1

GRAMMAR REVIEW
I.

REASON
1. Subordinators

Subject + Verb

(main clause)
2. Prepositions
Subject + Verb

3. Conjunctive adverbs
Subject + Verb

because
since
as
seeing that
Subject + Verb
now that
in that
on the grounds that
(subordinate clause)
Because of
Due to
Owing to
+ Noun Phrase/ Gerund
On account of
On grounds of
As a result/ consequence of
(prepositional phrases of reason)
. Therefore,
. Thus,
. Hence,
. As a result,
. As a consequence,
. Consequently,
. Accordingly,

(clause of reason)

Subject + Verb

(clause of result)

4. Simple Conjunctions
Subject + Verb
(clause of cause)

, so

Subject + Verb
(clause of effect)

Subject + Verb
(clause of result)

, for

Subject + Verb
(clause of reason)

Subject (Noun Phrase)

Cause
Lead to
Result in
Trigger (off)
Touch off
Give rise to

Object (Noun Phrase)

5. Verbs

=>
B
Result from
Note: Gerund is used after prepositions only when the two subjects refer to ONE person.

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II. CONCESSION
1. Subordinators
Although
Though
Even though

Extension

Subject + Verb

(subordinate clause of concession)

(main clause)

No matter how + Adj/ Adv

However + Adj/ Adv

Subject + Verb,

Subject + Verb

Adj/ Adv + as

Subject + Verb,

Subject + Verb

No matter what/ whatever

No matter which/ whichever
No matter who/ whoever

(S) + Verb,

Subject + Verb

Subject + Verb,

Subject + Verb

No matter where/ wherever

No matter when/ whenever
Note:

Subject + Verb,

Sometimes, though can be used in reduced form or at the end of the subordinate
clause with negative verbs.
E.g. Though Susan is not charming, John head over heels loves her.
Susan is not charming though, John head over heels loves her.
Susan, though not charming, wins Johns heart.

2. Prepositions
Despite
+ Noun Phrases/ the fact that Subject + Verb,
In spite of
+ Gerund (V-ing)(S1#S2),
(prepositional phrase of concession)

Subject + Verb
(main clause)

Despite his little knowledge of biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation.

In spite of knowing little about biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation.
Despite the fact that he knows little about biotechnology, John gave a convincing presentation.
3. Conjunctive
Adverbs
Subject + Verb
(clause of concession)

4. Simple
conjunctions

Subject + Verb

. However,
. Nonetheless,
. Nevertheless,
. On the other hand,

Subject + Verb

, but/ yet

Subject + Verb

(clause of concession)

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(main clause)

(main clause)

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PRACTICE 1: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of concession.
1
Despite/ heavy/ traffic/ we/ get/ conference/ time/ yesterday.
..
2
No matter/ heavily/ rain/ John/ make/ decision/ go hiking/ 3 weeks ago.
..
3
Maria/ not take/ exams/ last week/ though/ she/ spend/ a lot/ time/ revise/ lessons.
..
4
Joe/ not get/ promotion/ years/ even/ he/ work/ devotedly.
..
5
In spite/ know/ fact/ that/ eat fatty food/ not good/ health/, Joe/ encourage/ parents/ eat/ quite/ fat.
..
6
Humble as/ Kathy/, many/ her classmates/ not/ like.
..
7
No matter/ you/ live/, we/ support/ you.
..
8
Susan/ often/ drink/ high fat milk/ although/ rather fat.
..
9
No matter/ he/ say/, we/ had better/ not/ trust.
..
10
No matter/ strong/ tornado/ 3 days ago/, Mike/ not/ cancel/ hang-gliding trip.
..
11
In spite/ heavy/ thunderstorm/, they/ keep/ chase/ wanted bank robbers/ forest.
..
12
Though/ George/ seriously/ ill/ last month, we/ have to/ carry on/ journey.
..
PRACTICE 2: Rewrite the following sentences as directed
1.
Although John worked very hard, he couldnt earn enough to support his family.
(No matter how) .
( Hard as)
.
(Despite)
.
2.
In spite of his patience, Toni was unable to get the ticket for his favorite show.
(Even though)
.
(However)
.
(as)
.
3.
Although labor-saving devices have been developed, women are not totally liberated from housework.
(In spite of)
.
4.
Tom got promotion last month though he did not contribute much to the development of the company.
(Despite)
.
5.
Despite the sharp increase of 15 % in the sales of Pepsi last month, Pepsi Co. had to close some outlets.
(Though)
.
6.
In spite of the fact that the total turnover declined significantly last week, all the staff had good bonus.
(Despite the
.
significant)
.
7.
No matter how strong Henry is, he cannot lift the marble bench.
(In spite of)
.
(as)
.
8.
Although the unemployment rate has dropped remarkably, the Government has to create more jobs.
(Despite)
.
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III. CONDITION
1. Type 1

Present or Future possible condition (iu kin c tht hin ti hoc

c th xy ra trong tng lai)
If
Provided that
Providing that
As long as

Note:

Subject + V1 (es/s),
(present simple)

Subject + Will Verb

(future simple)

If not = Unless = V.bare phrase, or Subject + Will Verb

If = As long as = Provided/ providing that= V.bare phrase, and Subject + Will Verb
If you dont get up early, you will be late for school.
Unless you get up early, you will be late for school.
Get up early, or you will be late for school.

2. Type 2

Emphasis:

Unreal condition at present => express a desire, a piece of suggestion/ advice

(iu kin khng c tht hin ti, din t s khao kht hoc li khuyn, ngh)
If
Provided that
Subject + V2 (ed)/ were,
Subject + Would Verb
Providing that
As long as
If
If
(omitted)

Were Subject ,
Did Subject + Verb,
(inversion)

Subject + Would Verb

Subject + Would Verb

If I were your mother, I would not argue with that guy.

Were I your mother, I would not argue with that guy.
If I had wings, I would fly to you right away.
Did I have wings, I would fly to you right away.
Note:

Subject + V1 (es/s)
(present simple)

. But for that,

. Otherwise,

Subject + Would Verb

John helps me with my housework. But for that, I would not fulfill my job.
3. Type 3

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Unreal condition in the past => express a regret, an excuse

(iu kin khng c tht qu kh, din t s hi tic, s bin minh)
If
Provided that
Subject + Had V3 (ed),
Subject + Would Have V3 (ed)
Providing that
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As long as
Emphasis:

If
(omitted)

Had Subject + V3 (ed),

(inversion)

Subject + Would Have V3(ed)

If you had taken your mothers advice, you would not have lost the game.
Had you taken your mothers advice, you would not have lost the game.
Note:

Subject + V2(ed)
(past simple)

. But for that,

. Otherwise,

Subject + Would Have + Verb

John helped me with my housework. But for that, I would not have fulfilled my job.

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14

PRACTICE 1: Rewrite the following sentences

Julie did not know that you were ill, so she did not call on you.
As long as .
Ortega usually neglects his study. Otherwise, he would have better scores.
Provided that
Unless your brother comes here tomorrow, we will leave for London without him.
If .
I would not have cancelled my hiking trip providing that it had not rained heavily.
Hadnt it ...
If you dont try your best, you will be left behind.
Try your best
Michael worked lazily. But for that, he would have completed the project on schedule.
Had Michael ..
If you add some soup powder into the sauce, you will have a simple, but tasty dish.
Add some soup powder
Kathy would have accepted your proposal if you had talked to her in person.
Providing that .
If I were a healthy man, I would join the army.
Were ..
Robert would not be so lonely as long as he had some brothers.
Did ..
If the sea level rises, thousands of people will have to evacuate from this coastal town.
Thousands of people will have to evacuate from this coastal town provided ..
If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hand-gliding.
Unless
Francoise did not go to school yesterday. But for that, he would have known that Mrs. Brown was ill.
Provided that ..
Submit your application now, or you wont be granted a job interview.
Unless

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PRACTICE 2: Complete the following sentences.
15
If it doesnt stop snowing tomorrow, ..
16
Provided that you ate less
17
Her life might have been saved if
18
If you tried to climb it without a guide
19
He would have been drowned if
20
The grass would look better as long as ..
21
If the river rises any higher .
22
This clock wouldn't have run down providing that
IV. CAUSE AND EFFECT
1. Too Adj/ Adv

Qu n ni mkhng th
Subject + Verb

e.g.

Note:

e.g.

3. Enough

e.g.

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+ to V-infinitive

Tom is too weak to move the cupboard.

Susan spoke too fast (for us) to understand.

2. So/ suchthat

e.g.

+ too Adj/ Adv

Qu n ni m
Subject + Verb
+ so adj/ adv that

Subject + Modal + Verb

Subject + Verb

Subject + Modal + Verb

+ such (a/an) adj noun that

(b a/an khi i trc
uncount/plural noun)

Tom is so weak that he cant lift the cupboard.

Tom is such a weak boy that he cant lift the cupboard.
Vi many/ much

so many N (plural) that

so much N (uncountable) that
=> such a lot of noun that

There was so much traffic in the street that we were held up for half an hour.
There was such a lot of traffic in the street that we were held up for half an hour.

Subject + Verb

+ adj/adv + enough
+ enough + noun

Tom is not strong enough to lift the cupboard.

We didnt have enough money to buy that house.

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+ to V-infinitive

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PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of causes & effects.
1
My grandpa/ so weak/ he/ play/ sports/ any longer.
..
2
Nam/ too/ fast/ get rid/ old man/ cross/ the street.
..
3
Maria/ not/ work/ hard/ enough/ pass/ exams/ last week.
..
4
Joe/ such/ arrogant/ that/ nobody/ like/ him.
..
5
Local children/ poor/ that/ never/ see/ a toy car.
..
6
Henry/ not intelligent/ enough/ solve/ math exercise/ effectively.
..
7
Naomi/ not dance/ beautifully/ win/ examiners heart.
..
8
Susan Boyle/ sing/ so beautifully/ win/ heart/ millions/ audience.
..
9
George/ speak/ Japanese/ fluently/ that/ surprise/ all/ us.
..
10
Maria and David/ such/ excellent/ students/ they/ win/ most/ gold medals.
..
11
Rosa/ work/ too/ hard/ drag/ legs/ home.
..
12
Warehouse/ too small/ store/ all/ old furniture.
..
V. CAUSATIVE (TH NH)
1. TO HAVE
Active:
Subject + (HAVE) + doer + V. bare + Object.
Passive:
Subject + (HAVE) + Object + V3/ed.
John had a plumber fix the water pipe yesterday.
John had the water pipe fixed yesterday.
2. TO GET

Active:
Passive:

Subject + (GET) + doer + to V- infinitive + Object.

Subject + (GET) + Object + V3/ed.

John got a plumber to fix the water pipe yesterday.

John got the water pipe fixed yesterday.
3. WANT/
WOULD LIKE

Active:
Passive:

Subject + (want/ would like) + doer + to V- infinitive + Object.

Subject + (want/ would like) + Object + V3/ed.

John wanted us to type the report by 4 P.M.

John wanted the report typed by 4 P.M.
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PRACTICE: Complete the following sentences, using Causative Forms.
1
Mark/ have/ house/ demolish/ day/ yesterday

2
George/ usually/ get/ aunt/ keep an eye/ house

3
My parents/ have/ taxi driver/ drive/ Stonehenge/ last Saturday.

4
Why dont you/ get/ car/ service?
..
5
We/ get/ living room/ redecorate/ next Monday.
..
6
I/ have/ case/ investigate/ right away.
..
7
We/ have/ maid/ take care/ son/ since/ he/ born
..
8
Where/ you/ have/ skirt/ make?
..
9
Henry/get/ secretary/ type/ report/ before/ he/ leave/ yesterday.
..
10
You/have/ children/ take/ school/ yet?
..
11
How often/ parents/ get/ lawn/ mow?
.
12
I/ get/ Christmas tree/ decorate/ by the time/ you/ come home/ tomorrow night.
..
13
John, together / friends,/ hardly/ get/ room/ clean/ as/ they/ clean/ themselves
.
14
My brother-in-law/promise/ have/ bike/ repair
.
15
Id like/ car/repaint/ end/ this/ month.
..
16
You/ have/ mechanic/ repair/ car/ yet?
.
17
They/ want/ study/ paint/ royal blue.
..
18
We/ get/ a babysitter/ take/ care/ little daughter.
.
19
Joe/ with/ old friend/ usually have/ taxi driver/ take/ school.
.
20
Maria/ (d) like/ report/ type/ three languages.
.

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VI. PURPOSE
1. Subordinators
Subject + Verb

so that
in order that

+ Subject + Modal + Verb

Susie is working hard on the project so that she can finish it on schedule.
Kathy removed her desk to the corner in order that she would have more space for a cabinet.
Joe spoke loudly so that we could understand him.

2. Prepositions
Subject + Verb

In order (for Sb) (not) to

So as (for sb) (not) to
to

V-infinitive
V-infinitive
V-infinitive

Susie is working hard on the project so as to finish it on schedule.

Kathy removed her desk to the corner in order to have more space for a cabinet.
Joe spoke loudly in order (for us) to understand him.

PRACTICE 1: Complete the following sentences, using clauses or phrases of purpose.

1
Last month, Sue/ build/ warehouse/ back yard/ so that/ keep/ charcoal.
..
2
My grandparents/ give/ aunt/ $150,000.00/ order that/ buy/ new apartment.
..
3
A bridge/ currently/ build/ Nadia river/ that/ local children/ go/ school/ easily.
..
4
John/together/close friends/ already/ raise/ fund/ $250,000.00/ so as/ help/ local disables.
..
5
Royce / well as/ parents/ contribute/ $25,000.00/ charity/ order to/ help/ local orphans.
..
6
Local police/ just/ make/ a public announcement/so that/ local inhabitants/ recognize/ wanted
kidnappers.
..
7
Board/ management/ a decision/ upgrade/ assembly line/ so as/ improve/ productivity.
..
8
School principal/ decide/ have/ new laboratory/ install/ order that/ students/ have/ better/ access/
practical experiments.
..
9
Local governor/ just/ invest/ much/ road repairs/ so as/ improve/ local transport system.
..
10
There/ misconception that/ elderly/ people/ do/ heavy exercise/ order to/ keep/ shape.
..

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PRACTICE 2: Translate into English.
1
Cch y hai ngy, anh h ca ti cht b tt c cy xanh vn nh anh y xy mt sn bng mini.
..
2
David cng vi a bn ca n ang hc tp chm ch vt qua k thi tuyn vo RMIT vo thng sau.
..
3
chin thng trong trn u vi Lewis, Klitcho mt 6 thng tp luyn vt v vi chuyn gia ca anh y.
..
4

Chng ti ang nh ngi sn li cn nh c bn c gi tt hn.

..
chun b tt cho cuc phng vn xin vic vo th 7 tun trc, Maria phi c rt nhiu sch.
..
Hng dn vin du lch thng phi ni c t nht 2 ngoi ng hng dn c tour quc t.
..
ng ca ti tp th dc mi bui sng ci thin s do dai/ linh hot.
..
Lucia va mi ng k hc aerobic gi dng.
..
Sinh vin nn ng k hc cc kha k nng mm p ng tt nhu cu tuyn dng.
..
Bobby quyt nh gim gi bn my laptop c ca anh y cng nhanh cng tt.
..

5
6
7
8
9
10

VII. COMPARISON

Equalities
-

Comparatives
-

S1 + VERB (twice/ three times) + AS adj./ adv. AS + S2 + (Aux.Verb)

e.g. : My father earns (three times) as much as yours.
As many N[plu.] + VERB As N[plu.]
e.g. : As many schoolboys like computer games as schoolgirls.
As much N[noncount] + VERB As N[noncount]
e.g. : As much rice was exported to the Philippines as it was to India in 2007.

S1 + VERB (far/ much) Adj-Er/ Adv-Er THAN S2 + (Aux.Verb)

e.g. : The investment in textile products was (far) heavier than that in agricultural ones in 2009.
S1 + VERB (far/ much) More Adj/ Adv THAN S2 + (Aux.Verb)
e.g. : My brother is (much) more humorous than I am.

Superlatives

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S + VERB + THE (first/ second) + ADJ/ ADV- Est

e.g. : Thierry is the (second) nicest man I have ever met.
- S + VERB + THE (first/ second) + most ADJ/ ADV
e.g. : John used to be the most intelligent student in my school.
- S + VERB + THE least + ADJ/ ADV
e.g. : Susan seems to be the least aggressive lady among those ladies standing over there.
Complex comparison
-

Same adjectives/ adverbs

Short adj/adv:

Subject + Verb

+ adj/ adv-ER and adj/ adv-ER

Long adj/ adv:

Subject + Verb

+ more and more adj/ adv

My mother is getting more and more beautiful.

Your son is (getting) taller and taller. How tall is he, Jack?

Different adjectives/ adverbs

Short adj/adv:

The adj/ adv-ER + Subject + Verb,

the adj/ adv-ER + Subject + Verb

Long adj/ adv:

The more adj/ adv +Subject + Verb,

the more adj/ adv +Subject + Verb

Note:
Nouns:

The more
The fewer
The less

The older my grandpa is, the weaker he is.

The more beautiful Julie is, the more arrogant she is.

+ noun (u)or (p/c)

+ noun (c)
+ noun (u)

Subj + Verb,

the more
the fewer
the less

+ noun (u)or (p/c)

+ noun (c)
+ noun (u)

Subj + Verb,

Practice 1: Complete the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

01
As many/ sheep/ sell/ Australia/ 1990/as/horses.

02
Number/ people/ infected/ swine flu/ Vietnam/ last week/ twice/ high/ as/ 2010.

03
Rate / divorce/underdeveloped countries/ incline/ slowly/ than/ developing countries.

04
Life expectancy/ Vietnamese/ now/ 2 years/ high/ 3 years ago.

05
Susan/ tendency/ spend/ far/much/ fashion/ than/ education.

06
Laos/ have/ high/ illiteracy rate/among/ three neighboring countries/ Vietnam/ Laos/Cambodia.

07
Quantity/ furniture/ import/ Brazil/ last year/ large/ this year.
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Textile products/ make up/ low/ percentage/ 20% / year.

09
Rice export/ make/ large/ contribution/ 2.5 billion US dollars/ the GDP/, whereas/ handicraft products/
contribute/ small/ proportion/ 0.5 US dollars.

10
As / houses/ damage/ Tsunami/ Japan/ 2 weeks ago/ as/ 2 atomic bombs/ 2nd world war.

Practice 2: Rewrite the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

11
Last year, John did not earn as much as he does now.

12
Nobody in my class can speak Spanish as fluently as Naomi.

13
George is far stronger than Mark.

14
Maria is the most benevolent lady I have ever known.

15
The number of international employees working in Japan is as high as that in Singapore.

16
The amount of money invested in railway systems is usually as high as that in bus systems.

17
Mark is older than his cousin by 4 years.

18
David was not as humorous as he is now.

19
None of my schoolmates is as dynamic as Terry.

20
Smith has 3 nieces more than I do.

Practice 3: Complete the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

01
As many/ boys/ learn/ how/ make/ cream cakes/ girls/ last June.

02
Number/ people/ suffer/ Tsunami/ Japan/ 2 weeks ago/ twice/ high/ as/ Cuba/ 1976.

03
Rate / juvenile crime/currently/ incline/ fast/ than/ middle-aged crime.

04
Unemployment/ rate/ now/ much/ low/ than/ 10 years ago.

05
Local government/ recently/ invest/ far/ much/ infrastructure/ than/ used to.

06
Illiteracy rate/ Laos/ three times/ high/ Cambodia.

07
Living cost/ Singapore/ not/ low/ as/ Vietnam.

08
Agricultural products/ make up/ high/ percentage/ 70%.

09
Rice export/ make/ large/ contribution/ the GDP/ than cashew export/, 20%/ to/ 17%.

08

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13
10

As much/ sticky rice/ export/ South Africa/ as/ Iraq.

PRACTICE 4: Rewrite the following sentences, using COMPARISON.

11
Last year, John earned far more than he does now.

12
Nobody can sing as beautifully as Michael.

13
George is 3 kilos heavier than Mark.

14
Mathew was the most ambitious man that I had ever known.

15
The number of photocopiers imported from Japan was as high as that from Singapore last year.

16
The amount of oil which was illegally exported to Cambodia last month was as high as that in 2009.

17
My former boss is not as humorous as the current one.

18
Dave earns 2000 US dollars a month, whereas his wife earns 1000 US dollars.

19
None of my friends solved the math exercise as quickly as Julie.

20
Henry has 2 sisters. Susan has 5 sisters.

21
As many people died in the Tsunami in Japan 2 weeks ago as those passed away in Puket, Thailand in 2009.

22
The quantity of money which was stolen from the safe last week was as large as that last year.
PRACTICE 5: Translate into English
1. Ngi ta thng cho rng cng lm vic tn ty, chng ta cng c nhiu c hi thng tin.

2. Theo ti, cng l nh, cng nhn cng d b tai nn.

3. Theo mt s chng c khoa hc gn y, tri t ang ngy cng nng hn.

4. ng b chng ta thng ni, chng ta cng nung chiu con ci, chng cng h hng.

5. Tht kh ph nhn thc t l gii tr by gi ngy cng manh ng.

6. Tht tnh m ni, ti nhn thy bn thn mnh ngy cng im tnh.

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7.

8.

9.

10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

Tn y lng mnh, ti cm thy khng cn thit phi gip Maria na n gin v c y cng lc cng kiu
cng.

Hy vng bn khng phin, nhng chng ti nhn thy bn cng ngy cng chnh.

Thc t, cuc sng cng gian nan, chng ta cng c ng lc chinh phc n.

Hy vng bn khng phin cu hi ng ngn ca ti, nhng c phi bn ang ngy cng mp hn.

Ni chung, cng c gng th hin (khoe khoang), chng ta cng mt nhiu bn b hn.

Thc t cho thy rng, cng n ung iu , chng ta cng khe hn.

Theo ti c bit, gi vng ang gim ngy cng mnh.

Biu cho thy bin li ngy cng rng hn.

Theo cc nim yt ca ngn hng trung ng, cc t gi hi oi khng cn dao ng mnh nh trc.

VIII.

RELATIVE CLAUSE
1. Definitions
- Restrictive

: an adjective clause modifying an indefinite noun

e.g. - A man is from a Far East country. He is wearing a smart grey suit.
(indefinite noun)
The man who is wearing a smart grey suit is from a Far East country.
restrictive relative clause

Non- Restrictive

: an adjective clause modifying a definite noun

(A non-restrictive relative clause is always separated from the main clause
by one or two commas.)
Bobby has just come back from the UK. His wife is a famous scientist.
(definite noun)

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e.g. Bobby, whose wife is a famous scientist, has just come back from the UK.
non-restrictive relative clause
2. Relative pronouns/Adjective/ Adverbs.
Subject
Person WHO

Object
WHOM

Possessive Adj
WHOSE

Adverb

Thing WHICH

WHICH

Place WHICH

WHICH

WHOSE
THE NOUN OF WHICH
WHOSE

Time X

WHEN = (prep) + WHICH

Reason X

WHY = FOR WHICH

WHERE = (prep) + WHICH

USAGE OF THAT
-

That c th c dng thay cho who, whom, which trong mnh quan h gii hn
(restrictive relative clause).
Lu : + khng chuyn gii t ln trc that
The man to whom you talked yesterday is an architect.
The man that you talked to yesterday is an architect.

+ c th b that khi n l object trong mnh quan h.

The man (that) you talked to yesterday is an architect.
Bt buc dng that thay cho who, whom, which khi mnh quan h b ngha cho cc
danh t c c im sau:
+ Danh t tp hp ngi v vt.
E.g. The man and the donkey that we saw yesterday are from Middle- East.
+ Danh t c b ngha bi 1 tnh t so snh nht.
E.g. Kathy is the most charming girl that I have ever met.
+ Danh t c ch nh bi mt s nh lng t nh: only, quite a few, several
E.g. Francoise is the only man that I can trust.
+ Nhn mnh danh t/ i t ch ng: It (be) somebody that + Verb: chnh ai
E.g. It is Gorge that broke the vase of flower.

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16
Particle and Preposition?
Lu : Particle l t b phn ca phrasal verb nn khng c tch ra khi ng t chnh chuyn ra
trc relative pronoun. Ngc li, ta phi chuyn preposition ra trc cc relative pronoun nh
whom v which, ngoi tr that.
E.g. The little boy whom I took care of 2 years ago is now an active 6-year-old boy.
The beautiful girl to whom we talked at Bobs party is my neighbor.
The beautiful girl that we talked to at Bobs party is my neighbor.
PRACTICE 1: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using Relative Clause.
01
Dont you remember the lady in forties? We called on her 6 months ago.
.
02
The car is for sale. Its windscreen has already been replaced.

03
Penang is a beautiful coastal town. My aunt is living with her fianc in Penang.

04
New York is considered as a melting pot/ a Metropolitan city. New York covers an area of 790 square kilometers.

05
Kathy has been abandoned since she was a little girl. She was born to a poor family.
.
06
My niece-in-law has just graduated with honor from Harvard University. An anonymous nun brought her up.

07
You bought me a nice present. Thank you very much for that present.

08
I ran into you on the day. Hardly can I forget that day.

09
A car crashed into a queue of people yesterday. Two of them were only 7 years of age.
.
10
The man looks weak. He has a pale complexion. He has just left the clinic a few minutes ago. He donates his blood
to save patients at least 3 times a year.

11
I used to fall in love with Daisy. Daisy is a charming and sensible lady. She is now my next-door neighbor.

12
The man with a big moustache is a new comer in this town. His son is a helpful policeman.

13
Susie is the most benevolent lady. I have never known a more benevolent lady than she is.
.
14
Henry has three lovely pet dogs. One of them is from Hawaii.

15
Dont sit on the desk. One of its legs is broken. It is made of wood.

16
The young man looks romantic. He has a smiling square face. He is a pianist indeed.

17
You let me down for the reason. I do care for the reason.

18
It is Maria. Maria stole your toy car.
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17
.
Jack is the only person. He can help you out with this financial problem.

20
Mathematics is a compulsory school subject in my country. I was really bad at Mathematics.

21
Conan Doyle wrote the used-to-be best seller named Sherlock Homes. Conan Doyle is a famous American writer.

PRACTICE 2: Combine the following sentences, using Relative Clauses

1 The mangoes are very fresh and delicious.
Uncle Tom bought them on his trip to the countryside last week.

2 Do you remember a small village by the stream? We visited it on our tour of KonTum.

3 KonTum is a beautiful highland province. I was born there.

..
4 The old man with a big beard is a very helpful rural person. His son is our classmate.
..
5 The town is surrounded with open fields and a net of canals. My aunt is living in that town
..
6 I want to know the reasons. You left HCM city for this remote rural area for these reasons.
..
7 Dalat is the most beautiful highland city. I have ever seen it.
..
8 Hung Vuong Parkson Plaza is one of the biggest shopping malls. It is located in district 5.

9 I will never forget the day. I came to HCM city for the first time on that day.
..
10 The rural man has been assigned to be a university principal. He talked to you yesterday.
.
19

IX. NOUN PHRASE

Determiner
Pre-det.
Det.
Some of
+ the/a/an
Any of

+ my/ your/ his

All of

+ this/ that/ these...

One of

+ a pair of/ many/any

Pre-modifier
Post-det.
first/ second

Head noun

+ simple adjective

+ simple noun

+ prepositional phrase

+ compound
adjective

+ compound
noun

+ Relative clause

+ a lot of/ plenty of

Each of
Many of

two/ three
+ Peters/ Marias

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Post-modifier

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18
Much of

+ two/ three/ four

Two of

+ most/ few/ a few

+ adjectival

None of

1. opinion

Most of

2. size
3. age

+ Reduced forms of a
relative clause

Past participle

Present
Participle

To infinitive
phrase

4. Shape
5. Color
6. Origin
7. Material

PRACTICE: Rearrange the given words to complete NOUN PHRASES.

01
one/ old/ houses/ beautiful/ wooden/ of/ calm/ by/ the/ the/ lake
.
02
young/ the/ tall/ good-looking/ by/ pool/ the/ standing/ man/ swimming
.
03
most/ middle-aged/ aggressive/ the/ Chinese/ woman/ dark/ with/ hair/long/ straight
.
04
furniture/ valuable/ wooden/ my/ old/ grandparents/ the/ placed/ sacred/ room/ altar/in
.
05
two/ reports/ type/ of/ important/ this/ the/ most/ to/ afternoon
.
06
some/ kidnapped/ teenaged/ homeless/ girls/ group/ by/ gangster/ three/ a/ ago/ days/ Italian
.
07
toy/ Chinese/ plastic/ nice/ brand-new/ and/ rubber/ cars/ our
.
08
the/ leather/ inexpensive/ second-hand/ Daisys/ jacket/ Italian/ found/ garage/ in/ yesterday
.
09
Jumpers/one/most/brand-new/woolen/Japanese/beautiful/my/of
.
10
Those/of/ladies/charming/one/leather/luxurious/Italian/Jackets/young/fit and slim/wearing
.
11
Mightiest/been/that/I/forest/the/have/in/ever
.
12
Closet/old/Chinese/my/valuable/grandparents/wooden/
.
13
Most/neighbors/next-door/helpful/my/poverty/in/of/living
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19

14
15
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

01
02
03
04
05
06

.
Assassinated/days/senator/acting/three/the/ago/48-year-old/by/freeway/the
.
Marias/cousin/muscular/teenaged/good-looking/elected/monitor/yesterday/class/the
.
Controversial/issue/the/that/attention/most/from/ages/draws/peole/all/of/social classes/and
.
old/ valuable/ wooden/ nice/ the/one/cabinets/of/by/ corner/the/dark/located

first/ novel/ father/ interesting/that/the/wrote/my

cute/ that/ little/ brought up/ boy/ orphanage/ an/ in

of/ my/ breeches/ denim/ Chinese/ two/ second-hand/ nice

big/ beard/ bald/ medium-height/ old/ with/ a/ the/ man

fair/ complexion/ fit and slim/ charming/ a/ with/ tall/ lady/ that/ middle-aged

the/ men/ youngest/ of/ that/ set/ two/ island/ this/ foot/ on/ green

statues/ wooden/ invaluable/ old/ displayed/ museum/ one/ the/ national/ in/ of/the

cute/ straight/ girls/ two/ slender/ teenaged/ of/ blond/ the/ with/ shoulder-length/ hair

closet/ old/ wooden/ fixed/ wall/ ugly/ the/ into/ the/ dirty

schoolboys/ uniforms/ active/ little/ tidy/ wearing/ black and white/ those

new/ nice/ knife/ pen/ my/ wooden/ with/ a/ handle

X. BASIC SENTENCE
XI. REDUCED FORMS
XII. INVERSION
XIII. PASSIVE
Practice 1: Change the following sentences into Passive Voice
They are currently building a new amusement park near the stadium.
..
Some people estimate that the sales of Pepsi products will increase significantly in 2015.
..
A group of internees is carrying out a market research at the moment.
..
Oliver will have finished the report by the time you come back tomorrow.
..
Some rumor that Jackson built a marvelous villa by the lake.
..
They had repainted the living room before they decorated it with colorful ornaments.

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20

07
08
09
10
11
12

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

01
02
03
04
05

..
We are going to get a tailor to make our wedding suits next Saturday.
..
Someone has taken away some of my old books.
..
Many people believed that Nelson won a lottery grand prize.
..
Id like your company to service my car as soon as possible.
..
They began to remove some slum dogs along the contaminated canal three days ago.
..
Police will have been investigating the case for almost three months by the end of this year.
..
Practice 2: Change the following sentences into Active Voice
Where was this dictionary bought from?
..
My suitcase was broken while it was being carried upstairs by a bellhop.
..
John had his water pipe fixed by a skilled plumber yesterday.
..
Oliver is rumored to have graduated with honor from Yale University.
..
Three of my warehouses will have been completed by August.
..
They have already gotten their car serviced by a skilled mechanic.
..
Some of their properties were found in an uninhabited area (by local police).
..
Henry always wants to be called sir.
..
The wallet should have been returned to its owner.
..
It is thought that we are running out of fossil fuel in some years.
..
The film sets started to be demolished some days ago.
..
The English are believed to be the traditional consumers of tea made in Vietnam.
..
Practice 3: Change the following sentences into Passive Voice
We saw your sister enter a bar three days ago.
..
They suggested Julie selling her old house at a lower price.
..
It was my duty to keep an eye on the child.
..
You neednt have spent all the money.
..
They were to knock down the old theatre when the mayor appeared.
..

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21
06
07
08

Police advised coming home by 9 P.M. on grounds of security.

..
Some think that Bruce Lee died of a heart stroke.
..
The boss gave some staff huge bonus.
..
XIV. REPORTED SPEECH
XV. SENTENCE CONNECTORS
XVI. MISTAKE CORRECTION

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