Please review the stress analysis developed in the previous chapters: *

Axial loading (chapter 1 & 4) Torsion (chapter 5) Bending (chapter 6 and 12) Shear (chapter 1 and 7)
Multiple internal loadings occur simultaneously: combined loadings *
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
The ratio of an inner-radius () to wall thickness () is
large than 10. When , the stress predicted is
less than the actual maximum stress
1.
The stress can be treated as uniformly distributed within
the wall thickness
2.
Gauge pressure : pressure above atmospheric pressure 3.
Cylindrical Vessels
For stress in the hoop (circumferential) direction: For stress in the longitudinal (axial) direction

The hoop stress is always twice as large as the longitudinal stress!
Ruptured shotgun barrel
Failure in gas pipe line
Chapter 8 Combined Loadings
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 1
The stress is as the same along x direction.
The vessel is subjected to equal-biaxial stress

http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mech325/handouts/pressure_vessels.pdf
Example 8-1 (ex 8.1)
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of and a thickness of

. Determine the
maximum internal pressure it can sustain so that either its circumferential nor its longitudinal stress
component exceeds . Under the same condition, what is the maximum internal pressure that a
similar size spherical vessel can sustain?
Thin-Walled Vessels
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 2
Use the principle of superposition (sec. 4.3) provided a linear relationship exists between the stress and the loads
Obtain the resultant internal normal and shear force components and bending and torsional moment
components (P, V, M, T)

The force component should act through the centroid of the cross-section the moment components
should be computed about centroidal axes

Internal loading
Procedure for analysis
Determine the stress component associated with each internal loading
Stress components
Once the normal and shear stress components for each loading are calculated, use the principle of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear stress components

Superposition
State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 3
Example 8.2 (ex 8.2)
A force of is applied to the edge of the member shown in the figure. Neglect the weight of the
member and determine the state of stress at points B and C.
Examples
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 4
Example 8-3 (ex 8.4)
The member shown in figure has a rectangular cross section. Determine the state of stress that the loading
produces at point C.
Examples
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 5
Example 8-4 (8.66)
Determine the state of stress at point B on the cross section of the pipe at section a-a.
Examples
Chapter 8 Combined Loading Page 6