the succeedin year
and the pre&ious list !ill not be considered for fillin the 50M -uota of the respecti&e year"

(2nd 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FFF: It pro&ides that nothin in the 'rticle $55 shall pre&ent the 6tate from ma/in
any pro&isions in fa&our of the members of 6CL6T for rela5ation in -ualifyin mar/s !ith respect to
e5aminationL1obLpromotion"
(3rd 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FFF: The 'ct amended 'rticle 2*$ ) to pro&ide that no reser&ation in 2anchayats be
made in fa&our of 6CL6T in 'runachal 2radesh !here the !hole population is tribal"
(Bth 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FF2: 2ro&ides Riht to %ducation until the ae of 1* and early childhood care until the
ae of 6"
(9th 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FF3? The Aational Commission for 6cheduled Castes and 6cheduled Tribes !as
bifurcated into The Aational Commission for 6cheduled Castes and The Aational Commission for 6cheduled
Tribes"
91st 1$end$ent 1ct' 2FF%: Restrict the si:e of council of ministers to 15M of leislati&e members H to
strenthen 'nti 0efection la!s" 'mended articles #5 and 16*" Insert article $613" 'mended schedule 10"
9&th1$end$ent 1ct' 2F12: The amendment ob1ecti&e is to encourae economic acti&ities of cooperati&es
!hich in turn help proress of rural India" It is e5pected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic
functionin of cooperati&es, but also the accountability of the manaement to the members and other
sta/eholders
9(th1$end$ent 1ct' 2F13: To empo!er the Co&ernor of ,arnata/a to ta/e steps to de&elop the Byderabad=
,arnata/a Reion instered 'rticle $#1J in the Constitution
# I$:ortant 1rticles of the Indian Constitution:
G 'rt"1= Aame and territory of the union"
G 'rt"2= 'dmission and %stablishment of the ne! state"
G 'rt"$= <ormation of ne! states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and name of e5istin 6tates"
G 'rt"5 =Citi:enship at the commencement of the constitution"
G 'rt"6 =Rihts of citi:enship of certain person !ho ha&e mirated to India from 2a/istan"
G 'rt"10= Continuance of rihts of citi:enship"
G 'rt"11= 2arliament to reulate the riht of citi:enship by la!"
G 'rt"1$= ;a!s inconsistent !ith or in deroation of the fundamental rihts"
G 'rt"1*= %-uality before the la!"
G 'rt"15= 2rohibition of discrimination on the rounds of reliion, race, caste, se5" 4r place of 3irth"
G 'rt"16= %-uality of opportunity in matters of public employment"
G 'rt"1#= 'bolition of the untouchability"
G 'rt"19= Cuarantees to all the citi:ens the si5 rihts
7a8 Riht to freedom of speech and e5pression"
7b8 Riht to assemble peacefully and !ithout arms"
7c8 Riht to form associations or unions"
7d8 Riht to mo&e freely throuhout the territory of India"
7e8 Riht to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India"
7f8 Riht to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, and business"
G 'rt"20= 2rotection in respect of con&iction for offences"
G 'rt"21= 2rotection of life and personal liberty"
G 'rt"22= 2rotection aainst arrest and detention in certain cases"
G 'rt"2$= 2rohibition of traffic in human beins and forced labour"
G 'rt"2*= 2rohibition of employment of children in factories and mines" +nder ae of 1*"
G 'rt"25= <reedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propaation of reliion"
G 'rt"26= <reedom to manae reliious affairs"
G 'rt"2#= <reedom as to pay ta5es for promotion of any particular reliion"
G 'rt"2F= <reedom from attendin reliious instruction"
G 'rt"29= 2rotection of interest of minorities"
G 'rt"$0= Riht of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions"
" 'rt"$2= Remedies for enforcement of <undamental Rihts"
G 'rt"$#= 'pplication of 0262
G 'rt"$9'=%-ual 1ustice and free leal aid
G 'rt"*0= 4rani:ation of &illae panchayat
G 'rt"*1= Riht to !or/, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases
G 'rt"*$= ;i&in (aes, etc" for (or/ers"
G 'rt"*$'= 2articipation of !or/ers in manaement of industries"
G 'rt"**= +niform ci&il code" 7'pplicable in Coa only8
G 'rt"*5= 2ro&ision for free and compulsory education for children"
G 'rt"*6= 2romotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, 6T, and 43C"
G 'rt"*#=0uty of the state to raise the le&el of nutrition and the standard of li&in and to impro&e public health"
G 'rt"*F=4ranisation of ariculture and animal husbandry"
G 'rt"*9= 2rotection of monuments and places and ob1ects of natural importance"
G 'rt"50= 6eparation of 1udiciary from e5ecuti&e"
G 'rt"51= 2romotion of international peace and security"
" 'rt 51'G It contains, oriinally 10 duties, no! it contains 11 duties by F6
th
amendments act 2002"
G 'rt"52= The 2resident of India
G 'rt"5$= %5ecuti&e 2o!er of the union"
G 'rt"5*= %lection of 2resident
G 'rt"61= 2rocedure for Impeachment of the 2resident"
G 'rt"6$= The Dice=president of India"
G 'rt"6*= The Dice=2resident to be e5=officio chairmans the council of 6tates"
G 'rt"66=%lection of Dice=president"
G 'rt"#2=2radonin po!ers of 2resident"
G 'rt"#*= Council of minister to aid and ad&ice 2resident"
G 'rt"#6= 'ttorney=Ceneral for India"
G 'rt"#9= Constitution of 2arliament
G 'rt"F0= Composition of Ra1ya 6abha"
G 'rt"F1= Composition of ;o/ 6abha"
G 'rt"F$= 0uration of Bouses of 2arliament"
G 'rt"9$= The spea/ers and 0eputy 6pea/ers of the house of the people"
G 'rt"105= 2o!ers, 2ri&ilees, etc of the Bouse of 2arliament"
G 'rt"109= 6pecial procedure in respects of money bills
G 'rt"110= 0efinition of N)oney 3illsO"
G 'rt"112= 'nnual <inancial 3udet"
G 'rt"11*='ppropriation 3ills"
G 'rt"12$= 2o!ers of the 2resident to promulate 4rdinances durin recess of parliament"
G 'rt"12*= %stablishment of 6upreme Court"
G 'rt"125= 6alaries of Judes"
G 'rt"126= 'ppointment of actin Chief 1ustice"
G 'rt"12#= 'ppointment of ad=hoc 1udes"
G 'rt"12F='ttendence of retired 1ude at sittin of the 6upreme Court"
G 'rt"129= 6upreme court to be court of Record"
G 'rt"1$0= 6eat of the 6upreme Court"
G 'rt"1$6= 6pecial lea&es for appeal to the 6upreme Court"
G 'rt"1$#= Re&ie! of 1udments or orders by the 6upreme court"
G 'rt"1*1=0ecision of the 6upreme Court bindin on all the courts"
G 'rt"1*F= Comptroller and 'uditor= Ceneral of India
G 'rt"1*9= 0uties and 2o!ers of C'C"
G 'rt"15$= Co&ernors of 6tate
G 'rt"15*= %5ecuti&e 2o!ers of Co&ernor"
G 'rt"161= 2ardonin po!ers of the Co&ernor"
G 'rt"165='d&ocate=Ceneral of the 6tate"
G 'rt"21$= 2o!er of Co&ernor to promulate ordinances"
G 'rt"21*= Bih Courts for states"
G 'rt"215= Bih Courts to be court of record"
G 'rt"226= 2o!er of Bih Courts to issue certain !rits"
G 'rt"2$$= 'ppointment of 0istrict 1udes"
G 'rt"2$5= Control o&er 6ub=ordinate Courts"
G 'rt"2*$'=Cram 6abha
G 'rt"2*$3=Constitution of 2anchayats
G 'rt"2F0= <inance Commission
G 'rt"$00='= Riht to property"
G 'rt"$01=<reedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse"
G 'rt"$02= 2o!er of 2arliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse"
G 'rt"$12= 'll= India=6er&ice"
G 'rt"$15= 2ublic ser&ice commissionKs for the union and for the states
G 'rt"$20= <unctions of 2ublic 6er&ice Commission"
G 'rt"$2$'= 'dministrati&e Tribunals
G 'rt"$2*=6uperintendence, direction and control of %lections to be &ested in an %lection Commission"
G 'rt"$25= Ao person to be ineliible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on
Crounds of reliion, race, caste, or se5"
G 'rt"$26= %lections to the house of the people and to the leislati&e assemblies of states to be on the basis of
'dult suffrae"
G 'rt"$$F= Aational Commission for the 6C, H 6T"
G 'rt"$*0= 'ppointment of a commission to in&estiate the conditions of bac/!ard classes"
G 'rt"$*$= 4fficial lanuaes of the +nion"
G 'rt"$*5= 4fficial lanuaes or lanuaes of states"
G 'rt"$*F= ;anuaes to be used in the 6upreme Court and in the Bih Courts"
G 'rt"$51=0irecti&e for de&elopment of the Bindi lanuaes"
G 'rt"$52= 2roclamation of emerency 7Aational %merency8"
G 'rt"$56= 6tate %merency
G 'rt"$60= <inancial %merency
G 'rt"$61= 2rotection of 2resident and Co&ernors
G 'rt"$6F= 2o!ers of 2arliaments to amend the constitution"
G 'rt"$#0= 6pecial pro&ision of JH,"
999999999999999999999999999999 TB% %A099999999999999999999999999999999
3y Ja!ed I-ubal
4eferences: 1" 4ur Constitution by 6ubhash ,ashyap
2" The Constitution of Indian by 2")" 3a/shi
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