1

Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis

Electrical Engineering Technology
EET 157
Electronics Circuit Analysis
# 05
Revised by Dr. Athula Kulatunga
2
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Overview
Multivibrators
555 Timer
555 Timer Monostatble Multivibrators
555 Timer Astable Multivibrators
3
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Waveforms
sine square rectangle
A dc source can be used to generate all the above
shapes
triangle exponential sawtooth
4
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Multivibrators
Pulse generators
Types Characteristics
Astable or free-running no stable state
Monostable or one shot one stable state
Bistable two stable states
5
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable or Free-running
Astable Multivibrator
V
out
unstable V
H
V
L
unstable
T
L
T
T
H
W
6
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Duty Cycle
Defined for rectangular waveforms
% 100 =
T
W
D
Square wave has 50% duty cycle.
Why?
7
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Duty Cycle Example 1
A rectangular signal is high for 4 ms and
low for 6 ms. Find the signals period,
pulse width, duty cycle, and frequency.
8
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Duty Cycle Example 2
A rectangular waveform has a frequency of 1k
Hz and a duty cycle of 60%. Find the signals
repetition rate, period, and pulse width.
9
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Monostable Operation
unstable
V
L stable
V
H
W
T
1
Monostable Multivibrator
V
out
V
in
T
1
T
1
The monostable multivibrator produces a
well-defined pulse out for an input signal
that may not be well defined (a narrow pulse
or a spike)
10
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Bistable Operation
The bistable multivibrator has two stable
states and utilizes one input pulse to take the
output high and another input pulse to take
the output low.
V
H
V
L
stable
stable
Bistable Multivibrator
V
out
V
in_1
T
1
V
in_2
T
1
T
2
T
2
11
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer IC - Schematic
SET
RESET
Q
Q
RS Flip-Flop
UTP
LTP
To +E
supply
V
CC
8
1
COMMON
2
TRIGGER
THRESHOLD
6
5
CONTROL
4
RESET
3
OUTPUT
DISCHARGE
7
R
R
R
U1
U2
Q1
Inverter
12
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer IC - Features
Q FF outputhigh or low output
Q Complement (opposite) of Qlow or high
output
SET FF inputhigh signal sets high and low
RESET FF inputhigh signal in resets low and high
U1 Noninverting comparator driving the FF set input
U2 Inverting comparator driving the FF reset input
UTP Upper trip point for U1 set by 2R/3R of E
supply
LTP Lower trip point for U2 set by R/3R of E
supply
Q1 BJT used to discharge external capacitor when Q high
Pin 7 Open or tied to common through BJT switched on
13
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer - Symbol & Chip
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
555
L
M
5
5
5
1
2
4
3
7
5
6
8
14
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer Monostable Connection
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
555
+5 V
v
out
R
1 k
C
1
0.01
0 V
3.33 V
T
1
W
+5 V
less than 1.67 V
T
1
W
T
1
+5 V
0 V
input
RC
charge
capacitor
discharge
through BJT
Output stays at 0 V
until input dips
below 1.67 V.
15
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer Monostable Operation
SET
RESET
Q
Q
RS Flip-Flop
UTP
LTP
To +E
supply
V
C C
8
1
COMMON
2
TRIGGER
THRESHOLD
6
5
CONTROL
4
RESET
3
OUTPUT
DISCHARGE
7
R
R
R
U1
U2
Q1
Inverter
+5Vdc
1k
1u
L
H
ON
0V
L
5V
L
Remains SET
16
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer Monostable Operation
SET
RESET
Q
Q
RS Flip-Flop
UTP
LTP
To +E
supply
V
C C
8
1
COMMON
2
TRIGGER
THRESHOLD
6
5
CONTROL
4
RESET
3
OUTPUT
DISCHARGE
7
R
R
R
U1
U2
Q1
Inverter
+5Vdc
1k
1u
H
L
OFF
Start
Charging
H
H
RESET
Drop below
1.67V
3.3V
SET
H
L
ON
Start
Discharging
0V
17
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Monostable Pulse Width Calculation
ms 1 F 1 k 1 = = = RC
( )
/
C
e V 5 V 0 V 5 ) (
t
t v

+ =
ms 1 /
C
e V 5 V 5 ) (
t
t v

=
ms 1 /
e V 5 V 5 V 33 . 3
t
=
ms 10 . 1 = t
ms 10 . 1 = W
The pulse width W is the time required to
charge the capacitor; therefore,
v
out
T
1
W
+5 V
0 V
18
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer Astable Connection
1 2
3
4
5 6
7
8
555
+5 V
v
out
R2
1 k
C
1

0.01

R1
1 k
(R1+R2) C
charge
toward
supply
(R2) C
discharge
through pin 7
and BJT short to
common
W
T
T
L
T
H
19
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
555 Timer Astable Operation
SET
RESET
Q
Q
RS Flip-Flop
UTP
LTP
To +E
supply
V
C C
8
1
COMMON
2
TRIGGER
THRESHOLD
6
5
CONTROL
4
RESET
3
OUTPUT
DISCHARGE
7
R
R
R
U1
U2
Q1
Inverter
+5Vdc
R1: 1k
1u
L
ON
R2: 1k
H
Discharge
towards 0V
<1.67V
H
RESET
L
H
OFF
Charge
Towards 5V
from 1.67V
<3.3V
L
H
SET
H
L
ON
Discharge
Towards
0V through
R2
Length
Depend on
(R1+R2)C
Depend on
(R2)C
20
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Width Calculation
The pulse width Wdepends upon the (R1 + R2) C
time constant
H
and the capacitor charging from
1.67 V to 3.33 V while the output is in the high (or
5 V) state. The capacitor must follow the universal
dc transient expression
/
ss init ss C
e ) ( ) (
t
V V V t v

+ =
( ) ms 2 F 1 k 2 C 2 R 1 R = = + =
( )
ms 2 /
C
e V 5 V 67 . 1 V 5 ) (
t
t v

+ =
ms 2 /
C
e V 33 . 3 V 5 ) (
t
t v

=

21
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Width Calculation
The capacitor charges to 3.33 V (or 2/3 of
V
CC
) when it transitions back to its stable
state. Set the capacitor voltage expression
equal to 3.33 V and solve the expression
inversely for the time t required to charge
the capacitor to 3.33 V.
ms 2 /
e V 33 . 3 V 5 V 33 . 3
t
=
ms 386 . 1 = t
22
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Width Calculation
The pulse width W is the time required to
charge the capacitor, so
ms 386 . 1 = W
23
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Space Calculation
uThe time T
L
of the pulse depends upon the
(R2) C time constant
L
and discharging the
capacitor from 3.33 V to 1.67 V while the
output is in the low (0 V) state. The
capacitor must follow the universal dc
transient expression
24
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Space Calculation
The capacitor starts with a value of 3.33 V
(initial value) and attempts to fall to 0 V
( ) ms 1 F 1 k 1 C 2 R
L
= = =
( )
ms 1 /
C
e V 0 V 33 . 3 V 0 ) (
t
t v

+ =
ms 1 /
C
e V 33 . 3 ) (
t
t v

=
25
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Space Calculation
u The capacitor discharges to 1.67 V (or 1/3 of
V
CC
), when it transitions back to its stable state.
Set the capacitor voltage expression equal to
1.67 V and solve the expression inversely for
the time t required to discharge the capacitor to
1.67 V.
ms 1 /
e V 33 . 3 V 67 . 1
t
=
ms 693 . 0 = t
ms 693 . 0 = t
ms 693 . 0
L
= T
ms 693 . 0
L
= T
26
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Astable Pulse Space Calculation
T = TH + TL
T = 1.386ms +0.693 ms
T = 2.079 ms
f = 1/T
f = 481 Hz
W
T
T
L
T
H
27
Purdue University EET 157 - 05 Electronics Circuit Analysis
Overview
Multivibrators
555 Timer
555 Timer Monostatble Multivibrators
555 Timer Astable Multivibrators