PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT

ETIIICS
-Comes from the Greek word Ethos means moral duty
"It studies how people make judgment in regard to right or wrong
-It is about making choices that arc best for the individual or society at certain times and particular
situation,and then evaluatingsuch and outcomes
choices that arc best for the individual or society at certain times and particular situation, Jnd then e\
Jlll.llln);
such and outcomes
MORALITY
society
[t is a specific way of behavior of accomplishing ethical pmctices
[I is the right or wrong, good or evil, proper or improper, cruel or benevolent acts
Professional Ethics
. is a branch or moral sciencc conccrned with the obligations that a member of the profession owes to the
public
Health care Ethics- is the division of ethics that relates to human health
Bio-ethics- is a specific domain of ethics that focuscs on moml issues in the field of health care
ETlIICAL PRINCIPLES & APPROACHES
A. TELELOGICAL APPROACH
-.L. Comes from the Greek word telos or "goal or end"
� "Thc right thing to do is the good thing to do"
"'. Also termed as the utilitarianism where the good resides in the promotion of happincss or the greJtcsl
net
increase of pleasure over pain
...j If the act helps people, then 11 is a good one, and i f i t hum people, then 1I:l b:ld one (Joseph
Fletcher)
GUIDELINES FOR MAKING ETHICAL DECISIONS:
I. Consideration for people as hum:ln beings
2. Consider:ltion of consequenccs
3. ProporlionJtc good to come from the choices
4. Propriety of aClu:ll needs over idea! or potential needs
5. A desire to enlarge choices and reduce ehJnee
6. A eourJgeous JeceptJnec of the consequences oflhc decision
S. DEONTOLOG1CAL APPROACH
� Comes from the Greek word deon which means duty
� "It is only through dutiful actions t hat people have montl worth. Even when individuals do not \\allt to fu
lfill
their duty, they ne required to do so" (Imman uel Kant)
C. VIRTUE ETHICS APPROACH
.... Comes from the Creek word arete
..L Focuses all the traits and virtues of a good person such as courage, temperance, wisdom and justice
D. DIVINE COMMAND ETHICS
-.j.. Based on the theory that there is a supreme or divine being that sets dOl\ II the rulcs to IlrO\'idc
guid �ncc to
moral decisions.
NURSING ETHICS
.j... Is the examination of all ethical and bio-ethical issues from the prospective of nursing theory and
nursing ethics
( Johnston)
-i- Is the field of nursing that focused on the needs and experiences Gf practicing nurses, the e)."(lloration
of its
meaning and that of ethical practice in terms of the perception oflhese nurses (Vercoe)
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOMEDICAL F.TIlIeS
AUTONOMY
Comes from the Greek word Autos meaning self and Monos me'H1illg governance, It involves self ..
detel'lnin:u ion
and freedom to choose and implement one's decision, frec from dc(cit, durcss, constraint 01' (oelTion,
VERAClTY
The truth, accuracy or pCfcision of something
The truthfulness or honesty of a person
Beneficence
It promotes doing acts of kindness and mercy that directly benetlt the p:'lticnt.
PATIENT'S BILL OF RIGHTS
The right to considerate and respectful care
The right to relevant, current and understandable information concerning diagnOSiS, treatment prognosis,
specific procedures, treatment, risks involved, medically reasonable alternative benefits needed to maj,e
informed consent
The right to make decisions regarding his plan of care; in case of refusal he is entitled to other
lIPIII'Opri.\te care
and service or be transferred to another hospital
The right to have ad\'ance directive( such as a living will) concerning trealment or desigllaling:1 surrog<lte
decision maker
The right to every considerntion of his privacy such as in case discussion, COll5ull:1Iioll :11111 trelLtlllellt
The right 10 confidentiality of communications and records
-i- The right to review his records concerning his medical care and have Ihese e)."pJained to him except
when
restricted by law
... The right to be informed of business relationship among the hospital, educational institution, health
care
providers that may influence the patient's treatment and care
.... The right to consent or decline to participate in experimental rese:Lrdl :lffcClill:': his Glre
'* The right to reasonable continuity of care when apl)ropriate and be informcd of other care options \\ hen
hospital care is no longer appropriate
-i- The right to be informed of hospital pOlicies that relate to patient (lire
NONMAlEFICENCE
Principle of
"DONO HARM"
JUSTICE
The right to be treated justly, fairly and equally
Article XIII of the Phili!JPine Constitution
Guarantees that the state shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health de\eloplllent
and
shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and social services available to all people at affordable
cosIo There
shall be priority for the needs of the underprivileged, the sick the elderly .Hld thc disabled, the women and
the
children.
The st:'lte shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers, estalJlish :lnd maintain :'In effl.'ctjve
food :lnd
drug regulatory system, and undertake appropriate health manpower development and rcse:u'ch
responsive to
the country'S health needs and problems. It shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for their
rehabilitation.
ETIIICS COI\IMITTEES IN THE HOSPITALS AND THE I �OLE OF l\IEDICAL ETIIIClSTS
Composed of philosophers, doctors, nurses,lawyers, clergy or social workers.
They discuss sensitive issues such.as when to withdraw or withhold treatment for an adult and the
treatment of
a severely handicapped newborn.
Some Cases that have reached worldwide .attention are:
Terri Schiavo'S stom.ach feeding tube w.as removed upon his husband's request to the court as she "as
in ,I
persistent vegeu, Ove state for 15 A couple who conceived ar child in the hope that the baby would be a
bone marro" donor for ii'S seven year old
sister who is acutely ill for leukemia
A couple convicted of manslaughter for the death of their 2 Y, year-old son iJee:lUse they failed to seek
medical
attention and the baby died of intestinal obstruction
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NURSE TO THE PATIENT'S
Th � primary responsibility of the nurse is to give the patient the best of care regardless of the race,
creed, colo!",
nationality or status
The nurse should be f:l.miliar with the patient's bill of rights and observe its pro\isions
Nurses should not accept tips or expensive gifts th:1I may induce them to give more care to f:l\ored
patienb :lnd
neglect those who cannot give
When engaged in an agency, the nurse should complete the length of time stipul:lled in the contnlct
Nurses should commit themsel\'e. � to the welfare of those entrusted to their care. They should be loyal
to their
own sworn duty.
CO]'\"FIDENTIALlTY OF INFORMA nON
may only be revealed when:
The patient himself/herself permits such
revelation as in the case of claim for ilospitalization, insurance benefits,
among others
The case is medico-legal such as attempted suicide, gunshot \\ounds which h:l\'e to be reported to the
101';,1 police
or NBI or constabulary
The p:l.tient is ill of communicable disease and public safety may be jeopardized
Gh·en to IIlelnbers of the health team if information is relevant to hi � c:,,·("
PATIENT'S RESPONSIBILITIES
Pro\iding information
Complying with Instructions
Informing the physician of refusal to treatment
Paying Hospital charges
Following hospital rules and regulations
Showing respect and considerations
BILL Of" RIGHTS FOR REGISTERED NURSES
Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their obligation � to societ) and to those who
re �ei\<.'
nursing care
Nurses have the right to practice in environments that allow them to act ill :lceordance with jlrofe ��ional
standards and legally authorized scopes of practice
Nurses have the right to.a work environment that supports and facilitates ethical practice, in accordance
wilh
the code of ethics for nurses and its interpretive sl:Uements
Nurses have the right to freely and openly advocate for themselves and their patients, without fear of
retributioll
J'liurses have the right to fair compensation forlheir work consistent with their knowledge, e:l.]lericn �e,
and
professional responsibilities
Nurses have the right to a work environment that is safe for themselves and their patients
Nurses have the right to negotiate the conditions of their employment, either as individuals or
colll' �ti\'el �, in �Il
practice settings
J{ESI'ONSIBILITIES OFTHE NURSE TO THE PIIVSICIAN
It shlill be the duty of the nurse to:
Pro\-ide nursing care through utiliz:oItion of the nursing process. Nursing care includes, but not limiled 10,
tr2ditional and innovative approaches, theupeutic use of self, executing heliith care techniques and
Ilrocedures.
comfort measures, health teachings, and administration of written prescription for treatment, thcnlllies,
oral,
fOplcal and parenteral medications, internal eX:'lInination during labor in the absence of antenat:ll
blecdinl: ;lIul
delivery. In c:lse of suturing of perineal [accration, s[lccial traininl: shall be provided :Iccordinl: to protocol
established.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES TO TIIEIR COLLEAGUES
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES TO THEMSELVES
MORAL PRINCIPLF,S
I.The Golden Rule
2.Thc 1\\0 fold Efreci
a. Thallhe aclion muSI be morally good
b. Thal lhe good effect most be willed and the bad effecl merely attuned
c. Th:l.llhe good effect musl not come from an evil aclion but from the .action ilself directl)
d. Thllt the good mu �ct be greater th:oln the bad effeci
3. The principle o f t ot:ollily
4. Epikia "Excepllon to the General Rule"
S. One who :oIcts through an :oIgent Is himself responsible
6. No one is obliged to betr.ay himself/herself
7. The end does not justify the means
8. Defects of nature may be corrected
9. If one is willing to cooperate in the act, no injuslice is done 10 him/her
10. A linle more or less does oot change the substance of an 2=1
I I . The gre:uest good for the greatest number
12. No one is held to the Impossible
13. The morality of cooperation
14. Principle relating 10 the origin .and deSlruction ofJife
TilE GOOD SA:\1ARITAN LAW
This law provides immunily frolll civil liability when :1 p('rson pro\·ide, a �'d\t:"LCC ill :111 CLL1l'I·):"'LI" �
CODE OF GOOn CQVERNANCF,
Promulgated by the PRC on July 23, 2003
Stales th:tl the hallmark of all professionals is their willingness to accept a sct of Ilrofl'ssion:11 anLi ethical
principles which they will follow in the conduct of Iheir daily lives.
This code is adopted by the professional regulation commission and the 42 professional n'gulatof) boards
10
co\'er.an environmenl of good governance in "hieh al\ Filipino profcssionals shall perform their duties.
GENERAL I'RINCIPLES
1. Service To Others
2. Integrity and Objectivity
3. Professional Competence
4. Solidarity 2nd Teamwork
S. Social and Civic responsibility
6. Global Competitiveness
7. Equality of all professions
NUI�SING COnE OF ETHICS
J{egistered Nurse and People
Ethical Principles
I) Values, customs and spIritual beliefs shall be respectcd
2) )ndhitlual freedom to make decisions
3) )'erson:!.! information liIequired must be in eonfideuee