INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

The instructional technology refers to the different teaching tools that the teacher uses
in order to improve the learning process in the students. These tools can be CD player,
computers, calculators and those tools which are new in the learning process.
Some teachers use computer in order to show their students topics they need to know, and
at the same time, this help the students to learn easier and in a meaningful process. The use
of technologies is the classroom is really helpful for the learning process of the students and
at the same time, they can enjoy the learning process.

The Instructional Design or Instructional Systems Design is the systematic development
of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality
instruction. It includes the development of instructional materials and activities and also
analyze the learning needs and goals of the institution and the learner. There are many
instructional design model but many of them are based on the ADDIE model.
The Cognitive Load Theory refers to the total amount of mental activity imposed on working
memory at an instance in a time. Sweller and his associates discovered several learning
effects related to cognitive load and the design of instruction. There were some debates
focused on the influences that the social networking sites on the learning process of the
learners. One aspect of Cognitive Load Theory is that involves understanding how many
discrete units of information can be retain in short-term memory before information loss
occurs. For example, using the short-term memory in order to memorize a 7-digit phone
number, this is based on the theory that the average person can retain only seven chunks
of information in a short period of time.
The learning design refers to the methodologies or techniques use in the learning
process. It also refers with the comparison of the pedagogical approaches and the association
with the activities using in the classroom.
There are two main instructional designs: the ADDIE model and the DICK and CAREY model.
The ADDIE model.
-Analysis. The instructional goals and objectives are established and the learning
environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are identified.
-Design. This deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content,
subject matter analysis, and lesson planning and media selection.
-Develop. This is where the instructional designers and developers create and assemble the
content assets that were blueprinted in the design stage.
-Implement. The facilitators training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes,
method of delivery, and testing procedures.
-Evaluate. It is important to make sure the materials achieved the desire goals, taking into
account the formative and summative part of the evaluation system.

Dick and Carey model made a significant and important contribution design field by
championing a systems views of instruction as opposed to viewing instructions as a sum of
isolated parts. It is composed of ten components

1. Identify Instructional Goals. Describe what learners are expected to perform at the end
of the instruction.
2. Conduct Instructional Analysis. Identify the exact performance gap between the present
performance and the desired performance.
3. Identify Entry Behaviors. Identify the general characteristics of the learners.
4. Write Performance Objectives. This is about the description of the task or skills to be
learned.
5. Develop Assessment Instruments. The tests and evaluations must be creating,
accordance with the needs of the learners and the progress they must have.
6. Develop Instructional Strategy. Create a blueprint of the learning activities that will be
develop`.
7. Develop and Select Instructional Materials. Develop the instructional content and
activities according with the topic.
8. Design and Conduct. Use iterative design methods, such as prototypes, small field group
trials. (Formative Evaluation)
9. Design and Conduct. Judge the worthiness of the entire program with the focus being on
the outcome. (Summative Evaluation)
10. Revise Instruction: Use the data from the two types of evaluations to examine the validity
of the instructional material and revise as needed.