INDICATIV P85-96

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS

A). CALCULUS OF THE TRUCTURAL WALLS
SECTIONS
1. Plasti !"#$s
There are considered plastic zones of the structural walls the following situations:
for the coupling beams, the whole span;
for the structural walls (isolated or coupled), the zone having the length l
p
measured
from their base:
l
p
= 0.h ! 0.0"#
$n the case of multistor% buildings, this dimension is upward averaged to a whole number of
stories, if the limit of the plastic zone e&ceeds the height of a level with more than 0.'#
level
. $f not, it
is downward averaged to a whole number of stories.
The zone from the base of the wall limited in this wa% is called (one ).
The rest of the wall, less loaded and with reduced design demands compared with zone ), is
called (one *.
%. T&$ 'i($#si"#i#) *al+$s ", t&$ s$ti"#al $,,"-ts.
%.1. T&$ 'i($#si"#i#) *al+$s . ", t&$ /$#'i#) ("($#ts
The values are determined with relations from the figure:
1 2
3
M
1
M
1
M
c
1
M
2
M
2
M
c
2
M
3
M
3
M
c
3
M < 0.2Mr
max
M < 0.3M
a)
b)
a) In over structure (above the infrastructure or foundation):
+ = ,
+
+
s
+
s,o
b) In infrastructure:
+ = -,"+
s
Q
S
M
cap,min
M
S
M
M
M
s
M
S0
Q
S
Q
M
Q
s
Q
S0
K
M
1.25
1.0
1.5
K
Q
where:
+
s
= bending moment from the design seismic loading; at the basement level has the value +
s, o
;
= ........... between the overturning moments;
+
o, cap
= computed at the basement level of the structure, associated to the strength capacit% of the
structural wall, cantilevered or coupled, and the value of the overturning moment;
+
o
= from the design seismic loading (see the figure):

+
. / +
0
o
i i cap i,

+
=

Q
S,0
H
0
H
0
L
1
L
2
M
1,cap
M
2,cap
M
3,cap
Q
S,0
M
cap,o
M
0
=Q
S,0
H
0
a) b)
+
i,cap
= the capable moment at the base of cantilever wall i;
/
i
= the a&ial effort at the base of the cantilever wall i, produced b% the horizontal forces, in the
case of the plastification of the coupling beams e&tremities;
.
i
= the distance from the a&is of the cantilever wall i to the reference point with respect to whom
the moments are computed;
,
+
= correction coefficient of the walls bending efforts.
%.%. T&$ 'i($#si"#i#) *al+$s 0 ", t&$ s&$a- ,"-$s
$n the case of the structures for which the seismic forces are ta,en over in totalit% b% the
structural walls, the value of 1 is determined with the relation:
-,"1
s
1 = ,
1
1
s
,
1
1
s
where:
1
s
= the shear force from the design seismic loading;
,
1
= correction coefficient of the shear forces:
-,' ,
1
= - ! 0,02n -,"
inf
cap
sup
cap
+ , +
n = the number of stories
%.1. T&$ *al+$ ", t&$ '$si)# s&$a- ,"-$ ,"- t&$ "+2li#) /$a(s
$t is determined with:
r
inf
cap
sup
cap
l
+ +
1
+
=
where:
= the absolute values of the capable moments in the sections at the e&tremities of
the coupling beams, from both senses of action of the moments, established on the
base of the design strength 3
a
of the reinforcement; for the value of +
cap
sup
, the reinforcement
contribution in the active zone of the floor will be ta,en into consideration;
l
r
= l
o
= the span of the coupling beam.
%.3. T&$ 'i($#si"#i#) a4ial ,"-$s ,-"( t&$ "+2li#) 5alls
The dimensioning a&ial forces from the coupling beams are estabished on the base of the
wall e4uilibrium in the situation of plastified coupling beams, but without the '"5 increased value
of the bending strength capacit% ,considered in the above relation.
1. T&$ "(2+tati"# ", t&$ l"#)it+'i#al a#' t-a#s*$-sal -$i#,"-$($#t
", t&$ st-+t+-al 5alls
1.1. T&$ "(2+tati"# ", t&$ l"#)it+'i#al -$i#,"-$($#t
The computation of eccentrical compression (tension) of the structural walls is made
according to the prescriptions from the 6T)6 -0-07809:0 code.
1.%. T&$ "(2+tati"# ", t&$ st-+t+-al 5alls ,"- t&$ s&$a- ,"-$
The computation for the shear force is made in inclined sections and horizontal sections at
the casting level.
a) The computation in inclined sections
$n the case of the structural walls with the ratio between the elevation height and the section
height #8h ; -, the dimensioning of horizontal reinforcement )
a o
for the shear force in inclined
sections is based on relation:
1 1
b
! 0,< )
ao
3
a
where:
)
a o
= the sum of the horizontal reinforcement sections intersected b% a "
o
inclined crac,, including
the belt beams reinforcement and the continuous reinforcement from the active zone of the floor
(include three floor heights on both sides of wall), if the crac, crosses the floor;
1
b
= the shear force ta,en over b% the concrete, with the values:
1
b
= 0,2bh
o
0,=bh3
t
for the zone ) of the wall;
1
b
= bh(0,73
t
! 0,'"
o
) for the zone * of the wall.
>
?
= the average compression stress in wall section. @hen >
?
is tension, is ta,en with minus sign in
zone * and zero in zone ).
x > 5b
> 0.4h
h
a)
H

15
>
H

15
>
4
h
p
4
h
p
h
p
x > 2h
p
b
b)
b) The computation in horizontal sections at casting levels.
The dimensioning is made according to the prescriptions from the 6T)6 -0-07809:0 code.
3. T&$ "(2+tati"# ", t&$ -$i#,"-$($#t ,-"( t&$ "+2li#) /$a(s
The computation of the longitudinal reinforcement is made according to the prescriptions
from the 6T)6 -0-07809 :0 code.
3.1. C"+2li#) /$a(s -$i#,"-$' 5it& &"-i!"#tal /a-s i# sti--+2s
The transversal reinforcing is determined from condition that these ones have to ta,e over
the whole design shear force, according to relation:
( )
r a e
e
ae
h 0,<3 n
1a
)
where:
)
ae
= the necessar% area of the section of one stirrup;
a
e
= the distance between the stirrups;
n
e
= the number of the stirrup legs.
3.%. C"+2li#) /$a(s -$i#,"-$' 5it& i#li#$' /a-s
The area )
ai
of the inclined reinforcement on each diagonal is determined with the relation:
sinA '3
1
)
a
ai
=
where A = the inclination angle of reinforcement.
6) CONSTRUCTIVE RE0UIRE.ENTS
1. T&$ 5all -$i#,"-i#). 7$#$-al 2-"*isi"#s
1.1. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t "*$-la22i#)
a) $t is recommended that the vertical reinforcement to be realized without hoo,s.
b) Bor the reinforcement with independent bars, in the potential plastic zone (zone )), the
minimum overlapping lengths are given in the table.
3einforcement
+inimum overlapping lengths for bars from:
C* 27 DE "', DE =0
#orizontal bars, including those from the belt beams and the vertical bars from the
web reinforcement.
@ithout hoo,s: 70d
"0d
@ith hoo,s: "0d
6tructural vertical bars with )a situated at the e&tremities
$n the same section it is
overlapped "05 or less
than the total
reinforcement area.
*ars with d F '0 mm
@ithout hoo,s: 70d
"0d
@ith hoo,s: "0d
+inimum =00 mm
*ars with d ; '0 mm are over lapped b% welding
$n the same section it is
overlapped more than "05
of the total reinforcement
area.
*ars with d F -= mm
@ithout hoo,s: 70d
=0d
@ith hoo,s: "0d
*ars with d ; -= mm are over lapped b% welding
Bor the zone * the minimum overlapping lengths are with -0d less than those from the table.
)lso, in the zone * it is not necessar% the overlapping b% welding of the reinforcement with d
-=('0) mm.
1.%. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t a#&"-a)$
a) Horizontal bars from the belt beams and the horizontal independent bars from the field
reinforcement at intersections in T or L shapes.

!
> 40! "#52, "#$0 %&3' (i)h hoo*s
> $0! %&3' (i)ho+) hoo*s
*ars with..........: l
a
= 0d (C* 27, DE "', DE=0)
*ars without.........: l
a
= 0d (DE "', DE=0)
l
a
= =0d (C* 27)
b) Horizontal bars from the coupling beams. )ccording 6T)6 -0-07809:0
c) Vertical bars from walls anchored in foundations. )ccording to 6T)6 -0-07809:0

> 50! "#52, "#$0
%&3' (i)h hoo*s
d) Vertical boarding bars of the openings which are anchored in a wall at an inferior level.
l
a
will be determined such that to contain a corresponding number of vertical bars from the current
reinforcement of the inferior wall, but minimum '.00 m.
The mesh, which form the continuous reinforcement of the walls, will be connected with
hoo,s in order to insure their position during the concreting.
Gsuall%, there will be at least:
hoo,s8m
'
for bars with d H < mm;
= hoo,s8m
'
for bars with d ; < mm.
%. Fi$l' -$i#,"-$($#t ", t&$ st-+t+-al 5alls
%.1. T&$ st-$#)t& -$i#,"-$($#t
$t is stipulated in the following cases:
in zone )
in zone *, when 1 ; 1
b
;
in short walls (#8h H -)
$n zone ), regardless the t%pe of wall, the minimum reinforcement percentages are those
from the table.
Cutside the wall ), the minimum reinforcement values for zone B will be adopted.
The calculus
seismic zone
+inimum reinforcement percentage for
#orizontal bars Iertical *ars
C*27 DE"', DE=0 C*27 DE"', DE=0
),*,E,J,K 0.205 0.'"5 0.'"5 0.'05
B 0.'"5 0.'05 0.'05 0.-"5
The minimum diameter:
= mm for horizontal reinforcement
< mm for vertical reinforcement
The ma&imum distance:
2"0 mm on horizontal direction
'"0 mm on vertical direction
%.%. T&$ "#st-+ti*$ -$i#,"-$($#t
$t is realized from two nets L" at '00 mm, from 6T/*, one at each part of the wall, or with
other steel reinforcement having e4uivalent diameters.
Bor the wall core around the stairs, on the whole length, and for the last level in all cases,
horizontal reinforcement will be added having the following minimum percentage:
0.'"5 for C* 27
0.'0 for DE "' or DE =0
1. L"al -$i#,"-$($#t ", t&$ *$-tial $l$($#ts
1.1. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t ", t&$ !"#$s ,-"( t&$ st-+t+-al 5alls $4t-$(iti$s
$n the zones from the structural walls e&tremities, on the surfaces indicated in the figure-,
for lamellar sections, in the figure ', for sections having boundar% elements, and in figure 2 for
coupled walls sections, the reinforcement is realized with cages of the same t%pe as those used for
columns.
opnin,
b
1
3b
0.1
h
2
h
2
0.1
h
2
0.1
h
1
0.1
h
1
h
1
b
1
3b
0.1
h
0.1
h
1
h
b
1
3b
0.1
h
0.1
h
1
h
The minimum vertical reinforcement percentage of this zones reported to their area are
showed in the table:
The calculus
seismic zone
+inimum reinforcement percentage
C* 27 DE "'
zone ) zone * zone ) zone *
), *, E, J, K 0.=5 0."5 0."5 0.5
B 0.5 0.5
The local reinforcement will have to obe%, from the point of view of distribution and the
minimum number of bars, the details from the figure:
s)irr+p
b
s
)
i
r
r
+
p
o
-

r
.
a
p
p
i
n
,

.

n
,
)
h
0
.
1
h
a) (.!! msh rin/orcmn)
s)irr+p
b
s
)
i
r
r
+
p
b) rin/orcmn) (i)h in!pn!n) bars
o-r.appin, .n,)h
3b
o-r.appin, .n,)h
s)irr+p
s
)
i
r
r
+
p
a) (.!! msh rin/orcmn)
0
.
1
h
b) rin/orcmn) (i)h in!pn!n) bars
3b
s)irr+p
s
)
i
r
r
+
p
The concentrated reinforcement together with the vertical reinforcement situated in the web
and the flange of the walls, including that in the intermediar% intersections, have to insure the wall
section a superior bending strength capacit% compared to the crac,ing moment +
f
of the section,
determined with:
+
f
= /r
s
! 0." c
pl
@
f
3
t
where:
r
s
= distance from the center of gravit% of the section to limit of the central core, situated on the
same part with the eccentricall% force /;
@
f
= the crac,ing resistance modulus of the section, computed considering the tension zone
completel% plastificated;
c
pl
= coefficient which ta,es into consideration the partial plastification of the tensioned zone of the
section; see table -", 6T)6 -0-07809:0.
Stirrups
+inimum diameter: L= mm and d8 (d = the minimum diameter of the vertical bars of the
)
a
reinforcement).
+a&imum distances:
zone ):
-'" mm, but no more than -0d, for design seismic zones ) 9 K;
-"0 mm in design seismic zone B;
zone *: 9 '00 mm, but no more than -"d.
The stirrups of the cage will be made such that their area have at least the same strength
capacit% as the horizontal reinforcement from the adMacent fields. $n the case when this
reinforcement is interrupted in the cage, it is properl% overlapped with the cage stirrups.
1.%. T&$ "#,i#i#) -$i#,"-$($#t i# t&$ "(2-$ss$' !"#$s
$f the height of the compressed zone of the sections, when the strength capacit% is reached,
is higher than the limit value (& ; &
lim
), a special confining reinforcement in the compressed zone
will be realized on a length of at least &8'.
The confining reinforcement 4uantit% )
a o
, in each direction is computed with relation:

+ =
h
&
0,"
3
3
c 0,-0a )
a
c
e o a
where:
a
e
= a&ial distance between sets of confining stirrups;
c = dimension of the central core between the confining stirrups, measured perpendicular to the
stirrups braces;
)lso, in the )
a o
reinforcement can be considered the horizontal reinforcement of the web, if
this one is bent after the vertical bars and properl% anchored.
$n the zones where the longitudinal reinforcement percentage ta,es over the value '83
a
(/8mm
'
), supplementar% measures will be ta,en such that to avoid buc,ling of the bars situated in
the potential plastic zone. The confining reinforcement )
a o
can have this role. $n these zones it is
recommended that the transversal connection b% stirrups and hoo,s of the vertical bars with
diameter d ; -= mm to be done with a ma&imum distance of =d.
1.1. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t ", st-+t+-al 5alls i#t$-s$ti"#s
The interior intersections are reinforced with cages with ' crossed stirrups, which ma,e the
connection with the horizontal reinforcement of the walls.
The ma&imum distance between the stirrups: '00 mm.
The minimum vertical reinforcement of the intersection zones: L-' < L-0.
s
)
i
r
r
+
p
3
b
m
i
n

2

1
0
min 2 10
s)irr+p
3b
min 2 10
m
i
n

2

1
0
min 4 12
a) (.!! msh rin/orcmn)
b) rin/orcmn) (i)h in!pn!n)
bars
m
i
n

2

1
0
min 2 10
min 2 10
m
i
n

2

1
0
min 4 12
3b
1.3. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t a-"+#' t&$ "2$#i#)s
)round openings with small dimensions reported to the wall dimensions, and which do not
influence significantl% the general ensemble behavior, a constructive reinforcement will be realized
on each side with at least two bars L-0 mm and having the section e4uivalent to the reinforcement
interrupted b% the opening.
1.5. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t ", t&$ 5alls a#' ,l""-s i#t$-s$ti"#s
) belt reinforcement having at least four bars will be made along the width of the wall.
+inimum diameter of the bars: -0 mm.
3. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t ", t&$ "+2li#) /$a(s
3.1. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t 5it& l"#)it+'i#al /a-s a#' *$-tial sti--+2s
a) The longitudinal bars resulted from the bending moment dimensioning placed at the
superior and inferior part of the section
+inimum diameter of bars: L-0 mm.
3ecommended steel t%pes: DE "', DE =0.
b) Intermediar! longitudinal bars placed on lateral sides
+inimum diameter of bars: L< mm.
+inimum reinforcement percentage reported to the bh
r
section:
0.'05 for seismic zones ) 9 K;
0.-'5 for seismic zone B
c) Vertical stirrups
+inimum diameter of bars: L= mm.
+inimum transversal reinforcement percentage: 0.'05
+a&imum distance between stirrups: a
e
<d; a
e
-"0 mm (d = longitudinal reinforcement
bars diameter placed at superior and inferior part of section).
a
a

a
$0
!
!
$0
!
ar p.ac!
b)(n -r)ica.
ca, !ars
a 0 a
b
3.%. T&$ -$i#,"-$($#t 5it& -"ss$' i#li#$' /a-s
)nchorage length of the inclined bars: ; =0d;
Jistance between stirrups: ; =d (d= diameter of the inclined bars);
+inimum diameter of the stirrups: d8;
+inimum horizontal reinforcement percentage: 0.'5;
+inimum transversal reinforcement percentage (with stirrups): 0.-"5.
a
a

a
$0
!
$0
!
a 0 a
b
> $0!
!
> 50!
1
!
1