ASAE EP484.

1 DEC97
Diaphragm Design of Metal-Clad, Post-Frame Rectangular
Buildings
Developed by the ASAE Diaphragm Design of Metal-Clad, Post-Frame
Rectangular Buildings Subcommittee of the Structures Group; approved
by the Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee;
adopted by ASAE September 1989; revised December 1990; reafrmed
December 1994, December 1995, December 1996; reafrmed for one
year December 1997.
1 Purpose and scope
1.1 This Engineering Practice standardizes the methods for testing and
reporting the strength and stiffness of metal-clad, timber-frame
diaphragms and outlines engineering procedures for the diaphragm
analysis and design of metal-clad, post-frame rectangular buildings.
1.2 The provisions of this Engineering Practice are suitable for the
analysis and design of rectangular, metal-clad, post-frame buildings
using roof and ceiling diaphragms, alone or in combination. The
provisions are limited to the analysis of single-story buildings symmetric
in design and construction with respect to the major axes of the building
and with endwalls sufciently rigid to transfer roof shear loads to the
ground with negligible lateral deection at the eave. The endwalls may
require supplemental reinforcement to replace lost strength and stiffness
due to placement of doors and large openings in the endwalls.
2 Terminology (See Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4)
2.1 Building diaphragm stiffness, c
h
: The stiffness of the entire roof
diaphragm assembly. The stiffness is obtained from test panel results
and is adjusted for differences between the length of the test panel and
the roof diaphragm and for the slope of the roof.
2.2 Cantilever test: A load test arrangement for a diaphragm in which
the diaphragm is supported along one edge and the shear load is applied
at a corner of the opposite edge and in the direction parallel to the
direction of the line of action of the supports (see Fig. 2).
2.3 Ceiling stiffness, c
c
: The stiffness of a horizontal diaphragm
consisting of the ceiling of the building.
2.4 Diaphragm: A structural assemblyincluding the timber framing
(truss chords and purlins), metal cladding, fasteners and fastening
patternscapable of transferring in-plane shear forces through the
cladding and framing members.
2.5 Diaphragm design: The design of a post frame, including the roof
truss, sidewall posts, endwalls, shear connectors, chord splices and
ground anchorages, in which the diaphragm strength and diaphragm
stiffness are utilized to transfer applied horizontal loads to the ground.
Figure 1 Denition sketch for terminology
Figure 2 Cantilever test assembly
Figure 3 Simple beam test assembly
ASAE STANDARDS 1998 719
2.6 Diaphragm fastenings: The various fastenings and fastening
patterns used to connect the several components of the diaphragm.
These include the fastenings between the cladding and purlins, between
the diaphragm framing members, and between individual sheets of
cladding.
2.7 Diaphragm length, b: The test diaphragm dimension measured in
the direction of the corrugations.
2.8 Diaphragm shear stiffness, c: The shear stiffness, force per unit
lateral in-plane displacement, of a diaphragm. It is dened as the slope
of the diaphragm load-shear displacement curve between zero load and
the load corresponding to the diaphragm design shear strength.
2.9 Diaphragm shear strength: The design shear strength (see
paragraph 3.3.6.2) of a diaphragm in the plane of the cladding.
2.10 Diaphragm width, a or 2a: The test diaphragm dimension
measured in the direction perpendicular to the corrugations.
2.11 Endwall diaphragm: The endwall of the building where the
endwall cladding and framing are constructed so as to transfer in-plane
shear forces from the roof and/or ceiling diaphragm to the ground.
2.12 Frame stiffness, k: The horizontal stiffness to a load applied at the
eave of the individual unclad post frames, including the truss, in each bay
of the building.
2.13 Horizontal restraining force, R: The force applied at the leeward
eave of the post frame to prevent translation due to design loads when
diaphragm action is not included.
2.14 Metal cladding: The metal exterior and interior coverings, usually
cold-formed aluminum or steel sheet, fastened to the timber framing.
2.15 Post frame: A structural frame consisting of a wood roof truss
connected to vertical timber columns.
2.16 Shear fastenings: The fastenings and fastening patterns used to
transfer the shear forces between sheets of cladding, between the
cladding and frame, and between roof or ceiling cladding to endwall or
shearwall diaphragms.
2.17 Shear transfer: The transfer of the resultant shear forces between
individual sheets of cladding, between the edges of roof diaphragms and
the top of the endwalls, between the edges of ceiling diaphragms and the
endwalls, or between the bottom of the endwall diaphragms and the
ground.
2.18 Shear wall: A vertical diaphragm in a structural framing system.
The wall may be an endwall or an intermediate wall. In either case, the
wall transfers shear forces from the roof or ceiling diaphragm to the
groundline.
2.19 Simple beam test: A load test arrangement for a diaphragm in
which the diaphragm is loaded as a deep beam. Both ends of the
diaphragm are supported to resist in-plane shear and one end is
supported to resist perpendicular-to-plane movement. A single
concentrated load is applied in the direction of the truss chords at
midspan (see Fig. 3).
2.20 Tension fastenings: The fastenings required to transfer the
resultant tensile forces in the anges of deep beam diaphragms at points
where the ange members are spliced. In a roof diaphragm, the ange
members are the edge purlins at the eave and ridge.
2.21 Test diaphragm: A diaphragm model of sufcient size to simulate
the behavior of the diaphragm in the building. Except for overall size, the
test diaphragm construction is functionally equivalent (see paragraph 3.1)
to the building diaphragm and is supported in a manner similar to that
encountered in the building application.
3 Diaphragm strength and stiffness
3.1 General provisions. This section outlines methods for determining
diaphragm strength and stiffness for post-frame buildings. Unless
otherwise noted, this Engineering Practice assumes that the test
diaphragm construction is functionally equivalent to that used in the
building being designed. This requires that post spacing, purlin spacing
and orientation, cladding type, cladding prole, cladding thickness,
fastening type and pattern, and support patterns for both the cladding
and diaphragm framing each be identical. Functional equivalence also
requires that the specic gravity and Group Number of both the purlins
and the chords used in the test diaphragm be equal to or greater than the
specic gravity and Group Number of the species used in the building
construction. Group Number is dened by the National Forest Products
Association Standard, National Design Specication for Wood
Construction, Table 8.1A (NDS, 1986).
3.2 Diaphragm tests. The shear strength and stiffness of wall, roof and
ceiling diaphragms are to be determined by shearing tests of diaphragms
or by other acceptable analysis methods. Testing may be accomplished
by either the cantilever test (see Fig. 2) or the simple beam test (see Fig.
3).
3.2.1 Test apparatus
3.2.1.1 General. The test diaphragm shall meet all the functional
equivalence provisions of paragraph 3.1.
3.2.1.2 Frame size. The length, b, of the test frame shall not exceed the
diaphragm length used in design. The width, a or 2a, of the test frame
shall not be less than the overall width of three sheets of cladding in
either the cantilever or simple beam test procedures. The frame width,
a, shall also not be less than the width of one building bay (the distance
between post frames) for the cantilever test or two bays for the simple
beam test.
3.2.1.3 Frame material requirements. The moisture content of all
framing members shall be below 19% when the test section is fabricated
and shall not vary by more than 3% from the initial moisture content
when the section is tested. A specic gravity test per ASTM Standard
D143-83, Method of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber, shall be
conducted and recorded on all framing members immediately after the
test is completed.
3.2.1.4 Purlin and chord size and spacing. All test frames shall be
constructed with purlin size and spacing equal to those used in the
building design. Test frame chords shall have the same thickness and
spacing as the chords in the building and shall have sufcient depth to
accommodate full penetration of all purlin to chord fasteners.
3.2.1.5 Support placement
3.2.1.5.1 Cantilever test (see Fig. 2). For the cantilever test, the frame
shall be supported at corner C (see Fig. 2) with a pinned connection to
allow transfer of the horizontal forces into the supports. Frame corner
G (see Fig. 2) shall be supported with a roller type connection. Side
Figure 4 Diaphragm test results
720 ASAE STANDARDS 1998
DE shall be supported vertically by a series of rollers (for horizontal
frame testing). A restraining force may be necessary to resist out-of-
plane movement at corner E.
3.2.1.5.2 Simple beam test. For the simple beam test, the frame shall
be supported at corner G (see Fig. 3) with a pinned connection and at
corner E with a roller type connection. In addition, line HJ shall be
supported in a manner similar to the supports along line DE in the
cantilever test procedure. Restraining forces may be necessary to resist
out-of-plane movement at corners C and E.
3.2.1.6 Loading and instrumentation
3.2.1.6.1 Calibration and accuracy. Loading equipment and
measurement devices shall be calibrated and veried in accordance with
ASTM Standard E4-83a, Practices for Load Verication of Testing
Machines. All deection and load measurement gages shall have an
accuracy within 2% of the respective design values.
3.2.1.6.2 Load application. Loading shall be applied parallel to and in
the plane of contact between the diaphragm and the frame. The method
of loading and relevant equipment shall accommodate a loading scheme
in which loads are continuously measured, and are applied in equal
increments from zero to failure. Proper load locations are illustrated in
Figs. 2 and 3.
3.2.1.6.3 Deection measurement. Deections shall be recorded to the
nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.). Deection measurements shall be taken
such that the relative movement of the adjacent rafters is measured.
Proper gage locations (numbered) are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
3.2.2 Test procedures
3.2.2.1 Number of tests and failure strength criteria. A minimum of
three replications of each test diaphragm conguration shall be tested.
Each replication requires construction of a new test frame. Evaluation of
test strength results shall be made based on the minimum failure value
of the three tests. Design stiffness shall be based on the average of the
three tests. The design failure value shall be based on the lower 33rd
percentile estimate according to the nonparametric point estimate, NPE,
method described in ASTM Standard D2915-84, Method for Evaluating
Allowable Properties for Grades of Structural Lumber, (see paragraph
4.5.4).
3.2.2.2 Loading procedure. The test diaphragm shall be loaded as per
ASTM Standard E564-76, Method for Static Load Test for Shear
Resistance of Framed Walls for Buildings; ASTM Standard E72-80,
Method for Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building
Construction; and ASTM Standard E455-76(1984), Method for Static
Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof Diaphragm Constructions for
Buildings.
3.2.2.2.1 Method of load application. (See ASTM Standard E72-80,
Method for Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building
Construction) Load and unload the test diaphragm in three stages to 3.5,
7.0, and 10.5 kN (800, 1600, and 2400 lbf) total load at a uniform rate.
To provide data to meet performance requirements, other values of total
load may be included in the test procedure. Use the same rate of loading
for all tests and report all results. At least 10 sets of uniformly-spaced
deection readings shall be taken prior to failure to establish the load-
deformation curve.
3.2.2.2.2 Load rate. Load rate should be applied continuously
throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the loading device
used. The rate of loading shall be such that the loading to 3.5 kN (800
lbf) total load shall be completed in not less than two minutes from the
start of the test. Loading to 7.0 and to 10.5 kN (1600 and 2400 lbf) total
load and to failure shall occur at the same loading rate. The rate of the
loading shall be such that that the anticipated full design load level will be
reached in not less than 10 minutes.
3.2.2.2.3 Subsequent load cycles. (See ASTM Standard E72-80,
Method for Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building
Construction) After the load of 3.5 kN (800 lbf) is placed on the
specimen, immediately remove all of the load at the same rate as loading
commenced, wait ve minutes and note any residual deection (set) in
the diaphragm. Reload the specimen to 7.0 kN (1600 lbf) and again
remove the load, wait ve minutes and note any additional set. Reload
the specimen to 10.5 kN (2400 lbf), remove the load, wait ve minutes
and note the set. Apply load continuously for each of the increment loads
specied above and obtain load-deection data. Obtain these data for at
least each 900 N (200 lbf) of loading. Obtain deections during the
loading and the unloading portion of the cycle.
3.2.2.2.4 Final load cycle. (See ASTM Standard E72-80, Method for
Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction) After the
specimen is loaded as specied to 3.5, 7.0 and 10.5 kN (800, 1600 and
2400 lbf), load it again to failure or until the adjusted deection of the
diaphragm at point E for cantilever tests or point J for simple beam tests
equals a/24 in cantilever test panels or 2a/48 in deep beam test panels.
Obtain readings of deection for the same intervals of load as were used
for the other loadings. In the event of test diaphragm failure before the
fourth load cycle, use the results of the completed load cycles for
evaluation of diaphragm strength and stiffness.
3.2.2.3 Failure denition. The ultimate failure load will be dened by
the serviceability limit. That is, any permanent failure of the cladding,
framing or fastenings which would be objectionable based on
appearance or performance.
3.3 Diaphragm test reports. The following information shall be reported
for each diaphragm test panel. The report shall be sufcient to allow for
the incorporation of the test results into building design. See Fig. 4 for a
sample data sheet. The items noted with an asterisk are desirable but not
required for design; they are required for research and theoretical
applications.
3.3.1 General information. Sufcient information shall be provided to
uniquely identify each diaphragm tested, including:
3.3.1.1 Laboratory investigator. The laboratory and principal
investigator shall be identied.
3.3.1.2 Test ID. An identifying number which uniquely references one
test replication.
3.3.1.3 Date of test. Date when the test was performed.
3.3.2 Test diaphragm congurations. The overall diaphragm
conguration must be identied with the following information:
3.3.2.1 Length, b. Distance measured parallel to the sheets. For
diaphragms utilizing a single-length sheet, this would be the sheet length
unless the end fasteners are located more than 75 mm (3 in.) from the
ends of the sheets. The length is measured from the centerline of the
end fasteners when fasteners are more than 75 mm (3 in.) from the ends
of the sheets.
3.3.2.2 Width, a or 2a. Distance measured perpendicular to the length
of the sheets. The width is measured from the centerline of the outside
framing members.
3.3.2.3 Loading conguration. A sketch of the test conguration shall
be provided. Support types and locations, deection measurement
locations, and load application locations shall be identied.
3.3.3 Lumber properties. For each framing component used to
construct the test assembly (i.e., purlins, rafters, etc.), provide the
following information:
3.3.3.1 Number. Total number of pieces used in the test assembly.
3.3.3.2 Nominal size. Nominal order-entry size of the wood member.
3.3.3.3 Grade and species. The grade and species of lumber used.
3.3.3.4 Stiffness. The modulus of elasticity of each edge purlin piece
shall be measured prior to test panel fabrication. If a test machine is
available, the method of ASTM Standard D198-84, Method for Static
Tests of Timbers in Structural Sizes, using a continuous load-deection
trace is recommended. Alternately a atwise measurement using two
center-point deadweights can be used (Percival, 1981).
3.3.3.4.1 Span for atwise E measurement. A recommended distance
between supports is the diaphragm width, a, for the cantilever test but
not greater than 3.0 m (10 ft). For the simple beam tests, more than two
ASAE STANDARDS 1998 721
boards may be used as edge purlins. If only one board is used per edge,
use a distance between supports of the test diaphragm width, 2a, but
not greater than 3.0 m (10 ft). If two boards are used to form one edge
(because of lapping or recessing purlins between truss chords) the
recommended span is the truss spacing, a, but not greater than 3.0 m
(10 ft).
3.3.3.5 Specic gravity. Specic gravity for each member shall be
determined in accordance with ASTM Standard D143-83, Method of
Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber. The average and range of
specic gravity shall be reported for each assembly.
3.3.4 Metal cladding. The following information shall be reported for the
metal cladding used in the test assembly:
3.3.4.1 Manufacturer. The name of the manufacturer of the cladding.
3.3.4.2 Prole. The commercial name of the prole which will uniquely
identify the prole conguration.
3.3.4.3 Base metal. The type of metal used to form the panel (i.e.,
aluminum, steel).
3.3.4.4 Grade or alloy. The specic grade or alloy of metal used (i.e.,
Grade E Steel, 3004-H37 Aluminum).
3.3.4.5 Yield strength. The measured yield strength of the material
being used, or the yield strength from manufacturers data.
3.3.4.6 Thickness. The base metal thickness as reported by the
manufacturer.
3.3.4.7 Section modulus. The elastic section modulus per unit width of
cladding based on the full section.
3.3.4.8 g/p ratio. The ratio of the total at width of metal used to form
one complete repeating corrugation to the pitch of the corrugation.
3.3.4.9 Prole dimensions. A sketch which includes all prole
dimensions.
3.3.5 Fastenings. For each type of fastening used to construct the
assembly, report the following (The items with an asterisk are desired but
optional):
3.3.5.1 Manufacturer. The name and address of the manufacturer of
the fastenings.
3.3.5.2 Type. The brand name of each fastening and its general type
(i.e., screw, nail, etc.).
3.3.5.3 Diameter. The shank diameter of the fastening.
3.3.5.4 Length. The nominal length of the fastening.
3.3.5.5 Thread spacing*. The spacing of threads for all screw type
fastenings.
3.3.5.6 Washer type and size. The type washer (i.e., at, domed, etc.)
and the outside diameter.
3.3.5.7 Base metal*. The type metal used to form the shank part of the
fastening.
3.3.5.8 Shear strength*. The tested ultimate shear strength of the
fastening using a single-lap shear test in accordance with ASTM
Standard D1761-77, Method of Testing Mechanical Fasteners in Wood.
3.3.5.9 Shear stiffness*. The tested shear stiffness of the fastening
using a single-lap shear test in accordance with ASTM Standard D1761-
77, Method of Testing Mechanical Fasteners in Wood.
3.3.6 Results. Report the following test results consistent with the
procedure outlined in paragraph 3.2 of this Engineering Practice:
3.3.6.1 The load-deection curves for each of the assemblies tested,
indicating the scale.
3.3.6.1.1 Cantilever test. The ultimate strength, P
ul t
, equals the
magnitude of the applied load at failure.
3.3.6.1.2 Simple beam test. The ultimate strength, P
ul t
, equals one
half of the resultant of the applied load at failure.
3.3.6.2 Design shear strength. The long-term design shear strength
equals 0.4 P
ul t
/ LDF if the failure was initiated by lumber breakage or by
failure of the fastenings in the wood; otherwise design shear strength
equals 0.4 P
ul t
. The load duration factor, LDF, may conservatively be
taken as 1.6 or be determined for actual test duration from NDS (1986).
Shear strength per unit length may be reported as the design shear
strength divided by the diaphragm length, b.
3.3.6.3 Test diaphragm shear stiffness, c.
3.3.6.3.1 Cantilever test. The shear stiffness, c, for a test diaphragm is
based on the relatively linear portion of the load-deection curve below
0.4 P
ul t
in accordance with the formula
c
P
D
s
a
b
(1)
where
P 0.4 P
ul t
D
s
shear deection of test diaphragm at 0.4 P
ul t
a/ b aspect ratio of the frame shown in Fig. 2
3.3.6.3.1.1 The shear deection, D
s
, for the cantilever test diaphragm is
obtained from the deection measurements D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, and D
4
in Fig.
2 and the following equations
D
S
D
T
D
b
D
T
D
3
D
1
a/ b D
2
D
4

D
b
Pa
3
/3E
p
I
p
(2)
E
p
I
p
Effective EI of the panels contributed by the edge purlins. (The
moment of inertia contribution of the purlins about their own axes is
neglected.) The following equation is recommended
E
p
I
p
by
2
A
1
E
1
y
2
A
2
E
2
(3)
where
A
1
, A
2
average area for each edge purlin
E
1
, E
2
average modulus of elasticity for each edge purlin
b center to center distance between edge purlins
y bE
1
A
1
/ A
1
E
1
A
2
E
2

3.3.6.3.2 Simple beam test. The shear stiffness, c, for a test diaphragm
is based on the relatively linear portion of the total load-midspan
deection curve below 0.4 P
ul t
in accordance with the formula
c
1
2
P
D
s
a
b
(4)
where
P 0.4 P
ul t
D
s
shear deection of test diaphragm at 0.4 P
ul t
a/ b aspect ratio of the frame shown in Fig. 3
3.3.6.3.2.1 The shear deection, D
s
, for the simple beam test
diaphragm is obtained from the deection measurements D
2
, D
3
, and
D
4
in Fig. 3 and the following equations
D
s
D
T
D
b
D
T
D
2
1/2 D
3
D
4

D
b
Pa
3
/6E
p
I
p
(5)
3.4 Building diaphragm stiffness, c
h
.
722 ASAE STANDARDS 1998
3.4.1 Denition. The building diaphragm shear stiffness is dened by
the following equation
C
h
C cos
2
b/ a (6)
where
b/ a aspect ratio of the roof diaphragm
roof slope
C test panel stiffness adjusted for diaphragm length
per equation 7
3.4.2 Diaphragm length adjustment. Shear stiffness, c, for a given
length test diaphragm may be corrected to shear stiffness, C, for roof
diaphragms of different length by the following equation
C
Et
2 1vg/ pK
2
/ bt
2

(7)
where
E modulus of elasticity of cladding
cladding thickness
cladding Poissons ratio
g/ p see paragraph 3.3.4.8
b diaphragm length between end fastening along one
slope measured parallel to the corrugations
K
2
constant for a given panel design
3.4.2.1 The constant K
2
is determined by substituting the shear stiffness
of the test diaphragm calculated from equation 1 or 4 and other
diaphragm geometric and material design values into equation 7.
3.4.2.2 Equation 7 is applicable for diaphragm lengths up to 1.5 times
the length of the test diaphragm (see Section 5Commentary).
3.4.3 When full-size diaphragm stiffness test results are available, C
c.
4 Design procedures
4.1 Diaphragm analysis of the building shall be performed in accordance
with the provisions of this section or by other acceptable structural
analysis methods.
4.2 Assumptions
4.2.1 The stiffness, c
h
and/or c
c
, of the diaphragm is known.
4.2.2 Uniform spacing and stiffness of frames.
4.2.3 Uniform roof stiffness.
4.2.4 Endwalls sufciently rigid for negligible lateral shear and moment
displacement at the eave under design loads.
4.2.5 The diaphragm length equals the length of one roof slope.
4.2.6 The building is rectangular and may have a at or sloped roof that
conforms to the geometry illustrated in Figs. 1 and 5.
4.3 Calculation procedures for buildings without ceilings
4.3.1 Horizontal stiffness of the frame, k. A horizontal force, P, is
applied at the eave node of the post frame as shown in Fig. 6. The frame
stiffness is dened as the ratio of the applied force to the lateral
displacement of the node, k P/ .
4.3.2 Horizontal restraining force at the eave line, R. A horizontal
restraint (vertical roller) is placed at the eave line as shown in Fig. 7 and
the structural analog is analyzed with all external loads in place. The
restraining force, R, is the force required to prevent horizontal deection
at the eave.
4.3.2.1 Design loads should be determined from approved standards or
engineering practices.
4.3.2.2 Diaphragms help transfer only in-plane loads to endwalls.
4.3.3 Roof stiffness, c
h
. The roof stiffness is determined by the
methods presented in Section 3Diaphragm strength and stiffness.
4.3.4 Stiffness ratio, k/c
h
. Calculate the ratio of the frame to roof
stiffness.
4.3.5 Sidesway force modier, mD. The sidesway force modier is
calculated from the principles of compatibility of the lateral displacement
of the frame and roof cladding at the eave line. Alternately, mD values
for a range of k/ c
h
values and number of frames between endwalls are
given in Table 1. The number of frames include the framed endwalls.
4.3.5.1 As mD approaches 1.0, more load is carried by the diaphragm
to the endwalls. As mD approaches zero, more load is resisted by the
post frames. An mD value of zero is equivalent to a simple sidesway
problem. An mD value of 1.0 corresponds to zero sidesway movement
at the eave.
4.3.6 Cladding shear force modier, mS. The shear force modier,
mS, is calculated from the mD values. Alternately, mS values for a
range of k/ c
h
values and number of frames between endwalls are given
in Table 2. The number of frames include the framed endwalls.
4.3.7 Roof diaphragm sidesway resistance force, Q. This force is
calculated by multiplying the horizontal restraining force, R, at the eave
line by mD (see paragraph 4.3.2).
Figure 5 Denition sketch of rectangular, metal-clad, post-frame building
Figure 6 Denition sketch for frame stiffness, k
ASAE STANDARDS 1998 723
4.3.8 Shear force in roof cladding. The horizontal component of the
maximum shear force, V
h
, in the roof cladding is calculated by
multiplying the horizontal restraining force, R, at the eave line by mS
(see paragraph 4.3.2).
4.3.8.1 The maximum shear force, V, in the cladding equals
V
h
/ cos .
4.3.8.2 The maximum shear force, V, in roof cladding must be less than
or equal to the design shear strength of the diaphragm. The design shear
strength, as dened in paragraph 3.3.6.2, may be increased by 33% by
provisions of most model building codes.
4.3.8.3 The largest shear value of the roof cladding occurs in the bay
next to the framed endwalls.
4.3.9 Analysis of the post-frame building including roof diaphragm
action. Roof diaphragm action is included by applying the roof
diaphragm sidesway resistance force, Q, (see paragraph 4.3.7)
distributed as a horizontal uniform load along the top chords of the truss
in the direction of R as illustrated in Fig. 8. The distributed force, q, in
force per unit length along the member, equals Q divided by the length
of both slopes of the roof diaphragm.
4.3.9.1 The critical frame on a building with symmetric shear walls is
always the one at or closest to the building midlength.
4.3.9.2 Appropriate changes in the post-frame design, including member
sizes, stress grades, and frame geometry, are made until all limiting
factors for design are satised. Post strength, post-horizontal shear,
shear force in roof cladding, truss-web buckling about the weak axis,
bottom-chord lateral stability, strength and embedment of endwalls, etc.,
can be limiting and critical factors in design.
4.4 General calculation procedure for buildings with ceilings
4.4.1 The analysis of a post-frame with both ceiling and roof diaphragms
is accomplished from the principles of compatibility of the horizontal
displacements of the frame, roof and ceiling diaphragms at the eave line.
4.4.2 Horizontal stiffness of the frame and horizontal restraining
force. The horizontal stiffness of the frame, k, and the horizontal
restraining force, R, at the eave line are calculated per paragraphs 4.3.1
and 4.3.2 for buildings without ceilings.
4.4.3 Ceiling stiffness, c
c
. Determined by the methods presented in
Section 3Diaphragm Strength and Stiffness.
4.4.4 Ceiling and roof stiffness ratio, k/c
T
. Calculate the ratio of the
frame stiffness to the sum of the stiffnesses of the ceiling, c
c
, and roof,
c
r
.
c
T
c
r
c
c
4.4.5 Modiers, mD and mS. Use Tables 1 and 2 to select the
sidesway force modier, mD, and the shear force modier, mS, based
on the k/ c
T
ratio (see paragraph 4.4.4), and the number of frames
between the endwalls of the building. The number of frames includes the
framed endwalls.
4.4.6 Combined ceiling and roof diaphragm sidesway resistance
force, Q
T
. This force is calculated by multiplying the horizontal
restraining force, R, at the eave line (see paragraph 4.3.2) by mD (see
paragraph 4.4.5).
4.4.7 Combined shear force in ceiling and roof diaphragms, V
T
. This
force is calculated by multiplying the horizontal restraining force, R, at
the eave line (see paragraph 4.3.2) by mS (see paragraph 4.4.5).
4.4.7.1 Roof and ceiling diaphragm sidesway resistance forces, Q
and Q
c
. These forces are calculated by multiplying the combined
resistance force, Q
T
, by the ratio of stiffness of each diaphragm to the
sum of stiffnesses of the roof, c
r
, and ceiling, c
c
, diaphragms, as
Q

c
r
c
T

Q
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for roof diaphragm
and
Q
c

c
c
c
T

Q
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for ceiling diaphragm
4.4.7.2 Shear forces in the roof and ceiling diaphragms, V and
V
c
. These forces are similarly calculated as
V

c
r
c
T

V
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for roof diaphragm
and
V
c

c
c
c
T

V
T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for ceiling diaphragm
4.4.8 Analysis of post-frame building including roof and ceiling
diaphragm actions. Roof and ceiling diaphragm actions are included by
applying the roof diaphragm sidesway resistance force (see paragraph
4.3.7), Q, distributed as a horizontal uniform load, q, along the top
chords of the truss, and the ceiling diaphragm sidesway resistance force
(see paragraph 4.4.6), Q
c
, distributed as a horizontal uniform load,
q
c
, along the bottom chord of the truss, respectively. These forces are
illustrated in Fig. 9 and are applied in the direction of restraining force,
R. The vertical roller introduced in paragraph 4.3.2 is removed at this
step.
4.4.8.1 Check all limiting and critical factors in design as described in
paragraph 4.3.9.2.
4.5 Shear transfer. Shear forces must be transferred through the
individual sheets of the diaphragm, through the connectors, through the
connections between the roof and ceiling diaphragms to the endwalls,
and through the endwall diaphragm to the groundline in order to develop
diaphragm action. These forces are illustrated in Fig. 11.
4.5.1 Roof diaphragm. The roof diaphragm allowable shear strength
must be equal to or greater than the shear force, V, calculated in
paragraph 4.3.8. (see Fig. 5).
4.5.2 Roof diaphragm-endwall connection. The fastenings between
the roof diaphragm and the endwall must be designed to transfer the
shear force, V, calculated in paragraph 4.3.8 (see Fig. 5).
4.5.3 Ceiling diaphragm. The ceiling diaphragm allowable shear
strength must be equal to or greater than the shear force, V
c
.
4.5.4 Ceiling diaphragm-endwall connections. The fastenings
between the ceiling diaphragm and the endwall must be designed to
transfer the shear force, V
c
, calculated in paragraph 4.4.7 (see Fig. 5).
4.5.5 Endwall diaphragm. The endwall diaphragm allowable shear
strength, must be equal to or greater than the sum of the horizontal
Figure 7 Denition sketch for horizontal restraining force at the eave
724 ASAE STANDARDS 1998
Table 1 Roof diaphragm lateral restraining force modier (mD).
k/c
h
Number of Frames*
k/c
h
Number of Frames*
k/c
h
Number of Frames*
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0.0100 0.995 0.990 0.980 0.971 0.957 0.943 0.925 0.908 0.0050 0.941 0.929 0.916 0.904 0.889 0.875 0.859 0.844 0.827 0.811 0.793 0.777 0.759 0.742 0.0050 0.724 0.706 0.688 0.671 0.653 0.636
0.0300 0.985 0.971 0.943 0.917 0.879 0.844 0.801 0.761 0.0100 0.887 0.867 0.844 0.822 0.797 0.774 0.748 0.724 0.698 0.674 0.648 0.625 0.600 0.577 0.0075 0.629 0.608 0.587 0.567 0.547 0.528
0.0500 0.976 0.952 0.908 0.868 0.811 0.762 0.702 0.650 0.0150 0.838 0.811 0.780 0.751 0.719 0.690 0.658 0.629 0.599 0.571 0.541 0.515 0.487 0.463 0.0100 0.553 0.530 0.508 0.487 0.465 0.445
0.0700 0.966 0.935 0.875 0.823 0.752 0.692 0.621 0.563 0.0200 0.794 0.761 0.724 0.690 0.653 0.620 0.585 0.553 0.520 0.490 0.460 0.432 0.405 0.380 0.0125 0.490 0.467 0.444 0.422 0.401 0.381
0.0900 0.957 0.917 0.845 0.782 0.699 0.632 0.554 0.493 0.0250 0.753 0.716 0.674 0.637 0.597 0.561 0.523 0.491 0.456 0.426 0.395 0.369 0.341 0.318 0.0150 0.437 0.414 0.391 0.370 0.349 0.330
0.1100 0.948 0.901 0.816 0.745 0.653 0.581 0.498 0.436 0.0300 0.715 0.675 0.629 0.590 0.547 0.510 0.472 0.438 0.404 0.374 0.344 0.318 0.292 0.270 0.0175 0.393 0.370 0.347 0.327 0.307 0.289
0.1300 0.939 0.885 0.788 0.711 0.611 0.536 0.451 0.389 0.0350 0.681 0.637 0.589 0.548 0.504 0.467 0.427 0.394 0.360 0.331 0.302 0.277 0.252 0.231 0.0200 0.355 0.333 0.311 0.291 0.271 0.254
0.1500 0.930 0.870 0.763 0.679 0.573 0.496 0.410 0.349 0.0400 0.649 0.603 0.553 0.511 0.466 0.428 0.389 0.356 0.323 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.220 0.200 0.0225 0.322 0.301 0.279 0.261 0.242 0.225
0.1700 0.922 0.855 0.738 0.650 0.539 0.461 0.375 0.316 0.0450 0.619 0.572 0.520 0.477 0.432 0.394 0.356 0.324 0.291 0.264 0.237 0.215 0.193 0.175 0.0250 0.294 0.273 0.252 0.235 0.217 0.201
0.1900 0.913 0.840 0.715 0.623 0.508 0.430 0.344 0.286 0.0500 0.592 0.543 0.491 0.447 0.402 0.365 0.326 0.295 0.264 0.238 0.212 0.192 0.171 0.154 0.0275 0.269 0.249 0.229 0.212 0.195 0.180
0.2100 0.905 0.826 0.693 0.597 0.480 0.402 0.317 0.261 0.0550 0.566 0.517 0.463 0.420 0.375 0.338 0.301 0.271 0.240 0.216 0.191 0.171 0.152 0.136 0.0300 0.247 0.228 0.209 0.192 0.176 0.162
0.2300 0.897 0.813 0.673 0.574 0.455 0.376 0.292 0.239 0.0600 0.542 0.492 0.438 0.395 0.350 0.314 0.278 0.249 0.219 0.196 0.172 0.154 0.135 0.121 0.0325 0.228 0.209 0.191 0.175 0.160 0.147
0.2500 0.889 0.800 0.653 0.552 0.431 0.354 0.271 0.220 0.0650 0.520 0.469 0.415 0.372 0.328 0.293 0.257 0.229 0.201 0.179 0.156 0.139 0.122 0.108 0.0350 0.210 0.193 0.175 0.160 0.146 0.133
0.2700 0.881 0.787 0.634 0.531 0.409 0.333 0.252 0.203 0.0700 0.499 0.448 0.394 0.352 0.308 0.274 0.239 0.212 0.185 0.163 0.142 0.126 0.110 0.097 0.0375 0.195 0.178 0.161 0.147 0.133 0.121
0.2900 0.873 0.775 0.617 0.512 0.389 0.314 0.235 0.187 0.0750 0.479 0.428 0.375 0.333 0.290 0.256 0.222 0.196 0.170 0.150 0.130 0.114 0.099 0.087 0.0400 0.181 0.165 0.148 0.135 0.122 0.111
0.3100 0.866 0.763 0.600 0.494 0.371 0.297 0.219 0.174 0.0800 0.461 0.410 0.356 0.315 0.273 0.240 0.207 0.182 0.157 0.138 0.119 0.104 0.090 0.079 0.0425 0.168 0.153 0.137 0.124 0.112 0.101
0.3300 0.858 0.752 0.583 0.476 0.353 0.281 0.205 0.161 0.0850 0.444 0.393 0.340 0.299 0.257 0.226 0.194 0.170 0.146 0.127 0.109 0.095 0.082 0.071 0.0450 0.157 0.142 0.127 0.115 0.103 0.093
0.3500 0.851 0.741 0.568 0.460 0.337 0.266 0.192 0.150 0.0900 0.427 0.377 0.324 0.284 0.243 0.213 0.182 0.158 0.135 0.118 0.100 0.088 0.075 0.065 0.0475 0.146 0.132 0.118 0.106 0.095 0.086
0.3700 0.844 0.730 0.553 0.445 0.322 0.253 0.180 0.140 0.0950 0.412 0.362 0.309 0.270 0.230 0.200 0.170 0.148 0.126 0.109 0.093 0.080 0.068 0.059 0.0500 0.137 0.123 0.110 0.099 0.088 0.079
0.3900 0.837 0.719 0.539 0.431 0.309 0.240 0.170 0.131 0.1000 0.397 0.347 0.296 0.257 0.218 0.189 0.160 0.139 0.117 0.101 0.086 0.074 0.063 0.054 0.0525 0.128 0.115 0.102 0.092 0.081 0.073
0.4100 0.830 0.709 0.525 0.417 0.296 0.229 0.160 0.123 0.1050 0.383 0.334 0.283 0.245 0.207 0.179 0.151 0.130 0.109 0.094 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.050 0.0550 0.120 0.108 0.095 0.085 0.075 0.068
0.4300 0.823 0.699 0.512 0.404 0.283 0.218 0.151 0.115 0.1100 0.370 0.321 0.271 0.234 0.196 0.169 0.142 0.122 0.102 0.088 0.074 0.063 0.053 0.045 0.0575 0.113 0.101 0.089 0.080 0.070 0.063
0.4500 0.816 0.690 0.500 0.392 0.272 0.208 0.143 0.109 0.1150 0.358 0.309 0.259 0.223 0.187 0.160 0.134 0.115 0.096 0.082 0.068 0.059 0.049 0.042 0.0600 0.106 0.095 0.083 0.074 0.065 0.058
0.4700 0.810 0.680 0.488 0.380 0.261 0.199 0.135 0.102 0.1200 0.346 0.298 0.249 0.214 0.178 0.152 0.126 0.108 0.090 0.077 0.064 0.054 0.045 0.039 0.0625 0.100 0.089 0.078 0.069 0.061 0.054
0.4900 0.803 0.671 0.476 0.369 0.251 0.190 0.128 0.096 0.1250 0.335 0.287 0.239 0.204 0.169 0.144 0.120 0.102 0.084 0.072 0.059 0.051 0.042 0.036 0.0650 0.094 0.084 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.050
0.5100 0.797 0.662 0.465 0.358 0.241 0.182 0.121 0.091 0.1300 0.324 0.277 0.229 0.196 0.161 0.137 0.113 0.096 0.079 0.067 0.055 0.047 0.039 0.033 0.0675 0.089 0.079 0.069 0.061 0.053 0.047
0.5300 0.791 0.654 0.454 0.348 0.232 0.174 0.115 0.086 0.1350 0.314 0.268 0.221 0.188 0.154 0.131 0.107 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.052 0.044 0.036 0.030 0.0700 0.084 0.074 0.065 0.057 0.050 0.044
0.5500 0.784 0.645 0.444 0.339 0.224 0.167 0.109 0.081 0.1400 0.304 0.259 0.212 0.180 0.147 0.124 0.102 0.086 0.070 0.059 0.048 0.041 0.033 0.028 0.0725 0.080 0.070 0.061 0.054 0.047 0.041
0.5700 0.778 0.637 0.434 0.330 0.216 0.161 0.104 0.077 0.1450 0.295 0.250 0.204 0.173 0.141 0.119 0.097 0.081 0.066 0.056 0.045 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.0750 0.075 0.066 0.057 0.051 0.044 0.039
0.5900 0.772 0.629 0.425 0.321 0.208 0.154 0.099 0.073 0.1500 0.286 0.242 0.197 0.166 0.135 0.113 0.092 0.077 0.063 0.053 0.043 0.036 0.029 0.024 0.0775 0.071 0.063 0.054 0.048 0.041 0.036
0.6100 0.766 0.621 0.416 0.312 0.201 0.148 0.095 0.069 0.1550 0.277 0.234 0.190 0.159 0.129 0.108 0.087 0.073 0.059 0.050 0.040 0.034 0.027 0.023 0.0800 0.068 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.039 0.034
0.6300 0.760 0.613 0.407 0.304 0.194 0.143 0.090 0.066 0.1600 0.269 0.226 0.183 0.153 0.123 0.103 0.083 0.070 0.056 0.047 0.038 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.0825 0.064 0.056 0.048 0.042 0.036 0.032
0.6500 0.755 0.606 0.398 0.297 0.188 0.137 0.086 0.063 0.1650 0.261 0.219 0.176 0.147 0.118 0.099 0.079 0.066 0.053 0.044 0.035 0.030 0.024 0.020 0.0850 0.061 0.053 0.046 0.040 0.034 0.030
0.6700 0.749 0.599 0.390 0.289 0.181 0.132 0.082 0.060 0.1700 0.254 0.212 0.170 0.142 0.113 0.095 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.033 0.028 0.022 0.018 0.0875 0.058 0.051 0.043 0.038 0.032 0.028
0.6900 0.743 0.592 0.382 0.282 0.176 0.127 0.079 0.057 0.1750 0.247 0.206 0.164 0.137 0.109 0.090 0.072 0.060 0.048 0.039 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.0900 0.055 0.048 0.041 0.036 0.030 0.027
0.7100 0.738 0.585 0.374 0.275 0.170 0.123 0.075 0.054 0.1800 0.240 0.200 0.159 0.132 0.105 0.087 0.069 0.057 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.0925 0.053 0.046 0.039 0.034 0.029 0.025
0.7300 0.733 0.578 0.367 0.269 0.165 0.119 0.072 0.052 0.1850 0.233 0.194 0.154 0.127 0.101 0.083 0.066 0.054 0.043 0.035 0.028 0.023 0.018 0.015 0.0950 0.050 0.044 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.024
0.7500 0.727 0.571 0.360 0.262 0.159 0.114 0.069 0.049 0.1900 0.227 0.188 0.148 0.123 0.097 0.080 0.063 0.052 0.041 0.034 0.026 0.022 0.017 0.014 0.0975 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.030 0.026 0.022
0.1950 0.221 0.183 0.144 0.118 0.093 0.077 0.060 0.049 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.021 0.016 0.013 0.1000 0.046 0.040 0.033 0.029 0.024 0.021
0.2000 0.215 0.177 0.139 0.114 0.089 0.073 0.057 0.047 0.037 0.030 0.024 0.019 0.015 0.012
*
Number of frames includes framed endwalls. Values are for the critical (center) frame of the building. k/ c
h
is the ratio of frame to roong stiffness.
A
S
A
E
S
T
A
N
D
A
R
D
S
1
9
9
8
7
2
5
Table 2 Roong shear force modier (mS).
k/c
h
Number of Frames
k/c
h
Number of Frames
k/c
h
Number of Frames
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0.0100 0.498 0.990 1.475 0.951 2.416 2.867 3.303 3.723 0.0050 4.304 4.741 5.167 5.581 5.982 6.371 6.747 7.109 7.458 7.793 8.115 8.423 8.717 8.999 0.0050 9.267 9.523 9.766 9.997 10.000 10.000
0.0300 0.493 0.971 1.429 1.861 2.264 2.635 2.973 2.277 0.0100 4.125 4.510 4.875 5.222 5.549 5.858 6.147 6.417 6.670 6.905 7.124 7.326 7.513 7.686 0.0075 0.486 8.677 8.856 9.022 9.177 9.322
0.0500 0.488 0.952 1.385 1.779 2.131 2.440 2.707 2.935 0.0150 3.963 4.302 4.619 4.912 3.182 5.430 5.657 5.865 6.053 6.224 6.378 6.518 6.643 6.756 0.0100 7.845 7.992 8.127 8.250 8.363 8.467
0.0700 0.483 0.935 1.344 1.704 2.013 2.274 2.488 2.663 0.0200 3.813 4.115 4.391 4.641 4.866 5.069 5.250 5.412 5.556 5.683 5.796 5.895 5.983 6.060 0.0125 7.311 7.425 7.529 7.622 7.707 7.783
0.0900 0.478 0.917 1.305 1.635 1.909 2.130 2.305 2.442 0.0250 3.676 3.946 4.187 4.401 4.591 4.759 4.906 5.034 5.146 5.243 5.327 5.400 5.463 5.517 0.0150 6.857 6.947 7.029 7.101 7.166 7.223
0.1100 0.474 0.901 1.268 1.572 1.815 2.005 2.150 2.258 0.0300 3.550 3.791 4.003 4.189 4.350 4.490 4.610 4.714 4.802 4.878 4.942 4.997 5.043 5.082 0.0175 6.467 6.539 6.604 6.661 6.711 6.755
0.1300 0.469 0.885 1.234 1.514 1.731 1.895 2.016 2.103 0.0350 3.432 3.649 3.837 3.999 4.137 4.254 4.354 4.438 4.509 4.569 4.619 4.660 4.695 4.724 0.0200 6.127 6.186 6.238 6.283 6.323 6.357
0.1500 0.465 0.870 1.201 1.460 1.655 1.797 1.899 1.970 0.0400 3.323 3.519 3.686 3.827 3.946 4.046 4.129 4.199 4.256 4.304 4.343 4.375 4.402 4.424 0.0225 5.829 5.877 5.919 5.956 5.987 6.014
0.1700 0.461 0.855 1.170 1.410 1.585 1.710 1.796 1.855 0.0450 3.222 3.399 3.548 3.672 3.775 3.861 3.931 3.988 4.035 4.074 4.105 4.131 4.151 4.168 0.0250 5.564 5.604 5.639 5.668 5.694 5.716
0.1900 0.457 0.840 1.141 1.364 1.522 1.631 1.705 1.754 0.0500 3.127 3.288 3.421 3.531 3.621 3.694 3.754 3.802 3.841 3.872 3.897 3.918 3.934 3.947 0.0275 5.328 5.361 5.390 5.414 5.635 5.452
0.2100 0.452 0.826 1.113 1.320 1.464 1.560 1.624 1.665 0.0550 3.039 3.185 3.305 3.402 3.481 3.544 3.595 3.635 3.668 3.694 3.714 3.731 3.744 3.754 0.0300 5.116 5.144 5.167 5.188 5.205 5.219
0.2300 0.448 0.813 1.086 1.279 1.410 1.495 1.550 1.585 0.0600 2.956 3.089 3.197 3.283 3.353 3.408 3.451 3.486 3.513 3.534 3.551 3.565 3.575 3.583 0.0325 4.923 4.947 4.967 4.984 4.998 5.010
0.2500 0.444 0.800 1.061 1.241 1.360 1.436 1.484 1.514 0.0650 2.877 2.999 3.097 3.174 3.235 3.283 3.321 3.351 3.374 3.391 3.405 3.416 3.425 3.431 0.0350 4.749 4.769 4.786 4.800 4.811 4.821
0.2700 0.441 0.787 1.037 1.206 1.314 1.382 1.424 1.450 0.0700 2.804 2.916 3.004 3.073 3.127 3.170 3.202 3.228 3.247 3.262 3.274 3.283 3.290 3.295 0.0375 4.589 4.606 4.621 4.632 4.642 4.650
0.2900 0.437 0.775 1.014 1.172 1.271 1.333 1.369 1.391 0.0750 2.734 2.837 2.917 2.980 3.028 3.065 3.093 3.115 3.132 3.145 3.154 3.162 3.167 3.172 0.0400 4.442 4.457 4.469 4.479 4.488 4.494
0.3100 0.433 0.763 0.992 1.140 1.232 1.287 1.319 1.338 0.0800 2.669 2.763 2.836 2.892 2.935 2.968 2.993 3.012 3.026 3.037 3.045 3.052 3.056 3.060 0.0425 4.307 4.320 4.330 4.339 4.346 4.352
0.3300 0.429 0.752 0.971 1.110 1.194 1.244 1.273 1.289 0.0850 2.606 2.694 2.760 2.811 2.850 2.879 2.900 2.917 2.929 2.939 2.946 2.951 2.955 2.958 0.0450 4.182 4.193 4.202 4.209 4.215 4.220
0.3500 0.426 0.741 0.951 1.082 1.159 1.204 1.230 1.244 0.0900 2.548 2.628 2.689 2.735 2.769 2.795 2.815 2.829 2.840 2.848 2.854 2.858 2.861 2.864 0.0475 4.066 4.076 4.083 4.090 4.095 4.099
0.3700 0.422 0.730 0.932 1.055 1.127 1.167 1.190 1.203 0.0950 2.492 2.566 2.622 2.664 2.695 2.718 2.735 2.747 2.757 2.764 2.769 2.772 2.775 2.777 0.0500 3.958 3.966 3.973 3.978 3.983 3.986
0.3900 0.418 0.719 0.913 1.029 1.096 1.133 1.153 1.164 0.1000 2.438 2.507 2.559 2.597 2.625 2.645 2.660 2.671 2.680 2.685 2.690 2.693 2.695 2.697 0.0525 3.857 3.864 3.870 3.875 3.878 3.881
0.4100 0.415 0.709 0.895 1.005 1.067 1.100 1.119 1.129 0.1050 2.388 2.452 2.499 2.533 2.559 2.577 2.591 2.600 2.608 2.613 2.616 2.619 2.621 2.623 0.0550 3.762 3.769 3.774 3.778 3.781 3.784
0.4300 0.412 0.699 0.878 0.982 1.039 1.070 1.086 1.095 0.1100 2.339 2.399 2.442 2.474 2.497 2.513 2.525 2.534 2.540 2.545 2.548 2.550 2.552 2.553 0.0575 3.673 3.679 3.683 3.687 3.690 3.692
0.4500 0.408 0.690 0.862 0.960 1.013 1.041 1.056 1.064 0.1150 2.293 2.348 2.389 2.417 2.438 2.453 2.464 2.472 2.477 2.481 2.484 2.486 2.487 2.488 0.0600 3.590 3.595 3.599 3.602 3.604 3.606
0.4700 0.405 0.680 0.846 0.939 0.988 1.014 1.028 1.035 0.1200 2.249 2.300 2.338 2.364 2.383 2.397 2.406 2.413 2.418 2.421 2.426 2.426 2.427 2.428 0.0625 3.511 3.515 3.519 3.522 3.524 3.525
0.4900 0.402 0.671 0.831 0.919 0.965 0.989 1.001 1.007 0.1250 2.207 2.255 2.289 2.314 2.331 2.343 2.352 2.358 2.362 2.365 2.367 2.369 2.370 2.371 0.0650 3.436 3.440 3.443 3.446 3.448 3.449
0.5100 0.398 0.662 0.816 0.900 0.943 0.965 0.976 0.981 0.1300 2.166 2.211 2.243 2.265 2.281 2.292 2.300 2.306 2.309 2.312 2.314 2.315 2.316 2.317 0.0675 3.366 3.369 3.372 3.374 3.376 3.377
0.5300 0.395 0.654 0.802 0.881 0.922 0.942 0.952 0.957 0.1350 2.128 2.170 2.199 2.220 2.234 2.244 2.251 2.256 2.260 2.262 2.263 2.265 2.265 2.266 0.0700 3.299 3.302 3.305 3.306 3.308 3.309
0.5500 0.392 0.645 0.788 0.864 0.902 0.920 0.929 0.934 0.1400 2.090 2.130 2.157 2.176 2.189 2.199 2.205 2.209 2.212 2.214 2.216 2.217 2.217 2.218 0.0725 3.236 3.238 3.240 3.242 3.243 3.244
0.5700 0.389 0.637 0.775 0.847 0.882 0.900 0.908 0.912 0.1450 2.055 2.091 2.117 2.135 2.147 2.155 2.161 2.165 2.167 2.169 2.171 2.171 2.172 2.172 0.0750 3.175 3.178 3.179 3.181 3.182 3.183
0.5900 0.386 0.629 0.763 0.831 0.864 0.880 0.888 0.891 0.1500 2.020 2.055 2.079 2.095 2.106 2.114 2.119 2.122 2.125 2.126 2.128 2.128 2.129 2.129 0.0775 3.117 3.120 3.121 3.123 3.124 3.124
0.6100 0.383 0.621 0.750 0.815 0.846 0.861 0.868 0.872 0.1550 1.987 2.020 2.042 2.057 2.067 2.074 2.079 2.082 2.084 2.086 2.087 2.087 2.088 2.088 0.0800 3.062 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069
0.6300 0.380 0.613 0.738 0.800 0.830 0.844 0.850 0.853 0.1600 1.955 1.986 2.007 2.021 2.030 2.036 2.041 2.044 2.046 2.047 2.048 2.048 2.049 2.049 0.0825 3.010 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016
0.6500 0.377 0.606 0.727 0.786 0.814 0.826 0.832 0.835 0.1650 1.925 1.953 1.973 1.986 1.994 2.000 2.004 2.007 2.009 2.010 2.011 2.011 2.011 2.012 0.0850 2.960 2.961 2.963 2.964 2.964 2.965
0.6700 0.375 0.599 0.716 0.772 0.798 0.810 0.816 0.818 0.1700 1.895 1.922 1.940 1.952 1.960 1.966 1.969 1.972 1.973 1.974 1.975 1.975 1.976 1.976 0.0875 2.912 2.913 2.914 2.915 2.916 2.916
0.6900 0.372 0.592 0.705 0.759 0.783 0.795 0.800 0.802 0.1750 1.867 1.892 1.909 1.920 1.928 1.933 1.936 1.938 1.939 1.940 1.941 1.941 1.942 1.942 0.0900 2.865 2.867 2.868 2.869 2.869 2.869
0.7100 0.369 0.585 0.694 0.746 0.769 0.780 0.784 0.786 0.1800 1.839 1.863 1.879 1.889 1.896 1.901 1.904 1.906 1.907 1.908 1.908 1.909 1.909 1.909 0.0925 2.821 2.822 2.823 2.824 2.824 2.825
0.7300 0.366 0.578 0.684 0.733 0.755 0.765 0.769 0.771 0.1850 1.812 1.835 1.850 1.860 1.866 1.870 1.873 1.875 1.876 1.877 1.877 1.878 1.878 1.878 0.0950 2.779 2.780 2.780 2.781 2.782 2.782
0.7500 0.364 0.571 0.674 0.721 0.742 0.751 0.755 0.757 0.1900 1.787 1.808 1.822 1.831 1.837 1.841 1.843 1.845 1.846 1.847 1.847 1.847 1.848 1.848 0.0975 2.738 2.739 2.739 2.740 2.740 2.741
0.1950 1.762 1.782 1.795 1.804 1.809 1.813 1.815 1.816 1.817 1.818 1.818 1.819 1.819 1.819 0.1000 2.698 2.699 2.700 2.700 2.701 2.701
0.2000 1.738 1.757 1.769 1.777 1.782 1.785 1.787 1.789 1.790 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.791 1.791
Greatest roong shear under lateral loading is near the end, or shear walls.
7
2
6
A
S
A
E
S
T
A
N
D
A
R
D
S
1
9
9
8
components of the diaphragm shear forces. The strength of the endwall
diaphragm is determined by the methods outlined in Section 3
Diaphragm strength and stiffness.
4.5.5.1 The endwall diaphragm is only effective where the shear forces
can be transmitted to the base of the endwall columns and foundations.
Therefore, a portion of the endwall shear may need to be transferred to
the column bases by other means (such as bracing) if the sum of the
horizontal components of the roof and ceiling shear forces, V
h
V
c
,
exceeds the allowable shear strength of the endwall diaphragm.
4.5.5.2 The endwall post embedments must be able to resist the
overturning moment produced by the shear forces, V and V
c
(see Fig. 5).
4.6 Tensile force transfer. The anges of the roof (edge purlins in Fig.
1) and ceiling diaphragms must be designed to transfer the tensile force,
T, developed from deep beam action (see Figs. 10 and 11).
4.6.1 Both anges of a ceiling or roof diaphragm must be designed to
transmit or transfer a tensile force, T, per the equation
TWL
B
2
/ 8d (8)
where
L
B
the building length
d diaphragm length
Wdened in paragraphs 4.6.1.1 and 4.6.1.2
4.6.1.1 In roof diaphragms, W is dened as 2 times the endwall shear
force, V, calculated in paragraph 4.3.8 divided by the building length,
L
B
, between endwalls or between endwalls and intermediate shear
walls.
4.6.1.2 In ceiling diaphragms, W is dened as 2 times the endwall shear
force, V
c
, calculated in paragraph 4.4.7 divided by the building length,
L
B
, between endwalls or between endwalls and intermediate shear
walls.
5 Commentary
5.1 Commentary for Section 1Purpose and scope
5.1.1 This Engineering Practice is limited to the diaphragm analysis and
design of rectangular, metal-clad, post-frame buildings. The procedures
are applicable to buildings with or without a ceiling diaphragm. The
endwalls are assumed to be nearly rigid endwalls; that is, their sway is
negligible under design loads. The endwalls must have adequate
Figure 8 Structural analog for a building with a roof diaphragm
Figure 9 Structural analog for a building with both a roof and a ceiling
diaphragm
Figure 10 Deep beam diaphragm schematic
Figure 11 Diaphragm metal roof/endwall wind bracing system for a rect-
angular post frame building
ASAE STANDARDS 1998 727
strength and stiffness to transmit all the endwall shear forces from the
roof and ceiling diaphragms to the ground with negligible sway.
5.2 Commentary for Section 3Diaphragm strength and stiffness
5.2.1 The test methods for determining the strength and stiffness of
diaphragms are based primarily upon published ASTM Standards.
Cantilever or simple beam (deep beam) test procedures can be used.
The test diaphragm construction needs to be functionally equivalent to
the construction used in the building design in order to apply test
diaphragm results to the structural design of the buildings. Support
spacing should be the same as the post-frame spacing in the building.
The diaphragm stiffness needs to be adjusted for roof slope, , and for
diaphragm length, b, by using the equations of Luttrell (1967). Equation
7 in paragraph 3.4.2 has only been veried successfully for a 1.8 m (6 ft)
difference in diaphragm length. However, it is believed that this equation
can with sufcient accuracy predict diaphragm stiffness for a 100%
increase in diaphragm length over the test diaphragm. In cases where all
functional equivalency requirements are met except the diaphragm
length exceeds 2.0 times the test diaphragm length, the following
analysis procedure is suggested. For design of the building frame (posts
and trusses), use the stiffness obtained by equation in paragraph 3.4.2
for a diaphragm length of 2 times the test diaphragm length. For design
of the roof, use the stiffness obtained from this equation for the actual
slope length of the roof diaphragm. The former stiffness results in a
conservatively designed frame; the latter stiffness results in a
conservatively designed roof panel. Not following this two-step procedure
may result in an underdesigned frame or roof panel.
5.2.1.1 More research is required before this two-step analysis
procedure can be simplied for roof diaphragms more than 2.0 times the
test panel length. It has been demonstrated by Lukens and Bundy (1987)
and can be shown by rational application of Davies and Bryans
analytical methods (Davies and Bryan, 1982) that the equation in
paragraph 3.4.2 overestimates diaphragm stiffness when extended
beyond 1.5 times the test panel length. Thus, the actual stiffness lies
somewhere between the two stiffnesses dened in the previous
paragraph.
5.2.2 Typical diaphragm strengths and stiffnesses are not included in
this Engineering Practice. Typical values may be found in numerous
published articles on the subject. (Anderson, 1987; Conway and White,
1979; Gebremedhin and Irish, 1984, 1986; Hausman and Esmay, 1975;
Hoagland, 1981; Hoagland and Bundy, 1983; Lukens and Bundy, 1987;
Turnbull, 1981; Turnbull et al., 1982; White et al., 1977; White and Tocci,
1978). Since diaphragm construction details will undoubtedly vary from
those of the diaphragms in the literature, panel tests will likely have to be
performed in most instances. Other acceptable engineering analysis
methods for predicting diaphragm strength and stiffness may be used in
lieu of the provisions of Section 3Diaphragm strength and stiffness.
Acceptable methods are those which have been documented by testing
and peer review.
5.3 Commentary for Section 4Design procedures
5.3.1 The procedures outlined for structural analysis of a metal-clad,
timber-framed diaphragm are based on the methods developed by
Gebremedhin et al. (1986). The post-frame structural analyses required
are all statically indeterminate and are best performed with a computer
program. The SOLVER and METCLAD programs developed by
Gebremedhin (1987a, 1987b) and PPSA III developed by the Purdue
Research Foundation (1986) are especially useful for analysis of the
timber post frames. Other acceptable structural analysis methods may be
used in lieu of the provisions of Section 4Design Procedures.
Acceptable methods are those which have been adequately validated
and peer-reviewed.
5.3.2 The need for adequate shear and tensile force transfer to develop
diaphragm behavior is addressed in a general manner only. The
locations and magnitudes of these forces are identied. Construction
details for transferring the forces are not included. The uniform load
shown in Fig. 10 is a good approximation for calculating the diaphragm
moment and chord tensile force if the wall cladding transfers the load
directly to the edge of the diaphragm or if the building is long and load
is transferred via posts. For short buildings point loads should replace the
distributed load for moment and chord tensile force calculations.
5.3.3 There are two potential computational difculties associated with
the distributed loads, q and q
c
, in SOLVER and PPSA III. The
distributed load q, as computed in paragraph 4.3.9, is the load per unit
slope length. Many structural analysis programs are formatted such that
distributed loads are inputted in load per unit horizontal and unit vertical
projected lengths. The distributed load, q, is converted to load per
vertical projected length on each slope by q* (slope length/vertical
projected length of the slope). The distributed load, q
c
, as computed in
paragraph 4.4.8, cannot be dened as a distributed load in computer
programs formatted for distributed loads on the horizontal and vertical
projected lengths of a member (the vertical projected length of the
horizontal chord is zero). An alternative is to divide q
c
into a series of
concentrated shear loads along the length of the lower chord of the truss.
References:
1. AISI. 1986. Cold formed steel design manual. American Iron and Steel Insti-
tute, Washington, DC.
2. Anderson, G. A. 1987. Evaluation of light-gauge metal diaphragm behavior
and the diaphragms interaction with the post. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State Univer-
sity.
3. Davies, J. M. and E. R. Bryan. 1982. Manual of stressed skin diaphragm
design. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
4. Gebremedhin, K. G. and W. W. Irish. 1984. An experimental investigation of
diaphragm behavior of farm buildings. ASAE Paper No. 84-4511. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.
5. Gebremedhin, K. G., E. L. Bahler and S. R. Humphreys. 1986. A modied
approach to post-frame design using diaphragm theory. TRANSACTIONS of
the ASAE 29(5):13641372.
6. Gebremedhin, K. G. and W. W. Irish. 1986. Ultimate load-deection charac-
teristics and failure modes of ceiling diaphragms for farm buildings. Wood and
Fiber Science 18(4):565578.
7. Gebremedhin, K. G. 1987a. SOLVER: An interactive structures analyzer for
microcomputers. (Version 2). Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering
Service. Cornell University.
8. Gebremedhin, K. G. 1987b. METCLAD: Diaphragm design of metal-clad post-
frame buildings using microcomputers. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engi-
neering Service. Cornell University.
9. Hausmann, C. T. and M. L. Esmay. 1975. Pole barn wind resistance design
using diaphragm action. ASAE Paper No. 75-4035. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI
49085.
10. Hoagland, R. C. 1981. Strength and stiffness of screw-fastened roof panels
for pole buildings. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State University.
11. Hoagland, R. C. and D. S. Bundy. 1983. Strength and stiffness of screw-
fastened roof panels for pole buildings. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE
26(2):512-515.
12. Lukens, A. D. and D. S. Bundy 1987. Strengths and stiffnesses of post-frame
building roof panels. ASAE Paper No. 87-4056. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.
13. Luttrell, L. D. 1967. Strength and behavior of light-gage steel shear
diaphragms. Cornell Engineering Research Bulletin 67-1, 41p.
14. NDS. 1986. National design specication for wood construction. National
Forest Products Association, Washington, DC, 87p.
15. Percival, D. H. 1982. Portable E-tester for selecting structural component
lumber. Forest Products Journal 31(2):3942.
16. Purdue Research Foundation. 1986. Purdue plane structures analyzer.
(Version 3.0). Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. Purdue Univer-
sity.
17. Turnbull, J. E. 1981. A summary of Canada plan service diaphragm design for
wind bracing in farm buildings. ASAE Paper No. 81-4505. ASAE, St. Joseph,
MI 49085.
18. Turnbull, J. E., K. C. McMartin and A. T. Quaile. 1982. Structural performance
of plywood and steel ceiling diaphragms. Canadian Agricultural Engineer
24(2):135140.
19. White, R. N., C. Warshaw and J. Hart. 1977. Shear strength and stiffness of
aluminum diaphragms in timber-framed buildings. Research Report No. 370.
Department of Structural Engineering. Cornell University.
20. White, R. N. and A. Tocci. 1978. Diaphragm action in aluminum-clad timber
framing systems. Research Report No. 78-3. Department of Structural Engi-
neering. Cornell University.
728 ASAE STANDARDS 1998
Cited Standards:
ASTM D143-83, Standard Method of Testing Small Clear Specimens of
Timber
ASTM D198-84, Standard Methods of Static Tests of Timbers in Struc-
tural Sizes
ASTM D1761-77, Standard Method of Testing Mechanical Fasteners in
Wood
ASTM E2915-84, Standard Method for Evaluating Allowable Properties
for Grades of Structural Lumber
ASTM E4-83a, Practices for Load Verication of Testing Machines
ASTM E72-80, Standard Method for Conducting Strength Tests of
Panels for Building Construction
ASTM E455-76(1984), Static Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof
Diaphragm Construction for Buildings
ASTM E564-76, Standard Method of Static Load Test for Shear Resis-
tance of Framed Walls for Buildings
ASAE STANDARDS 1998 729