KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering

A Report on Internship Works
Required for the
Partial Fulfillment of the Degree in
Bachelors in Civil Engineering Program with Specialization in Hydropower Engineering

Host Organization: Mailun Khola Hydropower company.
Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Submitted By Supervisors
Aashutosh Timilsina (61) Dr. Damber Bahadur Nepali
Samip Dhungel (64) MKHP
Prabin Karki (72) Er. Bikash Thapa
Prabeg Sharma (73) Kathmandu University

Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering


Acknowledgment

We would like to thank to Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering, Kathmandu
University for providing us with the opportunity to gather experience in the industry.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude thank Dr. Dambar Bahadur Nepali, CEO,
MKHP, for taking us under his supervision and guiding us through the time frame with his
expertise and experience.
We would also like to thank Er. Sunil Gupta and Er. Ashish Shrestha for their guidance
while we were at the hydropower site. Also every support staff at the site office for their
hospitality and warm welcome.
We would also like to express our gratitude to the local people of Dadagau VDC
who were fairly inquisitive of our presence and yet supportive.
















Symbols and Abbreviation

DCGE Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering
RoR Run-of-River
HEP Hydroelectric Project
HPP Hydropower Project
MKHP Mailun Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.
KU Kathmandu University
lps Liter per second
m Meter
m/sec Meter per second
m^3 /sec Cubic meter per second cumec
MW Mega Watt
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NRs. Nepali Rupees











Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................5
a) Objectives
b) Scope of Work
c) A system overview
2. Internship Activities and Future Plan......................................................... 7
3. Site Report...................................................................................................7
a) Background
b) Objectives
c) Findings
i. Headworks
ii. Settling Basin
iii. Forebay
iv. Penstock
v. Powerhouse
vi. Tailrace
vii. Electromechanical Components
viii. Socio-Economic and Environment aspects
d) Deviations from proposed design and reasons.............................23
4. Office Work ...........................................................................................26
5. Design Report.........................................................................................27
a) NyamNyam Khola additional water design
b) Check of mailun khola Catchment area
6. Conclusion...............................................................................................37
Annex A: Pictures
Annex B: Power Energy Calculation
Annex C:Project Layout


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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
One of the major efforts of Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering is to
provide full-fledged in-house internship in any reputed organization/industry of Nepal
and/or abroad that specializes in Hydropower Development. The Civil Engineering
Program has been, therefore, designed with seven semesters of in-campus courses at
the University totaling 141 credit hours and one semester of off-campus internship (3
credits) inclusive of the final project works (9 credits) at the Host Organization.
After the completion of their in-campus works, the final year students must work at
Host Organization related to hydropower development as interns. The internship will
be for a minimum of 6 working weeks with 8 hours per day of work load for allowing
the students the opportunity to corporate knowledge, hands on technical skills, soft-
skills and potential placement while at the same time the Host Organization would
benefit from the lead-time and human resource identification. This would create a
synergy between Host Organization and academia.
For this, we had an opportunity to work in at Mailun Khola Hydropower Company
Pvt. Ltd.. as interns.
Introduction to Mailun Khola Hydropower Project
The Mailun Khola Hydropower Project (MKHP) site is located in the Bhote
Kosi (Trisuli) Basin in Rasuwa District of Bagmati Zone in the Central Development
Region of Nepal. The scheme has a planned capacity of 6 MW and diverts water from
the Mailun Khola for power generation. The powerhouse is proposed to be located
near Mailun Dovan on the right bank. The headwork is located on the left bank of
Mailun Khola at elevation 1047.5 amsl. The headworks consist of a diversion weir
with side intake, desanding basin and forebay. After the forebay the water is
conveyed to the powerhouse with a 1550 m long steel penstock pipe. The gross head
developed by the scheme is 153.7 m and the total turbine discharge is 5.2 m
3
/sec.
The main structures are on the surface and comprises of construction works of the
head works, Disilting basin, forebay, saddles, anchor blocks , powerhouse & tailrace
canal and the hydro-mechanical works including penstock pipe, gates, stoplogs and
trashrack.
The access to the Project site is by a 75 km long black topped road from
Kathmandu to Dhunge of Bidur Municipality plus 12 km motorable gravel road upto
Jagate Danda. From Jagate Danda access roads of 11.5 km and 1.1Km have been
newly constructed upto mailun dovan and Nyamnyam dovan respectively. The
last section of the road has been constructed by the project itself.
The headworks site and the powerhouse site are located at 1047m and 905m
above sea level respectively. The distance between the powerhouse site and
headworks site is about 1.6 km.


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1.2 Objectives
The primary objectives of the internship work are as follows:
a. To get exposed with professional engineering duties and responsibilities.
b. To develop the proficiency of functioning in diverse engineering and managerial
settings based on core knowledge, skills, attitudes and aptitudes acquired during
the in-campus semesters.
c. To be aware of engineering norms, values and ethical practices.
d. To be acquainted on how to educate and motivate clients about the activities of
Host Organization.
1.3 Scope of Work
The scope of internship work can be summarized as follows:
a. To be involved in day-to-day work as instructed by the supervisor from the Host
Organization.
b. To assist the supervisor and to be in consistent communication with the supervisor
to accomplish the objectives put forward within the period of internship.
c. To utilize all the theoretical and practical knowledge gained in order to solve the
problems faced by the Host Organization under the instruction provided by the
supervisors.
d. To accomplish engineering and managerial tasks required by the supervisors under
engineering norms, values and ethical practices.

1.4 A system Overview
Lower Mailun Khola Hydropower Project. is in its final stage, the construction of the
hydropower project is complete and while we were at the Company, wet test of the turbine
and a system synchronization was done. In fact the only reason MKHP is not producing
electricity already is because it is awaiting permission from NEA.
The Site is located Dada gau VDC in Rasuwa district.
The Feasibility study was done by : Star Consultancy (P) Limited
The civil works was completed by Contractor High Himal Hydro
The Electro mechanical component, supply and fixing was done my Andritz Hydro India.
The transmission Line was constructed by the contractor -Urja Nepal.


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2. Internship Activities and Future Plan

Our internship program was divided into three major parts, they are
1. Site Visit: We visited the site for the first leg of our internship, we were briefed by our
supervisor, Dr. Damber Bahadur Nepali, before we went to the site over the phone. He asked
us to observe the components of the hydropower and get a basic idea of the project. There is
a separate section, below that explores in depth our findings at the site and later on.
2. Office work: For the second leg of our internship program, we were asked to return from the
site, and report to the Head office at Baluwatar. The report preparation from the site and
study of inception report, feasibility report and other documents is the work we did at the
office just after arrival from the site. Such work led to a report and a presentation submitted
to our supervisor. Also we were involved in data entry activity during the office time.
3. Design work: The last leg of our internship involves the design and study of intake site, this is
also mentioned in detail in the later sections under a heading called design work report.
Future Plan
As we have now completed our internship program at MKHP, we will now proceed towards
working on our Final Year Project Report. Our Supervisor has agreed to provide us with whatever
data and guidance he to help us do our project.
Our plan as of now, is to work on the possibility of another Hydropower Project upstream of
the current site, such as that the tailwater will supply the intake of the Lower Mailun Khola HP
Project.
Site Report
Site Visit Report
The access to the Project site is by a 75 km long black topped road from Kathmandu
to Dhunge of Bidur Municipality plus 12 km motorable gravel road upto Jagate Danda.
From Jagate Danda access roads of 11.5 km and 1.1Km have been newly constructed upto
mailun dovan and Nyamnyam dovan respectively. The last section of the road has been
constructed by the project itself.
The main structures are on the surface and comprises of construction works of the
head works, Desilting basin, forebay, saddles, anchor blocks , powerhouse & tailrace canal
and the hydro-mechanical works including penstock pipe, gates and trash rack.
As the first part of our internship program we were asked to visit the site and gain an
over view of the project. We started our internship project from 31
st
March, 2014.
We met with the Civil engineer stationed there, Er. Sunil Gupta, who had overseen the
construction of the project.


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Other Engineer at the site, was Er. Ashish Shrestha, who was an Electrical Engineering
Graduate form Kathmandu University itself.
Er. Sunil Gupta introduced us to the project status.
OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of the site visit were:
To be familiar with the project site and different project components.
Assess suitability of the sites for construction of the different components.
Brief inspection of project areas morphology, geotechnical and foundation
conditions
Compare and contrast Layout of civil components from the Feasibility Study
Report later on during the internship


The following works were carried out during the site visit:
Walk through the project area to assess the head works, Disilting basin, forebay, saddles,
anchor blocks , powerhouse & tailrace canal and the hydro-mechanical works including
penstock pipe, gates, stoplogs and trashrack.
Assessment of the project components and field discussions on their merits and demerits,
Enquiry with the locals about the Mailun Khola and flood occurrences
Assessment of availability of construction materials.
Dismantling the temporary diversion structure at upstream
Desander filling, Penstock filling and Turbine spinning
Observe Electrical checks at the switch yard
Observe Erection of transmission line for Power evacuation

FINDINGS
1. Headworks
Headworks, also referred to as diversion works, abstracts water from the river and
diverts it into the waterways of the HPP for power generation at various flow conditions and
assists safe discharge of flood. As such, the headwork consists of all structural components
required for water diversion, energy dissipation, handling of sediments, and floating debris.


9
The design of the various headworks components will vary depending on site-specific
conditions, such as topography, geology, hydrology, meteorology, sedimentology and
environment, and needs to be adjusted accordingly. Every HPP has a unique headworks
arrangement. Consequently, the selection of headworks site should be based on the locations
technical, economic and environmental suitability for the major components that form the
headworks.
Features of ideal headworks
1. Withdrawal of required amount of water
2. Flood bypass
3. Minimization of sediment entry
4. Settling basin control
5. Economic and minimum operation and maintenance
6. Minimization of hydraulic losses
7. Prevent formation of air vortices
8. Prevents floating debris, trash and ice from entering the water conveyance system
9. Easy and economical to construct
Intake




Intake is the structure to obtain the required quantity of water from the river or the reservoir.
Its function is to divert the required amount of water to the waterways.
Salient features of Intake at MKHP
The intake at MKHP is a side (lateral) intake.
The headworks shall be capable of withdrawing the design discharge of 5.2 m
3
/s
including discharge required for flushing.
Steel lined spillway for safe passage of water fitted with gates.


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Intake is located near the spillway gate to avoid the riverbed from building up at the
intake. So no under-sluices was present.
No gravel trap
A broad crested weir is constructed adjacent to the intake such that the required
submergence of the intake is maintained high enough for necessary abstraction of
flow even during dry seasons and for the prevention of air entrainment in the
conveyance system. The diversion weir is a concrete structure of length 11.0 m
The diversion weir including the intake section shall permit safe passage of design
flood equivalent to 1 in 100 year flood.
No scour protection for weir
No seepage control measures at weir

2. Settling Basin

Settling basin is the structure to remove suspended sediments from water before
conveying it to the powerhouse. The main principle of the design of settling basin is to
reduce the mean velocity of the flow by increasing the cross sectional area.
The dimensions of the desanding basin depend on the characteristics of the river, the
design discharge, and the particle size to be removed, which is 0.20 mm for hydropower
projects with high heads. The selection of particle size to be excluded at desanding basin
was based on following criteria of head and turbine type:





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Salient features of Desilting Basin at MKHP
A double chambered conventional type surface desanding basin is constructed on
the right bank of the mailun Khola.
The length of the main basin is 45 m long, 4 m wide and 4 m high including the
free board of 0.5 m.
The settled silt particles will be flushed back to mailun Khola through the flushing
culvert with boulder riprap at the exit.
The trap efficiency of the desanding basin provided for the particles equal to or
bigger than 0.2 mm is 90%.
Vertical lift gates are provided at both ends of the desanding basin so that
desanding flushing can be carried out separately. Discharge from the end of the
desanding basin will be passed into the forebay before it is conveyed into the
penstock.







Particle Size (mm) to be Excluded at Desanding Basin
Head (m) Maximum size particle (mm)
100 200 0.6 1.0
200 300 0.5 0.6
300 500 0.3 0.5
> 500 0.1 0.3
Turbine Type
Kaplan 1.0 3.0
Francis 0.4 1.0
Pelton 0.2 0.4


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3. Forebay


It is a structure located at the beginning of the penstock pressure shaft satisfying the function of
supply required flow to the turbine during start up, accommodate the rejected flow during
shutdown, reduce water hammer effect is called forebay. Forebay is especially constructed between
the conveyance system and penstock pipe.
Functions of forebay:-
1. It allows transition from open channel to pressure flow conditions.
2. Regulates the flow into the penstock, particularly through the release of excess water
into a spillway.
3. It releases the surge pressure as the wave travels out of the penstock pipe.
4. It can also serve as the secondary/final settling basin and trap some particles that enters
the headrace downstream of the settling basin.
5. Forebay can also provide water storage for use during peak power demand period.
Basic Design Considerations:
1. Forebay should be designed to serve as the secondary settling basin.
2. Lower sediment concentration can be used because only particles that have escaped
from the settling basin or those have been eroded from the headrace canal is expected
in the forebay.
3. Storage depth for the sediments below the pipe invert should be allowed (min of 300mm
clearance).
4. Depth of basin should be sufficiently high to allow required depth of submergence.
It must be able to store 2 to 3 minutes of the design flow can be safely stored in the tank
above the minimum pipe submergence level.


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5. Q
f
= 2*Q
d
where Q
f
= Forebay Discharge
Q
d
= Turbine Discharge.
(Because during closing of the valve, there will be backflow occurred from the penstock
and the discharge from conveyance system is also continue for short time.)

6. Easily flushing principle.
7. The basic principle of the design of the forebay area should follow the design standard of
the desanding basin.

Characteristics of Forebay built in the MHP Project:-
1. It acts as a regulating pondage to cushion the impact of sudden load rejection or load
acceptance at the end of the desanding basin.
2. The design of forebay area follows the design of desilting basin with the dimensions 8m
long, 8.4 m wide and 8 m high with 0.5 m of freeboard.
3. The adequate height of submergence is 1.5 m is adopted.
4. Adequate invert level below the penstock is provide to collect the sediments.
5. Flushing channel is not provided instead manual cleaning of sediments can be done.
Francis turbine can withheld the maximum size of sediments of 0.4mm to 1.0 mm and
the desander is designed to trap the sediments greater or equal to 0.2mm with 90%
efficiency. Which makes minimum sediments on the forebay thus flushing channel is
excluded making it economical.
6. As forebay is incorporated with desilting basin the separate spillway for the forebay is
not needed.
















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4. Penstock



Penstock is designed to carry the design discharge from the forebay to turbines with
least possible loss of head in the powerhouse. These are pressurized conduits which
convey water to the turbines from free water surfaces. The most economical penstock will
be the one in which the annual value of the power lost in friction plus annual charges such as
interest, depreciation, maintenance will be a minimum.
Considerations in penstock for its durable and economical design:-
1. Economic diameter of penstock
An optimization study has to be carried out to calculate the economical diameter of the
penstock pipe. The study is based on the increment of penstock pipe diameter and the value
of energy gain with respect to the pipe diameter. Basically, a larger diameter pipe, for a
given discharge, leads to smaller headloss resulting the power and energy to increase while
on the other hand, a larger pipe means a higher capital investment. Therefore, a size that
will give the least capital cost over the lifetime of the plant is considered to be the optimum
diameter.

2. Shell thickness of penstock pipe.
3. Head loss in penstock pipe.
Selection Criteria for the penstock alignment:-
1. Forebay/ Surge tank Location


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The forebay/ surgetank location should be chosen to give minimum penstock length for the
economic reasons.
2. Practical ground slope:-
Flatter the ground slope less economic is the penstock since a longer pipe length is required
for a lower head. But the slopes steeper than 1:1 the difficulty in laying the penstock, anchor
block and support piers may occur. The ideal ground slope for the penstock alignment is
between 1:1 and 1:2 (V: H).
3. Minimum number of bends
Bends increases the head loss and require additional anchor blocks. Thus alignment should
be straight as possible both in plan and elevation.
4. Space for powerhouse area.
The chosen alignment must be such that it is possible to construct a powerhouse at the end
of the penstock.
5. Stability
Penstock alignment should be on stable ground because any ground movement can damage
the pipe, support piers and anchor blocks.
6. Other site specific conditions
Other site specific conditions are in the crossings like local trails, roads, canal, this section
should be either buried or high enough above the ground such that people and cattle can
walk underneath.



Types of penstock installations:
1. Exposed penstock
Penstock supported at pier or saddle support or penstock supported in ring girder are
examples of exposed penstock.
2. Steel tunnel liner (Embedded)
These are located in a tunnel and fully encased in concrete or encased in a portion of a
dam.
3. Buried Penstock (Underground)
These are partially or fully buried pipes. These are supported on the soil in a trench at a
depth of 1.0m to 1.5m and after placement trench is backfilled.



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Anchor Blocks


Anchor blocks are generally designed as mass concrete encasing the penstock designed to
withstand the weight of the pipe and water perpendicular to the pipe, friction on pipe on support,
hydrostatic pressure at bend, component of weight of pipe parallel to pipe, and self-weight of the
block. Anchor blocks are designed to withstand any load that the penstock exert on it and keep it in
place by the virtue of its own weight and the bearing area. Due to the forces that act on anchor
blocks, they are generally much more bulky than saddle supports.
In mailun project, anchor blocks are provided at all bends. Total number of anchor blocks provided is
17 and a block provided for bifurcation. An expansion joint is provided just downstream of each
anchor block.








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Saddle Supports

Saddle supports are reinforced cement concrete blocks, uniformly placed at every 10 m and
designed for the weight of pipe and water perpendicular to the pipe, friction due to expansion/
contraction and self-weight of the block. Penstock rests clear off 20 cm on the top of the saddles.
The saddles are founded on bedrock. The stability of a typical saddle has been checked for bearing
pressure, sliding and overturning and the sizes considered for the supports are found to be
adequate.

Characteristics of penstock in MKHP Project.
1. For a discharge of 5.2 m
3
/s, and a penstock length of 1550 m and a gross head of 148.5 m,
the optimum diameter of the penstock is found to be 1.5 m.
2. The total length of the penstock is 1550 m up to bifurcation, while an additional 21 m of 0.7
m diameter pipe is required after bifurcation.
3. Exposed type penstock is selected.
Advantages:
Ease in inspection of faults and maintenance
Economic in rocky terrain and large diameter
Stability ensured with anchorage

Disadvantages
Direct exposure of weather effect
Development of longitudinal stress on account of supports and anchorage, thereby
necessating expansion joints.



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4. The pipes are supported by saddle supports spaced at regular intervals of 10 m and anchor
blocks at each bend.
5. 2 Nos of expansion joints are provided where penstock is exposed to environment.
6. Reducers are installed for the smooth transition where the size of the penstock is reduced to
maintain the pressure.
7. The siphon crossing is made at a point where river crossing is done with two manholes and
pressure releasing valves at both ends of the siphon to release the air entrapped and for the
manual inspection of the pipe.


5.Power house



A power house is a structural Complex where all the equipments for power generation are
suitably arranged.
The basic requirement of powerhouse planning are
A. Functional efficiency
B. Aesthetic Beauty
Depending upon the location, the powerhouse can be Surface or Underground.
A surface powerhouse should have a stable foundation, if the foundation is weak then there
should be application of special foundation treatments.

The surface powerhouse located at Mailun Dovan. The surface powerhouse has two units of
electro-mechanical equipment having total installed capacity of 6,000 kW.

It is also required to have an area for service and maintenance and room for mounting control panel,
transformer and high voltage panel in addition to office rooms. Generally, an overhead crane for
installation of heavy equipment is also provided. Powerhouse is located so that it is safe from
possible flood of 100 year return period.


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The surface type powerhouse has been located on the relatively flat terrain on the right bank of
Mailun Khola at Dovan. The location is safe above the HFL of both Mailun and Trishuli with provision
of freeboard. The powerhouse will be 46 m long, 14 m wide and 21.86 m high. The powerhouse will
comprise of machine hall, erection bay, battery room, control and protection equipment etc. A
switchyard of approximate size 30 m x 20 m has been located close to the powerhouse.
POWERHOUSE DIMENSIONS AND UNIT PARAMETERS
The computed discharge diameter of the runner of each unit is 0.61 m. The runaway speed of the
turbine is 1699.60 rpm. Six numbers of poles are required in the rotor of the generator.
The unit-to-unit centerline distance is a function of the installed capacity and the net head, the
calculated value of which comes to be 3 m. The span of the overhead traveling crane is fixed at 8 m.
6. Tailrace
A tailrace canal is designed to pass the discharge after it has been utilized for power generation. A
tailrace of length about 70 m release the water to Trishuli. Tailrace outlet is prepared by providing
suitable transition with boulder riprap.
The geological condition along the tailrace canal is similar to that of the powerhouse foundation. The
tail water will be evacuated into the Trishuli River from right bank in a stable location.
7. ElectroMechanical Components
The Following were the important ElectroMechanical Components observed
A. TURBINE
B. The selection of type of turbine primarily depends upon the net head and available discharge for
the generating unit. As confirmed by the results of detail calculation, a Francis turbine with a
horizontal axis was the turbine of choice for the net head of 141.36 m and available discharge of 2.26
m
3
/sec for single unit for the project.
The turbine output capacity of each unit is calculated to be 3 MW. Single unit is not preferred due to
the fact that total generation loss will occur in time of the unit breakdown. Besides, various
guidelines give the value for minimum design discharge for continuous operation for Francis turbine
is 50%.
B. GOVERNOR


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Each generating unit was supplied with an Electro-hydraulic governor. The governor consisted of
speed sensing device, Electro-hydraulic actuator etc. required for regulating the speed and
controlling the openings of the guide vanes of the turbine
C. INLET VALVE
One set of butterfly valve operated by a servomotor, provided with bypass valve ans dead weight,
capable of being handled both electronically and mechanically.
D. HIGH PRESSURE OIL SYSTEM
Each set of generating unit has high pressure oil system, which consists of two sets of direct-coupled
alternating current motor-driven self-priming pump of sufficient capacity, one acting as the main and
the other as the stand-by.
E. COOLING WATER SYSTEM
The cooling water system provides necessary amount of cooling water mainly for the following
equipment:
Lubricating oil cooler
Generator air cooler
Transformer oil cooler
Oil sump tank cooler
F. UNIT BRAKING SYSTEM
A unit braking system is installed to quickly bring the rotating parts of the turbine and generator to a
stand still position, when the unit is being shut down. It is generally required that the time taken by
the rotating parts to come to a stand still from 20% of the normal operating speed should be less
than three minutes.
G. AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM (IF REQUIRED)
An air conditioning system is installed for the control room. The fresh air is provided from the
ventilation system. The system comprises of two sets of air conditioners, one acting as the main and
the other as the stand-by unit. Each unit shall consist of a compressor of appropriate capacity, a
thermostat and a humidistat. The operative temperature will be kept in the range of 20 to 26
0
C and
the relative humidity to be maintained around 60%.


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H. FIRE DETECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
A complete fire detection system is planned to be installed in the powerhouse. The system shall
comprise of smoke detectors and heat sensors installed in appropriate locations. The fire detection
system shall automatically activate the appropriate fire fighting equipment as well as produce
audible and visible alarm signals.
I. OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANE
An overhead traveling crane is installed in the powerhouse. The crane is capable of lifting the
heaviest piece of equipment installed. The item with the maximum weight required to be lifted
unassembled most probably shall be the generator rotor with shaft.
The crane has one main hoist and one auxiliary hoist. The span of the crane is such that it covers all
the major equipment to be serviced.
8. Socio Economic and Environmental Aspects
The ethnic distribution of the district shows that the area is inhabited mainly by Tamang, Lama,
Gurung, Brahmin and Chhetri. The occupation of most of the ethnic groups is agriculture. Paddy,
maize, millet, wheat and barley are the main cereal crops whereas potato and oilseed are main cash
crops. Bidur, the district headquarters and Trishuli Bazaar are the main trading centre, where people
are involved in commercial and service sector. The total population of the project influence area,
Ward Nos. 8 & 9 of Dandagau VDC is estimated to be around 356 consolidated within 64 families. As
per the schedule in EPR, 1997 It's Power generation that falls under 5MW. The transmission line at a
potential difference 66KV, the Access road for the site would fall under the provision for
rural(village) roads.


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Mailun Khola Hydropower project would fall under the provision for an Initial Environment
Examination. And its Transmission Line would have to do an EIA, which has been done.
Environmental Impacts Observed
Land Use: Non- arable land, ROR type. The Power house site is also non arable, with sandy soil
and boulders
The River: affects a rivers ecosystem and habitats, decreased water quality, danger to
fishing, changing water levels. However, Namnam Khola will prevent the river stretch from
completely drying off
Wildlife Impacts: A transmission Line across the National park, felling of trees will affect
wildlife.
Erosion and Slope stability: The Headworks site was built by cutting the slope and this will
cause instable slope, there has been no application of slope protection measures. The sut
slope area where vegetation was cleared should be covered by planting plants to ensure
greater stability. This has not been observed.
Fisheries: There will with no doubt be a decrese in fish population in the river stretch.
Fishermen will have to travel upstream for fishing. The aquatic life will be greatly affected.

Socio- Economic aspect observed
Rural Electrification
Must be placed high on the priority list as there is no electicity in the village, the
hydropower office is practically a cellphone charging station for a number of
locals.
Road Access
The Access road that reaches the HP site has completely transformed the way of
life of the local community, a significant percentage of which even find difficulty
in Understanding Nepali.
There is a bus service that makes one round trip a day, It takes approximately 80
minutes to reach blacktopped road that leads to Dhunche from Dhunge.
Employment
The contractor given the resposibility for the construction of transmission lines,
Urja Nepal, had to Bring in the labors to carry transmission lines to towers from
elsewhere, this would suggest that there are not much people willing to do
manual labour in the community. However, The scenario may be very different
when it comes to employment at the HP for non manual work. However Later on
we also found out that one of the reason for being late with production is that the
local unskilled people had to be employed during the project.
Small business:


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A number of small businesses have sprung up in recent years. We were informed that the
community has grown since the advent of the project. The businesses primarily provide
goods, eating services, alcohol and livestock for meat consumption. There are no commodity
shops.

Demographic Change: Unknown

Gender Impact:
The presence of MKHP and other Project have greatly affected the roles taken up by
women, Many women are employed as cooks and helpers in Camps. Women are given with
income generation opportunity. This will directly impact gender equity.

Cultural implications:
Traditional approach to Life and Work has changed. There has not been any change in
religious and tribal factors, the majority of people are still Tamang. Due to the presence of
a Market Social cohesion is strenghtened. Social Cohesion is also improved due to presence
of the Hydropower.

Health Impact
There are possibilities of Health Impacts, Recent arrival of mosquitoes is a strong
sign in the matter. There are no Healthpost or any store that sells medicine. The Health
Impacts will show up slowly after the Environmental Impacts start to show. The possiblity
of Disease previously unknown to the demography must not be ignored. The presence of
alien population in the region increases the level of Risk the local population is exposed to.
The Influx of Labor did also bring in the possiblity of STI's. But no posters or informative
banners based on health impacts and suggesting prevention were seen at the site. It should
fall under the moral implications for a HPP to at least provide basic knowledge to the local
community in this regard.

Education : The company has helped the local community by constructing a school building.




Deviations from the proposed design and the reasons:


After the study of the components we observed variations to proposed design and the actual site
translation, the reasons and remarks were explained to us by our Supervisor.

There has been numerous changes to the design through the development of the project. Major
ones are as follows:




24

Change Reason Remark
Change of intake location

Huge landslide just above
proposed head works.
The head works construction
site was shifted to a lower
site, but still on the left bank.
This also reduced the head
from 372 m to 149 m. This
greatly affected the power
generation capacity of the
project.
Change of power house site Not ample space on the
earlier proposed site.
The Construction of power
house was shifted to the right
bank, because the cost of
excavation was expensive.
Use of siphon As against Aqua-duct Nepali streams and rivers are
very prone to sporadic floods
and also because the Mailun
Khola is partially snow fed ,it
was logical to not build an
aquaduct and instead a siphon
was installled to cross the
bank.
No surge tank Short length of penstock Because the penstock length
is now reduced due to the
shift of the head works, the
need for a surge tank was not
felt. This means the forebay is
capable of handling the surge.
No Gravel trap Because of the lack of space,
so the desilting basin has the
provision to flush out the
gravel.
Short transition period from
intake to basin,
There should be long
transition to uniform the
velocity, ans the flow. To
deposit sand. This would
cause unequal deposition on
settling bays.
No shape. And maximum
possible excavation was done.
No ogee shape spillway, Because the velocity would


25
allow the broad crested weir.
Slope stability not done Wait and watch approach Planning for bio engineering
measures, Jute netting or wire
mesh is thought of.
No seepage control at
foundation
Seepage path would be long
and be costly
Because the slope is steep
there is only a cut off wall,
hence to stop the seepage
there is red mud spread.
There is still a danger of
piping. In that case , grouting
would be an option with quick
setting admixture. This would
require the diversion of the
river. That will mean a huge
loss to the project.
Rip rap after weir to no riprap only boulder. Easy maintainance, cost cuts
NyamNyam Khola addition To improve production,
Nyam-Nyam is cleaner, which
also has a license for 5MW
power generation.
Use of water from nyam nyam
would be better as there
would be less sedimentatuon
at desilting basin, additional
water for dry season.

Other differences along the years
Previous Present
HRT 1820m HR Pipe 1550m
t=14 to 8mm D=1.4 to 1.6m
Surge Tank -- yes Surge Tank -- No
L/B of Mailun L/B & R/B of Mailun
Land Acquired Need to Buy
Annual Energy 37.1734 Energy 34.538 GWh
Q Mailun 1.6 Cumecs Mailun + Nyam 5.1
PPA Rate Rs3/-6% 4Yr PPA Rs 3/78 & 5/35




26



Office Work

The head office of MKHP is located at Subarna Shamsher Marg, Baluwatar, Kathmandu. After the
visit to the site we reported at the head office. Dr. Damber Bahadur Nepali sir would now supervise
us personally and guide us at the office and through our project.
At office we were given two inception report of Lower Mailun and Middle mailun Hydropower
Project. The inception report was made by Star Consultancy in 2008 . It was first proposed design by
the contractors. They had proposed a cascade type of designs of three projects respectively Upper ,
middle and lower mailun hydropower projects. Due to the accessibility , feasibility factors the design
was modified and design of lower mailun was designed in 2009 by the consultant. The design of
lower Mailun was implemented and modified as required to overcome the problems like landslides
in the headwork site, accessibility of Powerhouse site, Layout of penstock, and many other factors.
The difference in modified design, solutions to overcome the problems , reasons to change the
design etc was studied ,listed and the best design of the project was figured out and studied. Then
we were given the Feasibility Report of Lower Mailun Khola Hydropower Project. Which led us to
understand process of planning and then finally implementing the project and the problems that
would be faced during the project implementation, and how to over come it.
The office work included helping the office with data entry jobs. This was the report that the
company had to present to NEA after the tests of Switch Yard and control devices.
Dr. Damber Bahadur Nepali gave us a Presentation Titled, Investment in Hydropower. The
Presentation Discussed about the Development of Hydropower in Nepal, against popular belief he
states that the Development of Hydropower is actually easy.
We also discussed on the topic, Construction of CHILIME NEA, as a Vehicle for Development of
Hydropower in Nepal Dr. Damber Nepali is a pioneer in the field of Hydropower development in
Nepal. He has first hand experience of Developing a Hydropower Project in Nepal with out any alien
funding. The Model of investing in Power generation that Chilime Hydropower did, has made
possible the Development of Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project of installed capacity 456 MW, a
similar project being developed entirely by Nepali Investors. He discussed with us the importance of
engineers taking initiative to dare to construct projects that will shape the future of the Country, It is
important as an engineer to not only work with honesty but to also invest in Development Projects in
Nepal. The most important thing we have learned in six weeks is this.



27

Design report
Nyam Nyam Khola additional water design
Nyam Khola is a major tributary of Mailung Khola. Mailung Khola is a tributary of Trishuli River, which
is a major tributary of the Sapta Gandaki River Basin. The Gandaki River basin drains the Central
Development Region of Nepal. Trishuli River basin has a drainage area of about 4850 km
2
at the
gauging station located at Betrawati. Mailung Khola lies in Dhading and Rasuwa District and joins the
Trishuli River at Mailun Dobhan. The catchment area at Mailun Dobhan is about 112 km
2
.
Our approach is to feed the intake of Lower Mailun hydropower from the water collected at Nyam
Nyam Khola. For this we have selected a site for intake at Nyam Nyam Khola, after that the
catchment was calculated. The detail of the method and the calculation is presented below.
Catchment Area Plotting and Discharge Calculation





28
The catchment area of Nyam Nyam khola was obtained as 25 sq. km.
The discharge measured was taken as 1.22cumec which was measured in December 2008
MIP method was used for estimating the flood discharge.
Estimating the mean monthly flow using the MIP Method of Nyam Nyam
Khola
Input the following data
Hydrological region(from figure): 3
month in which flow was measured(1-12): 12
measured flow: 1.22 cumec

Tabulating the data
Non-dimensional Measured flow Predicted flow
Predicted
Hydrograph
Month constant (cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
Jan. 2.71 0 0.000 0.88
Feb. 1.88 0 0.000 0.61
March 1.38 0 0.000 0.45
April 1 0 0.000 0.33
May 1.88 0 0.000 0.61
June 3.13 0 0.000 1.02
July 13.54 0 0.000 4.41
August 25 0 0.000 8.13
September 20.83 0 0.000 6.78
October 10.42 0 0.000 3.39
November 5 0 0.000 1.63
December 3.75 1.22 0.325 1.22


PLOTTING HYDROGRAPH
Month X Y(Cumec)
Jan. 1 0.88
Feb. 2 0.61
March 3 0.45
April 4 0.33
May 5 0.61
June 6 1.02
July 7 4.41
August 8 8.13
September 9 6.78
October 10 3.39
November 11 1.63
December 12 1.22


29



To be conservative, the mean monthly flows obtained by applying factor of 1.5 have been adopted.
Therefore the design for intake will take design discharge of 1.83 cumec, taking a factor of safety as
1.5, This has been obtained by taking a mean monthly dry months from November to June.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Factor 1.5 0.79 0.65 0.59 0.58 0.78 2.20 4.63 6.35 4.86 2.18 1.46 0.98 2.17
MIP mean 0.94 0.71 0.51 0.39 1.02 2.36 5.70 9.83 6.49 3.15 1.4 1.22 2.83

Mean monthly flow= (1.4+ 1.22+0.94+0.71+0.51+0.39+1.02+2.36)/ 7
=1.22
With a factor of Safety=1.5
Design Discharge= 1.83 cumec.
















30




Preliminary Design Of side intake with Weir and Canal for Nyam Nyam khola
Design discharge(Q
d
)=1.5*1.22=1.83 cumec
Design Parameters
In Nyam Nyam khola = River bed level for the weir= 1121 [amsl]
Weir Crest level (h
r
)= 1123.3 [amsl]
Design flood level= 1127 [asml]
Sectional Area Required (A)= Q/v
Approach Velocity(V
a
)= 1.5 [m/s]
Ie ; Area(A)=1.83/1.5=1.22 [m
2
]
Now,
For the opening of the canal= A=W*H
Fixing the H value of the opening of the orifice=1123.3-(1121+0.6+0.3=1120.9)=1.4m from 1123.3 m


31

Take height of the opening H as 1m
Now for the width (W)=1.22/1 m = 1.22 m
We take approximately = 1.5m for the width of the opening of the orifice
hr is the water level for normal operation of the intake for the operation 1123m
now
Flood water level 1127m

Normal water level 1123 m

0.75m 0.75m

H= 1m

River bed level 1121 m
Thickness of wall on each side = 0.3m
Therefore the total width of the orifice opening is 0.3+0.75+0.75+0.3 =2.1m

For the approach canal design we use mannings design formulae
Q=1/n (R)^2/3 S^(1/2)
Where,
Qd= design discharge
n= mannings roughness coefficient
R=hydraulic radius
S=slope of the canal
Design discharge (Q
d
) = 1.22 m/s
Required discharge (Q) = 1.3 * 1.22 = 1.586 m/s


Orifice



32

Channel type: Masonry and concrete
Stone masonry in cement mortar using split stone, 1:4 cement and
sand mortar

Therefore, maximum velocity = 2m/s, for mannings co-efficient (n) = 0.02

Side Slope (N) = 1.5 (1V:1.5H)
We choose, Velocity (v) = 1.8 m/s
Cross- sectional area (A) = Q/v = 1.58/1.8 =0.88 [m^2]
I.e the channel bottom width B= 1m

I.e . critical depth of water (yc)


A=(B+Nyc)yc;
0.88=(1+.5.yc)yc; T=B+2*yc*N

Solving the quadratic equation: N*yc B

yc =0.661m
Top width yc
(T)=(B+2.N.yc);
=(1+2*0.5*0.661) B
=2.661m

Critical velocity (v
c
) = (A*g/2)
1/2

= (0.88*9.81*0.5)^(0.5)
=2.077 m/s


33
2.077m/s> 1.8m/s (which is OK)
Wetted perimeter (P) = B+ 2.yc ((1+N
2
))
=(1+2.066(1+.5^2)^(0.5))
=1.148m
Hydraulic radius (R) = A/P = 0.88/1.148
= 0.765m
Now,
S = 8% gradient
D = 11 RS
= 11*0.765*0.08=0.672mm
i.e. particles larger than 0.6752mm would settle in the approach canal.
Provide 60cm freeboard on the canal.

















34
Mailun Khola Hydropower Catchment Calculation
The following image shows the catchment of MAilun Khola.









The red shaded part indicates the area above 5000 amsl
The blue shaded part indicates the area from 3000-5000 amsl
The green shaded area indicates the area below 3000 amsl

WECS method to calculateinstantaneous peak flood
Project Name Mailung
Input
Area of basin: 73 sq. km
Area below 5000m: 65 sq. km
Area below 3000m: 11 sq. km
monsoon wetness index: 1600
hydrological region: 3

calculating flood discharge of return period of 2 and 100 years
Q(2)= 16.6 cumec
Q(100)= 90.7 cumec

calculating the flood peak in different return periods

x= 0.728927021 B 2.81200843
Enter return period: 1000 standard variate = 3.09
Q(n)= 158.3




35

Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6 Column7 Column8
wecs method to estimate flow duration curve
calculating the discharge for specified probability of exceedence
Q(0%)= 23.60 cumec
Q(5%)= 13.25 cumec
Q(20%)= 7.62 cumec
Q(40%)= 2.12 cumec
Q(60%)= 1.03 cumec
Q(80%)= 0.60 cumec
Q(95%)= 0.38 cumec
Q(100%)= 0.3171 cumec

Plotting the flow duration curve
x y
0 23.60
5 13.25
20 7.62
40 2.12
60 1.03
80 0.60
95 0.38
100 0.32






















Estimating the long term Average monthly flow
Enter the month(1-12)= 12



36

Therefore.
Also WECS and MIP method for flood estimation was used to calculate the discharge







C= 0.001485
A-1 0.9536
A-2 0
A-3 0.3607

Monthly average flow is estimated as:
Q(avg)= 1.27 cumec

Month C A-1 A-2 A-3 FLOW(Cumec)
January 0.01423 0 0.9777 0 0.86
February 0.01219 0 0.9766 0 0.73
March 0.009988 0 0.9948 0 0.65
April 0.007974 0 1.0435 0 0.63
May 0.008434 0 1.0898 0 0.81
June 0.006943 0.9968 0 0.261 3.43
July 0.02123 0 1.0093 0.2523 9.37
August 0.02548 0 0.9963 0.262 11.44
September 0.01677 0 0.9894 0.2878 8.85
October 0.009724 0 0.988 0.2508 3.88
November 0.00176 0.9605 0 0.391 1.94
December 0.001485 0.9536 0 0.3607 1.27


Annual Average
flow = 3.65 cumec


37


Conclusion
We were involved in various tasks in assisting our supervisor at the host organization.
We learned the methodology accepted in the organization for carrying out different
activities. We learned professional behavioral characteristics.
This internship Program has been an entirely different experience of learning, the need
to be inquisitive was felt, along with technical know how, we have learned more about
the practical challenges that will be faced during the development of hydropower
projects. HEP in Nepal have to be custom designed to the topography, the hydrology
and the social setup of the country.
We as engineers have much to learn about the principles of risk analysis and resource
mobilization. Also, a need for an innovative flushing system that suits the type of
sediment Nepali River basis carry is immense. There is a huge demand for geo
technical engineers to carry out larger projects.
Now that the political environment is less fragile and agreements less volatile,
companies like MKHP are looking to complete their projects and reap benefits. Large
Hydel projects are very difficult in area with no road access. This has forced us to
adopt small multiple projects and move upwards later on to reach inaccessible places.
The fact that only a 5MW project had to construct 11 km of hill road is astounding.
The internship program was useful in providing good motivation and boosting up our
confidence prior to leaving the university.











38



Bibliography

-Mosonyi, E. 1987, Water power Development
-Warnick, CC, (1984), Hydropower Development
- BPC Hydroconsult. (2009). Civil Works Guidelines for MICRO-
HYDROPOWER IN NEPAL. Kathmandu: Practical Action Nepal Office.
- Department of Electricity Development, Ministry of Water Resources,
Government of Nepal and United States Agency for International Development
Mission to Nepal. (2001). Guidelines for the Feasibility Study of PROR and
ROR Hydropower Projects (10-100 MW). Kathmandu: METCON Consultants.


39
Annex A: Pictures





















Catchment area of Mailun Khola






40