Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA 201

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF STONE
COLUMN IN SOFT CLAY

A.P. Ambily
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA
Email: ambilychn @rediffmail.com

S.R. Gandhi
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA
Email: srgandhi@.iitm.ac.in



ABSTRACT: In recent years stone columns have been increasingly used for improvement of soft soils to increase the
load bearing capacity and to reduce the settlements. This ground improvement technique has been successfully applied
for the foundations of structures like oil storage tanks, earthen embankments, raft foundations etc where large settlement
is possible. Despite the wide spread use of stone columns, present design methods are largely empirical. No codes have
been developed. In the present work experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the behaviour of stone column by
varying spacing, shear strength of soft clay, moisture content etc. The results obtained are analysed using the finite
element package PLAXIS. The paper describes literature review on the subject, details of experimental works carried
out, numerical analysis using finite element package, comparison of results and discussion.


1 INTRODUCTION

India has large coastline exceeding 6000kms. In view of
the developments on coastal areas in the recent past, large
number of ports and industries are being built. In addition,
the availability of land for the development of
commercial, housing, industrial and transportation,
infrastructure etc. are scarce particularly in urban areas.
This necessitated the use of land, which has weak strata,
wherein the geotechnical engineers are challenged by
presence of different problematic soils with varied
engineering characteristics. Many of these areas are
covered with thick soft marine clay deposit, with very low
shear strength and high compressibility.
Out of several techniques available for improving the
weak strata, stone columns have been used to a large
extend for several applications. The design of stone
column is still empirical, based on past experience and
needs field trials before execution. No well-defined
guidelines or codes are available.
To study the stiffness and deformation behaviour of the
improved ground for various column spacing,
experimental study has been carried out in a cylindrical
tank representing one stone column and surrounding soft
clay equivalent to the effective area of a column (unit
cell). Ten tests have been carried out for three different
spacing and moisture content. The experimental results
are compared with finite element analysis using PLAXIS
and found to be comparable.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Several researchers have worked on theoretical,
experimental and field study on behavior of stone
columns. However very little information is available on
design procedure that can be used for a given situation.
Semi empirical design approach based on the allowable
stress on stone columns and the undrained shear strength
of clay have been proposed by Greenwood (1970),
Hughes and Withers (1974), Saha (1992,1999). Semi-
empirical design approach based on pressuremeter theory
was proposed by Hughes et al (1975). Cavity expansion
approach proposed by Vesic (1972) have been used by
Ranjan and Rao(1986) and Datye and Nagaraju(1981)
In experimental approach, Hughes and Withers
(1974) carried out series of model tests in normally
consolidated clay. The test results indicated that ultimate
capacity of stone column was governed primarily by the
maximum radial reaction of the soil against the bulging
and the extend of vertical movement in the stone column
was limited to about 4 times the diameter. Shankar and
Shroff (1997) conducted experimental studies to study the
effect of pattern of installation of stone columns and
showed that triangular pattern seems to be optimum and
rational. Mitra and Chatopadhyay (1999) studied the
effect of different factors influencing the capacity of stone
column improved ground from the available literature and
showed that in the case of columns failing by bulging the
critical length is about 3 to 5 times the stone column
Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004
202 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA
diameter. Mitchell and Huber (1985) compared the field
performance of stone columns with the predictions by
finite element analysis and reported that the agreement
was generally good. It was concluded further that
settlement predictions using other simpler methods also
gave values, which agreed reasonably with the measured
values. Saha et al (2000) studied the load response behavior
of stone columns in soft soil environment by using a finite
element software package (ANSYS). The parameters
studied are the variation of lateral deformation, lateral
pressure and vertical stress with depth for various intensity
of loading. The results of computer aided numerical
solutions are presented in the form of non-dimensional
quantities. Madhav (2000) presented an overview of
recent contributions for the analysis and design of stone
columns. Different equations available in the literature for
finding bearing capacity and settlement of stone column
improved ground have also being given.

3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK

The experimental study is carried out with following
objectives:
( i ) To estimate the load carrying capacity of a stone
column.
( ii ) To estimate the stiffness of the improved soil for
different shear strength of surrounding clay and for
different spacing.
Accordingly, two types of tests are carried out in test
tank where a stone column of 100mm diameter is
constructed at the center of a cylindrical tank, which is
filled with soft clay of required consistency. Tank
diameter is chosen to represent a required spacing
between the columns. To estimate the load carrying
capacity of the column, column area alone is loaded.
Whereas the entire area represented by the column is
loaded to estimate the stiffness of the improved ground.
The test program is given in Table1.

Table 1: Test program

Loading condition s/d w
(%)
S
u

(kPa)
Entire
area
Column
alone
2 25 30
2 30 12
2 35 6.5
3 30 12
4 30 12

3.1 Experimental Set - up

Typical test arrangement is shown in fig 1.



1. Loading plate 4. Stone column(100mm)
2. Sand pad 5. Cylindrical test tank
3. Soft clay

Fig. 1. Typical Test arrangement (entire area loaded)


Cylindrical tank of height 500mm is used as model tank.
Diameter of the tank is taken as the diameter of the area of
zone of influence around each column. Stone column
diameter used for the test is 100mm. To study the effect of
spacing the diameter of the tank was varied from 210mm
to 420mm. Assuming triangular pattern and spacing to
diameter ratio (s/d) as 2, 3 and 4 the model tank diameters
used are 210, 315 and 420mm. In the tank clay is placed
for a height of 450mm in which the stone column is
installed at the center.

Experimental set-up comprises of a cylindrical tank
filled with soft clay and with a stone column of 100mm
diameter at its center. A sand layer of 30 mm thick is
placed at top as a blanket. Vertical load is applied either
over the entire tank area or over diameter equal to that of
stone column. Sand layer of 30mm height is placed on the
clay bed around the column in the case of column alone
loaded. The load was applied through a proving ring at a
constant strain rate of 1.2mm/min.

3.2 Properties of Material Used

Two basic materials are used for this study: Clay and
Stones
210 to 420 mm
500 mm
450mm
30mm
Load
1
2
3
5
4
Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA 203
(a) Properties of clay

The clay used is natural clay from IIT Madras campus.
Surface clay was excavated after removal of vegetation,
air-dried and pulverized. Properties of clay used are:

Type of Clay : CH
Specific Gravity : 2.492
Liquid Limit (%) : 52
Plastic Limit (%) : 21
Plasticity Index (%) : 31
Clay Content (%) : 25
Silt Content (%) : 45
Max. Dry Density (kN/m
3
) : 16.63
Optimum Moisture Content (%) : 19.25

(b) Properties of Stones

Crushed stones (aggregates) of size below 10mm have
been used to form stone column. The finer fraction
passing through 2mm was removed by wet sieving and
used after drying. Typical properties of aggregate for
stone column are:

Angle of Internal Friction
: 42
0

Size : 2 10 mm
Uniformity Coefficient : 2
Coefficient of curvature : 1.125
Modulus of Elasticity (kPa) : 48000

3.3 Preparation of Soft Clay Bed

Oil is applied in the tank wall to reduce any friction
between clay and tank wall. Required quantity of clay is
mixed with different moisture content of 25%, 30% and
35%. Thoroughly mixed paste is filled in the tank in
layers of 50mm each giving uniform compaction to
achieve a uniform dry density of 15.4kN/m
3
, 14kN/m
3
and
13kN/m
3
respectively. Care was taken to ensure that no
significant air voids are formed in the test bed. At the
center of clay bed prepared, vane Shear test is carried out
to measure the shear strength of the clay bed. The results
are shown in table 1.

3.4 Construction of Stone Column

The column is constructed by replacement method. A
100mm outer diameter thin open-ended seamless pipe is
pushed into the clay at its center up to bottom of tank. The
clay within the pipe is scooped out using a helical auger.
Gravels of size 2 10mm are charged into the hole in
layers of 50mm each giving uniform compaction to each
layer. Casing pipe is raised in stages ensuring minimum
5mm penetration below the gravel placed. The total
weight of the gravel placed was weighed and the dry
density of material as placed considering diameter of
100mm is 16 kN/m
3.
A sand layer of 30mm height is
placed over the prepared stone column and clay bed.


3.5 Test Procedure

After preparing the stone column, the load deformation
behavior of the column is studied by loading it in a triaxial
loading frame at a strain rate of 1.2mm/minute. To load
the stone column area alone a loading plate of 98mm
diameter is placed exactly at the center of the stone
column and the load is applied till failure. To load the
entire tank area a loading plate of diameter 5mm less than
the inside diameter of the test tank is placed over the sand
blanket and the load is applied over the plate. Load is
observed for equal intervals of settlements up to an
average deformation of 14mm.

4 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Predictions of the load test results by a finite element
analysis were compared with the model test results to
evaluate the ability of the method to model the actual
behaviour of stone column effectively. The finite element
analysis is done using a package PLAXIS, developed for
the analysis of soil and rock. Validation of the package is
done and reported below.

4.1 Validation of finite element package used

Finite element package (PLAXIS) is validated by
analyzing the load test result published based on the work
done by Narasimha rao et al (1992). The test tank is 650
mm diameter and height of clay bed prepared is 350mm.
A stone column of diameter 25mm and height 225mm
was made at the center of the clay bed and loaded with a
plate of diameter equal to two times diameter of stone
column. Properties of clay and stones are given below

(a) Properties of clay:
Modulus of elasticity : 2000kPa
Poissons ratio : 0.45
Shear strength : 20kPa

(b) Properties of stones
Modulus of elasticity : 40000kPa
Poissonns ratio : 0.3
Angle of internal friction : 38
0


Figure 2 compares the results obtained from model test
and finite element analysis. Load settlement curve, and
ultimate load obtained from finite element analysis
matches well with experimental result.
Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004
204 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 100 200 300 400 500
Load (N)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
model test
plaxis
Fig. 2. Validation of PLAXIS

4.2 Analysis of Stone Column

A non linear, plastic, axisymmetric analysis is done..
Material properties used for the analysis are given below.
(a) Properties of Clay
For the three different consistency of clay used in the
experiments, the compressibility modulus (E
c
) was
obtained from the consolidation test and Poisson's ratio is
assumed based on Bowels (1988) as given below;

w
(%)
E
c

(kPa)
Poisson's
ratio
s
u

(kPa)

dry
(kN/m
3
)

wet
(kN/m
3
)
25 4500 0.45 30 15.4 19.25
30 2000 0.45 12 14 18.2
35 1200 0.45 6.5 13 17.8

(b) Properties of Stones
The compressibility modulus and angle of internal friction
have been found by laboratory experiments and Poisson's
ratio is assumed based on Bowles (1988) as given below;

Modulus of compacted stones : 48000kPa
Poisson's ratio : 0.3
Angle of internal friction : 42
0


The basic axisymmetric finite element mesh and
boundary conditions used to represent the individual load
tests are given in figure 3. 15-noded triangular elements
are used for meshing. Along the periphery radial
deformation is restricted but settlement is allowed. Along
the bottom of the tank both radial deformation and
settlement are restricted.
An equal settlement analysis is done when column alone
loaded. Analysis for entire area loaded is done by
applying uniform load over the area. In case of column
alone loaded failure is by bulging of the column at a depth















Fig. 3. Finite element mesh for test model (s/d = 3)






(a) Column alone loaded (b) Entire area loaded

Fig. 4. Deformed mesh
Tank wall (radial
deformation) = 0
50mm dia
Center line of stone column
Fixed boundary
Stone
colum
n
Soft clay
450mm
Deformed Mesh
Center line of
stone column
Sand
layer
Soft
clay
Stone
column
Center line of
stone column
Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA 205
of 0.5 to 1 times diameter of the column. Figure4(a)
shows a typical deformed mesh at the time of failure when
column alone loaded. When entire area loaded the
analysis is done for a load capacity corresponding to that
of model test. Figure 4(b) shows a typical deformed mesh
when entire area loaded. No bulging of the column is seen
as in the case of model test.


5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Column Area Alone Loaded

Fig.5 compares the load settlement curves from model test
and finite element analysis for different shear strength
with same s/d ratio of 2. As seen from the figure failure is
clear and found to be due to bulging of the column. The
ultimate load capacities obtained from the model test and
finite element analysis are given in table2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 200 400 600 800
Load intensity (kN/sq.m)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
m
)
30kPa
12kPa
6.5kPa
s/d =2
Model teat
FEM

Fig. 5. Load settlement curves at different shear
strength

Figure 6 compares the load settlement curve from model
test and finite element analysis for different spacing to
diameter ratio with same shear strength of 12kPa. The
curves obtained from the finite element analysis compares
well with that from model test. Table 2 compares the
ultimate load capacities obtained from model test and
finite element analysis

Table 2: Comparison of ultimate load capacity


Ultimate load capacity (kPa) s/d s
u
(kPa)
Model test FEM
2 30 780 725
2 12 365 345
2 6.5 195 185
3 12 325 305
4 12 255 225

0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400
Load intensity (kN/sq.m)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
m
)
s/d = 3
s/d = 2
s
u
= 12kPa
s/d = 4
Model test
FEM

Fig. 6. Load settlement curves for different s/d ratios

5.2 Entire Area Loaded

Figure 7 compares load settlement curves from model test
and finite element analysis for different shear strength and
same s/d ratio of 2. In model test because of the confining
effect from the tank wall and since the full area is loaded,
failure has not taken place. Curves from the finite element
analysis also follow the same pattern. The stiffness of the
improved ground can be obtained by the back calculation
from the curves, which can be adopted for settlement
analysis. Table 3 compares the stiffness values obtained
from model test and finite element analysis.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100 150 200 250
Load intensity (kN/sq.m)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
m
)
30kPa
6.5kPa
12kPa
s/d = 2
Model test
FEM
Fig. 7. Load settlement curves for different shear
strength

Table 3: Comparison of stiffness

Stiffness (kPa) s/d s
u
(kPa)
Model test FEM
2 30 16070 16200
2 12 9640 9000
2 6.5 8020 8090
3 12 7230 7740
4 12 3870 3620
Ambily & Gandhi, Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay ICGGE-2004
206 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, INDIA
Figure 8 compares the load settlement curves from model
test and finite element analysis for different s/d ratios and
same shear strength of 12kPa. Table 3 compares the
stiffness obtained from model test and finite element
analysis.


0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Load intensity(kN/sq.m)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
(
m
m
)
s
u
=12kPa
s/d = 4
s/d = 3
s/d = 2
Model test
FEM


Fig. 8. Load settlement curves for different s/d ratios



6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The present work compares the load settlement behaviour,
ultimate axial capacity of stone column and stiffness of
the improved ground from experimental work with finite
element analysis. Following conclusions are drawn based
on the study.

1. When column area alone is loaded, the failure is by
bulging of the column with maximum bulging at 0.5 to 1
times the column diameter below the top.
2. When the column and surrounding area represented by
the column is loaded with confinement of tank wall, the
bulging failure cannot take place.
3. The load settlement behaviour when entire area is
loaded is almost linear and it is possible to arrive at the
stiffness of the improved ground. The stiffness obtained
from model test compares well with that obtained from
the finite element anaysis.
4. Compared to the load settlement for s/d of 2 and 3, s/d
of 4 is not having any significant improvement.
5. The load settlement behaviour and the ultimate axial
capacities obtained from model test compares well with
that of finite element analysis.




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th

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