Torque amomentthattendstotwistamemberaboutitslongitudinalaxis.

Circlesremaincircles 1.
Longitudinalgridlinedeformsintoahelixthatintersectsthecirclesatequalangles 2.
Crosssectionsremainflat(nowarporbulge) 3.
Radiallinesremainstraight 4.
Whentheangleoftwistissmall,thelengthoftheshaftanditsradiuswillremainunchanged. 5.
Note:
AngleofTwist :
Aradiallinelocatedonthecrosssectionatadistancexfromthefixedendoftheshaftwillrotatethrough
anangle(x),whichiscalledtheangleoftwist. Theangledependsonthedistance x.
http://youtu.be/S4_YlOr5Lw
Strainsintorsionaldeformation
Asmallelementlocatedataradialdistancepfrom
thecrosssectionatadistancex fromthefixedend
angleoftwistis(x) atAC
angleoftwistis(x +x) atBD
= (x) - (x + x)
ShearStrainy =
n
2
- 0
B = p = yx
y = p

x
y = p
J
Jx
SinceJ andJx arethesameforallpointsonthecross
sectionatx,JJx isconstantoverthecrosssection,
they isafunctionofp only.
Forpuretorsion, islinear.
Forpuretorsion(x) =
4x
L
,y =
p4
L
c

max

TorsionalDeformation
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 1
Theexternaltorque createsacorrespondinginternaltorque withintheshaft.
Shearstressiszeroontheaxisoftheshaftandmaximum
mux
ontheoutermost
surfaceoftheshaft.
Ifthematerialislinearelastic,thenaccordingtoHookeslaw, = 0y
=
mux
p
c
EachelementofareaJA locatedatp issubjecttoaforceJF = JA
ThetorqueproducedbythisforceisJI = p JF = p JA = p
mux
p
c
JA
=>I = ] p
mux
p
c
JA
A
=
:
mcx
c
] p
2
JA
A
=
:
mcx
c
[
J
T
c
J
Tc

max
max
Solidshaftwithradiusc
[ = _p
2
JA
A
= _ p
2
(2npJp)
c
0
= 2n _ p
3
Jp
c
0
=
n
2
c
4
Tubularshaftwithouterradiusc
o
andinnerradiusc

[ = _p
2
JA
A
= _ p
2
(2npJp)
c
c
c
i
= 2n _ p
3
Jp
c
c
c
i
=
n
2
(c
o
4
- c

4
)
NotonlydoestheinternaltorqueI developalineardistributionofshearstressalongeachradiallineintheplace
ofthecrosssectionalarea,butalsoanassociatedshearstressdistributionisdevelopedalonganaxialplane.
Saythestrainsarelowenoughforthematerialtobeelastic.y =
p4
L
=
uAq
L
p
Thetorquefortheentirecrosssection
TorsionalFormula
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 2
Example5.1(Ex5.1)
ASolidshaftofradiusc issubjectedtoatorqueI asshown.DeterminethefractionofI thatisresistedbythe
materialcontainedwithintheoutercoreoftheshaft,whichhasaninnerradiusofc2 andouterradiusc.
Example5.2
Armwrestlercandeveloptheirmuscles,buttheycanonlydosomuchtostrengthentheirbones.The
forceexertedonthehandcausestorsionofthehumerus(boneinupperarm).Saythecrosssectionof
thehumerusisapproximatedashollowandcircular,withinnerandouterdiameters19 mm and
1S mm.Also,assumethatthewholetwistingmomentistakenbythebone.Ifthehumeruscan
withstandashearstress
mux
= 7uHPo,determinethemaximumforcethehandcanapplywithout
fracturingthehumerus.
Examples
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 3
Power :theworkperformedperunitoftime.
ShaftDesign
]
c
=
1
:
cllcw
P = IJ0Jt P = I = 2nI
Example5.3(5.38)
ThemotorAdevelopsapowerofSuu w andturnsitsconnectedpulleyat9u rc:min.Determinetherequired
diameterofthesteelshaftonthepulleyatAandBiftheallowableshearstressis
uIIow
= 8S HPo.
Powertransmission
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 4
Angleoftwist ofoneendofashaftwithrespecttoitsotherend.
B = p = yx J = y
Jx
p
Hook'sLawy =
:
u
TorsionalFormula =
1(x)p
](x)
y =
I(x)p
[(x)0
J =
I(x)
[(x)0
Jx
= _
I(x)
[(x)0
Jx
L
0
Iftorqueisconstantandthecrosssectionalareaisconstant
= _
I(x)
[(x)0
Jx
L
0
=
I
[0
_ Jx
L
0
=
II
[0
Compare
o =
PI
AE
Ifmultipletorquesareapplied
=
II
[0


o =
PI
AE
SignConvention
RightHandrule:boththetorqueandanglewillbepositiveifthethumbisdirectedoutwardfromthe
shaftwhenthefingerscurltogivethetendencyforrotation.
AngleofTwist
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 5
Example5.4(F59)
The6u mm diametersteelshaftissubjectedtothetorquesshown.Determinetheangleoftwistofend
AwithrespecttoC.Take0 = 7S 0Po
Examples
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 6
Example5.5(Ex5.5)
Thegearsattachedtothefixedendsteelshaftaresubjectedtothetorquesasshown.Iftheshearmodulusof
elasticityis8u 0Po andtheshafthasadiameterof14 mm,determinethedisplacementofthetoothPongearA.
TheshaftturnsfreelywithinthebearingatB.
Example5.6(Ex5.7)
The2 in diametersolidcastironpostasshownisburied24 in insoil.Ifatorqueisappliedtoitstop
usingarigidwrench,determinethemaximumshearstressinthepostandtheangleoftwistatitstop.
Assumethatthetorqueisaboutotturnthepost,andthesoilexertsauniformtorsionalresistanceof
t lb inin alongits24 in buriedlength.0 = S.S(1u
3
)ksi.
Examples
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 7
Ifthemomentequationofequilibriumisnotadequatetodeterminetheunknowntorquesactingonashaft,it
iscalledastaticallyindeterminate problem.
Momentequationofequilibrium
H
x
= u
Compatibilitycondition

AB
= u
InternaltorquebetweenACisI
A

AC
=
1
A
L
AC
]u
InternaltorquebetweenBCisI
B

BC
= -
1
B
L
BC
]u
Ex5.7(Ex5.9)
Theshaftshowninfigureismadefromasteeltube,whichis
bondedtoabrasscore.IfatorqueI = 1Sulb t isappliedat
itsend,plottheshearstressdistributionalongaradiallineofits
crosssectionalarea.Take0
st
= 11.4 1u
3
ksi,0
b
= S.2u
1u
3
ksi.
StaticallyIndeterminateTorqueLoadedMembers
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 8
Fornoncircularcrosssections,therearenoexactanalyticalequationsforfinding [.However
approximatesolutionshavebeenfoundformanyshapes.Noncircularcrosssectionalwayshave
warpingdeformationsthatrequirenumericalmethodstoallowtheexactcalculationof[.
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_constant
Noanybreaksorslitsalongitslength
Wallthicknessisthink,andvaried
Constant,butarbitraryshape
Averageshearstress,assumingthestressisuniformlydistributedacrossthethicknessatanypoint
Thinwalledtubehavingclosedcrosssection:
Duetotheinternaltorque,shearstressisdevelopedonthefrontfaceoftheelement
A
atAand
B
atB
Equivalentshearstresses
A
and
B
mustalsoactonthelongitudinalsidesoftheelement
JF
A
=
A
(t
A
Jx)
JF
B
=
B
(t
B
Jx)

Theproductoftheaverageshearstresstimesthethicknessofthetubeisthesameateachpointonthe
tube'scrosssectionalarea

q =
ug
t
Shearflow:

A
t
A
=
B
t
B
SolidNoncircularShafts
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 9
Take another differential element having a thickness t,
length ds and width dx
The area of eth front face over which the average
shear stress acts is dA = tds
shear flow measures the force per unit length along the tubes cross-sectional area.
The shear stress components are the only ones acting on the tube, and they are
always directed tangent to the wall of the tube.
The shear stress components shown in Figure d
cannot exist due to the inner and outer surfaces of
the tube must be free of stress.
ds
dF
q
qds tds dA dF
avg avg

) (
Averageshearstress
m avg avg
avg avg
avg
avg avg
tA dA t T
hds dA
hds t tds h T
tds h hdF dT
tds dA dF




2 2
2
1
) (
) (

m
avg
tA
T
2

A
m
isthemeanareaenclosedwithintheboundary
ofthecenterlineofthetubesthickness.
Example5.8(ex5.12)
ThetubeismadeofC86100bronzeandhasarectangular
crosssectionasshown.Ifitissubjectedtothetwotorques,
determinetheaverageshearstressinthetubeatpointsA
andb.Also,whatistheangleoftwistofendC?Thetubeis
fixedatE.
ShearFlow
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 10
J
Tc
K
max

StressConcentration
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 11
Chapter 5 Torsion Page 12