Examples of homogeneous catalysis

The reaction between persulphate ions and iodide ions

This is a solution reaction that you may well only meet in the context of
catalysis, but it is a lovely example!
Persulphate ions (peroxodisulphate ions), S
2
O
8
2-
, are very powerful
oxidising agents. Iodide ions are very easily oxidised to iodine. And yet the
reaction between them in solution in water is very slow.
If you look at the equation, it is easy to see why that is:
The reaction needs a collision between two negative ions. Repulsion is
going to get seriously in the way of that!
The catalysed reaction avoids that problem completely. The catalyst can be
either iron(II) or iron(III) ions which are added to the same solution. This is
another good example of the use of transition metal compounds as
catalysts because of their ability to change oxidation state.
For the sake of argument, we'll take the catalyst to be iron(II) ions. As you
will see shortly, it doesn't actually matter whether you use iron(II) or iron(III)
ions.
The persulphate ions oxidise the iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions. In the process
the persulphate ions are reduced to sulphate ions.
The iron(III) ions are strong enough oxidising agents to oxidise iodide ions
to iodine. In the process, they are reduced back to iron(II) ions again.
Both of these individual stages in the overall reaction involve collision
between positive and negative ions. This will be much more likely to be
successful than collision between two negative ions in the uncatalysed
reaction.
What happens if you use iron(III) ions as the catalyst instead of iron(II)
ions? The reactions simply happen in a different order.
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/introduction.html
Homogeneous catalysis : if the catalyst is present in same phase as the reactants ,it is called
ahomogeneous catalysts...and this type of catalysis is called homogeneous catalysis...
examples---
(1) oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in presence of nitric oxide as catalyst...
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + NO (g)------> 2SO3 (g) ...Here NO is a homogeneous catalyst as it is present in
gaseous phase just like all of the species...
(2)hydrolysis of ethyl acetate or sucrode in presence of dilute sulphuric acid..
CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O(l) + H(+) (aq) --------> CH3COOH (l) + C2H5OH (l)
C12H22O11 (aq) + H2O (l) + H(+) (aq) -------> C6H12O6 (aq) + C6H12O6 (aq)
here H(+) is a homogeneous catalyst as all substances are present in liquid phase...
Hetrogeneous catalysis : if the catalyst is present in different phase than that of reactant ,it is called a
heterogeneous catalysts and this type of catalysys is called heterogeneous catalysis..
examples--
(1) manufacture of ammonia from N2 and H2..
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) + Fe (s) ----->2NH3 (g) ....here Fe is a heterogenous catalyst as it is present is solid
phase while rest are present in gas phase...
(2)oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide using platinum as a catalyst...
4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) + Pt (s) -----> 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g)
here Pt is a heterogenous catalyst as it is present is solid phase while rest are present in gas phase...